| 2002. [1] Colored regions on Jupiter’s satellite Europa and other icy bodies in the outer solar system...synthesis, energy source, meteorite impacts, ice, Europa Citation: Borucki, J. G., B. Khare, and D. P. Cruikshank...1029/2002JE001841, 2002. 1. Introduction [2] The surface of Europa has, on the average, high albedo (leading hemisphere:...and/or the impactor. Organic heteropolymers, called tholins [Sagan et al., 1984], have been generated in the...refractive indices) measured for both gas and ice tholins have been used extensively in modeling the reflectance |
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(2016, January) The Planetary Report Vol. 36 (1) The Planetary Society |
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| planetary surfaces. What In the World(s) Are Tholins? Sarah Hörst demystifies the complex gunk that...that may help us find evidence of life on Mars and _Europa_— another niche we seek to fill. As I write, NASA’s...SARAH HÖRST ONLINE planet.ly/tholins What in the World(s) are Tholins? AS NEW HORIZONS beamed back incred-...solid ABOVE These steps lead to the formation of tholins, or, abiotic complex organic gunk. 14 T H E P...fewer people can actually define: tholins. What in the world(s) are tholins? During the 1970s, Carl Sagan’s |
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Sagan, Carl (1997) Titan in 2097. Planetary and Space Science, 45 (8) 887 doi:10.1016/s0032-0633(97)80259-0 |
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| subsurface biota, and hints of an underground ocean on Europa, solar system exobiology seems to have made giant...tens to hundreds of meters of complex organic tholins from the haze would have accumulated on the surface...in Titan’s atmosphere-surface reprocessing of tholins, leakage of subsurface methane, or a steady state |
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Coll, P., Navarro-González, R., Szopa, C., Poch, O., Ramírez, S.I., Coscia, D., Raulin, F., Cabane, M., Buch, A., Israël, G. (2013) Can laboratory tholins mimic the chemistry producing Titan's aerosols? A review in light of ACP experimental results. Planetary and Space Science, 77. 91-103 doi:10.1016/j.pss.2012.07.006 |
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| homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/pss Can laboratory tholins mimic the chemistry producing Titan’s aerosols...aerosols, and their laboratory analogues named tholins, have been the subject of experimental or theoretical...All rights reserved. Keywords: Titan Aerosol Tholins Cassini–Huygens Astrobiology 1. Introduction The...their reactor walls. These deposits were named tholins, derived from the old greek tholos that means mud...information has been obtained, particularly on _tholins_—the topic of this report—some aspects like their |
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Cruikshank, Dale P., Umurhan, Orkan M., Beyer, Ross A., Schmitt, Bernard, Keane, James T., Runyon, Kirby D., Atri, Dimitra, White, Oliver L., Matsuyama, Isamu, Moore, Jeffrey M., McKinnon, William B., Sandford, Scott A., Singer, Kelsi N., Grundy, William M., Dalle Ore, Cristina M., Cook, Jason C., Bertrand, Tanguy, Stern, S. Alan, Olkin, Catherine B., Weaver, Harold A., Young, Leslie A., Spencer, John R., Lisse, Carey M., Binzel, Richard P., Earle, Alissa M., Robbins, Stuart J., Gladstone, G. Randall, Cartwright, Richard J., Ennico, Kimberly (2019) Recent cryovolcanism in Virgil Fossae on Pluto. Icarus, 330. 155-168 doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2019.04.023 |
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| mixture of organic molecules and broadly defined as tholins (Grundy et al., 2018; Cruikshank et al., 2005,...(Hansen et al., 2011; Southworth et al., 2015). Europa may exhibit intermittent water vapor plumes that...al., 2014). The plume velocity at the vents on Europa is roughly estimated as 700 m/s by Roth et al....the fallout and accumulation of large amounts of tholins produced in the atmosphere. Tholin dust may have...formation of Virgil Fossae. The redistribution of tholins from the atmosphere by surface winds in a previous |
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(2007) Program. Astrobiology, 7 (3) 472-475 doi:10.1089/ast.2007.1015 |
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| Biotic Systems? Kevin Hand The Thin Ice Shell of Europa 10:00 BREAK 10:30 11:00 invited invited 11:30...Formation of Tholins in the Lower Atmosphere of Titan by Cosmic Rays Bishun Khare Do Tholins Act in Maintaining |
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Schröder, S.E., Keller, H.U. (2009) The unusual phase curve of Titan's surface observed by Huygens’ Descent Imager/Spectral Radiometer. Planetary and Space Science, 57 (14) 1963-1974 doi:10.1016/j.pss.2009.03.012 |
