Index Re-Ri (original) (raw)

Rulers Read, George (b. Sept. 18, 1733, Cecil county, Maryland - d. Sept. 21, 1798, New Castle, Del.), president of the Constitutional Convention (1776), joint president (1776-77), and acting president (1777-78) of Delaware. He was a signer of the U.S. Declaration of Independence (1776) and the Constitution (1787).

Read, Sir Herbert James (b. March 17, 1863 - d. Oct. 16, 1949), governor of Mauritius (1925-29); knighted 1918.

Read, James M(organ) (b. 1908, Camden, N.J. - d. Feb. 11, 1985, New York City), acting UN high commissioner for refugees (1956). He was deputy high commissioner from 1951 to 1960.

Read, John Bell (b. June 10, 1939, Boulder, W.Aus.), administrator of the Cocos Islands (1992-94).

Read, John Meredith, Jr. (b. Feb. 21, 1837, Philadelphia, Pa. - d. Dec. 27, 1896, Paris, France), U.S. diplomat; great-grandson of George Read. He was minister resident (1874-77) and charg� d'affaires (1877-79) in Greece.

Read, Keith Alan (b. Jan. 20, 1920 - d. Aug. 5, 2014), acting administrator of Nauru (1953-54).

Read, Nikolay (Andreyevich) (b. 1793 - d. [killed in battle] Aug. 4, 1855, Crimea, Russia [now in Ukraine]), acting viceroy of the Caucasus (1854).

Reading, Rufus Daniel Isaacs, (1st) Marquess of (b. Oct. 10, 1860, London, England - d. Dec. 30, 1935, London), viceroy of India (1921-26) and British foreign secretary (1931). He was also solicitor general (1910), attorney general (1910-13), lord chief justice (1913-21), and ambassador to the United States (1918-19). He was created Baron Reading (of Erleigh) in 1914, Viscount Reading (of Erleigh) in 1916, Viscount Erleigh (of Erleigh) and Earl of Reading in 1917, and Marquess of Reading in 1926.

Ready, John (b. 1777? - d. July 10, 1845, Castletown, Isle of Man), lieutenant governor of Prince Edward Island (1824-31) and the Isle of Man (1832-45).

Reagan

Reagan, Ronald (Wilson) (b. Feb. 6, 1911, Tampico, Ill. - d. June 5, 2004, Bel Air, Los Angeles, Calif.), president of the United States (1981-89). In 1937 he began a long career as a motion-picture actor; in 1947-52 and 1959-60, he served as president of the Screen Actors Guild, cooperating with efforts to combat alleged Communist influences in the motion-picture industry. In 1950 he began to support Republican politicians, and in 1962 he officially changed his party affiliation from Democrat to Republican. He was elected governor of California in 1966 and reelected in 1970. He made a halfhearted bid for the Republican presidential nomination in 1968 and seriously, but unsuccessfully, attempted to take the nomination away from Pres. Gerald Ford in 1976. In 1980 he won the nomination and in the ensuing campaign combined a conservative platform with an optimistic and genial celebration of traditional American values. He achieved a landslide victory, receiving 51% of the popular vote to 41% for Pres. Jimmy Carter and carrying 44 of the 50 states, overwhelming Carter 489 to 49 in electoral votes. At the age of 69, Reagan was the oldest man to become U.S. president. Adopting supply-side economic policies, he greatly increased military expenditures and sharply reduced non-defense spending while simultaneously lowering taxes; the national debt almost tripled during his presidency. He launched the largest peacetime military buildup in American history and in 1983 proposed the construction of a U.S. strategic defense system under a controversial program known as the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI). In foreign affairs he took a strongly anti-Communist stance, famously denouncing the Soviet Union as the "evil empire" - while supporting large-scale murder and torture by right-wing death squads in Central America to suppress insurgencies against U.S. client regimes. He ran for reelection in 1984 against the liberal Democrat Walter Mondale and won 59% of the popular vote and 525 of 538 votes in the electoral college.

Reale, Miguel, J�nior (b. April 18, 1944, S�o Paulo, Brazil), justice minister of Brazil (2002).

Reale, Oronzo (b. Oct. 24, 1902, Lecce, Italy - d. July 14, 1988, Rome, Italy), justice minister (1963-68, 1970-71, 1974-76) and finance minister (1968-69) of Italy.

Reale, Vito (b. Dec. 23, 1883, Viggiano, Basilicata, Italy - d. April 28, 1953, Rome, Italy), interior minister of Italy (1944).

R�allon, L�on (Maurice Valentin) (b. Nov. 24, 1882, Paris, France - d. May 10, 1960, Antananarivo, Madagascar), acting governor-general of Madagascar (1939).

Re�tegui (Rossell�), Javier (Edmundo) (b. April 28, 1944, Lima, Peru), interior minister of Peru (2004-05). He was also minister of fisheries (2001-02), transport and communications (2002-03), and production (2003-04).

Reay, Donald James Mackay, (11th) Baron (b. Dec. 22, 1839, The Hague, Netherlands - d. Aug. 1, 1921), governor of Bombay (1885-90). He succeeded as baron in 1876.

Rebane, Hans (b. Dec. 24, 1882, Vana-Kariste municipality, Russia [now in Estonia] - d. Dec. 16, 1961, Stockholm, Sweden), foreign minister of Estonia (1926, 1927-28, and [in exile] 1945-49). He was also minister to Finland (1931-37) and Latvia (1937-40).

Rebas, Hain (b. Jan. 21, 1943, Tallinn, Estonia), defense minister of Estonia (1992-93).

Reb�iz Pizarro, Gabriel (b. Sept. 13, 1915, Cali, Colombia - d. Jan. 22, 1967), war minister (1965) and defense minister (1965-67) of Colombia. He was also armed forces commander (1964-65).

Rebello, Jos� Camillo Ferreira (b. July 1826, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil - d. Aug. 22, 1903, Vit�ria, Esp�rito Santo, Brazil), acting president of Esp�rito Santo (1884, 1889).

Rebelo (Figueiredo), (Jos�) Aldo (b. Feb. 23, 1956, Vi�osa, Alagoas, Brazil), defense minister of Brazil (2015-16). He was also minister of political coordination (2004-05), sports (2011-15), and science and technology (2015) and president of the Chamber of Deputies (2005-07).

Rebelo, Hor�cio Jos� de S� Viana (b. Nov. 12, 1910, Lisbon, Portugal - d. Jan. 28, 1995), governor-general of Angola (1956-59) and defense minister of Portugal (1968-73).

Rebelo de Sousa, Baltasar (Leite) (b. April 16, 1921, Lisbon, Portugal - d. Dec. 1, 2002, Lisbon), high commissioner of Mozambique (1968-70). He was also Portuguese minister of corporations, health, and social welfare (1970-73) and overseas (1973-74).

Rebelo de Sousa, Marcelo (Nuno Duarte) (b. Dec. 12, 1948, Lisbon, Portugal), president of Portugal (2016- ); son of Baltasar Rebelo de Sousa. He was also minister of parliamentary affairs (1982-83).

Reber

Reber, Isaac (Christian) (b. Aug. 27, 1961, Basel, Switzerland), president of the government of Basel-Land (2014-15, 2019-20, 2024- ).

Rebi�re, Jean-Marc (b. Nov. 5, 1948, P�rigueux, Dordogne, France), acting prefect of R�union (1986). He was also prefect of the French d�partements of Haute-Corse (1992-93), Aisne (1995-98), Finist�re (1998-2000), Hauts-de-Seine (2000-03), Doubs (2003-07), and Bas-Rhin (2007-09).

Rebrov, Ivan (Pavlovich) (b. 1890 - d. 19...), acting chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Kirgiz S.S.R. (1938).

Recabarren (Rencoret), Manuel (Mart�n Jos�) (b. Oct. 20, 1826, Santiago, Chile - d. June 4, 1901, Santiago), interior minister of Chile (1880-81, 1895).

Recabarren (Valenzuela), Sergio (b. July 16, 1919, Santiago, Chile - d. Dec. 5, 1991, Santiago), interior minister (1955) and finance minister (1955) of Chile.

Recchi, Gaetano (b. April 6, 1934, Offida, Ascoli Piceno province, Italy - d. March 20, 2023, Ascoli Piceno town, Marche, Italy), president of Marche (1993-95).

Recean

Recean, Dorin (b. March 17, 1974, Donduseni, Moldavian S.S.R.), interior minister (2012-15) and prime minister (2023- ) of Moldova.

Receb Pasha, (Matli) (b. 1842, Mat, Ottoman Empire [now in Albania] - d. Aug. 16, 1908, Constantinople, Ottoman Empire [now Istanbul, Turkey]), war minister of the Ottoman Empire (1908). He was also governor of Tripoli (1904-08).

Rechberg und Rothenl�wen, Johann Bernhard Graf von (b. July 17, 1806, Regensburg, Bavaria [Germany] - d. Feb. 26, 1899, Kettenhof castle, near Vienna, Austria), prime minister (1859-61) and foreign minister (1859-64) of Austria. He was also minister to Brazil (1843-47).

Rechebei, Ramon, acting minister of state of Palau (2010). He was ambassador to the Philippines (2006-15).

Rechteren Limpurg Almelo, Adolf Frederik Lodewijk graaf van (b. Aug. 21, 1865, Huize Almelo, Netherlands - d. March 20, 1935, Wassenaar, Netherlands), queen's commissioner of Overijssel (1909-25); grandson of Jacob Hendrik graaf van Rechteren van Appeltern.

Rechteren van Ahnem, Johan Derk graaf van (b. June 22, 1799, Appeltern, Gelderland, Netherlands - d. Dec. 4, 1886, The Hague, Netherlands), governor of Drenthe (1840) and Overijssel (1840-47); brother of Jacob Hendrik graaf van Rechteren van Appeltern.

Rechteren van Appeltern, Jacob Hendrik graaf van (b. Nov. 27, 1787, Appeltern, Gelderland, Netherlands - d. July 9, 1845, Spoolde, Overijssel, Netherlands), governor of Overijssel (1831-40).

Recife, Francisco Paes Barreto, visconde e marqu�s do (b. May 26, 1779, Cabo, Pernambuco, Brazil - d. Sept. 6, 1848, Recife, Pernambuco), president of Pernambuco (1823, 1824). He was made viscount in 1824 and marquess in 1826.

Recinos (�vila), Adri�n (b. July 5, 1886, Antigua Guatemala, Guatemala - d. March 8, 1962, Guatemala City, Guatemala), foreign minister of Guatemala (1922-23, 1929). Besides being known as a historian, he was also minister to France, Spain, and Italy (1923-26), president of the Legislative Assembly (1926-27), minister (1928-43) and ambassador (1943-44) to the United States, a presidential candidate (1944), and ambassador to Spain (1959-60).

Recto, Claro M(ayo) (b. Feb. 8, 1890, Tiaong, Philippines - d. Oct. 2, 1960, Rome, Italy), foreign minister of the Philippines (Laurel government, 1943-45). He was also president of the Constitutional Convention (1934-35) and commissioner of education, health, and public welfare (1942-43). In 1950 he was appointed ambassador to Spain and Italy, but declined the appointment.

Recto, Ralph (Gonzalez) (b. Jan. 11, 1964, Quezon City, Philippines), finance secretary of the Philippines (2024- ); grandson of Claro M. Recto. He was also president pro tempore of the Senate (2013-16, 2017-22).

Rector, Henry M(assey) (b. May 1, 1816, Fountain's Ferry, near Louisville, Ky. - d. Aug. 12, 1899, Little Rock, Ark.), governor of Arkansas (1860-62).

Recurt, Adrien (Barnab� Athanase) (b. June 9, 1798, Lassales, Hautes-Pyr�n�es, France - d. Nov. 7, 1872, L�vignac, Haute-Garonne, France), interior minister of France (1848) and prefect of Seine d�partement (1848). He was also public works minister (1848).

Redcliffe-Maud, John (Primatt Redcliffe) Maud, Baron (b. Feb. 3, 1906, Bristol, England - d. Nov. 20, 1982, Oxford, England), high commissioner for Southern Africa (1959-63). He was also British high commissioner (1959-61) and ambassador (1961-63) to South Africa. He was knighted in 1946 and made a life peer in 1967.

Reddiar, Omandur (P.) Ramaswami (b. Feb. 1, 1895, Omandur village, South Arcot district, Madras [now in Tamil Nadu], India - d. Aug. 25, 1970, Vadalur, Tamil Nadu, India), chief minister of Madras (1947-49).

A.R. Reddy

Reddy, Anumula Revanth (b. Nov. 8, 1969, Kondareddypally village, Mahbubnagar [now in Nagarkurnool] district, Andhra Pradesh [now in Telangana], India), chief minister of Telangana (2023- ).

B.S. Reddy

Reddy, B. Satyanarayan (b. Aug. 21, 1927, Annaram, Mahbubnagar district, Hyderabad [now in Telangana], India - d. Oct. 6, 2012, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh [now in Telangana], India), governor of Uttar Pradesh (1990-93), Bihar (1991), Orissa (1993-95), and West Bengal (1993).

Reddy, Bezawada Gopala (b. Aug. 5, 1907, Buchireddypalem village, Nellore district, Madras province [now in Andhra Pradesh state], India - d. March 9, 1997, Chennai, India), chief minister of Andhra (1955-56) and governor of Uttar Pradesh (1967-72). He was also Indian minister of economic affairs (1958), revenue and civil expenditure (1958-61), housing, works, and supply (1961-62), and information and broadcasting (1962-63).

Reddy, Jayaram (Narainsamy) (b. Oct. 24, 1925, Durban, South Africa - d. July 5, 2019, Wyebank, near Durban), chairman of the Ministers' Council in the House of Delegates of South Africa (1989-93).

Reddy, K(onda) Madhava (b. Oct. 21, 1923, Shahrajpet village, Nalgonda district, Hyderabad [now in Telangana], India - d. Sept. 25, 1997), acting governor of Maharashtra (1985). He was chief justice of Hyderabad High Court (1982-84) and Bombay High Court (1984-85).

Reddy, K(olli) V(enkata) Raghunatha (b. Sept. 4, 1924, Virur, Nellore district [now in Andhra Pradesh], India - d. March 4, 2002, New Delhi, India), governor of Tripura (1990-93), Manipur (1993), West Bengal (1993-98), and Sikkim (1995-96).

Reddy, Kasu Brahmananda (b. July 28, 1909, Chirumamella village, Guntur district, Madras province [now in Andhra Pradesh state], India - d. May 20, 1994), chief minister of Andhra Pradesh (1964-71), home affairs minister of India (1974-77), and governor of Maharashtra (1988-89). He was also minister of communications (1974) and agriculture and irrigation (1977).

K.K. Reddy

Reddy, (Nallari) Kiran Kumar (b. Sept. 13, 1960, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh [now in Telangana], India), chief minister of Andhra Pradesh (2010-14).

Reddy, Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara (b. Aug. 16, 1920, Amakathadu village, Kurnool district, Madras province [now in Andhra Pradesh state], India - d. Sept. 27, 2001, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh [now in Telangana]), chief minister of Andhra Pradesh (1982-83, 1992-94). He was also Indian minister of shipping and transport (1983-84), company affairs (1983-84, 1991-92), industry (1984), and law and justice (1991-92).

Reddy, Kysambally Chengalaraya (b. May 4, 1902, Rajput [now in Andhra Pradesh], India - d. Feb. 27, 1976, Bangalore [now Bengaluru], India), chief minister of Mysore (1947-52) and governor of Madhya Pradesh (1965-71). He was also Indian minister of production (1952-57), works, housing, and supply (1957-61), and commerce and industry (1961-62).

Reddy, Marri Channa (b. Jan. 13, 1919, Sirpur, Hyderabad [now in Telangana], India - d. Dec. 2, 1996, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh [now in Telangana], India), governor of Uttar Pradesh (1974-77), Punjab (1982-83), Rajasthan (1992-93), and Tamil Nadu (1993-96), chief minister of Andhra Pradesh (1978-80, 1989-90), and lieutenant governor of Pondicherry (1993-95). He was also Indian minister of steel, mines, and metals (1967-68).

Reddy, N(edurumalli) Janardhana (b. Feb. 20, 1935, Vakadu village, Nellore district [now in Andhra Pradesh], India - d. May 9, 2014, Hyderabad, India), chief minister of Andhra Pradesh (1990-92).

N.S. Reddy

Reddy, N(eelam) Sanjiva (b. May 19, 1913, Anantapur district, Madras province [now in Andhra Pradesh state], India - d. May 31, 1996, Bangalore [now Bengaluru], Karnataka, India), president of India (1977-82). He was in the forefront of India's struggle against British rule and spent most of the period 1940-45 in prison. He became chief minister of the southern state of Andhra Pradesh (1956-60, 1962-64), a member of the union cabinet as minister for steel and mines (1964-66) and transport, civil aviation, shipping, and tourism (1966-67), and speaker of the Lok Sabha, the lower house of parliament (1967-69, 1977). He was first nominated for the presidency in 1969 by the Congress Party, but, in a divisive move, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi supported Varahagiri Venkata Giri, who won. Reddy opposed Gandhi's emergency rule in 1975 and later joined the Janata Party, which nominated him for president in 1977, his candidature being endorsed by the Congress and other opposition parties. He retired from politics in 1983.

Reddy, Dame Patsy, byname of Dame Patricia Lee Reddy (b. May 1954, Matamata, New Zealand), governor-general of New Zealand (2016-21); knighted 2014.

Reddy, S. Obul (b. April 9, 1916), acting governor of Andhra Pradesh (1975-76). He was chief justice of Andhra Pradesh High Court (1974-76, 1977-78) and Gujarat High Court (1976-77).

Reddy, Y(eduguri) S(andinti) Jaganmohan (b. Dec. 21, 1972, Pulivendula, Kadapa [now YSR] district, Andhra Pradesh, India), chief minister of Andhra Pradesh (2019-24); son of Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy.

Reddy, Y(eduguri) S(andinti) Rajasekhara (b. July 8, 1949, Pulivendula, Cuddapah [now YSR] district, Madras province [now in Andhra Pradesh state], India - d. [helicopter crash] Sept. 2, 2009, Kurnool district, Andhra Pradesh), chief minister of Andhra Pradesh (2004-09). His native district was renamed after his initials in 2010.

Redford

Redford, Alison (Merrilla) (b. March 7, 1965, Kitimat, B.C.), premier of Alberta (2011-14).

Redick, David (b. 17..., Ireland - d. Sept. 28, 1805, Washington, D.C.), acting president of the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania (1788).

Rediger, Aleksandr (Fyodorovich) (b. Jan. 12, 1854 [Dec. 31, 1853, O.S.], Novgorod, Russia - d. Jan. 26, 1920, Sevastopol, Crimea), war minister of Russia (1905-09).

Reding, Viviane (b. April 27, 1951, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg), Luxembourg politician. She was EU commissioner for education and culture (1999-2004), information society and media (2004-10), and justice, fundamental rights, and citizenship (2010-14) and a vice president of the Commission (2010-14).

Reding von Biberegg, (Joseph Fridolin Vinzenz) Aloys (b. March 6, 1765, Schwyz, Switzerland - d. Feb. 5, 1818, Schwyz), Swiss politician. After some years in the armies of Spain in the early 1790s, he joined the struggle of the Swiss against the invading French. On May 2-3, 1798, he led a stubborn defense at Schindellegi and Rothenthurm but was ultimately forced to capitulate. In the new French satellite state - the unitary Helvetic Republic - he sided with the partisans of the old federalism and steadily opposed French influence. Although a reluctant participant in politics, he was elected Landammann (chief executive) of the republic after the coup in October 1801. He pressed for federalist constitutional revision, but met the resistance of the controlling Napoleonic veto. Another coup on April 17, 1802, brought the unitarians back to power. After the departure of French troops in July, an insurrection broke out, and he became head of a rival government (August-September). Returning French troops ended the so-called Stecklikrieg and he was imprisoned. But the episode led to Napol�on's "mediation" and the restoration of cantonal sovereignty (1803). In the new Swiss Confederation, Reding generally confined himself to the cantonal politics of Schwyz (Landammann 1803-05, 1809-11).

Redman, Sir Harold (b. Aug. 25, 1899 - d. Aug. 24, 1986), governor of Gibraltar (1955-58); knighted 1953.

Redondo Ace�a, Cayetano (b. Aug. 7, 1888, Segovia, Spain - d. [executed] May 21, 1940, Madrid, Spain), mayor of Madrid (1936-37).

Redondo Poveda, Mario (b. Oct. 26, 1962, Cartago, Costa Rica), Costa Rican politician. He was president of the Legislative Asembly (2003-04) and a minor presidential candidate (2018).

Redston, Colin (Frank) (b. 1939, Gloucestershire, England), administrator of Tristan da Cunha (1981-84).

Reece, Sir Gerald (b. Jan. 10, 1897, Christchurch, N.Z. - d. Oct. 14, 1985, Haddington, East Lothian, Scotland), governor of British Somaliland (1948-54); knighted 1950.

Reed, Amos (b. 1823?, New York - d. Aug. 7, 1887, near Branchville, Md.), acting governor of Utah (1865).

Reed, Clyde M(artin) (b. Oct. 9, 1871, near Champaign, Ill. - d. Nov. 8, 1949, Parsons, Kan.), governor of Kansas (1929-31).

Reed, Harrison (b. Aug. 26, 1813, Littleton, Mass. - d. May 25, 1899, Jacksonville, Fla.), governor of Florida (1868-73).

Reed, John H(athaway) (b. Jan. 5, 1921, Fort Fairfield, Maine - d. Oct. 31, 2012, Washington, D.C.), governor of Maine (1959-67). He was also U.S. ambassador to Sri Lanka and Maldives (1976-77, 1982-85).

Reed, Joseph (b. Aug. 27, 1741, Trenton, New Jersey - d. March 5, 1785, Philadelphia, Pa.), president of the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania (1778-81).

Reed, Thomas B(rackett), byname Czar Reed (b. Oct. 18, 1839, Portland, Maine - d. Dec. 7, 1902, Washington, D.C.), speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives (1889-91, 1895-99).

Reede, Willem Frederik graaf van (b. Jan. 19, 1770, The Hague, Netherlands - d. Aug. 13, 1838, The Hague), foreign minister of the Netherlands (1824-25). He was also chairman of the First Chamber (1832-33, 1835-38).

Reeder, Andrew Horatio (b. July 12, 1807, Easton, Pa. - d. July 5, 1864, Easton), governor of Kansas (1854-55).

Reedtz, Holger (Christian) (b. Feb. 14, 1800, Odense, Denmark - d. Feb. 6, 1857, Palsgaard manor, Denmark), foreign minister of Denmark (1850-51).

Reedtz-Thott, (Kjeld Thor) Tage (Otto) (b. March 13, 1839, Gavn�, Denmark - d. Nov. 27, 1923, Gavn�), foreign minister (1892-97) and prime minister (1894-97) of Denmark.

Reek, Nikolai, surname before adoption Bazykov (b. Feb. 1, 1890, Uuem�isa, Saare county, Russia [now in Estonia] - d. [executed] May 8, 1942, Solikamsk, Molotov oblast, Russian S.F.S.R. [now in Perm kray, Russia]), war minister of Estonia (1927-28, 1939-40).

Reema bint Bandar ibn Sultan (b. 1975, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia), Saudi diplomat; daughter of Bandar ibn Sultan. She was appointed ambassador to the United States in 2019.

Reenen, Jonkheer Gerlach Cornelis Joannes van (b. Sept. 30, 1818, Amsterdam, Netherlands - d. May 31, 1893, The Hague, Netherlands), interior minister of the Netherlands (1853-56). He was also mayor of Amsterdam (1850-53) and chairman of the Second Chamber (1858-69).

Reenstierna, Fredrik Ulrik greve (b. March 22, 1722, Hamburg [Germany] - d. Oct. 3, 1783, Link�ping, �sterg�tland, Sweden), governor of �sterg�tland (1775-83); grandson of Jakob greve Reenstierna.

Reenstierna, Jakob greve (b. April 30, 1659, Stockholm, Sweden - d. Feb. 29, 1716), governor of Kopparberg (1710-13). He was made friherre (baron) in 1711 and greve (count) in 1714.

N. Rees

Rees, Nathan (b. Feb. 12, 1968, Sydney, N.S.W.), premier of New South Wales (2008-09). He became involved in Labor politics as secretary of the Municipal and Shire Employees Union, then worked as an advisor to several Labor ministers in New South Wales. In March 2007 he was elected to the N.S.W. Legislative Assembly as member for Toongabbie in western Sydney. He was minister for water utilities (2007-08), minister for emergency services (2007-08), and minister for water (2008). In September 2008 Premier Morris Iemma attempted to reshuffle his cabinet, but resigned following resistance from his own party. Rees was then elected Labor leader and became premier after less than two years in parliament. However, in December 2009 he was himself dumped by the Labor caucus in a 43-25 vote.

Rees, Otto van (b. Jan. 4, 1823, Kuilenburg [now Culemborg], Gelderland, Netherlands - d. March 10, 1892, Arnhem, Gelderland), governor-general of the Netherlands East Indies (1884-88). He was also minister of colonies (1879) and chairman of the Second Chamber (1881-84) of the Netherlands.

