Canidae: Caninae: Canini (original) (raw)
After McKenna & Bell, 1997, and Tedford, Wang & Taylor, 2009, with Recent species from Nowak, 1991
**<==o Canini Fischer von Waldheim, 1817 [non Gray, 1821] (true dogs and wolves; aitokoirat)
|--o Cerdocyonina Tedford, Wang & Taylor, 2009
| |--+?-o †Theriodictis Mercerat, 1891 [Dinocynops F. Ameghino, 1898; Pleurocyon Mercerat, 1917; Canis (Theriodictis) L. Kraglievich, 1928]
| | | |?- †T.? floridanus Tedford, Wang & Taylor, 2009
| | | |-- †T. platensis Mercerat, 1891
| | | -- †_T. tarijensis_ (Ameghino, 1902) | | |?- †_Protocyon_ Giebel, 1855 [_Palaeocyon_ Lund, 1843; _Palaeospeothos_ Spillmann, 1941] | | |--o †_Dusicyon_ Hamilton-Smith, 1839 | | | |?- †_D. avus_ | | | -- †D. australis (Kerr, 1792) (Falkland Island wolf; falklandinkettu) [extinct since 1876]
| | --o _Pseudalopex_ Burmeister, 1856 (Clupeo; South American foxes; pampaketut) | | |-- _P. gymnocercus_ (pampakettu) [2 ssp.] | | |-- _P. culpaeus_ [6 ssp.] (culpeo) | | |-- _P. griseus_ (lintukettu) | | -- P. sechurae (sechurankettu)
| |-- Lycalopex vetulus (Lund, 1840) Burmeister, 1854 [Pseudalopex vetulus??; Nothocyon urostictus Mivart, 1890; Nothocyon parvidens Mivart, 1890] (Hoary fox; South American field fox; pienihammaskettu)
| |--o Chrysocyon Hamilton-Smith, 1839
| | |-- †C. subarcticus Tedford, Wang & Taylor, 2009
| | -- _C. brachyurus_ (Illiger, 1815) [_Canis brachyurus_ Illiger, 1815] (Maned wolf; harjasusi) | --+-- Atelocynus microtis Cabrera, 1940 (Small-eared dog; pienikorvakettu)
| |--+--o Cerdocyon Hamilton-Smith, 1839 [Carcinocyon J.A. Allen, 1905]
| | | |?- †C.? avius Torres & Ferrusquia, 1981
| | | |-- †C. texanus Tedford, Wang & Taylor, 2009
| | | -- _C. thous_ (Linnaeus, 1766) (ravunsyöjäkettu) | | --o Nyctereutes Temminck, 1839, L.Mioc.-R. EAs., Plioc. Eu. (Raccoon dogs; supikoirat)
| | |-- †N. donnezani (Deperet, 1890-1897)
| | |-- †N. tingi Tedford & Qiu, 1996
| | --+-- †_N. abdeslami_ | | |-- †_N. megamastocyon_ | | |-- †_N. sinensis_ | | |-- †_N. vinetorum_ | | --o N. procyonoides (Temminck, 1838) (Raccoon dog; supikoira)
| | |-- N. p. koreensis (Mori, 1922) (‹Korea›)
| | |-- N. p. orestes (Thomas, 1923) (‹Yunnan›)
| | |-- N. p. ussuriensis (Matschie, 1907) (‹South Siberia (Russia)›, transplanted to northeastern Europe)
| | |-- N. p. albus (Hokkaido Raccoon Dog) (‹Hokkaido›) (Beard, 1904)
| | |-- N. p. viverrinus (Temminck, 1838) (Japanese Raccoon Dog)
| | -- _N. p. procyonoides_ (Temminck, 1838) | --o Speothos Lund, 1839
| |-- †S. pacivorus Lund, 1839
| --o _S. venaticus_ (Lund, 1842) (Bush dog; pensaskoira) | |-- _S. v. panamensis_ | |-- _S. v. venaticus_ | -- S. v. weijie
--o Canina Fischer von Waldheim, 1817 _sensu_ Tedford, Wang & Taylor, 2009 |?- †“_Canis_” _cipio_ Crusafont, 1950 |?- †“_Canis_” _adoxus_ Martin, 1973 [_Vulpes adoxus_ Pons Moya & Crusafont, 1978a, b] |-- †_Nurocyon chonokhariensis_ Sotnikova, 2006 ==o †Eucyon Tedford & Qiu, 1996 [paraphyletic]
|-- †Eucyon? skinneri Tedford, Wang & Taylor, 2009
|?- †Eucyon intrepidus Morales et al., 2005
|?- †Eucyon zhoui Tedford & Qiu, 1996
|+- †E. minor Teilhard de Chardin & Piveteau, 1930
|?-+-- †Eucyon monticinensis Rook, 1992
| -- †_Eucyon odessanus_ Odintzov, 1967 --+-- †Eucyon davisi (Merriam, 1911) [Canis davisi Merriam, 1911; Leptocyon shermanensis Hibbard, 1937; Canis condoni Shotwell, 1956]
**==**o _[Canis](canis.html)_ Linnaeus, 1758 [**[taxonomic history](History%5FCanis.html)**] (dogs, wolves, coyotes & jackals; koirat, sudet, kojootit ja shakaalit) --+--+-- †“_Canis_” antonii [=? Xenocyon antonii]
| -- †“_Canis_” _falconeri_ [=? _Xenocyon falconeri_ (Forsyth Major, 1877)] ==**o †Xenocyon Kretzoi, 1938 [Protocyon]
|-- †Xenocyon africanus [incl. Xenocyon atrox Broom, 1948]
|-- †Xenocyon antonii
|-- †Xenocyon dubius (Teilhard de Chardin, 1940) [Cuon dubius Teilhard de Chardin, 1940; Sinucuon peii Kretzoi, 1941; Cuon dubius stehlini Thenius, 1954]
|-- †Xenocyon texanus (Troxell, 1915) [Canis texanus Troxell, 1915; Protocyon texanus J.L. Kraglievich, 1952; Protocyon texanus Kurtén & Anderson, 1980]
|-- †Xenocyon falconeri (Forsyth Major, 1877)
|-- †Xenocyon lycaonoides Kretzoi, 1938 [Canis lycaonoides Kretzoi, 1938; “Canis” gigas Kretzoi, 1938; “Canis” spelaeoides Kretzoi, 1939; Xenocyon spelaeoides (Kretzoi, 1942) Musil, 1972]
|?- †“Cuon_” rosi Pons-Moya & Moya-Sola, 1978
--+--o _Cuon_ Hodgson, 1837 [_Crassicuon_; _Cyon_; _Semicuon_; _Sinocuon_; _Xenocyon_] | --o C. alpinus (Pallas, 1811) (Dhole; vuorisusi) [3 ssp.]