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| Icarus 99, 82–97], and a connection with the tholins thought to be present on both worlds seems plausible...phase curve is consistent with the presence of tholins on the surface. Our result provides a lower boundary...are composed of complex organic matter known as tholins (Sagan and Khare, 1979). The aerosols’ fate after...properties of Titan’s surface, we need to take tholins into account. Investigating the scattering behavior...everything on the surface is covered by a layer of tholins, which constantly ‘‘drizzle’’ out of the atmosphere |
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Lorenz, Ralph D., Lunine, Jonathan I. (2005) Titan's surface before Cassini. Planetary and Space Science, 53 (5) 557-576 doi:10.1016/j.pss.2004.06.004 |
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| increase at 1 mm from Callisto through Ganymede to Europa, but decrease in that order at 5 mm: These data...and preservation against oxygen exposure. The tholins produced by ultraviolet photolysis (Tran et al...(2004) who find that the carbon/nitrogen ratio in tholins increases from 1.5 to 2 in those formed at lower...in the Cx Hy Nz compounds in plasma-discharge tholins (where x; y; z are varying stochiometric numbers)...While tidal forces have played significant roles on Europa and Ganymede, Callisto and Titan have comparatively |
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Izawa, M.R.M., Banerjee, N.R., Flemming, R.L., Bridge, N.J., Schultz, C. (2010) Basaltic glass as a habitat for microbial life: Implications for astrobiology and planetary exploration. Planetary and Space Science, 58 (4) 583-591 doi:10.1016/j.pss.2009.09.014 |
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| present day. Many other solar system bodies, notably Europa, Enceladus and other icy satellites, may contain...may remain important on icy satellites including Europa and Enceladus, or in Martian impact craters and...environments on ancient Mars, modern subsurface Mars, Europa, Enceladus, Titan and other diverse solar system...valuable analog for a potential habitat on Mars, Europa, Enceladus and elsewhere. Examples of basaltic...life. However, other solar system bodies such as Europa, Enceladus, Titan and others, which show evidence |
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(1998, September) The Planetary Report Vol. 18 (5) The Planetary Society |
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| is perhaps the richest in possibility. This is Europa, the world in our solar system most likely to harbor...although exaggerated, do reflect the actual colors of Europa. The blue corresponds to icy plains, which are...JPUNASA Froln The Editor I admit it. I am a Europa partisan. I have been since 1979, when Voyager...was finished, the probe was redirected to study Europa in detail. Every new swingby adds to the evidence...world. So, in this issue, we once again bring you Europa. And I hope you'll agree that it is a completely |
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Coustenis, A., Atreya, S., Castillo, J., Coll, P., Mueller-Wodarg, I., Spilker, L. (2012) Surfaces, atmospheres and magnetospheres of the outer planets and their satellites and ring systems: Part VII. Planetary and Space Science, 61 (1) 1-2 doi:10.1016/j.pss.2011.12.014 |
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| natural radio data for future radar measurements at Europa and Ganymede by foreseen future missions. The manuscript...experimental studies on the chemical evolutions of tholins when in contact with ammonia aqueous solutions |
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Mura, A., Adriani, A., Tosi, F., Lopes, R.M.C., Sindoni, G., Filacchione, G., Williams, D.A., Davies, A.G., Plainaki, C., Bolton, S., Altieri, F., Cicchetti, A., Grassi, D., Migliorini, A., Moriconi, M.L., Noschese, R., Olivieri, A., Piccioni, G., Sordini, R. (2020) Infrared observations of Io from Juno. Icarus, 341. 113607pp. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2019.113607 |
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| maintained by the Laplace orbital resonance between Io, Europa, and Ganymede (Peale et al., 1979). After the discovery...ascribed to the presence of organic compounds and tholins, i.e. nitrogen-rich organics where the CN molecule...Dalton et al. (2019) The Europa Clipper Mapping Imaging Spectrometer for Europa (MISE): Using Compositional...Compositional Mapping To Understand Europa. Lunar. Plan. Sci. Conf. 50, The Woodlands, TX, Abstract number 2218..., 2019. Serendipitous infrared observations of Europa by Juno/JIRAM, Icarus, 328, 1-13. Hamilton, C.W |
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Pudritz, Ralph, Higgs, Paul, Stone, Jonathon (2008) Planetary systems and the origin of life. Cambridge Univercity Press. |
