Lenin: 1916/ni-mu: GRAIN IN WORLD TRADE (original) (raw)

Vladimir Ilyich Lenin

NOTEBOOK “μ”

(“MU”)

GRAIN IN WORLD TRADE

Grain in World Trade, published by the Imperial Ministry of Agriculture, etc., Vienna, 1900.

A monumental work (860 + 188 pp., 8° format)- a most painstaking summary of very rich data ((a mass of basic figures)) on grain production, consumption and trade for 1878-97 (in some cases other years). I know of nothing of comparable value. Apparently, the best in this field. [N.B. Borrows much from Neumann - Spallart, Surveys of World Economy (and Juraschek)].

I select the most important (*).

Ironore(mill.tons) Steel Coal Cop- Con-sump-tionofcop-per Goldoutput(mill.ozs) Oil(mill.gal-lons)
(1900-02) (1901-03) (1901-03) (1905) (000tons (1901-03) (1902-04)
United Trans-
States 30.7 14.3 284.0 0.41 215 vaal 4.9
Germany 17.5 7.3 152.8 0.02 144 United
United States 3.7 . . . 3,573
King- Austra-
dom 13.2 4.9 225.5 — 133 lia 3.5
Russia 5.4 2.0 16.1 0.009 29 Russia 1.1 . . . 2,278
France 5.0 1.6 31.9 63 Canada 0.9 Japan 51
Austria- Mexico 0.5 India 87
Hun- India 0.5 Ruma-
gary 3.4 1.2 39.5 36 nia 98
Spain 8.0 0.2 0.04 New Zea-
Mexico 0.06 land 0.4 Galicia 179
Rhode- Sumatra,
Italy 18 sia 0.3 Java,
Sweden 3.7 0.3 Borneo 231
Belgium — 0.8 22.6
Austral- asia 0.04
World total 90.4 33.0 812.4 0.7 679 17.7 6,996
—— —— —— —— —— —— ——

(*) Units of measurement: metric centner = 1 double centner. Metric quintal = double centner = 100 kilograms (double centner).

In other words, the unit used is metric quintal = 1 double centner = 1 metric centner.

Ton = 1,000 kilograms.

Acre = 40.467 ares

Quarter = 2.09 hectolitres.

Pood = 16.379 kilograms.

Cf. p. 8, note 2: 3.674 bushels = 1 quintal (= 1 double centner).

p. 6, note 2: 1 hectolitre of wheat = 78 kilograms, etc. (oats, 1 hectolitre = 45 kilograms), etc

[e.g. p. 271: 49,348 poods = 8,083 quintals.]