Reeve, Harold Hastings (b. March 25, 1908, Sydney, N.S.W. - d. Nov. 15, 1973, Sydney), acting administrator of Nauru (1949).

P. Reeves

Reeves, Sir Paul (Alfred) (b. Dec. 6, 1932, Wellington, N.Z. - d. Aug. 14, 2011, Auckland, N.Z.), governor-general of New Zealand (1985-90). He derived his Maori blood from his maternal grandmother. As vicar (1964-66) of St. Paul, Okato, on the Taranaki coast from which this grandmother came, he became aware of this part of his heritage and of Maori grievances. He started to identify with Maoris and their causes and went on to develop some notoriety as a commentator on social issues. He had been ordained as a deacon in the Anglican Church in 1958, followed by ordinations to the priesthood in 1960 and as bishop of Waiapu in 1971. In 1979 he became bishop of Auckland and in 1980 he was elected by the General Synod of the church as primate and archbishop of New Zealand. In 1985, Sir Paul (he was knighted in the queen's birthday honours) became the first clergyman and the first New Zealander of Maori descent to be appointed governor-general.

Reeves, Rachel (Jane) (b. Feb. 13, 1979, London, England), British chancellor of the exchequer (2024- ). She is the first woman in the post.

Reeves, (Jonathon) Tate (b. June 5, 1974), governor of Mississippi (2020- ).

Refalo, Michael (b. Feb. 25, 1936, Sliema, Malta - d. Feb. 3, 2015, Sliema), justice minister of Malta (1995-96). He was also minister of youth (1994-95), the arts (1994-96), and tourism (1998-2003) and high commissioner to the United Kingdom (2005-08).

Reffell, Sir Derek (Roy) (b. Oct. 6, 1928), governor of Gibraltar (1989-93); knighted 1984.

Reffi, Adriano (b. 1937?), captain-regent of San Marino (1978-79, 1983).

Reffi, Pietro (b. April 24, 1927, Santa Mustiola, San Marino - d. June 25, 2013, Borgo Maggiore, San Marino), captain-regent of San Marino (1958-59, 1965-66).

Refik Bey, Manyasizade (b. 1854, Constantinople, Ottoman Empire [now Istanbul, Turkey] - d. March 4, 1909, Constantinople), justice minister of the Ottoman Empire (1909). He was also minister of police (1908).

Refunjol, Fredis (Jos�) (b. Dec. 19, 1950, Aruba), governor of Aruba (2004-16).

Regalado (Romero), Tom�s (Herculano de Jes�s) (b. Nov. 7, 1861, Santa Ana, El Salvador - d. [killed in war] July 11, 1906, El Entrecijo pass, El Salvador-Guatemala border), president of El Salvador (1898-1903).

Regalado, Tomas (Pedro) (b. May 24, 1947, Havana, Cuba), mayor of Miami (2009-17).

D. Regan

Regan, Donald (Thomas) (b. Dec. 21, 1918, Cambridge, Mass. - d. June 10, 2003, Williamsburg, Va.), U.S. politician. He served during World War II in the Pacific and rose to the rank of lieutenant colonel. In 1946 he retired from the military and became a stockbroker, becoming president of Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner, & Beane in 1968 and serving as chairman of the board and chief executive officer from 1971 to 1980. In 1973 he assumed the same titles at Merrill Lynch and Co., Inc., a holding company formed as a result of his diversification program. He became secretary of the treasury in the cabinet of Pres. Ronald Reagan in 1981. In February 1985, he succeeded James Baker as chief of staff to President Reagan, with Baker succeeding him as treasury secretary. Regan quickly assumed control of the staff in the White House. Baker, more of a political strategist than an administrator, had cooperated closely with Michael Deaver, the deputy chief of staff, and Edwin Meese, counselor to the president. The departure from the White House of Meese (who became attorney general) and of Deaver (who returned to the private sector) left Regan alone at the staff's apex. In April the president instructed department heads and other ranking officials to meet as the Economic Policy Council, with Baker as chairman, when formulating economic policy and as the Domestic Policy Council, with Meese as chairman, when formulating noneconomic domestic policy. As the official liaison between the president and the two councils, Regan was in a position to influence the final form of all domestic policies. In May, he also assumed full control over the president's schedule. In 1987, after the Iran-contra affair, Regan was dismissed by the president and replaced by Howard Baker.

Regan, Gerald A(ugustine Paul) (b. Feb. 13, 1928, Windsor, N.S. - d. Nov. 26, 2019), premier of Nova Scotia (1970-78). He was also Canadian minister of labour (1980-81), amateur sport (1980-82), international trade (1983-84), and energy, mines, and resources (1984).

R. Regenvanu

Regenvanu, Ralph (John) (b. Sept. 20, 1970, Suva, Fiji), foreign minister of Vanuatu (2017-20); son of Sethy Regenvanu. He has also been minister of ni-Vanuatu business development (2010-11), lands and natural resources (2011, 2013-15, 2016-17), justice (2011, 2011-12), and planning and climate change adaptation (2022-23, 2023- ).

Regenvanu, Sethy (John) (b. 1945, Uripiv island, near Malekula, New Hebrides [now Vanuatu]), deputy prime minister (1983-87, 1991-95), home affairs minister (1983-87), and finance minister (1991) of Vanuatu. He was also minister of lands, mines, and rural water supplies (1979-83), agriculture, forestry, fisheries, and livestock (1980-83), transport, communications, and public works (1987-88), education, youth, and sports (1988-91), and justice, religion, culture, and women's affairs (1991-95).

Reghay, Abdelkamel, also spelled Reghaye or Rerhaye (b. Jan. 20, 1941, Rabat, Morocco), finance minister of Morocco (1979-81). He was also minister of commerce and industry (1977-79).

R�gis, Denis, Haitian diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (2013-18).

Regmi, Dilli Raman (b. Dec. 19, 1913, Kilagal Tole, Kathmandu, Nepal - d. Aug. 30, 2001, Kathmandu), foreign minister of Nepal (1954-55). He was also minister of education, health, and local government (1954-55) and home affairs (1958-59).

K.R. Regmi

Regmi, Khil Raj (b. May 31, 1949, Pokharathok, Palpa district, Nepal), prime minister of Nepal (2013-14). He was chief justice in 2011-14.

Regnaud de Saint-Jean d'Ang�ly, Auguste (Michel) �tienne, comte (b. July 29, 1794, Paris, France - d. Feb. 1, 1870, Nice, France), war minister of France (1851); son of Michel Louis �tienne, comte Regnaud de Saint-Jean d'Ang�ly.

Regnaud de Saint-Jean d'Ang�ly, Michel Louis �tienne, comte, originally (until 1789) Michel Louis �tienne Regnaud (b. Nov. 9, 1760, Saint-Fargeau, Bourgogne [now in Yonne _d�partement_], France - d. March 18, 1819, Paris, France), French civil commissioner of Malta (1798-99). He was made comte (count) in 1808.

R�gnier, Marcel (Claude) (b. Feb. 16, 1867, Billy, Allier, France - d. July 27, 1958, Paris, France), interior minister (1934-35) and finance minister (1935-36) of France.

Rego, Alu�sio Napole�o de Freitas (b. Nov. 20, 1914, Bel�m, Par�, Brazil - d. Sept. 14, 2006, Bras�lia, Brazil), Brazilian diplomat; nephew of Benedito Martins Napole�o do Rego. He was ambassador to Iran (1961-68), Switzerland (1969-74), and China (1975-81).

R�go, Antonio Maximo da Cunha (b. S�o Miguel dos Campos, Alagoas, Brazil - d. ...), acting governor of Alagoas (1905-06).

Rego, Benedito Martins Napole�o do (b. March 17, 1903, Uni�o, Piau� - d. April 30, 1981, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), federal interventor in Piau� (1945-46).

Rego, Francisco Raphael de Mello (b. Pernambuco province [now state], Brazil - d. July 24, 1904, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), president of Mato Grosso (1887-89).

H.N. do Rego

Rego, Hugo Napole�o do, Neto (b. Oct. 31, 1943, Portland, Ore.), governor of Piau� (1983-86, 2001-03); son of Alu�sio Napole�o de Freitas Rego; cousin of Luc�dio Portella Nunes and Petr�nio Portella Nunes. He was also Brazilian minister of education (1987-89), culture (acting, 1988), and communications (1992-93).

Rego, Jacintho Pereira do (b. Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil - d. Recife), president of Amazonas (1868).

Rego, Jean-Claude (F�lix) do (b. 1960, Dakar, Senegal), Beninese diplomat. He has been permanent representative to the United Nations (2016-20) and ambassador to Canada (2022- ).

Rego, Joaquim Marcos de Almeida (b. April 25, 1814, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - d. July 24, 1880, Rio de Janeiro), president of Cear� (1851-53).

Rego, Jos� Ricardo de S� (b. 1817, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - d. Dec. 24, 1864, S�o Jo�o do Pr�ncipe [no longer existing], Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), president of Minas Gerais (1850-51) and Rio de Janeiro (1855 [acting], 1861 [acting]).

R�go, Pedro da Costa (b. March 12, 1889, Pilar, Alagoas, Brazil - d. July 6, 1954, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), governor of Alagoas (1924-28).

R�gonessa, Maurice, interior minister (1999-2000) and defense minister (2003) of the Central African Republic. He was also army chief of staff (1996-97).

Regout, (Edmond) Robert (Hubert) (b. June 4, 1863, Maastricht, Netherlands - d. Jan. 18, 1913, The Hague, Netherlands), justice minister of the Netherlands (1910-13).

Rehbinder, Reinhold friherre (b. 1643?, Livonia [in present Estonia or Latvia] - d. April 29, 1709), governor of Kalmar (1701-09).

Rehlinger

Rehlinger, Anke (Gabriele), n�e Moos (b. April 6, 1976, Wadern, Saarland, West Germany), minister-president of Saarland (2022- ).

B. Ur Rehman

Rehman, (Muhammad) Baligh Ur (b. Dec. 21, 1970, Bahawalpur, Pakistan), governor of Punjab (2022-24).

Rehman, Khalilur (b. May 5, 1934, Surezai village, near Peshawar, North-West Frontier Province [now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa], India [now in Pakistan]), acting governor of Punjab (1996) and governor of North-West Frontier Province (2005-06).

Rehmatullah, Habib Ibrahim, Rehmatullah also spelled Rahimtoola (b. March 10, 1912, Bombay [now Mumbai], India - d. Jan. 2, 1991, Karachi, Pakistan), governor of Sindh (1953-54) and Punjab (1954). He was also Pakistani high commissioner to the United Kingdom (1947-52), ambassador to France (1952-53), and minister of commerce and industry (1955-58).

E. Rehn

Rehn, (M�rta) Elisabeth, n�e Carlberg (b. April 6, 1935, Helsinki, Finland), Finnish politician. A member of the Swedish People's Party, she was member of parliament (1979-95), defense minister (1990-95), and minister of equality (1992-95). In 1995-96 she was member of the European Parliament and in 1995-99 UN human rights representative in Bosnia. She was a presidential candidate in 2000.

Rehn, Olli (Ilmari) (b. March 31, 1962, Mikkeli, Finland), Finnish politician. He has been EU commissioner for enterprise and information society (2004), enlargement (2004-10), and economic and monetary affairs (2010-14), a vice president of the European Commission (2011-14), minister of economic affairs (2015-16), and governor of the Bank of Finland (2018- ).

Rehnquist, William H(ubbs), originally William Donald Rehnquist (b. Oct. 1, 1924, Milwaukee, Wis. - d. Sept. 3, 2005, Arlington, Va.), U.S. chief justice (1986-2005).

Rehnski�ld, Carl Gustaf greve (b. Aug. 6, 1651, Stralsund, Sweden [now in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany] - d. Jan. 29, 1722, Kambo socken, S�dermanland, Sweden), governor of Sk�ne (1698-1705). He was made friherre (baron) in 1698 and greve (count) in 1706.

Rehuher-M.

Rehuher-Marugg, Faustina K(umairii) (b. Ngarchelong state, Palau), minister of state of Palau (2017-21). She was also minister of community and cultural affairs (2009-12).

Rei, August (b. March 22, 1886, Kabala municipality, Russia [now in Estonia] - d. March 29, 1963, Stockholm, Sweden), chairman of the Constituent Assembly (1919-20), state elder (1928-29), foreign minister (1932-33), and prime minister acting as president (in exile, 1945-63) of Estonia. He was also minister of labour and social welfare (1918-19), speaker of the Riigikogu (1925-26), and minister to the Soviet Union (1938-40).

Reich, Christian E(milius) (b. April 18, 1822, Copenhagen, Denmark - d. July 14, 1865, Copenhagen), war minister of Denmark (1864).

R. Reich

Reich, Robert (Bernard) (b. June 24, 1946, Scranton, Pa.), U.S. politician. He became assistant to the U.S. solicitor general in 1974 and was the director of policy planning at the Federal Trade Commission from 1976 to 1981. His abiding interest has been institutional economics: how people organize themselves for work. He expounded his views on a national industrial policy in a book entitled Minding America's Business (1982), written with Ira C. Magaziner. "America has a choice," he wrote in his controversial book The Next American Frontier (1983). "It can adapt itself to the new economic realities by altering its organizations, or it can fail to adapt and thereby continue its present decline." He argued that the U.S. was not turning away quickly enough from the high-volume, standardized production that had characterized its economy in recent times but that was now moving increasingly to the third world. A leading proponent of a federal industrial policy, he advocated a strong government role in advancing such changes, urging a coherent policy to replace the current hodgepodge of price supports, subsidized loans, and tax expenditures that affect the economy. He was particularly critical of what he called "paper entrepreneurialism," management techniques of mergers, acquisitions, and tax avoidance that create short-term profits by rearranging industrial assets but rarely create real productive activity. He was secretary of labour under Pres. Bill Clinton in 1993-97; subsequently he wrote Locked in the Cabinet (1997) describing his futile battle to bring the growing economic and educational inequality present in today's America to the forefront of political discussion.

Reichel, Frantisek (b. Jan. 27, 1938, Prague, Czechoslovakia [now in Czech Republic] - d. Nov. 20, 2020), Czechoslovak politician. He was a deputy premier and chairman of the State Commission for Scientific-Technical and Investment Development (1989-90).

Reichert, Adam, Russian Adam (Iogannesovich) Reykhert (b. 1869, Norka, Saratov province, Russia - d. 1936), chairman of the Executive Committee of the Volga German Workers' Commune (1919-20).

Reicherts, Martine (b. April 13, 1957, Luxembourg, Luxembourg), Luxembourg politician. She was EU commissioner for justice, fundamental rights, and citizenship (2014).

Reichmann, Jaak (b. May 28, 1874, Tarvastu parish, Viljandi county, Russia [now in Estonia] - d. May 1, 1945, Tallinn, Estonian S.S.R.), justice minister of Estonia (1921-23).

Reichmuth(-Annen), Xaver (b. April 28, 1931, Schwyz, Switzerland - d. Feb. 26, 2013, Schwyz), Landammann of Schwyz (1974-76).

Reichstadt

Reichstadt, Napol�on Fran�ois Charles Joseph Bonaparte, Herzog von (duke of), principe (prince) di Parma, Piacenza, e Guastalla, also called King of Rome, or Napol�on II, byname l'Aiglon (French: "the Eaglet") (b. March 20, 1811, Paris, France - d. July 22, 1832, Sch�nbrunn, Austria), emperor of France (1815). The only son of Emperor Napol�on I and Empress Marie-Louise, he was at birth styled King of Rome, partly because the elected heirs of the Holy Roman emperors had been styled kings of the Romans. Three years later, when his father's empire collapsed, his mother took him from threatened Paris to Blois (April 1, 1814). His father's offer to abdicate in his favour was superseded by abdication in the name of both father and son, and Marie-Louise rejected the proposal of his uncles J�r�me and Joseph Bonaparte that he should be taken south of the Loire as the figurehead for further resistance, and instead took him to the court of her father, the Austrian emperor Franz I. In 1815, however, Napol�on I, after his brief return to power, abdicated in favour of his son, who thus became de jure emperor (as Napol�on II) for two weeks until the Allies entered Paris again, although plans for bringing him back to Paris during this time came to nothing and he remained in Austria. By the Treaty of Paris (1817) he was excluded from succession to his mother's Italian dominions, receiving instead the Austrian title of Duke of Reichstadt (1818). He later dreamed of some new sovereignty, especially in 1830, when Charles X of France was overthrown, but Austrian statesman Metternich's hint that he might be made king of Italy was uttered only to deter the France of Louis-Philippe from Italian enterprises. At the time he was already ill with tuberculosis and was unable to take advantage of events.

Reid, Archibald Cameron (b. Aug. 7, 1915 - d. Nov. 24, 1994), British consul in Tonga (1957-59, 1965-70).

Reid, David S(ettle) (b. April 19, 1813, Rockingham county, N.C. - d. June 18, 1891, Reidsville, N.C.), governor of North Carolina (1851-54).

G. Reid

Reid, Sir George (Houstoun) (b. Feb. 25, 1845, Johnstone, Renfrew, Scotland - d. Sept. 12, 1918, London, England), prime minister of Australia (1904-05). Reid, whose family had emigrated to Australia in 1852, entered the New South Wales civil service in 1864. In 1878 he was appointed secretary to the attorney-general, and in 1880 he entered parliament as member for East Sydney. As minister of public instruction in 1883-84, he established the first government high schools and technical schools in the state. In 1891 he succeeded Sir Henry Parkes as leader of the Free Trade Party, and in 1894 he took office as premier on what was at that time an extremely democratic platform. Remaining in office until 1899, he directed an economic recovery program, introduced a tax to break up land monopolies, and removed the civil service from political control. After hesitating on the question of Australian federation, unwilling to sacrifice all other issues to it, he finally saw that it could not be neglected, and hastened to put the movement on the most democratic basis possible. When the commonwealth was established in 1901, he headed a strong, mainly free trade, opposition in the first federal parliament. In the second parliament, where three parties of nearly equal strength made themselves felt, he first combined with Labour (April 1904) to defeat the Liberal ministry of Alfred Deakin, and then joined with Deakin (August) to defeat Labour and to attain the coveted position of prime minister. In June 1905, the alliance suddenly broke up. He then led the opposition in parliament until his retirement from Australian politics in 1908. He was knighted in 1909 and served as Australia's first high commissioner in London (1910-16) and as a member of the British House of Commons for Hanover Square (1916-18).

Reid, Gordon Stanley (b. Sept. 22, 1923, Hurstville, Sydney, N.S.W. - d. Oct. 26, 1989, Nedlands, Perth, W.Aus.), governor of Western Australia (1984-89).

Reid, Marion (Loretta), n�e Doyle (b. Jan. 2, 1929, North Rustico, P.E.I. - d. June 22, 2023), lieutenant governor of Prince Edward Island (1990-95).

Reid, Percy Bearisto (b. Aug. 21, 1874, Summerside, P.E.I. - d. Nov. 14, 1927, Toronto, Ont.), gold commissioner of Yukon Territory (1924-27).

Reid, Ptolemy (Alexander) (b. May 8, 1918, Dartmouth village, Essequibo Coast, British Guiana [now Guyana] - d. Sept. 2, 2003, Atlantic Gardens, near Georgetown, Guyana), prime minister of Guyana (1980-84). He joined the People's National Congress party in 1960, became deputy prime minister in 1964, and was minister of home affairs (1964-69), trade (1966-67), finance (1967-70), agriculture (1970-74), and national development (1972-74).

Reid, Sir Robert Niel (b. July 15, 1883 - d. Oct. 24, 1964), governor of Assam (1937-42) and Bengal (acting, 1939); knighted 1936.

Reid, Robert R(aymond) (b. Sept. 8, 1789, Prince William parish [now part of Beaufort county], S.C. - d. July 1, 1841, "Blackwood," Leon county, Fla.), governor of Florida (1839-41).

Reid, Stanley (Everton) (b. 1968?), deputy governor (2006-16) and acting governor (2009, 2013) of Anguilla.

Reid, Sir William (b. April 25, 1791, Kinglassie village, Fifeshire, Scotland - d. Oct. 31, 1858, London, England), governor of Bermuda (1839-46), Barbados (1846-48), and Malta (1851-58); knighted 1851.

Reid Cabral, Donald (Joseph) (b. June 9, 1923, Santiago de los Caballeros, Dominican Republic - d. July 22, 2006, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic), chairman of the Triumvirate (1963-65), foreign minister (1963-64, 1964-65, 1986-88), and armed forces minister (1965) of the Dominican Republic.

Reid of Cardowan, John Reid, Baron (b. May 8, 1947, Bellshill, Lanarkshire, Scotland), British defence secretary (2005-06) and home secretary (2006-07). He was also secretary of state for Scotland (1999-2001), Northern Ireland (2001-02), and health (2003-05), minister without portfolio (2002-03), and lord president of the council (2003). He was made a life peer in 2010.

Reiffers, Edmond (Johann Michel) (b. Nov. 21, 1881, Mondorf-les-Bains, Luxembourg - d. Jan. 31, 1949), finance minister of Luxembourg (1915-16).

Reig-Rib�

Reig-Rib�, Juli� (b. Dec. 5, 1911, Sant Juli� de L�ria, Andorra - d. January 1996), first syndic of Andorra (1960-66, 1972-78).

Reilly, Sir Bernard Rawdon (b. March 25, 1882, Durrington, Wiltshire, England - d. Oct. 28, 1966, London, England), political resident (1931-32), chief commissioner (1932-37), and governor (1937-40) of Aden; knighted 1934.

C.R. Reina

Reina (Idi�quez), Carlos Roberto (b. March 13, 1926, Comayag�ela, Honduras - d. Aug. 19, 2003, Tegucigalpa, Honduras), president of Honduras (1994-98). As a Liberal Party activist while still a teenager, he was imprisoned for six months in 1944 for protesting against dictator Tiburcio Car�as. He also was imprisoned briefly by military governments in 1963 and 1968. He published the Liberal Party newspaper El Pueblo in the 1960s, was ambassador to France (1960-63), and was first elected to Congress in 1965. In 1979-85 he was a judge of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. He was elected president in November 1993 with promises to crack down on corruption and reduce the role of the military. He made gradual progress on both fronts during his four years in office, eliminating mandatory military service and helping ease Honduras away from decades of military meddling in politics. However, corruption, crime, and poverty remained grave problems (a few months into his mandate, he laid bare his frustration and admitted "how difficult it is to govern in such a poor country"). He survived a 1996 bombing that blew a hole in his house, though the bomber escaped. After his presidential term, he was president of the Central American Parliament (1998-99). He shot himself to end his suffering from cancer.

E.E. Reina

Reina (Garc�a), Eduardo Enrique (b. Dec. 9, 1968, Tegucigalpa, Honduras), foreign minister of Honduras (2022- ).

Reina (Idi�quez), Jorge Arturo (b. March 21, 1935, Tegucigalpa, Honduras), interior minister of Honduras (2006-07); brother of Carlos Roberto Reina. He was permanent representative to the United Nations in 2008-09.

Reina Andrade, Jos� Mar�a (b. Nov. 14, 1860, San Marcos, Guatemala - d. Aug. 25, 1947, Guatemala City, Guatemala), acting president of Guatemala (1931).

Reina Barrios, Jos� Mar�a (b. Dec. 24, 1854, San Marcos, Guatemala - d. [assassinated] Feb. 8, 1898, Guatemala City, Guatemala), president of Guatemala (1892-98); nephew of Justo Rufino Barrios.

Reinalda, Marius Antoon (b. June 28, 1888, Haarlem, Netherlands - d. July 4, 1965, The Hague, Netherlands), queen's commissioner of Utrecht (1947-54). He was also mayor of Haarlem (1945-47).

Reiner, Zeljko (b. May 28, 1953, Zagreb, Croatia), Croatian politician. He was minister of health (1998-2000) and president of the Sabor (2015-16).

Reinert, (Hans) Egon (b. Sept. 24, 1908, Saarbr�cken, Prussia [now in Saarland], Germany - d. [traffic accident] April 23, 1959, Saarbr�cken), minister-president of Saarland (1957-59).

Reinfeldt

Reinfeldt, (John) Fredrik (b. Aug. 4, 1965, Stockholm, Sweden), prime minister of Sweden (2006-14). He was leader of the Moderate Party in 2003-15.

Reinhard, Charles Fr�d�ric, German Karl Friedrich Reinhard (b. Oct. 2, 1761, Schorndorf, W�rttemberg [now in Baden-W�rttemberg, Germany] - d. Dec. 25, 1837, Paris, France), foreign minister of France (1799). He was also minister to Hamburg (1795-98, 1802-05), Tuscany (1798-99), Switzerland (1800-01), Westphalia (1808-13), the German Confederation (1818-29), and Saxony (1830-32).

