Chiesa e Monastero dello Spirito Santo (original) (raw)

Links to this page can be found in Book 8, Day 3 and Rione Monti.

The page covers:
[The plate by Giuseppe Vasi](#The Plate)
Today's view
Basilica Ulpia (Trajan's Forum)
[Mercati di Traiano](#Trajan's Market)

The Plate (No. 142)

In 1759 Giuseppe Vasi published his eighth book of etchings depicting the monuments of Rome. It covered the nunneries and most likely it did not sell well. Apart from the views of a couple of historical churches (e.g. [S. Cecilia](Vasi145.html#The Plate) and [S. Susanna](Vasi148.htm#The Plate)) it could hardly interest the traveller who wanted to bring home some mementoes of his Roman stay.
Today some of these less interesting plates have acquired a value they did not have, because they are the only ones to show views of Roma Sparita (Lost Rome). This term is used to refer to the parts of the city which were pulled down to open or enlarge streets or to excavate ancient monuments between the 1870s and the 1930s.
The view is taken from the green dot in the 1748 map below. In the description below the plate Vasi made reference to: 1) S. Lorenzo ai Monti; 2) Palazzo Conti; 3) S. Eufemia; 4) Spirito Santo. The map shows also 5) Mercati di Traiano (and Colonna Traiana in the left upper corner).

Today

The view in June 2009 (the yellow building is Palazzo del Marchese del Grillo; the loggia belongs to Casa dei Cavalieri di Rodi)

Vasi would hardly believe that the photo above was taken from roughly the same point he used for his view. The buildings on the left side of the plate (including S. Eufemia and Spirito Santo) were demolished in 1812 during the first modern archaeological excavations of Rome. In the 1930s S. Lorenzo ai Monti and Palazzo Conti were pulled down to open Via dei Fori Imperiali. In general the lost churches did not have a significant artistic value. Their movable works of art were relocated to other nunneries/churches.

Musei Capitolini - Giardino di Palazzo Caffarelli: lintel of the demolished house of Pietro Zaccone designed by Giovanni Battista Mola (ca 1650); it is very similar to those of Spedale di S. Giovanni

Basilica Ulpia

Basilica Ulpia; (inset) inscription celebrating the 1815 completion of the excavations by Pope Pius VII

(Trajan's Pillar) stands in a Small Square and the Ground all about having been Rais'd as Usual in Length Of Time, and Clear'd away at the Bottom, it stands in a Hole. (..) This Hole is so Deep that at some Distance the Pillar seems to be without any Pedestal.
Jonathan and Jonathan Richardson - Account of Some of the Statues, etc. in Italy - 1722
The late excavation enables us at last to tread the floor of ancient Rome. The replacing the fragments of the columns on their bases, and the judicious arrangement of the other marbles, has created an effect little inferior to the wonders of Pompej.
John Cam Hobhouse - Dissertations on the Ruins of Rome - 1818
Colonna Traiana was for centuries the only visible evidence of the Forum built by Emperor Marcus Ulpius Traianus in 108-113 AD. The excavations initiated by the French in 1812 and completed by Pope Pius VII unearthed the site and some of the granite columns of Basilica Ulpia, the main building of the Forum. Archaeologists were guided in their work by a fragment of Forma Urbis, a marble plan of Ancient Rome.

The Forum seen from the point where it adjoined the western part of [Foro di Augusto](Vasi149a.htm#Temple of Mars)

Excavations carried out in 1998-2000 have allowed a better understanding of the layout and overall size of the Forum. Its eastern entrance was a court with marble porticoes on three sides. It gave access, probably through a sort of triumphal arch, to a very large square having an equestrian statue of Trajan at its centre and two porticoes on its southern and northern sides. You may wish to see a modern plan of the Imperial Fora.