| |--+-- †_C. a. priscus Thenius, 1954
| | --+-- †_C. a. antiquus_ Matthew & Granger, 1923 [_C. javanicus antiquus_ Matthew & Granger, 1923] | | --+-- †C. a. fossilis Nehring, 1890
| | --+-- †_C. a. europaeus_ Bourguignat, 1868 | | -- †C. a. ssp. [Tedford, Wang & Taylor, 2009] [L.Pleist. SWNAm.]
| |--o C. a. alpinus (Pallas, 1811)
| | |-- C. a. alpinus var. alpinus (Pallas, 1811) (itäaasianvuorisusi)
| | |-- C. a. alpinus var. adustus (‹Northern Myanmar and Indo-China›)
| | |-- C. a. alpinus var. clamitans
| | |-- C. a. alpinus var. dukhunensis (Sykes, 1831) (dhole; vuorisusi (‹Intia: E.-Ganges›))
| | |-- C. a. alpinus var. fumosus (‹Western Szechuan, China, and Mongolia›)
| | |-- C. a. alpinus var. infuscus (‹Southern Myanmar, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam›)
| | |-- C. a. alpinus var. javanicus (Desmarest, 1820) (‹Java›)
| | |-- C. a. alpinus var. laniger (vuorisusi (‹Sikkim, Nepal›))
| | |-- C. a. alpinus var. lepturus (‹South of the Yangze in China›)
| | -- _C. a. alpinus_ var. _primaevus_ Hodgson, 1837 (‹Nepal, Sikkim (India), and Bhutan›) | |-- _C. a. hesperius_ (länsiaasianvuorisusi (‹Eastern Turkestan, Southern Siberia, and Western China (Altai and Tienshan)›)) | -- C. a. sumatrensis (‹Sumatra›)
--o _Lycaon_ Brookes, 1827 _in_ Griffith et al., 1927 [_Cynhyaena_ F. Cuvier, 1829; _Kynos_ Rüppell, 1842; _Hyenoides_ Boitard, 1842; _Hyaenoides_ Gervais, 1855 (lapsus calami pro _Hyenoides_ Boitard, 1842)] (villikoirat, hyeenakoirat) |-- †_L._ sp. |-- †_L. sekowei_ Hartstone-Rose, Werdelin, de Ruiter, Berger & Churchill, 2010; Plioc.-Pleist. SAf. --o L. pictus (Temminck, 1820) [5 ssp.] (African wild dog, African hunting dog; afrikan vilikoira; hyeenakoira)
|-- L. p. pictus
|-- L. p. lupinus
|-- L. p. manguensis
|-- L. p. sharicus
`-- L. p. somalicus
Reference(s):
- Alroy, J., 2002: North American fossil mammal systematics database.
–iNet: North American fossil mammal systematics database: http://www.nceas.ucsb.edu/~alroy/nafmsd.html - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698. - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Appendix. 594-648.
in Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698. - Hartstone-Rose, A., Werdelin, L., de Ruiter, D. J., Berger, L. R. & Churchill, S. E., 2010: The Plio-Pleistocene ancestor of wild dogs, Lycaon sekowei n.sp.
–Journal of Paleontology: Vol. 84, #2, pp. 299-308 - Harrison, J. A., 1983: The Carnivora of the Edson Local Fauna (Late Hemphilillian), Kansas.
–Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology: No. 54, pp. iv-42 - Koepfli et al., 2015: Genome-wide Evidence Reveals that African and Eurasian Golden Jackals Are Distinct Species.
–Current Biology: Vol. 25, #16, pp. 2158-2165 [**doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.060**] - McKenna, M. C. & Bell, S. K., (eds.) 1997: Classification of mammals – above the species level.
–Columbia University Press, New York, 1997, xii-631 - Nowak, R. M., 1991: Walker's Mammals of the World; Part 1.
–The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London, 1991, xlviii-642-lxiii - Nowak, R. M., 1991: Walker's mammals of the World; Part 2.
–The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London, 1991, xii-643-1629 - Tedford, R. H., Wang, X. & Taylor, B. E., 2009: Phylogenetic systematics of the North American fossil Caninae (Carnivora: Canidae).
–Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History: #325, pp. 1-218 - Viranta, S. & Fortelius, M., 2000: Personal correspondence.
- Werdelin, L. & Lewis, M. E., 2000: Carnivora from the South Turkwel hominid site, northern Kenya.
–Journal of Paleontology: Vol. 74, #6, pp. 1173-1180