Reinhard, Hans von (b. Feb. 20, 1755, Z�rich, Switzerland - d. Dec. 23, 1835, Z�rich), Swiss statesman. He held the offices of Stadtschreiber of Z�rich (1787-95), Landvogt of the county of Baden (1795-98), member (1798-99) and then president (1800-01) of the new municipal government of Z�rich under the Helvetic Republic, and Regierungsstatthalter of the canton of Z�rich (1801-02). In November 1802 he was delegated by Z�rich to the Consulta in Paris, called by Napol�on Bonaparte to discuss the problem of Swiss federal reorganization. Subsequently he signed the Act of Mediation (Feb. 19, 1803), which marked a return to a confederate model of government after the unitary experiment of the Helvetic Republic. Between 1803 and 1831 he was one of two mayors of Z�rich (acting in alternating years) and concurrently served on the cantonal council. He was six times chief executive of Switzerland (as Landammann, during the period of French domination, in 1807 and 1813 and as president of the Diet in 1814, 1816, 1822, and 1828). In late 1813, when the fall of Napol�on was impending, he convoked a national Diet at Z�rich which provided the groundwork for the future independent confederation. From September 1814 to March 1815 he headed the Swiss delegation to the Congress of Vienna, at which he championed the cause of a fully independent Switzerland.

Reinhold, Johann Gotthard ridder (b. March 8, 1771, Aachen, Holy Roman Empire [now in Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany] - d. Aug. 6, 1831, Hamburg [Germany]), acting foreign minister of the Netherlands (1824). He was also minister to Prussia (1809-10), the Papal State (1814-26), and Switzerland (1827-32). He became ridder (knight) in 1807.

Reinhold, Peter (Paul) (b. Dec. 1, 1887, Blasewitz [now part of Dresden], Sachsen, Germany - d. April 1, 1955, Capri, Italy), finance minister of Germany (1926-27).

Reinikka, Tyko (Henrik) (b. Dec. 10, 1887, Ule�borg [now Oulu], Finland - d. Jan. 18, 1964, Helsinki, Finland), finance minister of Finland (1929-30). He was also minister of trade and industry (1925-26).

Reino, Fernando Jos� (b. Aug. 5, 1929, Felgar, Tr�s-os-Montes, Portugal - d. April 15, 2018), Portuguese diplomat. He was charg� d'affaires in the Malagasy Republic (1962-63) and Tunisia (1966-71), ambassador to Norway (1977-80) and Spain (1985-88), and permanent representative to the United Nations (1988-92).

Reinosa, Fernando Calder�n Collantes, marqu�s de (b. Feb. 21, 1811, Reinosa, Cantabria, Spain - d. Jan. 9, 1890, Madrid, Spain), foreign minister of Spain (1875-77); brother of Saturnino Calder�n Collantes. He was also justice minister (1865-66, 1875, 1877-79). He was made marquess in 1878.

Reinsalu

Reinsalu, Urmas (b. June 22, 1975, Tallinn, Estonian S.S.R.), defense minister (2012-14), justice minister (2015-19), and foreign minister (2019-21, 2022-23) of Estonia.

Reinthaller, Anton (b. April 14, 1895, Mettmach, Ober�sterreich, Austria - d. March 6, 1958, Mettmach), Austrian politician. He was minister of agriculture and forestry (1938) and chairman of the Freedom Party (1956-58).

Reinys, Mecislovas (b. Feb. 5, 1884, Madagaskaras, Russia [now in Lithuania] - d. Nov. 8, 1953, Vladimir, Russian S.F.S.R.), foreign minister of Lithuania (1925-26). He was also Catholic titular bishop of Tiddi (1926-40) and Cypsela (1940-53).

Reirs, Janis (b. Sept. 23, 1961, Riga, Latvian S.S.R.), finance minister of Latvia (2014-16, 2019-22). He was also minister of electronic government affairs (2004-06) and welfare (2016-19).

Reis, Alvaro Rodovalho Marcondes dos (d. March 1929, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), president of Mato Grosso (1886-87).

Reis, Americo Vespucio dos (d. Oct. 16, 1919), acting president of Maranh�o (1909-10).

Reis, Ant�nio Carlos Konder (b. Dec. 16, 1924, Itaja�, Santa Catarina, Brazil - d. June 12, 2018, Itaja�), governor of Santa Catarina (1975-79, 1994-95); nephew of Adolpho Konder.

Reis, Arthur C�sar Ferreira (b. Jan. 8, 1906, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil - d. Feb. 6, 1993, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), governor of Amazonas (1964-67).

Reis, Ene Garcez dos (b. 1914, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - d. Feb. 6, 2000, Rio de Janeiro), governor of Rio Branco (1944-46).

Reis, Fabio Alexandrino de Carvalho (b. Oct. 13, 1815, Itapecuru-Mirim, Maranh�o, Brazil - d. Feb. 26, 1890, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), acting president of Par� (1860).

Reis, Henoch da Silva (b. Feb. 9, 1907, Manacapuru, Amazonas, Brazil - d. Sept. 28, 1998), governor of Amazonas (1975-79).

Reis, Jo�o Dantas Martins dos (b. Aug. 7, 1884, Riach�o [now Riach�o do Dantas], Sergipe, Brazil - d. 1978), governor of Sergipe (1951).

Reis, Maur�cio Rangel (b. March 2, 1922, Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - d. Sept. 10, 1986, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), interior minister of Brazil (1974-79).

Reisch, Georg (b. May 23, 1930, Vienna, Austria), secretary-general of the European Free Trade Association (1988-94). He was also Austrian ambassador to Kenya (1970-76).

Reischauer, Edwin O(ldfather) (b. Oct. 15, 1910, Tokyo, Japan - d. Sept. 1, 1990, San Diego, Calif.), U.S. diplomat. He was ambassador to Japan (1961-66). He is also known as the co-developer of the McCune-Reischauer system of Korean transcription.

Reisdorff, Ivan (b. May 1, 1913, Bouillon, Belgium - d. June 17, 1981, Brussels, Belgium), Belgian resident of Urundi (1959-61).

Reiter, Lise-Lotte (b. Feb. 15, 1948, Trollh�ttan, �lvsborg [now in V�stra G�taland], Sweden), acting governor of Sk�ne (2006).

Reith, Peter (Keaston) (b. July 15, 1950, Melbourne, Vic. - d. Nov. 8, 2022), defence minister of Australia (2001). He was also minister of industrial relations (1996-97), workplace relations and small business (1997-2001), and employment (1998-2001).

Reitz, Francis William (b. Oct. 5, 1844, Swellendam, Cape Colony [now in Western Cape province, South Africa] - d. March 27, 1934, Cape Town, South Africa), president of the Orange Free State (1889-95). He was also president of the Senate of South Africa (1910-21).

Reizniece-Ozola, Dana (b. Nov. 6, 1981, Kuldiga, Latvian S.S.R.), finance minister of Latvia (2016-19). A woman grandmaster in chess, she was also economy minister (2014-16).

Rejepov, Berdymurad (Rejepovich), Turkmen Berdimyrat (Rejepowi�) Rejepow (b. Feb. 5, 1957), a deputy prime minister of Turkmenistan (2001-03). He has also been chairman of Turkmennebitgaz State Trade Corporation (1997-2000), head of Lebap velayat (2000-01), mayor of Ashgabat (2001-02), head of the railway administration Turkmendemiryollary (2002-03), and ambassador to Germany (2003-12, 2020- ), Russia (2012-16), and Italy (2016-20).

Rek, Ivan (Grigoryevich), German Johann von Reck (b. 1737 - d. 1795), governor of Riga (1790-92).

Rek, Tadeusz (b. Oct. 13, 1906, Ul�w, Poland - d. Nov. 11, 1968, Warsaw, Poland), acting justice minister of Poland (1957).

Reka, Iljaz (b. 1924, Durr�s, Albania - d. Dec. 27, 1975), Albanian politician. He was minister of agriculture (1950-51) and chairman of the People's Assembly (1973-75).

Rekawa, Ariya Bandara (b. Feb. 9, 1941), governor of Uva (2018-19). He was also Sri Lankan ambassador to the Philippines (2003-05).

Rekola, Esko (Johannes) (b. June 10, 1919, Tampere, Finland - d. Oct. 7, 2014, Tampere), finance minister of Finland (1963-64, 1976-77).

Reksodiharjo, Sarimin (b. July 17, 1905 - d. ...), governor of Sumatera Utara (1950-51) and Sunda Kecil/Nusa Tenggara (1952-57).

Relander, Hugo (Magnus Johannes) (b. April 8, 1865, Vyborg, Russia - d. March 27, 1947, Helsinki, Finland), finance minister of Finland (1924, 1925, 1928-29, 1932-36).

L.K. Relander

Relander, Lauri Kristian, original name Lars Kristian Relander (b. May 31, 1883, Kurkijoki, Finland - d. Feb. 9, 1942, Helsinki, Finland), governor of Viipuri (1920-25) and president of Finland (1925-31). He was also speaker of the Eduskunta (1919-20).

Relang, Jackeo A. (b. 1955), Marshall Islands diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (1999-2002).

Rell

Rell, M. Jodi, original name Mary Carolyn Reavis (b. June 16, 1946, Norfolk, Va.), governor of Connecticut (2004-11).

Relvas, Jos� Carlos de Mascarenhas (b. March 5, 1858, Goleg�, Portugal - d. Oct. 31, 1929, Alpiar�a, Portugal), finance minister (1910-11) and prime minister and interior minister (1919) of Portugal. He was also ambassador to Spain (1911-14).

Rembowski, Marian (b. June 9, 1878, Nowa Wies, Sieradz county, Poland - d. April 20, 1961, Krak�w, Poland), governor of L�dzkie (1923-24) and Bialostockie (1924-27) wojew�dztwa.

Remek, Vladim�r (b. Sept. 26, 1948, Cesk� Budejovice, Czechoslovakia [now in Czech Republic]), Czech diplomat; son-in-law of V�clav David. The first Czechoslovak cosmonaut (and, in 1978, the first person in space from a country other than the Soviet Union or the United States), he was ambassador to Russia (2014-18). He was also a member of the European Parliament (2004-13).

Remeliik

Remeliik, Haruo I(gnacio) (b. June 1, 1933, Peleliu island, Palau - d. [assassinated] June 30, 1985, Koror, Palau), president of Palau (1981-85).

Remengesau, Thomas (Ongelibel) (b. Nov. 28, 1929, Ngaraard, Palau - d. Aug. 3, 2019, Koror, Palau), vice president (1985-88) and president (1985 [acting], 1988) of Palau. He was also administrator of Palau district (1970-79) and justice minister (1981-86). In 1989 he received the title Maderngebuked (traditional paramount chief of Ngaraard state).

Remengesau, Tommy, byname of Thomas Esang Remengesau (b. Feb. 28, 1956, Koror, Palau), vice president (1993-2000) and president (2001-09, 2013-21) of Palau; son of Thomas Remengesau. He was an unsuccessful presidential candidate in 2024.

Rem�nyi-Schneller, Lajos (b. March 15, 1892, Budapest, Hungary - d. [executed] Aug. 24, 1946, Budapest), finance minister of Hungary (1938-45).

Remes, Decebal Traian (b. June 26, 1949, Basesti, Maramures county, Romania - d. Feb. 14, 2020, Baia Mare, Maramures county), finance minister of Romania (1998-2000).

Remes Lenicov, Jorge (Luis) (b. Sept. 23, 1948, La Plata, Argentina), economy minister of Argentina (2002).

Remisov�, Veronika, n�e Belosovicov� (b. May 31, 1976, Zilina, Slovakia), a deputy prime minister of Slovakia (2020-23). She was also minister of investment, regional development, and informatization (2020-23) and justice (acting, 2021).

Remiszewski, Antoni (b. Aug. 11, 1883, Warsaw, Poland - d. March 8, 1948, Warsaw), governor of Lubelskie wojew�dztwo (1926-30).

Remkes

Remkes, Johan(nes Wijnandus) (b. June 15, 1951, Oostenbroek, Groningen, Netherlands), interior minister of the Netherlands (2002-07) and queen's/king's commissioner of Noord-Holland (2010-19) and Limburg (acting, 2021). He was also a deputy prime minister (2002-03) and acting mayor of The Hague (2019-20).

Rem�n Cantera, Alejandro, Panamanian diplomat; brother of Jos� Antonio Rem�n Cantera. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (1957-59).

Rem�n Cantera, Jos� Antonio (b. June 19, 1908, Panama City, Panama - d. [assassinated] Jan. 2, 1955, Panama City), president of Panama (1952-55).

Remorino, Jer�nimo (b. Nov. 15, 1902, Buenos Aires, Argentina - d. Nov. 20, 1968, Buenos Aires), foreign minister of Argentina (1951-55). He was also ambassador to the United States (1948-51) and permanent representative to the United Nations (1950-52).

Remulla, Jesus Crispin (Catibayan), byname Boying Remulla (b. March 31, 1961), justice secretary of the Philippines (2022- ); son of Juanito Remulla. He was also governor of Cavite (2016-19).

Remulla, Juanito (Reyes), byname Johnny Remulla (b. April 14, 1933, Imus, Cavite, Philippines - d. Dec. 29, 2014, Muntinlupa, National Capital Region, Philippines), Philippine politician. He was governor of Cavite (1979-86, 1988-95).

Remulla, Juanito, Jr., in full Juanito Victor Catibayan Remulla, byname Jonvic Remulla (b. Oct. 23, 1967), Philippine politician; son of Juanito Remulla; brother of Jesus Crispin Remulla. He has been governor of Cavite (2010-16, 2019- ).

R�musat, Auguste Laurent, comte de (b. Aug. 28, 1762, Valensole [now in Alpes-de-Haute-Provence _d�partement_], France - d. May 15, 1823, Paris, France), French administrator. He was prefect of the d�partements of Haute-Garonne (1815, 1815-17) and Nord (1817-22). He was made comte (count) in 1808.

R�musat, Charles (Fran�ois Marie), comte de (b. March 14, 1797, Paris, France - d. June 4, 1875, Paris), interior minister (1840) and foreign minister (1871-73) of France; son of Auguste Laurent, comte de R�musat.

R�my, Marie Emmanuel Adolphe Roger (b. Oct. 10, 1897 - d. Sept. 22, 1992), acting administrator-superior of the Comoros (1949-50).

Renard, Bruno (b. April 15, 1804, Tournai, France [now in Belgium] - d. July 3, 1879, Brussels, Belgium), war minister of Belgium (1868-70, 1878-79).

Renard, (Georges) �douard (Alexandre) (b. Aug. 3, 1883, Oran, Algeria - d. [plane crash] March 15, 1935, near Bolobo, Belgian Congo [now Congo (Kinshasa)]), prefect of Seine d�partement (1929-34) and governor-general of French Equatorial Africa (1934-35). He was also prefect of Aude d�partement (1923-26).

Renaud, Edgar (Louis) (b. June 22, 1887, Neuch�tel, Switzerland - d. July 12, 1953, Neuch�tel), president of the Council of State of Neuch�tel (1922-23, 1926-27, 1931-32, 1936-37, 1941-42).

Renaud, Georges (Jean Louis), resident of Wallis and Futuna (1931-33).

Renauld

Renauld, Lener (b. March 22, 1956, Port-au-Prince, Haiti), defense minister (2014-16) and foreign minister (2015-16) of Haiti.

Renault, L�on (Charles) (b. Sept. 24, 1839, Maisons-Alfort, Seine [now in Val-de-Marne], France - d. May 25, 1933, Paris, France), prefect of police of Paris (1871-76). He was also prefect of Loiret d�partement (1871).

Rencher, Abraham (b. Aug. 12, 1798, near Raleigh, N.C. - d. July 6, 1883, Chapel Hill, N.C.), governor of New Mexico (1857-61).

Renda, Mustafa Abd�lhalik, until Jan. 1, 1935, Mustafa Abd�lhalik Bey (b. Nov. 29, 1881, Ioannina, Ottoman Empire [now in Greece] - d. Oct. 1, 1957, Istanbul, Turkey), finance minister (1924, 1924-25, 1926-27, 1930-34), defense minister (1927-30), and acting president (1938) of Turkey. He was also governor of Bitlis (1914-15), Aleppo (1915-17, 1918), Konya (1922), and Izmir (1922-23) and speaker of the Grand National Assembly (1935-46).

Rendell

Rendell, Ed(ward Gene) (b. Jan. 5, 1944, New York City), governor of Pennsylvania (2003-11). He got a job in Philadelphia district attorney Arlen Specter's office prosecuting homicides, and in 1977, at 33, he was elected district attorney himself, being reelected in 1981. The district attorney is a prominent figure not just in Philadelphia but also in the entire Philadelphia media market, where some 40% of Pennsylvania voters live. He became a popular public figure in Philadelphia. In 1985 he did not run for reelection but entered the 1986 gubernatorial race. In the Democratic primary he faced former auditor general Robert P. Casey, who had lost in primaries in 1966, 1970, and 1978. This time Casey won, 51%-40%, although Rendell carried the Philadelphia market. In 1987 Rendell ran unsuccessfully in the Democratic primary against Philadelphia mayor Wilson Goode. In 1991 he ran for mayor again. With Goode ineligible to run again and the city's finances in dreadful shape, Rendell, campaigning with his usual energy and ebullience, won the Democratic primary 49%-27%. In the general election he faced former mayor Frank Rizzo, but Rizzo died in July and Rendell won easily in November, 64%-30%, and proved to be a successful mayor (serving 1992-2000). In 1999-2001 he was general chairman of the Democratic National Committee. He then set out to run for governor in 2002. In the Democratic primary, he faced Auditor General Bob Casey, whose father had defeated him 16 years earlier. Rendell won 57%-43%; he won 79% of the vote in Philadelphia. After the primary he vastly outraised Republican Mike Fisher, with $42 million for the entire campaign. He won 53%-44% (84% in Philadelphia), becoming the first Philadelphian elected to the gubernatorial position since 1914. He was reelected in 2006, defeating Republican Lynn Swann, a former professional football player, 60%-40%.

Ren�

Ren�, France-Albert (b. Nov. 16, 1935, Farquhar island, Seychelles - d. Feb. 27, 2019, Victoria, Seychelles), prime minister (1976-77), president (1977-2004), and foreign minister (1984-89, 1997) of Seychelles. In 1964 he founded the left-wing Seychelles People's United Party (SPUP), pressing for complete independence. When this was achieved in 1976, he became prime minister and James Mancham, leader of the Seychelles Democratic Party, became president. Ren� seized the presidency in 1977 and set up a one-party state, the Seychelles People's Progressive Front (SPPF) replacing the SPUP in 1978. He followed a policy of nonalignment. His exiled opponents made several attempts to unseat him, most notably in the attempted invasion by a group of mercenaries in 1981, but their activities were on the wane from 1986 and Ren� showed more willingness to delegate responsibility within his government and allow more private-sector and foreign involvement in the economy. In 1993 a multiparty constitution was adopted, and he and the SPPF were confirmed in free elections. He was reelected in 1998 and 2001 before retiring in 2004. He was also minister of public works and development (1975-77), finance (1977-89), and defense (1986-93, 1997-2004) and held various other portfolios during his presidency.

Renfrow, William C(ary) (b. May 15, 1845, Smithfield, N.C. - d. Jan. 31, 1922, Bentonville, Ark.), governor of Oklahoma (1893-97).

Rengers, Willem Frederik Lodewijk baron (b. Nov. 28, 1789, The Hague, Netherlands - d. Jan. 15, 1859, Zeist, Utrecht, Netherlands), governor of Groningen (1830-50).

Rengguer (de la Lime), Joseph-Antoine, Rengguer also spelled Rengger (b. 1734 - d. 1818), president of the provisional administration of the R�publique Rauracienne (1792-93).

Rengifo (Vial), Osvaldo (b. Sept. 10, 1843, Santiago, Chile - d. June 30, 1906, Santiago), interior minister of Chile (1895-96); son of Manuel Rengifo C�rdenas; half-brother of Manuel Rengifo Vial; grandson of Agust�n Vial Santelices. He was also minister of justice and education (1894-95), joint mayor of Las Condes (1901-06), and rector of the University of Chile (1903-06).

Rengifo, Pioquinto (b. Aug. 21, 1904, Ibagu�, Colombia - d. Dec. 4, 1966, Bogot�, Colombia), interior minister of Colombia (1957-58). He was also governor of Antioquia (1953-56, 1957-58) and ambassador to Peru (1957).

Rengifo Borrero, Ignacio (b. Oct. 31, 1876, Cali, Colombia - d. Jan. 28, 1937, Cali), war minister of Colombia (1926-29). He was also governor of Valle del Cauca (1918-22).

Rengifo C�rdenas, Manuel (b. Dec. 31, 1793, Santiago, Chile - d. March 16, 1845, Talca, Chile), finance minister (1830-35, 1841-44) and acting war and marine minister (1833-34) of Chile.

Rengifo L�pez (de Estrada), Almabeatriz (b. Silvia, Cauca, Colombia - d. Jan. 10, 2015, Bogot�, Colombia), justice minister of Colombia (1997-98).

Rengifo Ruiz, Marciano (Segundo) (b. Sept. 25, 1934, Bellavista province, San Mart�n department [now region], Peru), defense minister of Peru (2005-06).

Rengifo Vial, Manuel (Xavier Antonio de los Dolores) (b. Jan. 26, 1830, Santiago, Chile - d. Aug. 1, 1892, Santiago), finance minister of Chile (1861-62); son of Manuel Rengifo C�rdenas.

Renison, Sir Patrick (Muir) (b. March 24, 1911, Birkenhead, Cheshire, England - d. Nov. 11, 1965, London, England), governor of British Honduras (1952-55), British Guiana (1955-58), and Kenya (1959-62); knighted 1955.

Renjifo V�lez, Federico (Alonso) (b. Dec. 6, 1953, Cali, Colombia), interior minister of Colombia (2012). He was also minister of mines and energy (2012-13) and ambassador to France (2013-18).

Renkin, Jules (Laurent Jean Louis) (b. Dec. 3, 1862, Ixelles [now in Brussels-Capital region], Belgium - d. July 15, 1934, Brussels, Belgium), justice minister (1907-08), interior minister (1919-20, 1931-32), prime minister (1931-32), and finance minister (1932) of Belgium.

Rennebohm, Oscar (b. May 25, 1889, Leeds, Wis. - d. Oct. 15, 1968, Maple Bluff, Wis.), governor of Wisconsin (1947-51).

Rennell, James Rennell Rodd, (1st) Baron (b. Nov. 9, 1858, London, England - d. July 26, 1941, Ardath, Surrey, England), British consul-general in Zanzibar (1893-94). He was also British minister to Sweden (1904-08) and ambassador to Italy (1908-19). He was knighted in 1899 and created baron in 1933.

Renner

Renner, Karl (b. Dec. 14, 1870, Unter-Tannowitz, Austria-Hungary [now Doln� Dunajovice, Czech Republic] - d. Dec. 31, 1950, D�bling, Vienna, Austria), chancellor (1918-20, 1945) and president (1945-50) of Austria. He early attached himself to the Social Democratic Party and became a member of its moderate wing. A deputy to the Reichsrat (lower house of parliament) from 1907, he advocated the transformation of the Habsburg empire into a federal democratic commonwealth. After the collapse of the monarchy at the end of World War I, he became the first chancellor of the new Austrian republic. In two successive coalition ministries (November 1918-July 1920), he proved unable to prevent sizable territorial losses to Italy, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia. On May 12, 1919, he went to Paris as head of the Austrian delegation and, after the resignation of Foreign Minister Otto Bauer, signed on September 10 the Treaty of Saint-Germain, which prohibited Austria's union with Germany, a project he had initially supported. He advocated strict neutrality in foreign affairs. After the coalition was dissolved he remained foreign minister until October 1920. The leader of the Social Democratic Party's right wing during the 1920s, he served as president of the Nationalrat (lower house of parliament) in 1931-33. He remained unmolested after the Nazi German annexation of Austria in 1938. After the occupation of Vienna by Soviet troops in 1945, he obtained approval for the formation of an Austrian democratic government and on April 29 became the first chancellor of the reborn Austria. On December 20, the Federal Assembly unanimously elected him president of the republic; he died in office five years later.

Rennie, Sir Gilbert (McCall) (b. Sept. 24, 1895 - d. Nov. 12, 1981), governor of Kenya (acting, 1944) and Northern Rhodesia (1948-54); knighted 1946.

Rennie, Sir John (Shaw) (b. Jan. 12, 1917, Glasgow, Scotland - d. Aug. 12, 2002, London, England), British resident commissioner of the New Hebrides (1955-62) and governor (1962-68) and governor-general (1968) of Mauritius; knighted 1962. He was also commissioner-general of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (1971-77).