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| possibilities for life in the icecovered ocean of Europa. Colour versions of some of the figures are available...14.5 Conclusions Acknowledgements References 15 Europa, the ocean moon: tides, permeable ice, and life...life beyond the habitable zone 15.2 The surface of Europa 225 227 229 235 238 238 241 241 243 250 255 257...possibly the ice-covered, oceanic moon of Jupiter – Europa. These are some of the major drivers of the emergent...the Solar System, specifically on Mars, Titan, and Europa. Acknowledgements There are many people to thank |
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Marcano, Vicente, Benitez, Pedro, Palacios-Prü, Ernesto (2002) Growth of a lower eukaryote in non-aromatic hydrocarbon media ⩾C12 and its exobiological significance. Planetary and Space Science, 50 (7) 693-709 doi:10.1016/s0032-0633(02)00069-7 |
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| (Mautner et al., 1995; Mautner, 1997), and abiotic ‘_tholins_’, laboratory materials that provide good analogues...nm) (Clarke and Ferris, 1997). On the other hand, Europa is 5:2 AU from the Sun and the incident solar light...30% (∼ 408 W m−2 ) that of the Earth. However, Europa is di:erentiated by a subsurface ocean covered...the sea-Joor or surface has been considered, e.g. Europa (OrPo et al., 1992). Non-aqueous subsurface environments...Furthermore, the occurrence of sulphuric acid on Europa which is an electrical conductor may contribute |
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Grieger, B. (2005) Shading under Titan's sky. Planetary and Space Science, 53 (5) 577-585 doi:10.1016/j.pss.2004.04.003 |
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| to owe their brightness to the fact that dark tholins stemming from sedimentation of the organic haze...terrain in Huygens’ landing area may be covered by tholins. This may equalize intrinsic albedo variations...Exogenic and endogenic albedo and color patterns on europa. J. Geophys. Res. 91 (B8), 8077–8097. McEwen, A |
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Dalai, Punam, Kaddour, Hussein, Sahai, Nita (2016) Incubating Life: Prebiotic Sources of Organics for the Origin of Life. Elements, 12 (6) 401-406 doi:10.2113/gselements.12.6.401 |
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| products form ice coatings on the cores (including “tholins_”). PAHs – polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. From...water ice and red-colored material similar to “_tholins.” The latter are complex macromolecular organic...But CH4 and H 2O ice are known to exist on Mars. Europa, a satellite of Jupiter, has a water-ice crust |
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Kargel, Jeffrey S., Kaye, Jonathan Z., Head, James W., Marion, Giles M., Sassen, Roger, Crowley, James K., Ballesteros, Olga Prieto, Grant, Steven A., Hogenboom, David L. (2000) Europa's Crust and Ocean: Origin, Composition, and the Prospects for Life. Icarus, 148 (1). 226-265 doi:10.1006/icar.2000.6471 |
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| microorganisms. Key Words: Europa; ocean, Europa; cryovolcanism, Europa; spectroscopy, Europa; Europa, prebiotic chemistry...Galileo radio-tracking/gravity data require that Europa has a differentiated internal structure, including...compelling evidence of interior ductile deformation in Europa, lateral lithospheric mobility measured in several...mean crater retention age is around 10–100 Myr—and Europa probably remains active (Shoemaker 1996, Chapman...et al. 1998b, Spencer et al. 1999). In any case, Europa clearly possesses a geologically young surface |
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(2015, July) The Planetary Report Vol. 35 (4) The Planetary Society |
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| that eject ice. Large areas rendered brown by _tholins_—a term coined by scientist Bishun Khare and our...SUPPORTING THE MISSION TO EUROPA Photo: Navid Baraty for The Planetary Society The Europa Clipper mission has...really are on track to send a spacecraft to explore Europa, to characterize the ocean under the ice and prepare...will know whether or not there is or was life on _Europa_—but I want to find out now, while you and I are...new record the start of a new mission to explore Europa; an astronaut living for a year in space. The list |
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Kolokolova, L., Jockers, K. (1997) Composition of cometary dust from polarization spectra. Planetary and Space Science, 45 (12) 1543-1550 doi:10.1016/s0032-0633(97)00099-8 |
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| Orthopyroxene Silicate Organics silicate glasses Kerogen Tholins Graphite Magnetite Meteorites Metals (Fe, Ni, etc...Icurus 79. 362-38 1. Clark. R. N. (1980) Ganymede, Europa. Callisto and Saturn’s rings : compositional analysis...Williams, M. W. (1984) Optical constants of organic tholins produces in a simulated Titanian atmosphere : from |
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Sittler, E.C., Ali, A., Cooper, J.F., Hartle, R.E., Johnson, R.E., Coates, A.J., Young, D.T. (2009) Heavy ion formation in Titan's ionosphere: Magnetospheric introduction of free oxygen and a source of Titan's aerosols?. Planetary and Space Science, 57 (13) 1547-1557 doi:10.1016/j.pss.2009.07.017 |