Basilica Ulpia and Colonna Traiana seen from the easternmost point of the 1815 excavations with S. Maria di Loreto (left) and SS. Nome di Maria (right) in the background

Colonna Traiana did not stand in the centre of the square, but in a small court behind Basilica Ulpia with two tall buildings (libraries) at its side from which the reliefs of the column could be admired at close range. The complex was still impressive in the IVth century: Constantius (..) became desirous of visiting Rome, with the intention of celebrating his triumph over Magnentius. (..) When he came to the forum of Trajan, the most exquisite structure, in my opinion, under the canopy of heaven, and admired even by the deities themselves, he stood transfixed with wonder, casting his mind over the gigantic proportions of the place, beyond the power of mortal to describe, and beyond the reasonable desire of mortals to rival.
Ammianus Marcellinus - Roman History - Book XVI - translation by C. D. Yonge

(left) Inscription celebrating Emperor Trajan for the construction of the Forum; (right) 418 inscription celebrating Emperor Honorius which was found in 1870 during maintenance work in a nearby building

The Forum of Trajan served amongst other purposes to perpetuate the memory of the good and great. (..) We know that Marcus Aurelius erected statues in this Forum to all those who fell in the German war and that Alexander Severus transferred thither those of other celebrated personages from other sites. (..) The same place was devoted to the labours and the rewards of literary heroes; here the poets and others recited their compositions perhaps in the Ulpian library (..) and here their images were allowed a place amongst conquerors and monarchs. (..) Fragments of statues and pedestals were dug up in the great excavation, but only five inscriptions, of which four were copies of each other and in honour of Trajan, were discovered. Hobhouse
In a strange twist of fate the Forum today houses an inscription celebrating the emperor under whom the power of the Empire reached its apex and another one celebrating the emperor who most contributed to its decline, notwithstanding the flattering titles (florentissimo - very prosperous; invictissimo - never defeated).

Archaeological Museum of Naples - Farnese Collection: Atlas holding the celestial spheres which most likely embellished one of the libraries, before being moved to [Terme di Caracalla](Vasi58.htm#Caracalla's Baths) where it was found in 1546

The Forum was designed by Apollodorus of Damascus, a military engineer, who levelled Velia, a hill between the Quirinal and the Capitol, to the ground to make room for the Forum. He was the favourite architect of the Emperor for whom he designed [new baths in Rome](Vasi33a.htm#Terme di Traiano), triumphal arches at Ancona and Benevento, improvements to Via Appia at Terracina and a stone bridge on the River Danube.

Arco di Costantino - eastern side: frieze from Basilica Ulpia depicting Emperor Trajan leading a charge of the Praetorian Guard against the Dacians

The general Minucius Rufus (in ca 109 BC), hard pressed by the Scordiscans and Dacians, for whom he was no match in numbers, sent his brother and a small squadron of cavalry on ahead, along with a detachment of trumpeters, directing him, as soon as he should see the battle begin, to show himself suddenly from the opposite quarter and to order the trumpeters to blow their horns. Then, when the hill-tops re-echoed with the sound, the impression of a huge multitude was borne in upon the enemy, who fled in terror.
Sextus Julius Frontinus (a general under Domitian) - Stratagems - Book II - Loeb Edition
The music of the legion consists of trumpets, cornets and buccinae. The trumpet sounds the charge and the retreat. The cornets are used only to regulate the motions of the colors; the trumpets serve when the soldiers are ordered out to any work without the colors; but in time of action, the trumpets and cornets sound together. The classicum, which is a particular sound of the buccina or horn, is appropriated to the commander-in-chief and is used in the presence of the general, or at the execution of a soldier, as a mark of its being done by his authority. The ordinary guards and outposts are always mounted and relieved by the sound of trumpet, which also directs the motions of the soldiers on working parties and on field days. The cornets sound whenever the colors are to be struck or planted. These rules must be punctually observed in all exercises and reviews so that the soldiers may be ready to obey them in action without hesitation according to the general's orders either to charge or halt, to pursue the enemy or to retire.
Vegetius - De Re Militari - Transl. by Lieutenant John Clarke - 1767. Flavius Vegetius Renatus was a Roman of high rank. Most likely he wrote the book in the early Vth century.
In ca 315 some large reliefs were removed from the Forum to decorate Arco di Costantino. The panels of the so-called Great Trajanic Frieze were meant to celebrate the emperor as leader of his Praetorian Guard. The Praetorian musicians and standard bearers wore animal skins and in the relief they back a vigorous advance of the guard. Music was customary at funerals (see a relief near Rome), public spectacles, events in the arena (see a mosaic from Leptis Magna).