Reno

Reno, Janet (b. July 21, 1938, Miami, Fla. - d. Nov. 7, 2016, Miami), U.S. attorney general (1993-2001). In 1978 she was appointed, and later reelected several times, state's attorney for Dade county, which encompassed the Miami metropolitan area. She dealt with bloody riots in the Liberty City section of Miami in 1980 and with the greatly increased crime spurred by a booming drug trade. By reforming the juvenile justice system and aggressively prosecuting child-abuse cases, she gained recognition as a strong advocate for children's rights. Some criticized her for her tendency to plea-bargain cases. Her vast experience as a prosecutor put her on Bill Clinton's shortlist for attorney general, but her nomination came only after the first two choices, Zo� Baird and Kimba M. Wood, both withdrew from consideration amid controversy about their employment of illegal immigrants as domestics. Reno became the first woman to serve as the top U.S. law-enforcement official. She faced considerable challenges, not the least of which was reconciling her own views on the root causes of crime and social disorder with popular demands for tougher laws and harsher punishments. In April 1993 she ordered agents of the FBI to conduct the ill-fated final raid on the Branch Davidian cult compound near Waco, Texas, where weapons were reportedly being stockpiled; it ended a 51-day standoff and left some 80 people dead. She also drafted new legislation to broaden the federal scope of child pornography laws. In 1997 she was criticized by Republicans for refusing to call for an independent counsel to investigate alleged Clinton campaign finance abuses. She was the longest-serving attorney general in U.S. history. In 2002 she sought the Democratic nomination for governor of Florida, but narrowly lost the primary to Bill McBride.

Renouf, Marcel (b. Oct. 28, 1953, Fermanville, Manche, France), administrator-superior of Wallis and Futuna (2015-17).

Renoult, Ren� (b. Aug. 29, 1867, Paris, France - d. April 30, 1946, Paris), interior minister (1913-14) and finance minister (1914) of France. He was also minister of labour and social security provisions (1911-12), public works (1914), justice (1924-25, 1925-26, 1932), and marine (1926).

Renovica, Milanko (b. Oct. 18, 1928, Sokolac, Yugoslavia [now in Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina] - d. Nov. 2, 2013, Prague, Czech Republic), chairman of the Executive Council (1974-82) and president of the Presidency (1983-85) of Bosnia and Herzegovina and president of the Presidium of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (1986-87).

Rentis, Konstantinos (b. 1884 - d. 1958), foreign minister of Greece (1922 [provisional], 1924, 1925, 1946). He was also minister of justice (1922-23, 1945-46 [provisional], 1948 [acting]), interior (1945-46, 1951-52), public order (1947-48, 1949-50), military (1948-49), and defense (1950) and minister without portfolio in exile (1944).

Renzaho, Juv�nal, Rwandan diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (1981-83) and ambassador to West Germany (1983-89).

M. Renzi

Renzi, Matteo (b. Jan. 11, 1975, Florence, Italy), prime minister of Italy (2014-16). He was also mayor of Florence (2009-14) and leader of the Democratic Party (2013-17, 2017-18).

N. Renzi

Renzi, Nicola (b. July 18, 1979, San Marino), captain-regent (2015-16) and secretary of state for foreign and political affairs and justice (2016-20) of San Marino.

Reol Tejada, Juan Manuel (b. Aug. 26, 1933, Burgos, Spain - d. Sept. 9, 2008, Madrid, Spain), president of the General Council of Castilla-Le�n (1978-80).

Reoulengar, Amos, finance minister of Chad (1993-94). He was also minister of commerce and industry (1988-90).

Repetto, Andrea (b. 1867, Italy - d. 1911), chief islander of Tristan da Cunha (1902-11).

Repetto, Lorraine (Jennifer), acting administrator of Tristan da Cunha (2023).

Repetto, William Peter, byname Willie Repetto (b. Feb. 12, 1902, Tristan da Cunha - d. Dec. 15, 1976), chief islander of Tristan da Cunha (1932-70); son of Andrea Repetto.

Repiquet, Jules (Vincent) (b. Feb. 17, 1874, Rodez, Aveyron, France - d. July 2, 1960, Pamiers, Ari�ge, France), French resident commissioner of the New Hebrides (1911-13), governor of New Caledonia (1914-23) and R�union (1925-32), and commissioner of French Cameroons (1934-36).

Repnin, Knyaz (Prince) Anikita (Ivanovich) (b. Aug. 22 [Aug. 12, O.S.], 1668 - d. July 14 [July 3, O.S.], 1726, Riga, Russia [now in Latvia]), Russian governor-general of Riga (1719-26) and president of the Collegium of War (1724-25).

Repnin, Knyaz (Prince) Nikolay (Vasilyevich) (b. March 22 [March 11, O.S.], 1734 - d. May 24 [May 12, O.S.], 1801, Vorontsovo village, Moscow province [now part of Moscow city], Russia), governor-general of Oryol (1778-81), Smolensk (1779-91), Pskov (1782-91), Livonia and Estonia (1792-98), and Lithuania (1794-98); son of Knyaz Vasily Repnin. He was also Russian ambassador to Poland (1764-68) and the Ottoman Empire (1775-76).

Repnin, Knyaz (Prince) Vasily (Anikitich) (b. 1696 - d. Aug. 10 [July 30, O.S.], 1748), governor-general of St. Petersburg (1744); son of Knyaz Anikita Repnin.

Repnin-Volkonsky, Knyaz (Prince) Nikolay (Grigoryevich) (b. Feb. 8 [Jan. 28, O.S.], 1778 - d. Jan. 19 [Jan. 7, O.S.], 1845), governor-general of Malorossiya (1816-34); son of Knyaz Grigory Volkonsky; grandson of Knyaz Nikolay Repnin; son-in-law of Graf Aleksey Razumovsky. He was also Russian minister to Westphalia (1809-10). Originally surnamed Volkonsky, he was in 1801 granted the title of Prince Repnin-Volkonsky.

Repoulis, Emmanouil (b. 1863, Kranidi, Greece - d. May 13, 1924, Kranidi), interior minister (1910-15, 1917-18), finance minister (1915), and deputy prime minister (1919-20) of Greece. He was also a minister without portfolio (1918-19).

Repse

Repse, Einars (b. Dec. 9, 1961, Jelgava, Latvian S.S.R.), prime minister (2002-04), defense minister (2004-05), and finance minister (2009-10) of Latvia. He was also chief of the central bank (1991-2001). He resigned as defense minister after an anti-corruption committee launched a probe into his business deals.

Repyev, Ivan (Nikolayevich) (b. 1755 - d. Jan. 30 [Jan. 18, O.S.], 1833, Moscow, Russia), governor of Irkutsk (1802-04) and Livonia (1808-11).

Requeijo Gual, Orlando (b. 1957, Havana, Cuba), Cuban diplomat. He was ambassador to Qatar (1994-98), France (2009-13), and Saudi Arabia (2017-21) and permanent representative to the United Nations (2004-05).

Requet

Requet, �ric (b. May 17, 1963, Montauban, Tarn-et-Garonne, France), acting high commissioner of French Polynesia (2019, 2022).

Rerberg, Pyotr (Fyodorovich) (b. Oct. 18 [Oct. 6, O.S.], 1835, St. Petersburg, Russia - d. June 4 [May 22, O.S.], 1912, St. Petersburg), head of Zakaspiyskaya oblast (1881-83).

Resampa, Andr� (b. June 24, 1924, Mandabe, Mahabo district, Toliara region, Madagascar - d. 1993), interior minister (1959-71), member of the presidential triumvirate acting for Philibert Tsiranana (1970), first vice president (1970-71), and second vice president (1971) of Madagascar. He was also minister of education and social affairs (1957-59) and rural affairs (1991-93).

Resende, Eliseu (b. Feb. 7, 1929, Oliveira, Minas Gerais, Brazil - d. Jan. 2, 2011, S�o Paulo, Brazil), finance minister of Brazil (1993). He was also minister of transport (1979-82).

Resende, Eurico Vieira (b. Aug. 22, 1918, Ub�, Minas Gerais, Brazil - d. April 14, 1997), governor of Esp�rito Santo (1979-83).

Resende, Jos� Lu�s de Castro, (2�) conde de (b. Aug. 19, 1744, Lisbon, Portugal - d. March 23, 1819, Lisbon), viceroy of Brazil (1790-1801).

Resendo, Dionysio Alvaro (b. Oct. 19, 1799 - d. June 24, 1881, Vit�ria, Esp�rito Santo, Brazil), acting president of Esp�rito Santo (1863, 1869, 1870-71).

Maksim Reshetnikov

Reshetnikov, Maksim (Gennadiyevich) (b. July 11, 1979, Perm, Russian S.F.S.R.), governor of Perm kray (2017-20). He has also been Russian minister of economic development (2020- ).

Reshetnikov, Miron (Lavrentyevich) (b. Aug. 28, 1897, Yumyashur, Vyatka province [now in Udmurtia republic], Russia - d. ...), chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Udmurt A.S.S.R. (1937). He was also deputy premier (1937).

Reshtia, Sayed Qassem, or Sayyid Qasim Rishtiya (b. March 21, 1913, Kabul, Afghanistan - d. March 1998, Switzerland), finance minister of Afghanistan (1964-65). He was also minister of information (1956-60, 1963-64) and ambassador to Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Hungary (1960-62), the United Arab Republic, Lebanon, The Sudan, and Greece (1962-63), and Japan and the Philippines (1970-73) and was distinguished as a writer.

Resid Akif Pasha, byname of Mustafa Salih Resid Pasha (b. 1863, Ioannina, Ottoman Empire [now in Greece] - d. April 15, 1920, Constantinople, Ottoman Empire [now Istanbul, Turkey]), interior minister of the Ottoman Empire (1908). He was also governor of Sivas (1902-08) and head of the Council of State (1918).

Resid Mehmed Pasha (b. c. 1776 - d. November 1836, Diyarbakir, Ottoman Empire [now in Turkey]), grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire (1829-33). He was also governor of Konya (1821-23), Trikala (1823), Vidin (1823-24), Rumelia (1824-28), Sivas (1833-34), and Diyarbakir (1834-36).

Resid M�mtaz Pasha (b. 1856, Constantinople, Ottoman Empire [now Istanbul, Turkey] - d. 1928, Nice, France), interior minister of the Ottoman Empire (1920). He was also governor of Beirut (1897-1903) and Bursa (1903-06) and mayor of Constantinople (1906-08).

Resid Pasha, (Koca) Mustafa (b. March 13, 1800, Constantinople, Ottoman Empire [now Istanbul, Turkey] - d. Jan. 7, 1858, Constantinople), foreign minister (1837-38, 1839-41, 1845-46, 1853-54) and grand vizier (1846-48, 1848-52, 1852, 1854-55, 1856-57, 1857-58) of the Ottoman Empire. He was also ambassador to France (1834-36, 1841-42, 1843-45) and the United Kingdom (1836-37, 1838-39). He received the Pasha title in 1838.

Resid Pasha, Mustafa (b. October 1858, Constantinople, Ottoman Empire [now Istanbul, Turkey] - d. April 2, 1924, Munich, Germany), foreign minister of the Ottoman Empire (1911, 1918-19, 1919-20). He was also ambassador to Romania (1894-96), Italy (1896-1908), and Austria-Hungary (1908-11), minister of commerce (1912-13) and education (1920), and diplomatic agent in the United Kingdom (1920-22).

Resin, Vladimir (Iosifovich) (b. Feb. 21, 1936, Minsk, Belorussian S.S.R.), acting mayor of Moscow (2010).

Restad

Restad, Gudmund (b. Dec. 19, 1937, Skaun, Norway - d. Sept. 18, 2021), finance minister of Norway (1997-2000).

Reste (de Roca), (Dieudonn�) Fran�ois Joseph (Marie) (b. May 2, 1879, Pia village, Pyr�n�es-Orientales, France - d. March 15, 1976, Paris, France), lieutenant governor of Chad (1923-26), governor of Dahomey (1929-31) and Ivory Coast (1931-35), and governor-general of French Equatorial Africa (1936-39).

Restivo, Franco (b. May 25, 1911, Palermo, Italy - d. April 17, 1976, Palermo), president of Sicilia (1949-55) and interior minister (1968-72) and defense minister (1972) of Italy. He was also agriculture minister (1966-68).

Reston, Llamil (b. May 20, 1926, Santiago del Estero, Argentina - d. Dec. 27, 2019), interior minister of Argentina (1982-83). He was also labour minister (1979-81).

Restrepo (Restrepo), Carlos E(ugenio) (b. Sept. 12, 1867, Medell�n, Colombia - d. July 6, 1937, Medell�n), president (1910-14) and interior minister (1930-31) of Colombia. He was also ambassador to the Vatican (1931-34).

Restrepo (Guti�rrez), Gonzalo (b. Oct. 22, 1897, Manizales, Colombia - d. June 22, 1952, Bogot�, Colombia), finance minister (1936-37, 1937-38, 1941, 1944-45) and war minister (1941-42, 1943-44) of Colombia. He was also minister of industry and labour (1938) and economy (1941).

Restrepo (y V�lez), Jos� F�lix de (b. Nov. 28, 1760, Envigado, New Granada [now in Colombia] - d. Sept. 23, 1832, Bogot�, New Granada [now Colombia]), foreign minister of Colombia (1831).

Restrepo (Abondano), Jos� Manuel (b. Aug. 31, 1971, Bogot�, Colombia), finance minister of Colombia (2021-22). He was also minister of commerce, industry, and tourism (2018-21).

Restrepo (V�lez), Jos� Manuel (b. Dec. 30, 1781, Envigado, New Granada [now in Colombia] - d. April 1, 1863, Bogot�, Colombia), interior minister (1821-30) and foreign minister (1826-27) of Colombia; son of Jos� Miguel de Restrepo. He was also governor of Antioquia (1819-21).

Restrepo (y Puerta), Jos� Miguel de (b. Oct. 8, 1755, Copacabana, Antioquia, New Granada [now in Colombia] - d. Oct. 1, 1829, Suesca, Cundinamarca, Colombia), president of Antioquia (1812-13).

Restrepo (Salazar), Juan Camilo (b. Oct. 19, 1946, Medell�n, Colombia), finance minister of Colombia (1998-2000). He was also minister of mines and energy (1991-92) and agriculture and rural development (2010-13) and ambassador to France (2000-01).

Restrepo (Maya), Vicente (b. Feb. 5, 1837, Medell�n, New Granada [now Colombia] - d. July 5, 1899, Bogot�, Colombia), treasury minister (1884, 1889-91) and foreign minister (1884-87, 1888-89) of Colombia.

Restrepo Jaramillo, Gonzalo (b. Jan. 12, 1895, Medell�n, Colombia - d. Aug. 13, 1966, Medell�n), foreign minister of Colombia (1950-52). He was also ambassador to the United States (1947-49).

Restrepo Plata, Francisco, finance minister of Colombia (1911-14).

Restrepo S�enz, Eduardo (b. Aug. 5, 1866, Bogot�, Colombia - d. Oct. 17, 1955, Bogot�), foreign minister of Colombia (1925-26). He was also governor of Cundinamarca (1918-21), minister of education (1921), and ambassador to Peru (1940-41).

Reta Alemu Nega (b. 1966, Debrezeit, Ethiopia), Ethiopian diplomat. He was charg� d'affaires at the United Nations (2010) and ambassador to Israel (2019-23).

Retailleau, Bruno (Daniel Marie Paul) (b. Nov. 20, 1960, Cholet, Maine-et-Loire, France), president of the Regional Council of Pays de la Loire (2015-17) and interior minister of France (2024- ).

Rettel, Jean (b. Dec. 12, 1925, Luxembourg), Luxembourg diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (1972-76) and ambassador to Switzerland (1976-86) and Austria (1976-78).

Retzlaff, Misa Telefoni, byname of Hermann Theodor Retzlaff (b. May 21, 1952, Apia, Western Samoa [now Samoa]), deputy prime minister (2001-11) and finance minister (2001-06) of Samoa. He was also attorney general (1986-88) and minister of agriculture, forests, and fisheries (1992-96), health (1996-2001), and commerce, industry, and labour (2006-11). He is a descendant of an imperial German Post Office employee who came to Samoa to put up telephone lines; from this the family became known as Telefoni. Misa is a chief's (matai) title.

Reuben, Meron (b. 1961, Cape Town, South Africa), Israeli diplomat. He was ambassador to Paraguay (2000-03), Bolivia (2002-03), and Colombia (2007-10) and acting permanent representative to the United Nations (2010-11).

Reutemann, Carlos (Alberto), byname Lole (b. April 12, 1942, Santa Fe, Argentina - d. July 7, 2021, Santa Fe), governor of Santa Fe (1991-95, 1999-2003). He was also known as a Formula 1 driver.

Reuter, �mile (b. Aug. 2, 1874, Bofferdange, Luxembourg - d. Feb. 14, 1973, Luxembourg, Luxembourg), prime minister and foreign minister of Luxembourg (1918-25). He was also president of the Chamber of Deputies (1926-45, 1945-59) and ambassador to the Vatican (1956-67).

Ernst Reuter

Reuter, Ernst (Rudolf Johannes), Russian Ernst (Vasilyevich) Reyter (b. July 29, 1889, Apenrade, Schleswig-Holstein, Prussia, Germany [now �benr�, Denmark] - d. Sept. 29, 1953, West Berlin), German politician. He joined the German Social Democratic Party in 1912 and in 1914, after World War I had begun, became secretary of the pacifist association Bund Neues Vaterland. He was drafted and in 1916 became a Russian prisoner of war. Becoming a Communist, he served as chairman of the party committee (1918-19) and of the Executive Committee (1918-19) of the Volga German Workers' Commune. Back in Germany, he was appointed Communist Party secretary for Berlin, and was general secretary of the party for three months in 1921, but in 1922 rejoined the Social Democrats. In 1926 he was elected to the Berlin city assembly. He became lord mayor of Magdeburg (1931-33) and was elected to the Reichstag (1932). Following Adolf Hitler's advent to power in 1933, he suffered two periods of imprisonment in a concentration camp, then went to England in 1935 before living in Turkey in 1939-45. He returned to Berlin in 1946 and reorganized the Social Democratic Party. On June 24, 1947, he was elected lord mayor but was not approved because of Soviet opposition. After the division of the city into a western and eastern part, the Social Democrats won a decisive victory in West Berlin on Dec. 5, 1948, and he was elected lord mayor; he was reelected (as governing mayor) in January 1951. From 1951 he also presided over the Deutscher St�dtetag (German Council of Cities). His moral authority extending far beyond the city, he led West Berlin through the Soviet blockade of 1948-49. In picturing Berlin as an "island of democracy in a red sea" he dramatized the situation in the United States and encouraged support for an airlift that cost the U.S. several hundred million dollars. He died in office.

Reuterholm, Nils (Esbj�rnsson) friherre (b. Sept. 16, 1676, Fiholm, V�stmanland, Sweden - d. Dec. 4, 1756, �rebro, Sweden), governor of Kopparberg (1732-39) and N�rke och V�rmland (1739-56). He was made friherre (baron) in 1735.

Reuterski�ld, Alexander (Fabian Zefanias) (b. Dec. 3, 1804, Ludvika socken, Kopparberg [now Dalarna], Sweden - d. Dec. 26, 1891, Stockholm, Sweden), war minister of Sweden (1862-67).

Reuterski�ld, (Carl) Lennart (Adam Emanuel) (b. Sept. 28, 1859, Ekebyborna socken [now part of Motala municipality], �sterg�tland, Sweden - d. July 12, 1944, Stockholm, Sweden), governor of S�dermanland (1906-27).

Reuther, Anthonie Ernst (b. May 16, 1819, The Hague, Netherlands - d. April 27, 1889, The Hague), war minister of the Netherlands (1879-83); son-in-law of Frederik Carel List.

Reuther, Walter P(hilip) (b. Sept. 1, 1907, Wheeling, W.Va. - d. [air crash] May 9, 1970, Pellston, Mich.), president of the United Automobile Workers of America (1946-70) and of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (1952-55).

Reutlinger, Rudolf (b. Nov. 22, 1921, St. Gallen, Switzerland - d. Jan. 18, 2004, Herisau, Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Switzerland), Landammann of Appenzell Ausserrhoden (1981-84).

Reuvens, Jan Everhard (b. Nov. 2, 1763, Haarlem, Netherlands - d. [killed?] July 22, 1816, Brussels, Belgium), justice minister of the Batavian Republic (1799-1801). He was also president of the National Court of Justice (1802-08).

Revenco, Ana (b. May 21, 1977, Kishinev, Moldavian S.S.R. [now Chisinau, Moldova]), interior minister of Moldova (2021-23). She was also secretary of the Supreme Security Council (2021).

Revenga, Jos� Rafael (b. Nov. 24, 1786, El Consejo, New Granada [now in Aragua, Venezuela] - d. May 9, 1852, Caracas, Venezuela), foreign minister of Colombia (1825-26, 1827-28) and Venezuela (1849). He was also Colombian minister to Spain (1821-24).

Reventlow, Conrad greve (b. April 21, 1644 - d. July 31, 1708, Clausholm castle, near Randers, Denmark), grand chancellor of Denmark (1699-1708).

Reverol (Torres), N�stor (Luis) (b. Oct. 28, 1964, Cabimas, Zulia, Venezuela), interior minister of Venezuela (2012-13, 2016-20). He was also minister of electrical energy (2020-24).

R�v�sz, G�za (b. Aug. 31, 1902, S�toralja�jhely, Hungary - d. Jan. 22, 1977, Budapest, Hungary), defense minister of Hungary (1957-60). He was also ambassador to the Soviet Union (1960-63).

Reviglio, Franco (b. Feb. 3, 1935, Turin, Italy), finance minister of Italy (1979-81, 1993). He was also minister of budget, economic planning, and special intervention in the Mezzogiorno (1992-93).

Reviglio (Ruiz), V�ctor (F�lix) (b. April 4, 1938, San Francisco, C�rdoba, Argentina), governor of Santa Fe (1987-91). He was also Argentinian ambassador to Nicaragua (1992-97).

Revilla (Vergara), Ana Teresa (b. July 23, 1960, Miraflores, Lima province, Peru), justice minister of Peru (2019-20).

Revilla (Villanueva), Clemente (Justiniano) (b. Sept. 6, 1872, Chuquibamba, Arequipa, Peru - d. Jan. 28, 1944, Lima, Peru), interior minister of Peru (1918). He was also minister of development and public works (1918), prefect of Arequipa (1930-31), and president of the Constituent Congress (1932-36).

Revilla

Revilla (Roiz), Miguel �ngel (b. Jan. 23, 1943, Polaciones, Cantabria, Spain), president of the Council of Government of Cantabria (2003-11, 2015-23).

R�voil, (Am�d�e Marie Joseph) Paul (b. May 23, 1856, N�mes, Gard, France - d. April 23, 1914, Mouri�s, Bouches-du-Rh�ne, France), governor-general of Algeria (1901-03). He was also French minister to Morocco (1900-01) and ambassador to Switzerland (1905-06) and Spain (1907-09).

Revollo Thenier, (Crist�bal) Alfonso (b. March 31, 1954, La Paz, Bolivia), finance minister (1982) and defense minister (1987-89) of Bolivia. He was also minister without portfolio in charge of capitalization (1994-97).

Revoredo Iglesias, Armando (b. June 17, 1897, Contumaz� province, Cajamarca department, Peru - d. June 25, 1978), foreign minister (1948) and prime minister (1948) of Peru. He was also minister of aviation (1947-48).

Rex, Marcus (b. Sept. 11, 1886 - d. Sept. 28, 1971), chief secretary of the Federated Malay States (1935-36) and British resident in Perak (1939-41).

Rex, Sir Robert (Richmond) (b. Jan. 25, 1909, Hamula, Alofi, Niue - d. Dec. 12, 1992, Niue), premier of Niue (1974-92); knighted 1983. From 1934 he was clerk and official interpreter (a position he described as "Jack of All Trades") to the Niue government. He was a representative on the Niue Island Council from 1952 and a member of the executive committee of the island's assembly from 1960. He became leader of government business in 1966 and was the natural candidate to become premier when Niue became self-governing in 1974; he held the post until his death and at one time or another also held all the ministerial portfolios there were to hold. The most serious problem for his government was the depopulation of Niue. By 1985 it was estimated that twice as many Niueans lived in New Zealand as on their native island. In 1989 Rex visited New Zealand to try to persuade Niueans living there to invest more in the island. At the same time he asked the New Zealand government to restore certification to Air Nauru, which provided a vital air link, after it had been withdrawn on grounds of inadequate safety standards. In the event Air Nauru did not resume flights and Rex's government approved the formation of a private company to continue this service. Also in 1989 he was criticized in a New Zealand auditor-general's report which accused his government of misuse of grants and aid money and a failure properly to fund long-term planning. In June of that year Rex survived a motion of no confidence in the assembly by 13 votes to 7. The island's problems were compounded when it was struck by Cyclone Ofa in February 1990, which wrecked the economy and destroyed the only hotel. Modest but shrewd, he was an astute political and parliamentary operator in what was largely a non-party system. Only in the May 1990 election did an opposition group, the Niue People's Action Party, make significant gains, but Rex still managed to get reelected.

B. Rexhepi

Rexhepi, Bajram (b. June 3, 1954, Suhodol village, near Kosovska Mitrovica, Kosovo, Serbia - d. Aug. 21, 2017, Istanbul, Turkey), prime minister (2002-04) and interior minister (2010-14) of Kosovo.

Rexhepi, Fatmir (b. July 6, 1956, Podgradje village, near Gnjilane, Kosovo, Serbia), interior minister of Kosovo (2006-07).