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| negative ions. They suggested that these may be the tholins originally postulated by Sagan and Khare (1979)...accumulation of aerosol particles we show a mixture of ‘‘_tholins_’’, oxygen, nitrogen and amino acids with the latter...magnetospheric interaction with the surface of Europa for downward conveyance to its putative subsurface...of the surface as compared to Earth and possibly Europa. On the microscopic level the astrobiological significance...581, 1399–1406. Sagan, C., Khare, B.N., 1979. _Tholins_—organic chemistry of interstellar grains and gas |
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Young, Cindy L., Poston, Michael J., Wray, James J., Hand, Kevin P., Carlson, Robert W. (2019) The mid-IR spectral effects of darkening agents and porosity on the silicate surface features of airless bodies. Icarus, 321. 71-81 doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2018.10.032 |
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| 2015), OSIRIS-Rex (Christensen et al., 2018), and Europa Clipper (Lam et al., 2018), for airless bodies...heavily hydrated salts with disrupted terrains on Europa. Icarus, 177(2), pp.472-490. CE Donaldson Hanna...Astrobiology and the potential for life on Europa. Europa. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp.589-629...2018. A Robust Mission Tour for NASA’s Planned Europa Clipper Mission. In 2018 Space Flight Mechanics...Sublimation of water ice mixed with silicates and tholins: Evolution of surface texture and reflectance spectra |
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Howett, C.J.A., Spencer, J.R., Pearl, J., Segura, M. (2010) Thermal inertia and bolometric Bond albedo values for Mimas, Enceladus, Tethys, Dione, Rhea and Iapetus as derived from Cassini/CIRS measurements. Icarus, 206 (2). 573-593 doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2009.07.016 |
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| 7 Bolometric albedo Jovian satellites Io 0.52 Europa Ganymede Callisto 0.55 0.32 ± 0.04 0.2 ± 0.4...surfaces of Saturn’s large satellites: H2O ice, tholins, and minor constituents. Icarus 175, 268–283. Cuikshank..., 1973. Ten-micron eclipse observations of Io, Europa, and Ganymede. Icarus 18, 237–246. C.J.A. Howett...169, 127–139. Spencer, J., 1987. The surfaces of Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto: An investigation using... Martin, T., Travis, L., 1999. Temperatures on Europa from Galileo PPR: Nighttime thermal anomalies. |
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Dunaeva, A. N., Kronrod, V. A., Kuskov, O. L. (2016) Physico-chemical models of the internal structure of partially differentiated Titan. Geochemistry International, 54 (1) 27-47 doi:10.1134/s0016702916010043 |
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| polymerization of the produced compounds produces tholins, complex organic molecules dominat ing in the...instance, the Galilean satellites of Jupiter (Io, Europa, and Ganymede) are considered completely differentiated...H2O, CO2, NH3, and CH4 ices, solid organics, and tholins or their mixtures (Griffith et al., 2003, 2013;...viscosity for the Galilean satellites of Jupiter, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto (Ruiz, 2001; Han and Show...maximum WIS thicknesses of the icy Jovian moons Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto are 120–140, 780–940, and |
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(2002) Exploring for Habitable Planets Beyond the Solar System. Astrobiology, 2 (4) 523-536 doi:10.1089/153110702762470671 |
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| compounds that will form an effective sun block (tholins). Beneath this surface layer, the pristine nature...and a Stopwatch For those following the water, Europa provides a tempting target: approximately 100 km...resonances such as that coupling the orbits of Io, Europa, and Ganymede. This resonance is responsible for...volcanically active body known. It is possible that Europa, too, is tidally heated, driving volcanic activity...beneath the ocean. Indeed, without tidal heating, Europa is most likely geologically (and biologically) |
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Taylor, F.W, Coustenis, A (1998) Titan in the Solar System. Planetary and Space Science, 46 (9) 1085-1097 doi:10.1016/s0032-0633(98)00073-7 |
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| None of the laboratory conditions used to make tholins come very close to approximating the conditions...the optical constants of {{typical| |
laboratory _tholins_\ simply because nothing better is available[ Apart...liquid water\ like that now thought to occur on _Europa_[ Below that\ but above the rock\ the ice would |
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