(above) Louvre Museum in Paris (from the Borghese Collection): frieze from Basilica Ulpia (a similar relief at Mercati di Traiano is shown in the image used as background for this page); (below) frieze by Antonio Federighi at Cappella di Piazza in Siena (late XVth century)

The griffin is a mythological creature part eagle part lion. It was regarded as a guardian of treasures and it was associated with Apollo. The Great Temple to that god at Didyma was decorated with a frieze similar to that at Basilica Ulpia. The same motif was utilized in 141 for Tempio di Antonino e Faustina. Because that temple did not fall and the frieze was very visible it was copied by many Renaissance artists who eventually used it in their works, e.g. at [Palazzo Simonetti](Vasi79.htm#Palazzo Simonetti).

Exhibits at Mercati di Traiano from Basilica Ulpia: (left) statue of a Roman general, most likely Emperor Trajan, with the same griffin decoration as in the frieze (see a very similar statue in the Museum of Pergamum - it opens in another window); (right) one of a large number of statues portraying Dacian prisoners (see those at Arco di Costantino and in Florence)

Mercati di Traiano

(December 2007) Mercati di Traiano seen from Terrazza delle Quadrighe at the top of [Monumento a Vittorio Emanuele II](Vasi65.htm#Monument to Victor Emmanuel). In the background [Torre delle Milizie](Vasi149a.htm#Torre delle Milizie) (centre) and [SS. Domenico e Sisto](Vasi149.htm#The Church of SS. Domenico e Sisto) (right)

To support the deep cuttings on either side of the Forum, Apollodorus raised two hemicycles the design and architecture of which is so complicated that it would be difficult to describe it properly. There are few traces left of the one towards the Capitol, but (..) it appears to have been perfectly symmetrical with the one on the opposite side. This last is very well preserved, (..) and consists of many-storied corridors and shops or rooms, built against the live rock of the Quirinal. The pavement which extends in front of the building was laid bare during the French invasion (1812).
Rodolfo Lanciani - The ruins and excavations of ancient Rome - 1897
See a page which covers Mercati di Traiano in detail.

(October 2021) Mercati di Traiano after the modern street which separated the northern hemicycle from the Forum was demolished and continuity between these two parts of the complex was restored

Next plate in Book 8: [Monastero di S. Lucia in Selci](Vasi143.htm#The Plate).
Next step in Day 3 itinerary: [Chiesa di S. Maria in Campo Carleo](Vasi102.htm#The Plate).
Next step in your tour of Rione Monti: [Chiesa di S. Maria in Campo Carleo](Vasi102.htm#The Plate).

Excerpts from Giuseppe Vasi 1761 Itinerary related to this page:

###### Chiesa e Monastero dello Spirito santo

##### Fin dall'anno 1432. fu eretta questa chiesa col monastero per le canonichesse Lateranensi, le quali hanno ornata la chiesa con stucchi dorati, e pitture; quelle nella cappella della Madonna sono di Baldassare della Croce, le altre nella cappella del ss. Crocifisso, di Gio. de' Vecchi; quelle nella volta, di Mario Arconio, ed il quadro nell'altare maggiore � di Luigi Gazi. Siegue dopo di questa la chiesa di s. Eufemia col conservatorio per le povere zittelle orfane, che corrisponde incontro alla chiesa del ss. Nome di Maria.