Rey, Ahmet Resit, until Jan. 1, 1935, Ahmed Resid Bey, literary pseudonym H. Nazim (b. 1870, Constantinople, Ottoman Empire [now Istanbul, Turkey] - d. Aug. 14, 1955, Istanbul), interior minister of the Ottoman Empire (1912-13, 1919, 1920). He was also governor of Monastir (1906-07), Angora (1907), Aleppo (1908-09), and Aydin (1912).

Rey, Sir Charles Fernand (b. Aug. 31, 1877, London, England - d. March 30, 1968), resident commissioner of Bechuanaland (1930-37); knighted 1938.

Rey, Georges Pierre (b. Feb. 20, 1897, Lyon, France - d. Oct. 18, 1977, Paris, France), governor of Senegal (1941-42) and Ivory Coast (1942-43).

Rey, Ignacio, finance minister of Peru (1896-99).

J. Rey

Rey, Jean (b. July 15, 1902, Li�ge [now Li�ge], Belgium - d. May 19, 1983, Li�ge), Belgian politician. He first entered local, then national, politics. Commissioned in the army reserve during World War II, he spent five years as a prisoner of war. After his return, as a leading member of the Liberal Party he was minister for reconstruction and later minister for economic affairs before joining the European Commission in 1958. He attacked the French veto of British entry into the European Economic Community in 1963 but was recognized as a moderate by the French, who did not oppose his candidacy for president of the European Commission in 1967. After retiring from the Commission in 1970, he went into industry but continued his work for Europe as president of the International European Movement (1974-78) and a member of the European Parliament (1979-80).

Rey, Marie Mich�le (b. April 17, 1938 - d. Jan. 2, 2019, Port-au-Prince, Haiti), finance minister (1991, 1993, 1994-95) and foreign minister (2009-11) of Haiti.

Rey (Rey), Rafael (b. Feb. 26, 1954, Lima, Peru), defense minister of Peru (2009-10). He was also minister of production (2006-08) and ambassador to Italy (2009).

Rey, (Fran�ois Fr�d�ric) Victor (b. May 21, 1853, La Chapelle, Seine [now part of Paris], France - d. Nov. 15, 1935, Le Coudray-Montceaux, Seine-et-Oise [now in Essonne], France), acting governor of the French Settlements in Oceania (1901) and governor of French Guiana (1905-06).

Rey-Bellet

Rey-Bellet, Jean-Jacques (b. Sept. 27, 1950), president of the Council of State of Valais (1999-2000, 2003-04, 2007-08).

Rey de Castro y Roma�a, Alberto (b. 1869, Arequipa, Peru - d. 1961), prime minister (1934) and acting foreign minister (1934) of Peru. He was also mayor of Arequipa (1915-16, 1934-39), minister to Ecuador (1916-19), and minister of justice, education, and worship (1934).

Reyes (Cotapos), Alejandro (Mat�as Luis Ignacio) (b. Feb. 24, 1826, Santiago, Chile - d. Jan. 8, 1884, Santiago), finance minister (1864-69) and foreign and interior minister (1868) of Chile. He was also president of the Supreme Court (1882).

Reyes, Alexander A(blola) (b. June 4, 1899, Navotas, Rizal, Philippines - d. Dec. 12, 1970), justice secretary of the Philippines (1932). He was also attorney general (1925-27).

Reyes, Angelo (Tomas) (b. March 17, 1945, San Miguel, Manila, Philippines - d. [suicide] Feb. 8, 2011, Quezon City, Philippines), defense secretary (2001-03) and interior secretary (2004-06) of the Philippines. He was also chief of staff of the armed forces (1999-2001) and secretary of environment and natural resources (2006-07) and energy (2007-10).

Reyes, Bernardo (b. Aug. 20, 1850, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico - d. [killed in failed revolt] Feb. 9, 1913, Mexico City, Mexico), governor of Nuevo Le�n (1885-87, 1889-1900, 1902-09) and Mexican minister of war and marine (1900-02).

Reyes (Rodr�guez), Camilo (b. 1950), foreign minister of Colombia (1998). He was also ambassador to Czechoslovakia/Czech Republic and Slovakia (1991-94) and the United States (2017-18).

Reyes (Reyes), Cornelio (b. Sept. 11, 1925, Ginebra, Valle del Cauca, Colombia - d. April 17, 1996, Bogot�, Colombia), interior minister of Colombia (1974-76). He was also minister of agriculture (1962-63) and communications (1964-65).

Reyes, Di�genes A., Colombian politician. He was minister of industries (1924-25). His son Ignacio Reyes Posada (b. 1916?, Barranquilla, Colombia - d. March 1994, Bogot�, Colombia) was designated justice minister in 1960 but declined the post.

Reyes (Ar�uz), J(os�) Rigoberto, minister of war, navy, and aviation of Nicaragua (1937-40).

Reyes, Narciso G. (b. Feb. 6, 1914, Manila, Philippines - d. May 7, 1996), secretary-general of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (1980-82). He was also Philippine ambassador to Burma (1958-62), Indonesia (1962-67), the United Kingdom (1967-70), and China (1977-80), permanent representative to the United Nations (1970-77), and chairman of the UNICEF Executive Board (1972-74).

Reyes (Prieto), (Jos� Gregorio Ambrosio) Rafael (b. Dec. 5, 1849, Santa Rosa de Viterbo, New Granada [now in Colombia] - d. Feb. 19, 1921, Bogot�, Colombia), president of Colombia (1904-09). In 1874 he and his brothers began an extraordinary adventure of exploration and occupation of the unknown area of the Amazon Basin in Colombia. One brother died of fever and another was eaten by cannibals; Reyes survived in the jungle for 10 years. Soon after his return, he aligned himself with the dominant Conservatives and helped suppress Liberal revolts in 1885 and 1895, being rewarded for his services to dictator Rafael N��ez with various political offices: minister of development (1887-88) and interior (1895-96), minister to France (1896-98), and delegate to the Pan-American Conference in Mexico (1901-02). He made an unsuccessful attempt to negotiate compensation from the United States after the U.S.-supported secession (1903) of Panama. After his return, he was elected president in 1904. He soon assumed dictatorial powers - dismissing the Congress, jailing some of its members, and appointing his own puppet assembly. In a generally efficient administration he restored the nation's international credit, increased coffee production, and encouraged the building of railroads and public facilities. He also separated church and state. But Colombians grew restive under his dictatorship, and opposition to his proposed treaty with the U.S., providing for payment of only $2,500,000 for the loss of Panama, forced him to resign in 1909, although his term would not have been up until 1914. He then travelled abroad for 10 years, returning to Colombia in 1919.

Reyes Alvarado, Yesid (b. Bogot�, Colombia), justice minister of Colombia (2014-16).

Reyes Heroles, Jes�s (b. April 3, 1921, Tuxpan, Veracruz, Mexico - d. March 19, 1985, Denver, Colo.), interior minister of Mexico (1976-79). He was also president of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (1972-75) and education minister (1982-85).

Reyes Heroles Gonz�lez Garza, Jes�s (Federico) (b. March 30, 1952, Mexico City, Mexico - d. Jan. 21, 2024), Mexican politician; son of Jes�s Reyes Heroles. He was minister of energy (1995-97) and ambassador to the United States (1997-2000).

Reyes Palazuelos, (Pedro) Vicente (b. Oct. 24, 1835, Santiago, Chile - d. July 6, 1918, Santiago), interior minister of Chile (1877-78). He was also president of the Senate (1889-91, 1895-96, 1909).

Reyes Reyes, Luis (Ram�n) (b. June 11, 1952), governor of Lara (2000-08). He was also Venezuelan minister of transport and communications and urban development (1999), the president's office (2008-10), and health (2010).

Reyes Rodr�guez, Rodolfo (b. Aug. 23, 1964, Havana, Cuba), Cuban diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (2013-17).

Reyes Ugarte, Luis Octavio (Justino) (b. Sept. 26, 1902, Santiago, Chile - d. Nov. 6, 1993, Las Condes, near Santiago), justice minister of Chile (1957-58).

Reymond, Jean (�mile Andr�) (b. May 2, 1912, Saint-Bonnet-de-Valcl�rieux, Dr�me, France - d. 1986), minister of state of Monaco (1963-66). He was also prefect of the French d�partements of Corr�ze (1946-47), Marne (1950-51), Oise (1954-57), and Basses-Pyr�n�es (1957-60).

Reyn, Alex(is) (b. June 26, 1937, Kallo [now part of Beveren], East Flanders, Belgium - d. Sept. 22, 2022, Sint-Martens-Latem, East Flanders), Belgian diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (1994-98) and ambassador to the United States (1998-2002).

Reyn, Georgy (Yermolayevich) (b. May 2 [April 20, O.S.], 1854, St. Petersburg, Russia - d. Dec. 4, 1942, Nice, France), Russian politician. He was a member of the State Duma (1907, 1912-15) and head of the Chief Administration of Health (1916-17).

Reynaud, Paul (b. Oct. 15, 1878, Barcelonnette, Basses-Alpes [now Alpes-de-Haute-Provence], France - d. Sept. 21, 1966, Paris, France), prime minister of France (1940). He was also minister of finance (1930, 1938-40, 1948), colonies (1931-32), justice (1932, 1938), national defense and war (1940), foreign affairs (1940, 1940), and relations with associated states and affairs of the Far East (1950) and a deputy prime minister (1932, 1953-54).

Reynaud de Villeverd, Jean-Fran�ois, comte de (b. July 9, 1731, Grenoble, France - d. Nov. 22, 1812, Paris, France), governor-general of Saint-Domingue (1775, 1780-81).

Reynders

Reynders, Didier (Joseph Louis) (b. Aug. 6, 1958, Li�ge, Belgium), finance minister (1999-2011), a deputy prime minister (2004-19), foreign minister (2011-19), and defense minister (2018-19) of Belgium. He has also been EU commissioner for justice (2019- ).

A. Reynolds

Reynolds, Albert, Irish Ailbhe Mac Raghnaill (b. Nov. 3, 1932, Rooskey, County Roscommon, Ireland - d. Aug. 21, 2014, Dublin, Ireland), prime minister of Ireland (1992-94). A member of the Fianna F�il party, he first entered the D�il (parliament) in 1977 and became minister for posts and telegraphs (1979-81) and transport (1980-81) in Charles Haughey's cabinet. He was subsequently minister for industry and energy (1982), industry and commerce (1987-88), and finance (1988-91) in Haughey's later cabinets. He broke with Haughey in late 1991, and, when the latter was forced to resign his leadership posts in February 1992, Reynolds succeeded him as head of Fianna F�il and as prime minister. He sacked many Fianna F�il ministers, vowing to distance the party from accusations of corruption. The coalition that he inherited between Fianna F�il and the Progressive Democrats broke up in late 1992, when Reynolds used the words "reckless, irresponsible, and dishonest" to describe testimony given by Progressive Democrat leader Desmond O'Malley to the Tribunal of Inquiry into the Beef Processing Industry. Fueled by anger over the suggestion that O'Malley had committed perjury, the Progressive Democrats joined other parties to defeat a motion of confidence in Reynolds on November 5 and forced new elections. There was speculation that Reynolds had provoked an electoral battle in a bid for majority rule for Fianna F�il. However, as the election neared, he saw his approval ratings drop from 60 to 31%. His efforts were hurt by a stagnant economy and high unemployment. In the November 25 election, Fianna F�il lost its majority, and the Labour Party doubled its representation. He was able to form a new coalition government with Labour. When this coalition split up in November 1994 he resigned. He retired from public life in 1998.

Reynolds, Gerald (William) (b. July 17, 1927 - d. June 7, 1969), British minister of defence for the army (1965-67). He was also minister of defence for administration (1967-69).

Reynolds, John (b. Feb. 26, 1788, Montgomery county, Pa. - d. May 8, 1865, Belleville, Ill.), governor of Illinois (1830-34).

Reynolds, John W(hitcome) (b. April 4, 1921, Green Bay, Wis. - d. Jan. 6, 2002, Milwaukee, Wis.), governor of Wisconsin (1963-65).

Reynolds, Kim(berly Kay), n�e Strawn (b. Aug. 4, 1959, Truro, Iowa), governor of Iowa (2017- ).

Reynolds, Sir Leonard William (b. Feb. 6, 1874 - d. May 15, 1946), chief commissioner of Ajmer-Merwara (1927-32); knighted 1931.

Reynolds, Robert J(ohn) (b. March 17, 1838, Smyrna, Del. - d. June 10, 1909, near Petersburg, Del.), governor of Delaware (1891-95).

Reynolds, Thomas (b. March 12, 1796, Bracken county, Ky. - d. [suicide] Feb. 9, 1844, Jefferson City, Mo.), governor of Missouri (1840-44).

Reynoso (Ampuero), Juan Jos�, also spelled Reinoso (b. Aug. 28, 1852, Arequipa, Peru - d. Dec. 28, 1925, Lima, Peru), finance minister of Peru (1902, 1904).

Reynoso Femat, Luis Armando (b. Aug. 15, 1957, Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico), governor of Aguascalientes (2004-10). He was also mayor of Aguascalientes (1999-2001).

Reyphins, Lodewijk Antoon (b. Nov. 22, 1767, Rousbrugge, Austrian Netherlands [now part of Poperinge, West Flanders, Belgium] - d. Jan. 26, 1838, Brussels, Belgium), Dutch politician. He was chairman of the Second Chamber (1826-27, 1828-29).

Reyshahri, Hojatolislam Mohammad (Mohammadinik), (b. Oct. 26, 1946, Shahr-e Rey, near Tehran, Iran), Iranian politician. He was minister of intelligence (1984-89), prosecutor-general (1989-91), and a minor presidential candidate (1997).

Reytern, Aleksandr (Yevgrafovich), German Alexander von Reutern (b. April 18 [April 6, O.S.], 1824, Livonia province, Russia [now Estonia or Latvia] - d. July 17, 1879, Berlin, Germany), governor of Tavrida (1871-73).

Reytern, Graf (Count) Mikhail (Khristoforovich), German Michael Graf von Reutern (b. Sept. 24 [Sept. 12, O.S.], 1820, Porechye, Smolensk province, Russia - d. Aug. 23 [Aug. 11, O.S.], 1890, Tsarskoye Selo [now Pushkin, part of St. Petersburg], Russia), finance minister (1862-78) and chairman of the Committee of Ministers (1881-87) of Russia. He became a count on Feb. 1, 1890.

Reza

Reza Pahlavi, also spelled Riza Pahlevi, original name Reza Khan (b. March 16, 1878, Alasht, Mazanderan province, Iran - d. July 26, 1944, Johannesburg, South Africa), shah of Iran (1925-41). After centuries of misrule Iran in 1921 was on the verge of disintegration. Reza Khan decided on trying to put an end to the chaos by taking over power and forming a strong government, bolstered by an effective and disciplined military force. In conjunction with some young progressive elements, he carried out the coup on Feb. 21, 1921, occupying Tehran at the head of 1,200 men. He took command of all the military forces and a few weeks later was appointed minister of war. He was the real power behind several successive prime ministers until 1923, when he took the position himself. The shah, Soltan Ahmad Qajar, was ill and undergoing a lengthy cure in Europe. For a time there was a movement in favour of proclaiming a republic, but this idea met with much opposition. It was therefore decided to retain the monarchy but to depose the absentee monarch and to place Reza Khan on the throne, vesting sovereignty in the new Pahlavi dynasty (December 1925). After his coronation in April 1926, he continued to carry out many reforms on Western lines. His foreign policy, which had consisted essentially of playing the Soviet Union off against Britain, failed when those two powers joined in 1941 to fight the Germans. When they demanded permission to send military supplies across Iran, he refused; the two allies then jointly occupied the country (August 1941). In September Reza abdicated to allow his eldest son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, to adopt a policy appropriate to the new situation and preserve the dynasty. He wanted to go to Canada, but the British government sent him first to Mauritius and then to Johannesburg.

Rezai (Mirghaed), Mohsen, also spelled Reza'i, Rezaei, Rezaee (b. 1954, Masjed Soleyman, Khuzestan, Iran), Iranian politician. He was commander-in-chief of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (1981-97), secretary of the Expediency Discernment Council (1997-2021), a presidential candidate (2009, 2013, 2021), and a vice president (2021-23).

Rezek

Rezek, Jos� Francisco (b. Jan. 18, 1944, Cristina, Minas Gerais, Brazil), foreign minister of Brazil (1990-92).

Rezende, Agenor Rodrigues de (b. Aug. 23, 1944, Coxim, Mato Grosso [now in Mato Grosso do Sul], Brazil), acting governor of Goi�s (1994-95).

Rezende, Theophilo Ribeiro de (b. Jan. 14, 1815, S�o Paulo, Brazil - d. July 10, 1884, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), acting president of Paran� (1855).

Reznikov, Oleksiy (Yuriyovych) (b. June 18, 1966, Lvov [Lviv], Ukrainian S.S.R.), defense minister of Ukraine (2021-23). He was also a deputy prime minister and minister for the reintegration of temporarily occupied territories (2020-21).

Rha Woong Bae (b. July 24, 1934, Taejon, Korea [now in South Korea] - d. April 25, 2022), finance minister of South Korea (1982, 1995-96). He was also a deputy prime minister (1988, 1995).

Rhee

Rhee, Syngman (Li Sung Man; Revised Romanization I Seung-man) (b. May 1 [March 26, lunar calendar], 1875, Hwanghae, Korea [now in North Korea] - d. July 19, 1965, Honolulu, Hawaii), president of South Korea (1948-60). In 1896 he and other Korean leaders formed the Independence Club to promote Korean nationalism. Reactionary elements destroyed the club in 1898 and he was imprisoned until 1904. On his release he went to the United States, where he made frequent but unsuccessful appeals to the government to save his country from Japan. He went home in 1910, the year in which Korea was fully annexed by Japan, but his hostility toward Japanese rule led to his return to the U.S. in 1912. For the next 30 years he acted as a spokesman for Korean independence but failed to win international support for his cause. He was elected president of a "provisional government of the Republic of Korea" proclaimed in 1919 but in 1925 was pushed out of the leadership by younger Korean nationalists centred in China. He spent the World War II years trying to secure Allied promises of Korean independence. As the only Korean leader well known to Americans, he was returned to Korea ahead of the other members of the "provisional government" in 1945. He soon built up a mass political organization, which won the 1948 elections in South Korea, and he became president of the new Republic of Korea, a post to which he was reelected in 1952, 1956, and 1960. He assumed dictatorial powers, tolerating little opposition. Government claims that he won more than 90% of the popular vote in the 1960 elections (compared to 55% in 1956) provoked student-led demonstrations resulting in heavy casualties and demands for his resignation, supported by the National Assembly. He accordingly resigned and went into exile in Hawaii.

Rhein

Rhein, Boris (b. Jan. 2, 1972, Frankfurt am Main, West Germany), minister-president of Hessen (2022- ).

Rheinart, (Pierre) Paul (b. Nov. 1, 1840, Charleville [now Charleville-M�zi�res], Ardennes, France - d. 1902, Paris, France), resident-general of Annam-Tonkin (1884, 1888-89).

Rhodes, Cecil (John) (b. July 5, 1853, Bishop's Stortford, Hertfordshire, England - d. March 26, 1902, Muizenberg, Cape Colony [now part of Cape Town, South Africa]), prime minister of Cape Colony (1890-96). He went to South Africa in 1870 and made a fortune at the Kimberley diamond diggings, where he succeeded in amalgamating the several diamond companies to form in 1888 the De Beers Consolidated Mines Company, which by 1891 owned 90% of the world's production of diamonds. He became member of the Cape House of Assembly for Barkly West in 1881 and served briefly as treasurer-general in 1884, finally becoming prime minister. Even before this he had become a ruling spirit in British imperialist expansion in southern Africa, securing first Bechuanaland (now Botswana) as a protectorate (1884) and later (1889) the charter for the British South Africa Company, of which he was managing director until 1896, and whose territory was later to be known as Rhodesia (now Zambia and Zimbabwe); he tricked the Ndebele ruler Lobengula in 1888 into a mining agreement to gain a foothold, then destroyed his kingdom in 1894. His policy was the ultimate establishment of a federal South African dominion under the British flag; his greatest antagonist was Paul Kruger, president of the South African Republic (Transvaal). In 1895 he was made a member of the Privy Council. In the aftermath of the Jameson Raid into the South African Republic (Dec. 29, 1895), he was summoned to appear before a committee of the British House of Commons, was strongly censured for his role in the affair, and resigned the Cape premiership. He retired to Rhodesia, where he succeeded in quelling a revolt by the Ndebele. He was a conspicuous figure during the Boer War of 1899-1902, when he organized the defenses of Kimberley during the siege of 1899-1900. He died just before the end of the war. By his will he established the Rhodes scholarships at Oxford.

Rhodes, Edgar (Nelson) (b. Jan. 5, 1877, Amherst, N.S. - d. March 15, 1942, Ottawa, Ont.), premier of Nova Scotia (1925-30) and finance minister of Canada (1932-35). He was also speaker of the House of Commons (1917-22) and minister of fisheries (1930-32).

Rhodes, James A(llen) (b. Sept. 13, 1909, Coalton, Ohio - d. March 4, 2001, Columbus, Ohio), governor of Ohio (1963-71, 1975-83). He became mayor of Columbus (1944-52), marking the beginning of a political career that spanned nearly 50 years. During his tenure as Ohio's only four-term governor, the state built highways, expanded the university system, and put an airport in almost every county. He was credited with bringing many industries to Ohio and with making Ohio a leader in vocational education. But the Kent State shootings cast an indelible shadow on his career. On May 2, 1970, he decided to send the National Guard to Kent State, which, like campuses across the nation, was in turmoil over the U.S. invasion of Cambodia during the Vietnam War. Protesters had vandalized businesses in downtown Kent and the campus ROTC building was burned. On May 4, four students died and nine were wounded when troops opened fire. The reason behind the shootings was never fully learned. Lawsuits against Rhodes and other officials ended in January 1979, when the victims' families agreed to settlements totaling $675,000. Those close to him said he was saddened by the tragedy but blamed the turbulence of the war era and believed his action was necessary. Already that year there had been three riots on Ohio campuses. In 1999, he still believed the protesters were misguided: "It was people who thought something was wrong with America." When he ran in the GOP Senate primary on May 5, 1970 - the day after the Kent State shootings - he lost to Robert Taft, Jr., by 6,000 votes out of about 900,000 cast. He made a comeback in 1974, narrowly defeating Democratic governor John Gilligan. He served two more terms, then tried another comeback in 1986, but lost.

Rhodes, Sir Robert Heaton (b. Feb. 27, 1861, Purau, Lyttelton, New Zealand - d. July 30, 1956, Christchurch, New Zealand), defence minister of New Zealand (1920-26); knighted 1920. He was also postmaster-general and minister of health (1912-15).

Rhuggenaath, Eugene (Philip) (b. Feb. 4, 1970, Cura�ao), prime minister of Cura�ao (2017-21). He was also minister of economic development (2015-17).

Ri Ryong Nam (b. 1960, P'yongyang, North Korea), North Korean politician. He has been minister of foreign trade (2008-14) and external economic relations (2014-16), a vice premier (2016-21), and ambassador to China (2021- ).

Ri Son Gwon, foreign minister of North Korea (2020-22).

Ri Su Yong (b. June 15, 1940), foreign minister of North Korea (2014-16). He was also ambassador to Switzerland (1988-2010).

Ri Yong Ho (b. 1956), foreign minister of North Korea (2016-20). He was also ambassador to the United Kingdom (2003-06) and Ireland (2004-06).

Riad

Riad, Mahmoud, Arabic Mahmud Riyad (b. Jan. 8, 1917, Qalyubiyah, Egypt - d. Jan. 25, 1992, Cairo, Egypt), secretary-general of the Arab League (1972-79). After fighting in the first Arab-Israeli war (1948-49), he was a member of the Egyptian delegation that signed the 1949 armistice with Israel. After the revolution of 1952, he joined the foreign ministry, serving as head of the Palestine desk (1952-53), director of Arab affairs (1953-55), ambassador to Syria (1955-58), special adviser to Pres. Gamal Abdel Nasser (1958-62), and permanent representative to the United Nations (1962-64). As foreign minister (1964-72) and deputy premier (1971-72), he urged a peaceful settlement of the Arab-Israeli conflict, persuading many nations to join in an international boycott of Israel to force concessions. In 1972 he was named to succeed Abdel Khaliq Hassuna as secretary-general of the Arab League. Although he opposed Pres. Anwar as-Sadat's peace initiative with Israel, on the grounds that it was a unilateral move that caused a rift in the Arab world, Riad struggled to hold the league together in 1979. He resigned after the other Arab states voted to expel Egypt from the league and move its headquarters from Cairo to Tunis, Tunisia. He remained a respected government adviser.

Riahi, (Mohammad) Taqi (b. 1910, Isfahan province, Persia [now Iran] - d. Aug. 5, 1988, Nice, France), defense minister of Iran (1979). He was also chief of staff of the army (1953).

Riart (Vera y Arag�n), Luis Alberto (b. June 21, 1880, Esquina, Argentina - d. Oct. 1, 1953, Asunci�n, Paraguay), finance minister (1923-24, 1931), provisional president (1924), and foreign minister (1935-36) of Paraguay. He was also minister to Brazil (1937-39).