⋕[1]World production, million metric centners
In percentages p. 37 p. 39
Annualaverage Wheat Rye Barley Oats Maize1) Total Wheat Rye Barley Oats Maize Total Population of Europe,America and Australia
1878-82 554.5 303.7 176.4 319.7 492.0 1,846.3 100 100 100 100 100 100 440 mill.= 100 %
1883-87 579.7 330.2 182.9 356.9 543.9 1,993.6 105 109 104 112 111 108 466 106
1888-92 592.0 310.2 191.5 366.6 603.1 2,063.4 107 102 109 115 123 112 495 112
1893-97 642.7 370.1 214.4 408.7 608.4 2,244.3 116 122 122 128 124 122 526 119
Western Europe
1878-82 233.4 130.4 102.8 159.3 70.1 103 57 43 71 19
1893-97 250.1 145.2 100.5 171.2 74.2 96 56 39 73 172)
See next page[1] kg. per capita
Eastern Europe
1878-82 87.5 162.2 43.2 102 153 45 82 45
1893-97 147.2 209.3 71.6 110 145 49 79 472)
Next page, note 1[1]
Western Europe
1876-85 10.89 10.17 13.0 11.73 11.23
1886-95 11.16 10.89 13.18 12.01 10.93
Yield per hectare 3)
Eastern Europe
1876-85 6.69 6.20 6.92 5.96 10.06
1886-95 7.36 6.64 7.78 6.45 10.60
Yield per hectare 3)
United States
1876-85 8.35 8.18 12.45 10.09 15.89
1886-95 8.58 7.95 12.66 9.36 14.79
1) Maize in the U.S.A.: 379.2; 426.9; 471.4; 465.8 ((i.e., > 75 per cent is in the United States)).
2) These figures, p. 21, are from Sundbärg, who includes Hungary, Galicia and Bukovina in Eastern Europe;the data for 1876-85 and 1886-95 refer to per-capita grain output, in kilograms.
3) These figures, p. 26, likewise from Sundbärg, denote yield per hectare in metric centners.
Per-capita Consumption (kg.) Europe + United States
Europe
Wheat Rye Barley Oats Maize Wheat Rye Barley Oats Maize
1878-82 111.9 89.8 44.4 76.7 36.7 118.2 79.4 41.9 82.6 127.5
1883-87 112.4 92.3 42.5 74.5 33.3 118.2 80.7 40.1 86.1 132.1
1888-92 108.1 81.8 41.4 70.6 35.3 114.1 71.2 39.4 83.1 136.9
1893-97 116.1 91.9 45.2 75.6 34.9 116.1 79.0 41.3 85.7 125.2
United States (Europe + United States (p. 93))
First fourcereals Europe U.S.A.
(first four cereals)
1878-82 100 9 19 101 592 322.2 323.4 314.5
1883-87 107 8 21 131 621 325.2 321.7 346.9
1888-92 105 8 23 129 648 307.8 302.0 341.8
1893-97 78 6 16 117 525 322.1 328.8 284.5
⋕Data given for following countries1): Yield per hectare, double centners(100 kilograms)
StatistischesJahrbuch für dasDeutsche Reich,1915 StatistischesJahrbuch für dasDeutsche Reich,1915
Average wheatproduction ↓ Rye production: ↓ Wheat (2) Rye
mill. doublecentners mill. tons(1,000 kg.) mill. doublecentners mill. tons
1878-82 1893-97 1913 1878-82 1893-97 1913 1876-85 1886-95 1913 1876-85 1886-95 1913
1. Belgium 4.7 5.0 0.40 4.2 5.2 0.57 16.3 18.5 25.2 14.9 16.9 22.0
2. Bulgaria 7.4 9.9 1.65 1.9 1.9 0.27 16.0 14.9
3. Denmark 1.2 1.0 0.2 4.4 4.8 0.43 22.0 25.2 33.7 15.9 16.0 17.6
4. Germany 23.7 29.5 3.97 58.5 70.6 10.43 12.7 13.7 20.7 9.8 10.6 17.2
5. Finland 0.0 10.04 0.004 2.4 3.1 0.24 10.6 11.8 10.9 9.7 10.6 9.9
6. France 75.2 84.0 8.7 17.6 16.7 1.27 11.2 11.9 13.3 10.0 10.6 10.6
7. Greece 1.4 1.3 ? 0 0 ? _ _ _ _ _ _
8. Great Britain 22.1 15.0 1.4 0.4 0.5 0 18.2 20.1 21.1 — — —
Ireland 0.03 0.005 25.6
9. Italy 40.3 33.2 5.83 1.3 1.1 0.14 8.0 7.4 12.2 — — —
10. Holland 1.4 1.2 0.1 2.6 3.1 0.42 16.9 18.7 24.2 12.9 14.3 18.5
11. Austria-Hungary 37.9 52.4 1.6 29.5 31.2 2.7 10.8 10.7 13.4 9.9 9.9 13.8
Hungary 4.5 1.34 9.6 12.4 12.8 8.3 10.2 11.9
12. Portugal 1.7 1.9 ? 1.3 1.3 ? — — — — — —
13. Rumania 13.4 15.4 2.3 1.2 2.1 0.09 — 10.6 14.1 — — 10.5
14. Russia (European +Poland) 55.1 112.6 22.8 152.9 198.3 24.69 5.3 5.6 9.1 6.0 6.4 8.5
15. Sweden-Norway 0.9 1.2 0.2 4.9 5.7 0.56 13.1 14.8 24.2 13.4 14.4 14.1
Norway 0.08 0.02 17.6 16.3
16. Switzerland 1.0 0.9 0.1 0.5 0.4 0.05 — — 22.0 — — 19.2
17. Serbia 2.4 2.2 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.04 — — 10.7 — — 8.7
18. Spain 23.1 24.7 3.0 5.1 4.4 0.71 — — 7.8 — — 9.1
19. Turkey (European) 7.7 5.6 ? 3.3 3.5 — — — —
{ Western
Europe 10.9 11.2 10.2 10.9
Eastern 6.7 7.4 6.2 6.6
Europe 320.9 397.3 Σ=57.0 292.6 354.4 8.8 9.2 7.3 7.8
20. Algeria 5.6 6.1 1.0 0 0 0.00 7.2 13.7
21. Egypt 4.8 3.3 ? — — —
22. Argentina 3.8 16.2 5.4 — — 0.03 7.8 9.0
23. Australia 8.5 8.7 2.4 — — — (7-10-16) 8.1
24. Canada 8.2 11.1 6.3 0.5 0.5 0.06 14.1 12.1
25 Cape colony andNatal 1.0 0.8 0.1 — — 0.00 4.5 —
26. Chile 4.1 3.9 0.6 — — 0.04 14.4 13.0
27. India 69.4 62.3 9.9 — — — 6.3 8.3 —
28. Japan 3.7 5.1 0.7 4.2 8.4 — — 10.9 14.4 11.9 15.2
29. Tunisia 1.0 1.8 0.1 — — — — —
30. Uruguay 0.8 1.8 0.1 — — 0.00 4.5 8.4
31. United States 122.7 124.2 20.8 6.3 6.7 1.05 8.3 8.6 10.2 8.2 7.9 10.2
Non-European countries 233.6 245.4 Σ=47.4 11.1 15.7
World = 554.5 642.7 104.4 303.7 370.1
Luxemburg 0.02 0.02
Mexico 0.3 0.00
New Zealand 0.1 0.00
1) Countries in italics=“Eastern Europe”. N.B. See general conclusions on the next page.[2] N.B. (2) 1913 figures from Statistisches Jahrbuch für dasDeutsche Reich, 1915. The remainder p. 781.