Riascos Labarc�s, Alfredo (b. Oct. 15, 1924, Ci�naga, Magdalena, Colombia - d. Aug. 20, 1996, Miami, Fla.), Colombian politician. He was minister of communications (1965-66) and governor of Magdalena (1974-75).

Ribadeneira, Aparicio (b. Quito, Ecuador - d. ...), foreign and interior minister of Ecuador (1895). He was also president of the Chamber of Deputies (1887).

Ribafria, Ant�nio de Saldanha de Albuquerque Castro e, governor of Angola (1709-13).

Ribar, Ivan (b. Jan. 21, 1881, Vukmanic, Hungary [now in Croatia] - d. Feb. 2, 1968, Zagreb, Croatia), chairman of the Anti-Fascist Council of National Liberation (1942-43), chairman of the Presidium of the Provisional People's Assembly (1943-45), and chairman of the Presidium of the National Assembly (1945-53) of Yugoslavia.

Ribas, Em�lio Rodrigues, J�nior (b. Jan. 7, 1897, Amazonas state, Brazil - d. May 17, 1973, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), governor of Goi�s (1965-66).

Ribas, Manoel (b. March 8, 1873, Ponta Grossa, Paran�, Brazil - d. Jan. 28, 1946, Curitiba, Paran�), federal interventor (1932-35, 1937-45) and governor (1935-37) of Paran�.

Ribas Reig, �scar (b. Oct. 26, 1936 - d. Dec. 18, 2020, Sant Juli� de L�ria, Andorra), head of government of Andorra (1982-84, 1990-94); nephew of Juli� Reig-Rib�.

Ribaux

Ribaux, Alain (b. Feb. 24, 1962, Neuch�tel, Switzerland), president of the Council of State of Neuch�tel (2014-15, 2019-20, 2023-24).

Ribbentrop

Ribbentrop, (Ullrich Friedrich Willy) Joachim von (b. April 30, 1893, Wesel, Prussia [now in Nordrhein-Westfalen], Germany - d. Oct. 16, 1946, N�rnberg, Germany), foreign minister of Germany (1938-45). In World War I he served in a Hussar regiment on the eastern front and in 1915 was assigned to the German military mission in Turkey. In 1925 he persuaded a distant ennobled relative to adopt him so that he could affix "von" to his name. He met Adolf Hitler in August 1932 and joined the National Socialist Party the same year. After the Nazi accession of power (January 1933), he became the F�hrer's personal adviser on foreign affairs. He was appointed Reich commissioner for disarmament at Geneva in 1934 and, as ambassador-at-large, negotiated the Anglo-German naval agreement (June 1935), which authorized German naval rearmament, as well as the Anti-Comintern Pact with Japan (November 1936). In August 1936 he was appointed ambassador to Great Britain. He hoped to develop a close Anglo-German understanding but, failing in this, he left the post as a convinced Anglophobe in February 1938, when he was appointed foreign minister. He signed the "Pact of Steel" with Italy (May 22, 1939), linking Europe's two fascist dictatorships in an alliance in case of war, and, in his most significant act, concluded the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact of Aug. 23, 1939, which cleared the way for Hitler's attack on Poland on September 1, thus beginning World War II. During the war his importance declined. He signed the Tripartite Pact with Italy and Japan (Sept. 27, 1940), providing for mutual assistance against the United States, but thereafter diplomacy became a secondary concern. He disappeared from Berlin in April 1945, but was captured in Hamburg on June 14, indicted at the N�rnberg war crimes trial, found guilty on four major counts, and hanged.

Ribbing af Koberg, Bengt friherre, originally Bengt Ribbing (b. June 7, 1686, Stockholm, Sweden - d. March 29, 1741, G�teborg, Sweden), governor of G�teborg och Bohus (1730-41). He was made friherre (baron) in 1731.

Ribbing af Koberg, Carl friherre (b. Oct. 18, 1718, H�gestad socken, Malm�hus [now in Sk�ne], Sweden - d. Dec. 2, 1773, St. Petersburg, Russia), governor of Nyland och Tavastehus (1773); son of Bengt friherre Ribbing af Koberg.

Ribbing af Zernava, Conrad friherre (b. Nov. 7, 1671, Stockholm, Sweden - d. Oct. 17, 1736, Stockholm), governor of N�rke och V�rmland (1719-29); son of Leonard friherre Ribbing af Zernava; brother of Per friherre Ribbing af Zernava.

Ribbing af Zernava, Leonard friherre (b. June 28, 1638 - d. Sept. 18, 1687), governor of V�sternorrland (1683-87); son of Peder friherre Ribbing af Zernava.

Ribbing af Zernava, Peder friherre (b. June 10, 1606, Vadstena, �sterg�tland, Sweden - d. April 14, 1664), governor of �lvsborg (1648-63). He was made friherre (baron) in 1654.

Ribbing af Zernava, Per friherre (b. May 14, 1670, Stockholm, Sweden - d. April 14, 1719, Stockholm), governor of Uppsala (1714-19); son of Leonard friherre Ribbing af Zernava.

Ribeira de Sabrosa, Rodrigo Pinto Pizarro Pimentel de Almeida Carvalhais, (1�) bar�o da (b. March 30, 1788, Vilar de Ma�ada, Portugal - d. April 8, 1841, Vilar de Ma�ada), prime minister and foreign, war, and marine minister of Portugal (1839). He became baron in 1835.

Ribeiro, Alberto do Carmo Bento (b. Dec. 21, 1941, Luanda, Angola), Angolan politician. He was minister of industry and energy (1978-80) and industry (1980-84) and ambassador to Namibia (1990-93), Zimbabwe (1994-2000), Germany (2000-11), the United States (2011-14), and the Netherlands (2014-19).

Ribeiro, Benedito Valadares (b. Dec. 4, 1892, Par� de Minas, Minas Gerais, Brazil - d. March 2, 1973, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), federal interventor/governor of Minas Gerais (1933-45); grandnephew of Martinho �lvares da Silva Campos.

Ribeiro, C�ndido Barata (b. March 11, 1843, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil - d. Feb. 10, 1910, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), president of the Municipal Intendancy of Rio de Janeiro (1892) and prefect of Distrito Federal (1892-93).

Ribeiro, Carlos Fernando, acting president of Maranh�o (1847-48).

Ribeiro, Carlos Leite (b. April 5, 1858, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - d. Feb. 14, 1945, Rio de Janeiro), acting prefect of Distrito Federal (1902).

Ribeiro, Delfim Moreira da Costa, short name Delfim Moreira (b. Nov. 7, 1868, Cristina, Minas Gerais, Brazil - d. July 1, 1920, Santa Rita do Sapuca�, Minas Gerais), vice president (1918-20) and acting president (1918-19) of Brazil; cousin of Wenceslau Braz Pereira Gomes. He was also president of Minas Gerais (1914-18).

Ribeiro, Eduardo Gon�alves (b. Sept. 18, 1862 - d. Oct. 14, 1900), governor of Amazonas (1890-91, 1892-96).

Ribeiro, Ernesto Rodolfo Hintze (b. Nov. 7, 1849, Ponta Delgada, Portugal - d. Aug. 1, 1907, Lisbon, Portugal), prime minister of Portugal (1893-97, 1900-04, 1906). He was also minister of public works, commerce, and industry (1881-83), foreign affairs (1881, 1883, 1890, 1893, 1894, 1895), finance (1883-86, 1893-97), and interior (1900-04, 1906).

Ribeiro, Eurico Bartolomeu (b. Aug. 1, 1928, Pedreiras, Maranh�o, Brazil - d. Dec. 30, 1996, S�o Lu�s, Maranh�o), acting governor of Maranh�o (1956-57).

Ribeiro, Francisco Antonio (b. Bahia captaincy [now state], Brazil - d. Jan. 1, 1864), president of Pernambuco (1852-53).

Ribeiro, Frederico Solon de Sampaio (b. Dec. 28, 1842, Porto Alegre, Brazil - d. Jan. 10, 1900, Bel�m, Par�, Brazil), governor of Mato Grosso (1891).

Ribeiro, Humberto Martins (b. 1898, Alagoas state, Brazil - d. April 27, 1947, Goi�s, Goi�s, Brazil), acting president of Goi�s (1930).

Ribeiro, Jair Dantas (b. Dec. 11, 1900, S�o Jos� de Mipibu, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil - d. Jan. 12, 1969, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), war minister of Brazil (1963-64).

Ribeiro, Jo�o Gomes (b. Feb. 29, 1840, Laranjeiras, Sergipe, Brazil - d. Oct. 27, 1897, Macei�, Alagoas, Brazil), president of Rio Grande do Norte (1890).

Ribeiro, Jo�o Gomes, Filho (b. March 9, 1871, Macei�, Alagoas, Brazil - d. Dec. 26, 1947, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), war minister of Brazil (1935-36); son of Jo�o Gomes Ribeiro.

Ribeiro, Jo�o Jos� Lopes Mendes (b. Dec. 4, 1774, Condeixa, Portugal - d. March 5, 1852), president of Minas Gerais (1827-30).

Ribeiro, Joaquim Sabino (b. June 18, 1912, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil - d. ...) acting governor of Sergipe (1947).

Ribeiro, Jos� Cesario de Miranda (b. Aug. 30, 1854, Barbacena, Minas Gerais, Brazil - d. April 26, 1907, Niter�i, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), president of Paran� (1888); grandson of Jos� Cesario de Miranda Ribeiro, visconde de Uberaba.

Ribeiro, Jos� de Freitas (b. May 23, 1868, Parede, Cascais municipality, Portugal - d. Oct. 3, 1929), governor-general of Angola (acting, 1910-11) and Portuguese India (1917-19) and member of the Constitutional Junta of Portugal (1915). He was also minister of colonies (1911-12) and navy (1913-14).

Ribeiro, Jos� Marques Acau� (b. Oct. 24, 1862, Sousa, Para�ba, Brazil - d. April 20, 1915, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), prefect of Alto Acre (1905-06).

Ribeiro, Manoel Alves (b. Pocon�, Mato Grosso, Brazil - d. 1852, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), acting president of Mato Grosso (1843, 1848).

Ribeiro, Manoel Gomes, bar�o de Traipu (b. June 29, 1841, Japaratuba, Sergipe, Brazil - d. July 27, 1920, Penedo, Alagoas, Brazil), acting president (1885, 1889) and acting governor (1891-92, 1894-96) of Alagoas. He was made baron in 1888.

Ribeiro, Marciano Jos� Pereira (baptized Aug. 13, 1791, Ouro Branco, Minas Gerais, Brazil - d. March 4, 1840, S�o Gabriel, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil), acting president of Rio Grande do Sul (1835-36, 1836).

Ribeiro, Paulo de Tarso Ramos (b. 1959, Bel�m, Par�, Brazil), justice minister of Brazil (2002-03).

Ribeiro, Vicente Luiz de Oliveira (b. July 10, 1852, Laranjeiras, Sergipe, Brazil - d. July 28, 1895, Laranjeiras), member of the Governing Junta (1889) and president (1891) of Sergipe.

Ribera

Ribera (Neumann), Teodoro (Javier) (b. May 25, 1958, Temuco, Chile), justice minister (2011-12) and foreign minister (2019-20) of Chile. He was also rector of the Autonomous University of Chile (1998-2011, 2015-19).

Ribera Rodr�guez, Teresa (b. May 19, 1969, Madrid, Spain), a deputy prime minister of Spain (2020- ). She has also been minister of ecological transition (2018- ) and demographic challenge (2020- ).

Ribeyre, Paul (Fran�ois Auguste Marie) (b. Dec. 11, 1906, Aubagne, Bouches-du-Rh�ne, France - d. Jan. 14, 1988, Valence, Dr�me, France), justice minister of France (1953-54) and president of the Regional Council of Rh�ne-Alpes (1974-80). He was also minister of public health and population (1951-53, 1953), commerce (1953, 1957-58), and industry (1957-58).

Ribeyro (y Estada), Juan Antonio (b. Nov. 1, 1810, Lima, Peru - d. Dec. 6, 1886, Lima), foreign minister (1862, 1863-64, 1872) and prime minister (1863-64) of Peru. He was also president of the Supreme Court (1858-59, 1861-62, 1870-72, 1877-78, 1879-81, 1883-85, 1886).

Ribeyro (y �lvarez del Villar), Ram�n (b. Aug. 31, 1839, Lima, Peru - d. Aug. 26, 1916, Lima), foreign minister of Peru (1886, 1893); son of Juan Antonio Ribeyro. He was also minister of justice, worship, education, and charity (1879) and president of the Supreme Court (1909-11).

Ribicic, Ciril (b. June 30, 1947, Ljubljana, Slovenia), secretary of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Slovenia (1989-90); son of Mitja Ribicic.

Ribicic, Mitja (b. May 19, 1919, Trieste, Italy - d. Nov. 28, 2013, Ljubljana, Slovenia), president of the Federal Executive Council (1969-71) and president of the Presidium of the League of Communists (1982-83) of Yugoslavia. Under investigation from 1994, he was charged with genocide in May 2005, accused of having ordered the summary execution of 234 supposed Nazi collaborators in 1945-46.

Ribicoff

Ribicoff, Abraham A(lexander) (b. April 9, 1910, New Britain, Conn. - d. Feb. 22, 1998, Bronx, New York City), U.S. politician. A Democrat, his political career began in 1938, when he was elected to the Connecticut General Assembly as a representative from Hartford. He served two terms and in 1942 was appointed a municipal judge in Hartford. In 1948, he was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives. He served two terms before running for the Senate in 1952. He lost that race by 29,000 votes to Prescott S. Bush, the father of George Bush. Ribicoff was elected governor of Connecticut in 1954. He was elected to a second term in 1958, but resigned in 1961 to become a member of John F. Kennedy's cabinet. Kennedy originally offered him the attorney general's job, but Ribicoff suggested Kennedy appoint his brother, Robert, to that post. Ribicoff instead became secretary of health, education and welfare. He resigned that post in 1962 to run for the Senate again. He won and was reelected in 1968 and 1974. In the Senate, he was known for his support for automobile safety standards, Medicare, education, and environmental regulations. He gained national prominence at the 1968 Democratic National Convention, when he made a blistering speech criticizing Chicago Mayor Richard J. Daley for the "Gestapo tactics in the streets" used to control protesters. He retired from the Senate in 1981 but he didn't stay out of politics entirely and remained a popular adviser to presidents, governors, and congressional committees. He chaired a Reagan administration commission on military base closings and testified before a panel on political campaign reform. Ribicoff clearly enjoyed his status as an elder statesman.

Ribot, Alexandre (F�lix Joseph) (b. Feb. 7, 1842, Saint-Omer, Pas-de-Calais, France - d. Jan. 13, 1923, Paris, France), foreign minister (1890-93, 1917) and prime minister (1892-93, 1895, 1914, 1917) of France. He was also minister of interior (1893), finance (1895, 1914-17), and justice (1914).

Ribourt, Am�d�e Louis (b. Oct. 8, 1821, Ch�teauroux, Indre, France - d. Feb. 22, 1893, Dijon, France), commandant of the Naval Division of the Western Coasts of Africa (1875-77).

Ricard, Amable (b. June 12, 1828, Charenton, Cher, France - d. May 11, 1876, Paris, France), interior minister of France (1876).

Ricard, Louis (Pierre) (b. March 17, 1839, Caen, France - d. March 2, 1921, Rouen, France), justice minister of France (1892, 1895-96). He was also mayor of Rouen (1881-86) and minister of worship (1892).

Ricardo Garc�a, Joaqu�n (b. Jan. 18, 1952), foreign minister of the Dominican Republic (1988-91).

Ricaut (Carranza), Alfredo (b. March 21, 1887, Sierra Mojada, Coahuila, Mexico - d. Nov. 28, 1933, Monterrey, Nuevo Le�n, Mexico), governor of Nuevo Le�n (1917) and Tamaulipas (1917-18).

Riccardi, Dalibor (b. Sept. 4, 1983, Borgo Maggiore, San Marino), captain-regent of San Marino (2024- ).

Riccardi, Marino (b. 1958), captain-regent of San Marino (1991-92, 2004, 2016-17).

Ricci, Umberto (b. Nov. 13, 1878, Capurso [now in Bari metropolitan city], Italy - d. Oct. 3, 1957, Rome, Italy), interior minister of Italy (1943-44). He was also prefect of Pavia (1924), Udine (1924-26), Bolzano (1926-28), and Torino (1930-33) provinces and commissioner of Turin (1928-29).

Ricci, Vincenzo (b. May 17, 1804, Genoa, Ligurian Republic [now in Italy] - d. May 18, 1868, Genoa), foreign minister (1848) and finance minister (1848, 1848-49) of Sardinia.

Rice, Alexander H(amilton) (b. Aug. 30, 1818, Newton Lower Falls, Mass. - d. July 22, 1895, Melrose, Mass.), governor of Massachusetts (1876-79).

C. Rice

Rice, Condoleezza, byname Condi Rice (b. Nov. 14, 1954, Birmingham, Ala.), U.S. national security advisor (2001-05) and secretary of state (2005-09). In 1986 she served as an assistant to the Joint Chiefs of Staff on nuclear strategy, and in 1989-91 she was director, and then senior director, for Soviet and Eastern European affairs in the National Security Council (NSC) and a special assistant to Pres. George Bush. For 10 years, she sat on the board of Chevron, which named an oil tanker after her. While visiting the former president in Texas in 1995 she met his son, George W. Bush. By the next time they met, at the Bush family compound in Maine in 1998, George W. was turning his aspirations toward the presidency and she began to school him in international affairs. In 1999 she became foreign policy adviser to his presidential campaign, and after his election in 2000 she was named head of the NSC, the first woman to hold the position. Though Rice seemed largely out of view following the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks in the U.S., by 2002 she was playing a prominent role in foreign policy and frequently traveling with the president. She became one of the most outspoken supporters of the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq. During Bush's second term she served as secretary of state (the first black woman appointed to the position), bringing to U.S. diplomacy two big assets: close ties with the president and an unflappable poise (having been called a "steel magnolia" and a "warrior princess"). She led the diplomatic effort to promote a U.S.-friendly peace in the Middle East; in the Lebanon war of 2006, she refused to call for an early ceasefire, only doing so when the war seemed unwinnable for Israel. She gave constant voice to themes of democracy, but would not deal with the Hamas government elected in the Palestinian areas.

Rice, Susan (Elizabeth) (b. Nov. 17, 1964, Washington, D.C.), U.S. ambassador to the United Nations (2009-13) and national security advisor (2013-17).

Rice, Walter Francis (b. April 12, 1872, Fife, Scotland - d. March 21, 1941), acting lieutenant governor of Burma (1917-18).

Rich, John T(readway) (b. April 23, 1841, Conneautville, Pa. - d. March 28, 1926, St. Petersburg, Fla.), governor of Michigan (1893-97).

Richa, Carlos Alberto (b. July 29, 1965, Londrina, Paran�, Brazil), governor of Paran� (2011-18); son of Jos� Richa. He was also mayor of Curitiba (2005-10).

J. Richa

Richa, Jos� (b. Sept. 11, 1934, S�o Fid�lis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - d. Dec. 17, 2003, S�o Paulo, Brazil), governor of Paran� (1983-86). He was also mayor of Londrina (1973-77).

Richard, Alain (b. Aug. 29, 1945, Paris, France), defense minister of France (1997-2002).

Richard, Christian R�mi (b. May 3, 1941), foreign minister of Madagascar (1977-83). He was also minister of education (1975) and youth (1976-77) and ambassador to Belgium (1984-95).

Richard, Gustavo (b. Aug. 29, 1847, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - d. Oct. 18, 1929, Florian�polis, Santa Catarina, Brazil), governor of Santa Catarina (1906-10).

Richard, Ivor (Seward) Richard, Baron (b. May 30, 1932, Cardiff, Wales - d. March 18, 2018), British politician. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (1974-79), European commissioner for employment and social affairs (1981-85), and lord privy seal (1997-98). He was made a life peer in 1990.

Richard, Marc (b. Moncton, N.B.), acting lieutenant governor of New Brunswick (2019). He has been chief justice (2018- ).

Richards, Albert Norton (b. Dec. 8, 1822, Brockville, Upper Canada [now Ont.] - d. March 6, 1897, Victoria, B.C.), lieutenant governor of British Columbia (1876-81).

A. Richards

Richards, (Dorothy) Ann (Willis), n�e Willis (b. Sept. 1, 1933, Lakeview, Texas - d. Sept. 13, 2006, Austin, Texas), governor of Texas (1991-95). She volunteered in several gubernatorial campaigns, in 1958 for Henry Gonzalez and in 1952, 1954, and 1956 for Ralph Yarborough and then again for Yarborough's senatorial campaign in 1957. In 1976, she defeated a three-term incumbent to become a commissioner in Travis County, which includes Austin, and held that job for four years. She ran for state treasurer in 1982, received the most votes of any statewide candidate, became the first woman elected to statewide office in Texas in 50 years, and was reelected in 1986. In 1990, when the incumbent governor, William Clements, decided not to run for reelection, she defeated a former governor, Mark White, in the Democratic primary, then later fought a particularly brutal campaign against Republican candidate Clayton Williams, a wealthy rancher, and won. Among her achievements were institutional changes in the state penal system, invigorating the state's economy, and instituting the first Texas lottery, going so far as to buy the first lotto ticket herself on May 29, 1992. It was her acidic, plain-spoken keynote address to the Democratic convention in Atlanta in 1988, though, that made her a national figure. "Poor George, he can't help it," she said about George Bush. "He was born with a silver foot in his mouth." In 1992, she was chairwoman of the convention that first nominated Bill Clinton. Two years later, she underestimated her young Republican challenger, George W. Bush, going so far as to refer to him as "some jerk," a comment that drew considerable criticism. She was beaten, 53%-46%.

Richards, Bob, byname of Robert Eugene Richards (b. Feb. 20, 1926, Champaign, Ill. - d. Feb. 26, 2023), U.S. politician. An Olympic gold medal pole vaulter (1952, 1956), he was presidential candidate of the Populist Party (1984).

Richards, DeForest (b. Aug. 6, 1846, Charlestown, N.H. - d. April 28, 1903, Cheyenne, Wyo.), governor of Wyoming (1899-1903).

Richards, Sir Edmund Charles (b. Oct. 6, 1889, London, England - d. June 28, 1955, Kokstad, Cape province [now in KwaZulu-Natal], South Africa), resident commissioner of Basutoland (1935-42) and governor of Nyasaland (1942-47); knighted 1941.

Richards, Sir Edward (Trenton) (b. Oct. 4, 1908, Berbice, British Guiana [now Guyana] - d. May 13, 1991), government leader (1971-73) and premier (1973-75) of Bermuda; knighted 1970. He was also minister of immigration and labour (1968-71).

Richards, Sir Francis (Neville) (b. Nov. 18, 1945), governor of Gibraltar (2003-06); knighted 2002. He was also British high commissioner to Namibia (1990-92).

Richards, George Maxwell, byname Max Richards (b. Dec. 1, 1931, San Fernando, Trinidad and Tobago - d. Jan. 8, 2018, Port-of-Spain, Trinidad and Tobago), president of Trinidad and Tobago (2003-13).

Richards, John G(ardiner) (b. Sept. 11, 1864, Liberty Hill, S.C. - d. Oct. 9, 1941, Liberty Hill), governor of South Carolina (1927-31).

Richards, Richard (b. May 14, 1932, Ogden, Utah - d. Jan. 30, 2015), chairman of the Republican National Committee (1981-83).

Richards, Robert (G.) (b. Dec. 26, 1952, Assiniboia, Sask.), acting lieutenant governor of Saskatchewan (2019). He has been chief justice (2013- ).

Richards, Robert Stanley (b. May 31, 1885, Moonta Mines, South Australia - d. April 24, 1967, Moonta, S.Aus.), administrator of Nauru (1949-53).

Richards, Simon Paul (b. April 19, 1937, Wesley, Dominica), Dominica diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (1995-2002).

Richards, William A(lford) (b. March 9, 1849, Hazel Green, Wis. - d. July 25, 1912, Melbourne, Vic.), governor of Wyoming (1895-99).

Richards-Dindial

Richards-Dindial, Lizanne (Marie) (b. Sept. 19, 1957), administrator of Cura�ao (2000-10).

Richardson, Alain (b. Aug. 31, 1963), president of the Territorial Council of Saint-Martin (2012-13).

Richardson, Bill, byname of William Blaine Richardson (b. Nov. 15, 1947, Pasadena, Calif. - d. Sept. 1, 2023, Chatham, Mass.), governor of New Mexico (2003-11). After a job as a "sort of go-fer" at the State Department (1973-75) and a job on Sen. Hubert Humphrey's staff (1975-78), he moved to New Mexico to become executive director of the state Democratic Party (1978) but was fired after a month by Gov. Bruce King. He proceeded to run against 1st District congressman Manuel Lujan in 1980. This was a Republican year and Lujan had deep roots in Albuquerque and had been in office since 1968, but Richardson lost only narrowly. New Mexico got a third congressional district from the 1980 census, and the legislature drew a new, heavily Hispanic 3rd District in northern New Mexico. Richardson had already carried much of this territory in the 1980 race, and, running in 1982, he beat former lieutenant governor Roberto Mondragon 36%-31% in the primary and then won the general election with 64% of the vote. He rose in the Democratic House leadership to be a chief deputy whip. He had a somewhat moderate voting record and was not afraid to buck organized labour by lobbying hard for NAFTA in 1992 and 1993. He then spent much time on foreign affairs, traveling to Myanmar, Haiti, and North Korea in 1994. In 1997 he became ambassador to the United Nations. When Energy Secretary Federico Pe�a resigned in 1998, Pres. Bill Clinton was eager to have at least one Hispanic in an official cabinet position and shifted Richardson to the post. Leaving office with Clinton in 2001, he announced his candidacy for governor of New Mexico in January 2002. At the state Democratic convention in March, he won 1,288 of 1,705 votes. He broke a record by shaking 13,392 hands on September 16. In the November election he defeated Republican John Sanchez 55%-39%. He was a minor candidate for the 2008 Democratic presidential nomination. Barack Obama, winner of that nomination as well as the presidency, nominated him as commerce secretary, but he withdrew due to an ongoing corruption investigation.

Richardson, Cosmos, Saint Lucian diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (2017-22).

Richardson, Dennis L. (b. 1946, Aruba), administrator of Sint Maarten (1994-2000).

Richardson, Sir Egerton (Rudolph) (b. Aug. 15, 1912, St. Catherine parish, Jamaica - d. Oct. 8, 1988, Kingston, Jamaica), Jamaican diplomat; knighted 1968. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (1962-67, 1981-84) and ambassador to the United States (1967-72).

Elliot Richardson

Richardson, Elliot (Lee) (b. July 20, 1920, Boston, Mass. - d. Dec. 31, 1999, Boston), U.S. government official. A decorated veteran of World War II, he became lieutenant governor and then attorney general of Massachusetts, and undersecretary in the U.S. Department of State. Thereafter he served as U.S. secretary of health, education and welfare (1970-73), secretary of defense (1973), attorney general (1973), and secretary of commerce (1976-77), becoming the first person to hold four cabinet posts. On Oct. 20, 1973, he resigned from his post as attorney general during what became known as the "Saturday Night Massacre" rather than fire special Watergate prosecutor Archibald Cox, whom Pres. Richard Nixon wanted Richardson to dismiss. Richardson was loath to oust his own appointee, having selected Cox as an impartial independent investigator. (Cox was later fired by Robert Bork.) In 1975-76 he was ambassador to Britain. During the Jimmy Carter administration he served as chief U.S. delegate to the United Nations Law of the Sea conference. In 1989 UN Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali appointed him an observer to the Nicaraguan elections, and in 1990 Pres. George Bush relied on his expertise when he designated him as his special representative to the Philippines to help with multilateral assistance initiatives. Richardson's conduct as a public servant was recognized in 1998 when he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom.

Richardson, Friend W(illiam) (b. December 1865, Ann Arbor, Mich. - d. Sept. 6, 1943, Berkeley, Calif.), governor of California (1923-27).

Richardson, George Alexander (b. Sept. 7, 1875, India - d. Aug. 1, 1933, India), acting British political agent and consul in Muscat and Oman (1926).

Richardson, Sir George Spafford (b. Nov. 14, 1868, Ashton, Northamptonshire, England - d. June 11, 1938, Auckland, N.Z.), administrator of Western Samoa (1923-28); knighted 1925.

J. Richardson

Richardson, James (Armstrong) (b. March 28, 1922 - d. May 17, 2004, Winnipeg, Man.), Canadian politician. He was chairman and CEO of the family grain company, James Richardson and Sons, from 1966 to 1968. He resigned from the company to run for federal office in Winnipeg South, and immediately became a member of Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau's cabinet (without portfolio 1968-69, transport 1969, supply and services 1969-72, national defence 1972-76). But the staunch westerner clashed with Trudeau and his plans to patriate the constitution. Richardson opposed official bilingualism, believing English should be the only official language in Canada outside of Quebec. He felt so strongly that he quit as defence minister in 1976 and sat as a backbencher. The following year, he founded Canadians for One Canada, a national organization to promote English as the only official language in Canada outside of Quebec. In 1978, his differences with Trudeau's plans prompted him to quit the Liberal Party and sit as an independent. He considered running for reelection a third time in 1979 as an independent but ultimately decided to leave politics. In the 1980 election, he endorsed Joe Clark's Progressive Conservative Party, describing it as the best party to hold Canada together.

Richardson, James B(urchill) (b. Oct. 28, 1770, Camden district [in present Clarendon county], South Carolina - d. April 28, 1836, Sumter district [in present Clarendon county], S.C.), governor of South Carolina (1802-04).

Richardson, John P(eter) (b. April 14, 1801, Sumter district [in present Clarendon county], S.C. - d. Jan. 24, 1864, Fulton, Clarendon district [now county], S.C.), governor of South Carolina (1840-42); nephew of James B. Richardson.

Richardson, John P(eter) (b. Sept. 25, 1831, Sumter district [in present Clarendon county], S.C. - d. July 6, 1899, Columbia, S.C.), governor of South Carolina (1886-90); son of the above.

Richardson, Ruth (Margaret) (b. Dec. 13, 1950, Waitotara, N.Z.), finance minister of New Zealand (1990-93).

Richardson, William A(dams) (b. Nov. 2, 1821, Tyngsboro, Mass. - d. Oct. 19, 1896, Washington, D.C.), U.S. treasury secretary (1873-74).

Richardson, William A(lexander) (b. Jan. 16, 1811, near Lexington, Ky. - d. Dec. 27, 1875, Quincy, Ill.), governor of Nebraska (1858).

Richaud, �tienne (Antoine Guillaume) (b. Jan. 10, 1841, Martigues, France - d. May 31, 1889, on board the Cal�donien in the Bay of Bengal), governor of French India (1884-86) and R�union (1886-87) and governor-general of French Indochina (1888-89).

Richelieu, Armand Emmanuel du Plessis, duc de (b. Sept. 25, 1766, Paris, France - d. May 17, 1822, Paris), foreign minister (1815-18) and prime minister (1815-18, 1820-21) of France. In the service of Russia, he was also governor of Odessa (1803-14) and governor-general of Novorossiya (1805-14).

Richepance, Antoine, also spelled Richepanse (b. March 25, 1770, Metz [now in Moselle _d�partement_], France - d. Sept. 3, 1802, Basse-Terre, Guadeloupe), governor of Guadeloupe (1802).

Richert, Arvid (Gustaf) (b. April 5, 1887, G�teborg, Sweden - d. Aug. 22, 1981, G�teborg), governor of �lvsborg (1949-54). He was also Swedish minister to Germany (1937-45).

Richert, Xavier (Charles) (b. 1913 - d. Jan. 7, 1992), administrator-superior of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands (1955-59).

Richey, Matthew Henry (b. June 10, 1828, Windsor, Nova Scotia - d. Feb. 21, 1911, Halifax, N.S.), lieutenant governor of Nova Scotia (1883-88). He was also mayor of Halifax (1864-67, 1875-78).

Richmond, Charles Lennox, (4th) Duke of, (4th) Duke of Lennox (b. Sept. 9, 1764, Scotland - d. Aug. 20, 1819, near Richmond, Upper Canada [now Ontario]), lord lieutenant of Ireland (1807-13) and governor of Lower Canada (1818-19). He succeeded as duke in 1806.

Richmond, Sir John (Christopher Blake) (b. Sept. 7, 1909 - d. July 6, 1990), British political agent in Kuwait (1959-61); knighted 1963. He was also ambassador to Kuwait (1961-63) and The Sudan (1965-66).

Richomme, Henri Louis Marie (b. Dec. 20, 1880, Sion-les-Mines, Loire-Inf�rieure [now Loire-Atlantique], France - d. Dec. 15, 1945, Sion-les-Mines), acting resident-superior of Cambodia (1935-36).

Richter Prada, Pedro (�ngel) (b. Jan. 4, 1921, Huamanga, Ayacucho department [now region], Peru - d. July 14, 2017?), interior minister (1971-75) and prime minister and war minister (1979-80) of Peru. In January 2017 he was one of eight South Americans from former military regimes convicted by a court in Rome of kidnapping and murdering Italian citizens living in South America during the 1970s and '80s, and sentenced to life in prison. A private death notice appearing in Peru's El Comercio said he died on July 14, 2017, but there seemed to be no independent confirmation, nor had the Italian authorities received a death certificate as of June 2018, when they nevertheless registered his death.

Richthofen, Hugo Samuel (Wilhelm Louis Erdmann Reginald) Freiherr von (b. Aug. 16, 1842, Neisse, Prussia [now Nysa, Poland] - d. April 10, 1904, Florence, Italy), cabinet minister of Lippe (1885-89) and Oberpr�sident of Ostpreussen (1901-03).

Richthofen, Oswald Freiherr von (b. Oct. 13, 1847, Iasi, Moldavia [now in Romania] - d. Jan. 17, 1906, Berlin, Germany), foreign minister of Germany (1900-06). He was also minister of state of Prussia (1905-06).

Rickards, John E(zra) (b. July 23, 1848, Delaware City, Del. - d. Dec. 26, 1927, Berkeley, Calif.), governor of Montana (1893-97).

Rickenbach, Victor (Georg) (b. April 8, 1928, Laufenburg, Aargau, Switzerland - d. Dec. 28, 2007, Baden, Aargau), Landammann of Aargau (1989-90).

Ricketts, Pete, byname of John Peter Ricketts (b. Aug. 19, 1964, Nebraska City, Neb.), governor of Nebraska (2015-23). He has also been a U.S. senator from Nebraska (2023- ).

Ricketts Rey de Castro, Patricio (b. May 19, 1924, Arequipa, Peru - d. early February 2024), Peruvian politician. He was minister of labour (1983) and education (1983-84).

Rickli

Rickli, Natalie (Simone) (b. Nov. 19, 1976, Winterthur, Z�rich, Switzerland), president of the government of Z�rich (2024- ).

Rico, Luis Carlos (b. Sept. 24, 1844, Santa Rosa de Viterbo, New Granada [now Colombia] - d. 19...), foreign minister of Colombia (1879-80, 1903-04). He was also minister to France (1880-81), Germany (1883-86, 1904-06), Venezuela (1898-1901), Ecuador (1900-01), and Costa Rica and El Salvador (1902-03).

Rico Avello y Garc�a de La��n, Manuel (b. Dec. 20, 1886, Trevias, Asturias, Spain - d. Aug. 22, 1936, Madrid, Spain), interior minister (1933-34) and finance minister (1935-36) of Spain and high commissioner of Morocco (1934-35).

Rico Toro (Herbas), (Jos�) Faustino (b. Oct. 20, 1937), interior and justice minister of Bolivia (1978).

Ricupero, Rubens (b. March 1, 1937, S�o Paulo, Brazil), finance minister of Brazil (1994). He was also ambassador to the United States (1991-93) and Italy (1995), minister of the environment and the Amazon region (1993-94), and secretary-general of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (1995-2004).

Riddell, Robert Gerald, byname Gerry Riddell (b. May 4, 1908, Edmonton, Alta. - d. March 16, 1951, Virginia Beach, Va.), Canadian diplomat. He was permanent delegate to the United Nations (1950-51).

Riddercreutz, Gustaf (b. April 20, 1724, Stockholm, Sweden - d. May 10, 1783, Heinola, Finland), governor of Kymmeneg�rd (1774-83).

Ridderstolpe, Fredrik Ludvig greve (b. May 19, 1783, Stockholm, Sweden - d. June 18, 1852, Stockholm), governor of V�stmanland (1822-49). Originally friherre (baron), he succeeded as greve (count) in 1848.

Ridel, Daniil (Semyonovich) (b. 1884, Bessarabia province, Russia - d. Oct. 26, 1933, Moscow, Russian S.F.S.R.), foreign commissar of the Bessarabian S.S.R. (1919).

Rideout, Thomas (Gerard) (b. June 25, 1948, Fleur de Lys, Newfoundland), premier of Newfoundland (1989). In 1975 he entered elective politics as a Liberal MHA (member of the House of Assembly) for Baie Verte-White Bay. He was reelected as a Liberal in 1979, but the next year crossed the floor to sit as a Progressive Conservative, stating that Liberal policy was not strong enough on the issue of provincial ownership of offshore resources. He was reelected in his district in 1982 and 1985. He served as parliamentary assistant to Premier A. Brian Peckford from 1982 to 1984. Regarded as a potential successor to Peckford, he was appointed Minister of Culture, Recreation and Youth in 1984, and served as Minister of Fisheries from 1985 to 1989. He entered the Conservative leadership race upon Peckford's resignation in January 1989, and was elected in a convention in St. John's. He replaced Peckford as premier on March 31. Rideout's term as premier was to last a mere 44 days. In an election, called for April 20, the Liberals, under their new leader Clyde K. Wells, won 31 of 52 seats. On May 5 Wells was sworn in as premier and Rideout became leader of the opposition. While some observers felt that Rideout had courted defeat by calling an election precipitously, others argued that after nearly 20 years of Conservative government voters were ripe for a change. As leader of the opposition Rideout led forces favouring approval of the Meech Lake constitutional accord in June 1990. On Jan. 17, 1991, he announced that he would resign as leader of the Conservative party, and in September officially resigned his positions as opposition leader, MHA for Baie Verte-White Bay, and as PC party leader. (He was succeeded by Len Simms, whom he had narrowly defeated for the leadership in 1989.)

Ridge

Ridge, Tom, byname of Thomas Joseph Ridge (b. Aug. 26, 1945, Munhall, Pa.), governor of Pennsylvania (1995-2001). A Republican, he was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1982. There he made a mixed voting record by the lights of almost every rating group. In February 1993, he announced for governor. It turned out to be a crowded race. Ridge's best known opponent in the Republican primary was Attorney General Ernie Preate, a statewide winner in 1990 who was hurt when, a month before the primary, the Crime Commission said he had taken money from illegal video poker operators. Ridge, with backing from party leaders, won the May primary with 35% to 29% for Preate, 16% for Philadelphia businessman Sam Katz, and 14% for Pittsburgh legislator Mike Fisher. The Democrats had an even more crowded primary. The leader was Lieutenant Governor Mark Singel; he had switched stands on abortion in 1992 and lost the Senate primary 45%-32% to Lynn Yeakel. In 1994, Yeakel campaigned unimpressively and received only 14% to Singel's 31%. In between were black state representative Dwight Evans with 21% and state treasurer Catherine Baker Knoll with 20%. In the general, Ridge campaigned for tough crime measures, citizens rights' to statewide initiatives and referenda, less-strict environmental regulation, and a lower corporate tax. But the defining issue was probably crime. The result was a 45%-40% Ridge victory, and a continuation of Pennsylvania's 40-year practice of alternating the two parties in the governorship every eight years. Independent antiabortion candidate Peg Luksik won 13% of the vote; both Ridge and Singel were pro-choice. After the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attack on the U.S., Ridge was named director of the new Office of Homeland Security; when it became a cabinet department, he was its first secretary (2003-05).

Ridgely, Charles (Carnan), originally Charles Ridgely Carnan (b. Dec. 6, 1760, Baltimore county, Maryland - d. July 17, 1829, Hampton, Md.), governor of Maryland (1816-19).

Ridgeway, Sir (Joseph) West (b. May 16, 1844, High Roothing, Essex, England - d. April 16, 1930, London, England), lieutenant governor of the Isle of Man (1893-95), governor of Ceylon (1896-1903), and president of the British North Borneo Chartered Company (1910-26); knighted 1885.

Ridgway, Sir Andrew (Peter) (b. March 20, 1950), lieutenant governor of Jersey (2006-11); knighted 2011.

Ridgway, Mark (b. Dec. 21, 1891, Lang Lang, Victoria - d. Aug. 13, 1984), administrator of Nauru (1945-49).

C.S. Ridley

Ridley, Clarence S(elf) (b. June 22, 1883, Corydon, Ind. - d. July 26, 1969, Carmel, Calif.), governor of the Panama Canal Zone (1936-40). Graduating from West Point with high honours and fourth in a class of 114, he was commissioned second lieutenant in the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, June 13, 1905. He was promoted to first lieutenant on June 9, 1907. He served in Cuba, Hawaii, and the Philippines. In October 1912, he reached his captaincy. In 1916, he was assigned duty in the office of the Chief of Engineers, Washington, D.C., where he directed the development of the Engineer Officer Reserve Corps. He was promoted to major in 1917, and in August of the same year was appointed to the temporary rank of lieutenant colonel. In October 1917, he was appointed colonel and senior military aide to Pres. Woodrow Wilson, and supervised the care of public buildings and grounds in Washington, D.C. His duties included construction of the Arlington Memorial in Arlington Cemetery and the Lincoln Memorial in Potomac Park. Coming to the Isthmus in May 1921 to become assistant maintenance engineer, he had an opportunity to direct many of the departments of the canal at a time when the organization was entering a period of settled operation and maintenance. Under his tenure as governor of the Canal Zone, the U.S. rules of measurement of vessels as a factor in determining Panama Canal tolls were abolished on Aug. 24, 1937, and the Panama Canal rules were established as the sole means of measurement for determining the tonnage of vessels for canal tolls. The deepening of the Pacific entrance channel from Miraflores Locks to the sea buoys, including the Balboa inner harbour, was completed, excavating more than 11 million cubic yards. He retired on June 30, 1947.

Ridley, Matthew White Ridley, (1st) Viscount, (1st) Baron Wensleydale, (5th) Baronet (of Blagdon) (b. July 25, 1842, London, England - d. Nov. 28, 1904, Blagdon, Somerset, England), British home secretary (1895-1900). He succeeded his father as baronet in 1877 and was created a viscount (and baron) in 1900.

Ridley of Liddesdale, Nicholas Ridley, Baron (b. Feb. 17, 1929, Newcastle upon Tyne, England - d. March 4, 1993, near Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, England), British politician; great-grandson of Matthew White Ridley, Viscount Ridley; great-grandson of Robert Bulwer-Lytton, Baron Lytton. After unsuccessfully contesting the safe Labour seat of Blyth in 1955, the Conservative won Cirencester and Tewkesbury in 1959 at the age of 30, becoming the 10th Ridley to serve in the House of Commons. He held minor posts in the ministries of technology and of trade and industry under Prime Minister Edward Heath, but refused an appointment as arts minister. In 1979 Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher named him minister of state to the foreign office. His outspokenness and caustic wit making him generally unsuited to foreign service, he became financial secretary to the treasury (1981-83) and secretary of state for transport (1983-86), the environment (1986-89), and trade and industry (1989-90). A loyal Thatcherite, he privatized industry and instituted the first poll tax. It was assumed he was speaking for Thatcher when, in a July 1990 interview with The Spectator, he said the European Community "is all a German racket designed to take over the whole of Europe. It has to be thwarted. This rushed takeover by the Germans on the worst possible basis, with the French behaving like poodles to the Germans, is absolutely intolerable." He added: "I'm not against giving up sovereignty in principle, but not to this lot. You might just as well give it to Adolf Hitler, frankly." The ensuing embarrassment forced him to resign and contributed to Thatcher's fall soon after. He remained a gadfly on the backbench, however, and campaigned against the Maastricht Treaty until his death. He was created a life peer in 1992.

Riedel

Riedel, Eduardo Correa (b. July 5, 1969, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), governor of Mato Grosso do Sul (2023- ).

Riegler, Josef (b. Nov. 1, 1938, Judenburg, Steiermark, Austria), vice chancellor of Austria (1989-91). He was also minister of agriculture and forestry (1987-89) and federalism and administrative reform (1989-91) and chairman of the Austrian People's Party (1989-91).

Riekstins, Alfreds (b. 1876, Mazsalatsa parish, Russia [now Mazsalaca parish, Latvia] - d. Nov. 20, 1937, Liepaja, Latvia), finance minister of Latvia (1922-23).

M. Riekstins

Riekstins, Maris (b. April 8, 1963, Riga, Latvian S.S.R.), foreign minister of Latvia (2007-10). He has also been ambassador to the United States (2004-07), Mexico (2006-07), and Russia (2017-23) and permanent representative to NATO (2011-15, 2023- ).

Riel, Louis (David) (b. Oct. 23, 1844, St. Boniface, Assiniboia, Rupert's Land [now part of Winnipeg, Man.] - d. Nov. 16, 1885, Regina, Assiniboia, N.W.T. [now in Saskatchewan]), Canadian rebel leader. He succeeded his father as a leader of the M�tis (of mixed Native American and French parentage), who were opposed to the incorporation of Rupert's Land into the Dominion of Canada as well as to the encroachment of white, English-speaking settlers on their lands in Manitoba. He headed the Red River Rebellion in 1869-70, seizing Fort Garry (now Winnipeg, Man.), the headquarters of the Hudson's Bay Company, and setting up a provisional government with himself as president. When the government dispatched troops to face the rebels, the rebellion collapsed, and he fled to the U.S. Under the Manitoba Act, the Red River settlements were accorded a provincial government in 1870. He soon returned to Canada, and in 1873 was elected to the House of Commons in Ottawa (for Provencher, Man.). After his reelection in 1874, a motion was introduced by Mackenzie Bowell demanding his expulsion from the House. He was finally granted an amnesty in 1875 on condition that he agreed to a further five years' exile. His claim of a holy vision that called him to become a prophet for the M�tis, and some abnormal behaviour following from that, led to his commitment to mental asylums in 1876-78. Responding to the pleas of the M�tis in Saskatchewan who were bent on securing titles to their lands, he became involved in a second rebellion in 1884. In March 1885 he established another rebel government; but the uprising ended with an engagement at Batoche (May 9-12, 1885) and he was captured, tried for treason, and hanged.

Riera (Galtieri), Fernando (Pedro) (b. Feb. 6, 1915, Bella Vista, Tucum�n, Argentina - d. Jan. 9, 1998, Tucum�n), governor of Tucum�n (1983-87).

Ries, Istv�n (b. Nov. 14, 1885, K�ng�s, Hungary - d. Sept. 15, 1950, V�c, Hungary), justice minister of Hungary (1945-50).

Riesco (Err�zuriz), Carlos (b. 1846, Santiago, Chile - d. Sept. 19, 1919), finance minister of Chile (1894). He was also acting minister of justice and education (1894).

Riesco (Err�zuriz), Germ�n (b. May 28, 1854, Rancagua, Chile - d. Dec. 8, 1916, Santiago, Chile), president of Chile (1901-06); brother of Carlos Riesco; nephew of Federico Err�zuriz Za�artu.

Riesco (Err�zuriz), Germ�n (Ignacio) (b. 1888, Santiago, Chile - d. Nov. 11, 1958, Santiago), war and navy minister (1919-20) and foreign minister (1948-50) of Chile; son of the above.

Riess-Passer, Susanne, until Oct. 2, 1995, Susanne Riess (b. Jan. 3, 1961, Braunau am Inn, Austria), vice chancellor of Austria (2000-03). She was also chairman of the Freedom Party (2000-02) and minister of civil service and sport (2000-03).

Riesser, Hans Eduard (b. Sept. 17, 1887, Frankfurt am Main, Germany - d. March 22, 1969, Geneva, Switzerland), West German diplomat. He was consul-general in New York City (1951-55) and acting permanent observer to the United Nations (1952-55).

Rietkerk, Koos, byname of Jacobus Gijsbert Rietkerk (b. Dec. 14, 1927, Boskoop, Zuid-Holland, Netherlands - d. Feb. 20, 1986, The Hague, Netherlands), interior minister of the Netherlands (1982-86).

Rieu, Sir (Jean) Louis (b. Nov. 23, 1872 - d. Nov. 4, 1964), commissioner of Sind (1920-25); knighted 1929.

Rieux (y Sabaires), Luis Francisco de (b. 1755, Montpellier, France - d. Sept. 26, 1840, Peladeros [now L�rida], Tolima, New Granada [now Colombia]), war and navy minister of Colombia (1830-31).

Rifaat, Kamaleddin (Mahmud) (b. 1921, Egypt - d. July 13, 1977), a deputy prime minister of Egypt (1964-65). He was also minister of labour (1961-62, 1967-71) and ambassador to the United Kingdom (1971-74).

Rifai, Abdul Munim al-, Arabic `Abd al-Munim al-Rifa`i (b. 1917, Tyre, Lebanon - d. Oct. 17, 1985, Amman, Jordan), foreign minister (1968-69, 1969-70) and prime minister (1969, 1970) of Jordan; brother of Samir al-Rifai (1901-1965). He was also minister to Iran and Pakistan (1949-53), ambassador to the United States (1953-57), Lebanon (1957-58), the United Kingdom (1958-59), and Egypt (1962-66, 1973), and permanent representative to the United Nations (1953-57, 1959-62).

Rifai, Nureddin (Abdullah) (b. 1899, Ottoman Empire [in present Albania] - d. January 1980), prime minister of Lebanon (1975).

Rifai, Rashid (Muhammad Said) al- (b. May 1, 1929, Mussayeb, Iraq), Iraqi politician. He was minister of oil and minerals (1968-69), planning (1971-72), communications (1972-74), and public works and housing (1974-76) and ambassador to Belgium (1976-83), China (1983-86), and Japan (1986-93).