Per-capita consumption (kg.)

Germany France Great Britain Italy Austria-Hungary Russia
Wheat 1878-82 55.3 214.0 188.1 ⎫⎬⎭ 123 — —
1883-87 57.2 213.0 164.6 91.8 —
1888-92 59.8 213.0 171.1 92.5 18.9
1893-97 71.8 204.0 167.0 100.5 37.4
1913*) 96
Rye 1878-82 129.3 38.0 1.3 — — —
1883-87 118.6 37.0 2.1 ? 66.2 —
1888-92 108.5 36.0 2.1 3.3 60.4 111.0
1893-97 126.7 38.0 2.7 2.9 59.2 139.0
1913*) 153
Barley 1878-82 48.7 31.0 ? — — —
1883-87 51.8 31.0 67.0 ? 41.9 —
1888-92 55.8 32.0 68.6 6.0 37.6 17.8
1893-97 59.8 31.0 71.7 5.2 38.4 27.1
1913*) 108
Oats 1878-82 89.1 91.0 ? — — —
1883-87 84.1 95.0 84.6 ? 51.9 —
1888-92 86.9 96.0 87.4 8.1 48.8 48.1
1893-97 85.3 92.0 85.8 7.2 51.6 65.7
1913*) 128
Maize 1878-82 5.1 20.6 48.5 ⎫⎬⎭ 65.0 — —
1883-87 3.8 23.4 41.7 68.2 —
1888-92 8.4 23.3 44.9 77.6 2.3
1893-97 14.4 22.4 53.8 82.2 4.7
*) Statistisches Jahrbuch für das Deutsche Reich, 1915The figures for 1913, written in pencil, are obviously not comparable, for even the1893-97 figures are much higher.

The authors’ general conclusions:

“As already indicated, grain production in the lastdecades has developed very unevenly in the variouscountries owing to differences in population andcommunications factors. In the centre of WesternEurope, where development is towards, so to say,urbanisation—in Great Britain, Belgium, Holland,etc.—the decline in crop areas and the increase inrelative yields have resulted in diminishing produc-tion of wheat, rye, barley and maize, whereas produc-tion of oats, used mainly for livestock, has increased.
N.B.
“In all other parts of Western Europe, except forthe border regions, a certain fluctuation is to beobserved; expansion of crop areas has stopped, butyields are increasing considerably, and productionof almost all cereal crops continues to increase.In the border regions between Western and EasternEurope, in Sweden, Poland, Galicia, Hungary, etc.,total production is growing very considerably owingto expansion of crop areas, and still more to muchhigher yields. In Eastern Europe, chiefly as a resultof larger crop areas, grain production has risenenormously, but only in the main cereals, not thesecondary ones.
N.B.
“In overseas areas, a distinction should be drawnbetween such countries as the United States, Canada,Argentina and Uruguay, whose geographical positionand the development of communications and therailway system have brought them into much closercontact with the densely populated centres of WesternEurope, and all the other areas. The former havedeveloped their grain production chiefly by extendingcrop areas, sometimes very rapidly- among the latter,however, only a few have increased production. Limit-ed production has obliged Egypt and Japan to importgrain; Algeria and Tunisia, as a result of French eco-nomic policy, mainly supply France, while India,South Africa and Australia, because of their popu-lation conditions and underdeveloped communicationssystem, have not produced any stable, big surplusesover and above domestic requirements” (p. 36).
N.B.
N.B.

Notes

[1] See pp. 478-81 of this volume.—Ed.

[2] See p. 483 of this volume.—Ed.

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