Rifai, Samir al-, until 1952 Samir Pasha al-Rifai, Arabic Samir Basha al-Rifa`i (b. Jan. 30, 1901, northern Palestine - d. Oct. 12, 1965, Amman, Jordan), prime minister (1944-45, 1947, 1950-51, 1956, 1958-59, 1963) and foreign minister (1947, 1949-50, 1950-51, 1955-56, 1956, 1957-58) of Jordan. He was also president of the Senate (1959-61, 1963-65).

S. (Z.) al-Rifai

Rifai, Samir (Zaid) al-, Arabic Samir (Zayid) al-Rifa`i (b. July 1, 1966), prime minister of Jordan (2009-11); son of Zaid al-Rifai. He was also minister of the royal court (2003-05).

Rifai, Zaid al-, Arabic Zayid ibn Samir al-Rifa`i (b. Nov. 27, 1936, Amman, Transjordan [now Jordan] - d. Aug. 12, 2024), prime minister (1973-76, 1985-89) and foreign minister (1973-76) of Jordan; son of Samir al-Rifai (1901-1965); son-in-law of Bahjat al-Talhouni. He was also chief of the royal court (1969-70), ambassador to the United Kingdom (1970-71), and president of the Senate (1997-2009).

Rifat Pasha, Mehmed (b. 1862, Constantinople, Ottoman Empire [now Istanbul, Turkey] - d. 1925), foreign minister of the Ottoman Empire (1909-11). He was also ambassador to Greece (1897), the United Kingdom (1908-09), France (1911-14), and Germany (1918-19).

Rifat Pasha, (Mehmed) Sadik (b. Oct. 28, 1807, Constantinople, Ottoman Empire [now Istanbul, Turkey] - d. Feb. 12, 1857), foreign minister (1841, 1843-44, 1848, 1853) and finance minister (1848) of the Ottoman Empire. He was also ambassador to Austria (1837-39). He received the Pasha title in 1841.

Rifkind

Rifkind, Sir Malcolm (Leslie) (b. June 21, 1946, Edinburgh, Scotland), British foreign secretary (1995-97). In February 1974 he entered the House of Commons as Conservative MP for Edinburgh Pentlands. In 1975 Margaret Thatcher, the newly elected leader of the Conservative Party, appointed him as a spokesman on Scottish affairs, but the following year he resigned in protest against Thatcher's hostility to a proposal on the creation of a Scottish assembly. When the Conservatives won power in 1979, he was steadily promoted up the ministerial ladder. As minister of state at the Foreign Office (1983-86), he helped persuade a reluctant Thatcher to accept plans to create a single market in Europe. He entered the cabinet as secretary of state for Scotland in 1986, by which time he had lost his earlier enthusiasm for Scottish devolution. In 1990 he was made transport secretary, and after the 1992 general election Prime Minister John Major appointed him defence secretary. In this post he won praise for his handling of two difficult tasks: the deployment of British troops in former Yugoslavia and a succession of reductions in the defense budget, slashing the size of the military by almost a third. On Douglas Hurd's retirement in 1995, Rifkind was the obvious successor at the Foreign Office. He made it clear that he would maintain Hurd's broadly pro-European policies, but to pacify Euroskeptics, he also promised "a stalwart defence of British interests." He lost his seat in the Labour landslide of 1997, was knighted the same year and became president of the Scottish Conservatives. Failing to win back his seat in 2001, he was elected in May 2005 for Kensington and Chelsea and was immediately named shadow work and pensions secretary. After making an abortive bid for the party leadership, he left the shadow cabinet in December.

Rigal, Joseph �douard Georges (Marie) (b. April 30, 1908 - d. Aug. 17, 1980), acting high commissioner of French Togo (1957).

Rigaud, (Beno�t Joseph) Andr� (b. Jan. 17, 1761, Saint-Louis du Sud, Haiti - d. Jan. 11, 1811, Laborde, Haiti), general-in-chief (1810-11) and president of the Council (1811) of the Department of the South (Haiti).

Rigault de Genouilly, Charles (b. April 12, 1807, Rochefort, Charente-Inf�rieure [now Charente-Maritime], France - d. May 4, 1873, Paris, France), governor of Cochinchina (1858-59) and minister of marine and colonies (1867-70) and acting minister of war (1869) of France.

Rigdzin

Rigdzin, Lyonpo Chogyal Dago, chief advisor of Bhutan (2023-24). He has been chief justice (2020- ).

Riggs, Thomas, Jr. (b. Oct. 17, 1873, Ilchester, Md. - d. Jan. 16, 1945, Washington, D.C.), governor of Alaska (1918-21).

Righi

Righi, Italo (b. June 14, 1959, Sassofeltrio, Italy), captain-regent of San Marino (2012).

Rigny, Henri Gauthier, comte de (b. Feb. 2, 1782, Toul [now in Meurthe-et-Moselle], France - d. Nov. 7, 1835, Paris, France), foreign minister of France (1834, 1834-35). He was also minister of marine and colonies (1829, 1830, 1831-34), minister without portfolio (1835), and ambassador to the Two Sicilies (1835).

Rigotard, Jean (Maurice Marie) (b. Sept. 18, 1925, Paris, France - d. March 25, 2016, Paris), prefect of Mayotte (1978-80).

Rigotto

Rigotto, Germano Ant�nio (b. Sept. 24, 1949, Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil), governor of Rio Grande do Sul (2003-07).

Rigoulet-Roze, Fabrice (b. July 10, 1968, Antony, Hauts-de-Seine, France), prefect of Martinique (2014-17). He has also been prefect of the d�partements of Charente-Maritime (2017-19) and Loire-Atlantique (2023- ).

Riikonen, Lauri (b. Dec. 31, 1900, Pielisj�rvi [now part of Lieksa], Finland - d. June 24, 1973, Lieksa), governor of Kuopio (1950-60) and Pohjois-Karjala (1960-67).

Riis, Fredrik (b. Jan. 29, 1789, Christiania [now Oslo], Norway - d. Oct. 22, 1845, Christiania), governor of Nordre Bergenhus amt (1831-32), S�ndre Trondhjems amt (1832-40), Aggershuus amt (1840-42), and Aggershuus/Christiania stift (1840-45).

Riisn�s, Sverre (Parelius) (b. Nov. 6, 1897, Vik, Nordre Bergenhus [now in Vestland], Norway - d. June 21, 1988, Oslo, Norway), Norwegian politician. He was one of the acting councillors of state (from 1941, ministers) appointed in 1940 under the German occupation; he held the justice portfolio.

Rij

Rij, Marnix (Leonard Alexander) van (b. Oct. 25, 1960, Rotterdam, Netherlands), government commissioner of Sint Eustatius (2020-21).

Rijal, Minendra (Prasad) (b. Oct. 16, 1957), defense minister of Nepal (2021). He was also minister of federal affairs, Constituent Assembly, parliamentary affairs, and culture (2009-11) and information and communication (2014-15).

Rijal, Nagendra Prasad (b. April 1927, Dhankuta, Nepal - d. Sept. 23, 1994), prime minister of Nepal (1973-75, 1986). He was also minister of commerce, industry, law, and justice (1965-67) and defense and palace affairs (1986) and chairman of the National Panchayat (1972-73).

Rijckevorsel, Augustinus Bernardus Gijsbertus Maria van (b. Feb. 10, 1882, 's-Hertogenbosch, Netherlands - d. April 30, 1957, The Hague, Netherlands), queen's commissioner of Noord-Brabant (1928-44).

Rijiju, Kiren (b. Nov. 19, 1971, Nakhu, Kameng district, Assam [now in West Kameng district, Arunachal Pradesh], India), law and justice minister of India (2021-23). He has also been minister of state (independent charge) for youth affairs and sports (2019-21) and minister of earth sciences (2023- ) and food processing industries (2024- ).

Rijke, Wilhelmus de (b. Nov. 10, 1896, Tokyo, Japan - d. Sept. 16, 1971, Overveen, Noord-Holland, Netherlands), commissioner of Overijssel (1943-45).

Rijna, Edison (Enrique) (b. July 7, 1967, Bonaire), administrator of Bonaire (2014-23).

Rijpstra, Hedzer (b. May 11, 1919, Zelhem, Gelderland, Netherlands - d. April 7, 2011, Oegstgeest, Zuid-Holland, Netherlands), queen's commissioner of Friesland (1970-82). He was also mayor of Terneuzen (1960-66) and Almelo (1966-70).

Rikabi, Ali Rida Pasha al-, Arabic `Ali Rida Basha al-Rikabi (b. 1864 - d. 1943), head of government (1918) and prime minister (1920) of Syria and prime minister of Jordan (1922-23, 1924-26).

Rikanovic, Svetozar (b. June 6, 1938), finance minister of Yugoslavia (1986-89). He was also ambassador to the United Kingdom (1989-92).

Rikhter, Khristofor (Adamovich), German Christoph Adam von Richter (b. May 27, 1751, Siggund, Livonia, Russia [now Sidgunda, Latvia] - d. Jan. 3, 1815, Riga, Russia [now in Latvia]), governor of Livonia (1797-1808).

Rikman, Ivan (Sevastyanovich), governor of Novgorod (1803-04) and Vilna (1804-06). He was also Russian charg� d'affaires in Spain (1771-73) and minister to Courland (1790-95).

Riley

Riley, Bob, byname of Robert Renfro Riley (b. Oct. 3, 1944, Ashland, Ala.), governor of Alabama (2003-11). He served on the city council in Ashland in 1972-76. In 1996, when the 3rd District's Democratic congressman ran unsuccessfully for the Senate, Riley ran for the House. He started off little known outside Clay County, but he was a strong and energetic campaigner, a supporter of school prayer, term limits, tax cuts, and a balanced budget amendment and an opponent of abortion, gun control, and racial quotas. He won 50%-47% - a key victory in keeping the House Republican. In the House, he had a solidly conservative voting record; he said he came to Washington intending to be bipartisan, but his first three months made him "become the most partisan person on Capitol Hill." He had serious competition in 1998 from former Democratic state chairman Joe Turnham, but he won 58%-42%. He was unopposed in 2000 and, eager to return to Alabama, ran for governor in 2002. He was taking on not only Democratic incumbent Don Siegelman but also, in the Republican primary, Lt.Gov. Steve Windom. In the June primary, he won by the unexpected margin of 74%-18% over Windom. Riley charged that state government was "sinking into a quicksand of corruption and fraud." He opposed tax increases and called for limiting spending to the prior year's revenues. It turned out to be the closest gubernatorial race in the nation in 2002. Siegelman called for a statewide recount and indicated he would not relinquish the governor's office; only after two weeks, on November 18, did he concede. The final tally was 49%-49%, with Riley ahead by 3,120 votes. He was strongest in fast-growing suburban counties - he won Shelby County by more than 2-1. In 2006 he was reelected by a wider margin, defeating Lt.Gov. Lucy Baxley 58%-42%.

Riley, Bob (Cowley) (b. Sept. 18, 1924, Little Rock, Ark. - d. Feb. 16, 1994), governor of Arkansas (1975). A veteran of World War II, active in political, educational, and civic affairs, he entered politics as a Democrat and was elected to the state house of representatives from Pulaski County in 1946 and was reelected in 1948. A member of the city council of Arkadelphia (1960-66), he served as the city's mayor in 1966-67. Elected lieutenant governor in 1970 and reelected in 1972, he was defeated in his effort to win the Democratic gubernatorial nomination in 1974. As lieutenant governor, Riley served as acting governor in the interim (January 1975) between the resignation of Gov. Dale Bumpers who entered the U.S. Senate and the inauguration of the new governor, David Pryor.

Riley, Richard W(ilson) (b. Jan. 2, 1933, Greenville, S.C.), governor of South Carolina (1979-87) and U.S. secretary of education (1993-2001).

Riliwan Babatunde Osuolale Aremu Akiolu I (b. Oct. 29, 1943), Oba of Lagos (2003- ).

Rimawi, Qasim (Muhammad) al- (b. 1918, Beit Rima, Palestine - d. April 29, 1982, Amman, Jordan), prime minister and defense minister of Jordan (1980). He was also minister of agriculture (1962-63, 1970, 1979-80), development and reconstruction (1962), and village and municipal affairs (1965-67, 1970) and speaker of the House of Representatives (1967).

Rimbenieks, Evalds (b. April 10, 1888, Aizviki parish, Russia [now in Gramzda parish, Latvia] - d. Jan. 25, 1943, Vyatka prison camp, Kirov oblast, Russian S.F.S.R.), finance minister of Latvia (1934). He was also mayor of Liepaja (1922-28, 1934-40).

Rimi, (Mohammed) Abubakar (b. 1940, Rimi village [now in Kano state], Nigeria - d. April 4, 2010, Kano, Nigeria), governor of Kano (1979-83). He was also Nigerian minister of communications (1993-95).

Rimka, Albinas (b. Feb. 16, 1886, Skerpieviai, Russia [now in Lithuania] - d. Feb. 27, 1944, Vilnius, Lithuania), finance minister of Lithuania (1926).

Rimmer, Bill, byname of Thomas William Rimmer (b. Dec. 16, 1948), administrator of the British Sovereign Base Areas in Cyprus (2000-03).

Rimsky-Korsakov, Aleksandr (Mikhailovich) (b. Aug. 24 [Aug. 13, O.S.], 1753, Moscow, Russia - d. May 25 [May 13, O.S.], 1840, St. Petersburg, Russia), military governor of Belorussia/Vitebsk and Mogilyov (1801-03) and governor-general of Lithuania (1806-09, 1812-31).

Rinchin, Lodongiyn (b. July 25, 1929, in present Govi-Altay aymag, Mongolia - d. 1998), foreign minister of Mongolia (1970-76). He was also minister of agriculture (1976-80), ambassador to Yugoslavia (1981-84), and chairman of the People's Great Khural (1987-90).

Rinc�n (Romero), Lucas (Enrique) (b. Feb. 1, 1950, Maracaibo, Venezuela), defense minister (2002) and interior and justice minister (2003-06) of Venezuela. He was also ambassador to Portugal (2006-22).

Rinc�n (Bravo), Tito (Manlio) (b. Dec. 13, 1945), defense minister of Venezuela (1997-99).

Rinc�n Bazo, Fernando (b. April 1, 1938, Tacna, Peru), interior minister of Peru (1983).

Rinc�n de Gautier, Felisa, n�e Felisa Rinc�n Marrero (b. Jan. 9, 1897, Ceiba, Puerto Rico - d. Sept. 16, 1994, San Juan, Puerto Rico), Puerto Rican politician. She worked to gain women in Puerto Rico the right to vote, a goal achieved in 1932. She entered politics that year and spent decades fighting for child care programs, legal aid for the poor, and senior citizens' centres. Her activism earned her support among San Juan's poor, who affectionately addressed her as Do�a Fela and whom she organized within her Popular Democratic Party. A participant in Puerto Rico's first pro-independence congress in 1943, she later left the independence movement and worked for the U.S. commonwealth constitution enacted in 1952. Appointed mayor of San Juan in 1946, she held the post until 1969, being successively reelected thanks to her Wednesday open-house public forums at the city hall and her attention to housing, hospitals, schools, and sanitation. She had a highly personal style that included enchanting local children by flying in planeloads of snow for Christmas parties. She did not run for reelection in 1968 but maintained her interest in politics. At the age of 95, she was the oldest delegate to the 1992 Democratic national convention in New York City. She routinely urged islanders to get involved in U.S. presidential primaries.

Rinehart, Dana G(illman), byname Buck Rinehart (b. Feb. 24, 1946, Parkersburg, W.Va. - d. Feb. 18, 2015), mayor of Columbus (1984-92).

Ringadoo, Sir Veerasamy (b. Oct. 20, 1920, Port Louis, Mauritius - d. Sept. 9, 2000, Moka, Mauritius), finance minister (1968-82), governor-general (1986-92), and president (1992) of Mauritius; knighted 1975. He was also minister of labour and social security (1959-64), education (1964-67), and agriculture and natural resources (1967-68).

Ringholm, Bosse, byname of Bo Ingvar Karchimirer Ringholm (b. Aug. 18, 1942, Falk�ping, V�stra G�taland county, western Sweden), finance minister (1999-2004), deputy prime minister (2004-06), and acting foreign minister (2006) of Sweden.

Ringstorff, Harald (b. Sept. 25, 1939, Wittenburg, Mecklenburg [now in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern], Germany), minister-president of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (1998-2008).

Ringstrand, Nils Gustaf (b. July 22, 1863, Str�ngn�s, S�dermanland, Sweden - d. Dec. 21, 1935, Stockholm, Sweden), governor of V�sterbotten (1918-19 [acting], 1923-31).

Rini, Snyder (b. July 17, 1949), finance minister (2000-01, 2002-03, 2007-10, 2014-17), deputy prime minister (2001-06), and prime minister (2006) of the Solomon Islands. He has also been minister for national planning and development (2001-02), education and human resources development (2003-06), planning and aid coordination (2010-12), and fisheries (2017).

Rinkevics, Edgars (b. Sept. 21, 1973, Jurmala, Latvian S.S.R.), foreign minister (2011-23) and president (2023- ) of Latvia.

Rinne, Antti (Juhani) (b. Nov. 3, 1962, Helsinki, Finland), deputy prime minister and finance minister (2014-15) and prime minister (2019) of Finland. He was also chairman of the Social Democratic Party (2014-20) and speaker of parliament (2019).

Rinser

Rinser, Luise (b. April 30, 1911, Pitzling, Bavaria, Germany - d. March 17, 2002, Unterhaching, near Munich, Germany), West German presidential candidate (1984). She worked as a teacher until 1939, when her refusal to join the Nazi party or any other Nazi organization resulted in her exclusion from public employment. In 1941 she published her first book, Die gl�sernen Ringe ("The Glass Rings"), but the publication of a second edition was blocked by Nazi authorities, who also prevented two further novels from appearing. In late 1944, she was arrested on charges of high treason and subverting Germany's military strength. She was jailed at a prison for women in Traunstein and related her experiences there in Gef�ngnistagebuch ("Prison Diary"), which appeared in 1946, the year after the war ended. Rinser worked as a literary critic after World War II before turning in earnest to writing novels and stories. She became increasingly involved in politics, working as a campaign assistant for the centre-left Social Democrats in the 1970s under Chancellor Willy Brandt. In 1984, she stood as a presidential candidate for the Greens party, four years after it was founded by anti-war and environmental activists. Rinser also expressed admiration for North Korean leader Kim Il Sung, traveling to the reclusive Communist country three times between 1980 and 1982 and describing its version of socialism as "a model not just for the Third World" in an account of her experiences there, Nordkoreanisches Reisetagebuch ("Diary of a North Korean Journey").

Rintelen, Anton (b. Nov. 15, 1876, Graz, Austria - d. Jan. 28, 1946, Graz), Landeshauptmann of Steiermark (1919-26, 1928-33). He was also Austrian chairman of the Federal Council (1923), education minister (1926, 1932-33), and minister to Italy (1933-34).

Rio, Jos� Pires do (b. Nov. 26, 1880, Guaratinguet�, S�o Paulo, Brazil - d. July 23, 1950, Calcutta [now Kolkata], India), finance minister of Brazil (1945-46). He was also minister of transport and public works (1919-22) and agriculture, industry, and commerce (acting, 1922) and mayor of S�o Paulo (1926-30).

Rio

Rio, Neiphiu (b. Nov. 11, 1950), chief minister of Nagaland (2003-08, 2008-14, 2018- ). He first joined politics in 1974. He unsuccessfully ran for the Nagaland assembly in 1987 but was elected in the 1989 elections on the Indian National Congress (I) ticket. He was made minister of various departments and held the home portfolio till he resigned from the S.C. Jamir ministry in 2002. He came out of the Jamir ministry protesting against the booklet Bedrock of Naga Society allegedly authored by Jamir. He later joined the Nagaland People's Front (NPF) promising that he would give a change to Naga people and remove Jamir's 20-year Congress rule from Nagaland which, he accused, was the main stumbling block to Naga political settlement. He became chief minister as head of the combined non-Congress political parties - the Democratic Alliance of Nagaland (DAN). He survived a no-confidence vote moved by the opposition in December 2007 only due to a controversial decision by the assembly speaker to render invalid several votes cast against the government by disgruntled ruling party legislators. In January 2008, the union government dismissed Rio and imposed president's rule. He returned to office after elections in March, which the DAN again won. He led the NPF to another victory in 2013 before moving to New Delhi as a Lok Sabha member in 2014, which eventually cost him his political space at home. When he was not given a post in the government of Prime Minister Narendra Modi, he tried to get back at the helm in Nagaland. He was sidelined by NPF chief minister T.R. Zeliang, however, and in January 2018 joined the Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party (NDPP), a political outfit founded in May 2017 with his backing. He brokered an alliance with the Bharatiya Janata Party, which allowed him to return as chief minister after elections in February 2018.

Rio Apa, Antonio En�as Gustavo Galv�o, bar�o do (b. Oct. 19, 1832, Vila do Socorro, Sergipe, Brazil - d. March 25, 1895, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), acting war minister of Brazil (1893-94); brother of Rufino En�as Gustavo Galv�o, bar�o e visconde de Maracaju. He was made baron in March 1889.

Rio Branco, Jos� Maria da Silva Paranhos (J�nior), bar�o do (b. April 20, 1845, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - d. Feb. 10, 1912, Rio de Janeiro), foreign minister of Brazil (1902-12); son of Jos� Maria da Silva Paranhos, visconde do Rio Branco.

Rio Branco, Jos� Maria da Silva Paranhos, visconde do (b. March 16, 1819, S�o Salvador da Bahia [now Salvador], Brazil - d. Nov. 1, 1880, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), foreign minister (1855-57, 1858-59, 1868-70) and chairman of the Council of Ministers (1871-75) of Brazil. He was also minister of navy (1853-55, 1856-57), finance (1861-62, 1871-75), and war (1871) and president of Rio de Janeiro (1858). He was made viscount in 1870.

Rio Comprido, Jos� de Oliveira Barbosa, bar�o do Passeio Publico e visconde do (b. Aug. 22, 1753, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - d. May 2, 1844, Rio de Janeiro), governor of Angola (1810-16) and war minister of Brazil (1823). He was made baron in 1829 and viscount in 1841.

Rio de Contas, Francisco Vicente Vianna, bar�o do (b. April 17, 1754, S�o Salvador da Bahia [now Salvador], Brazil - d. April 29, 1828, S�o Salvador da Bahia), president of Bahia (1824-25). He was made baron in 1825.

Rio Formoso, Manoel Thomaz Rodrigues Campello, bar�o do (b. 1802, Pernambuco captaincy [now state], Brazil - d. Feb. 2, 1872, Igarassu, Pernambuco), acting president of Pernambuco (1865). He was made baron in 1854.

Rio Grande, Jos� de Araujo Ribeiro, bar�o e visconde do (b. July 20, 1800, Barra do Ribeiro [then part of Porto Alegre], Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil - d. July 25, 1879, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), president of Minas Gerais (1833) and Rio Grande do Sul (1836, 1836-37). He was made baron in 1866 and viscount in 1874.

Rio Pardo, Thomaz Joaquim Pereira Valente, bar�o e conde do (b. 1790, Porto, Portugal - d. Aug. 30, 1849, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), war minister of Brazil (1829-31). He was also governor of Santa Catarina (1821-22) and president of Piau� (1844-45). He was created baron in 1825 and count in 1826.

Riofr�o Machuca, Rodrigo Guillermo (b. April 18, 1952, Quito, Ecuador), Ecuadorian diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (2007-08) and ambassador to the Netherlands (2009-10), Peru (2012-13), Indonesia (2014-16), and the Dominican Republic (2016-18).

Rion

Rion, Anita (b. Feb. 25, 1957), president of the government of Jura (1997, 2002).

Rios, Artur C�sar (b. July 16, 1846, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil - d. Aug. 25, 1906, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), Brazilian politician. He was president of the Chamber of Deputies (1896-99).

F. R�os

**R�os (**[1986-2010:] de Longhi), (Mar�a) Fabiana (b. March 31, 1964, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina), governor of Tierra del Fuego (2007-15).

R�os (R�os), Juan Jos� (b. Dec. 27, 1882, San Juan del Mezquital [or Fresnillo], Zacatecas, Mexico - d. April 18, 1954, Culiac�n, Sinaloa, Mexico), governor of Colima (1914-17) and Mexican minister of war and marine (1918-20) and interior (1932).

R�os (Sosa de Weller), Zury (Mayt�) (b. Jan. 24, 1968, Guatemala City, Guatemala), Guatemalan politician; daughter of Efra�n R�os Montt. She was a presidential candidate in 2015, winning 6% of the vote. Her candidacy in 2019 was revoked by the electoral tribunal based on a constitutional provision barring anyone who came to power by force as well as their close relatives from running for president. The Constitutional Court allowed her on the ballot again in 2023, and she won 9% of the vote.

R�os Alvarado, Flavino (b. Dec. 22, 1950, Minatitl�n, Veracruz, Mexico), interim governor of Veracruz (2016).

R�os Arias, Jos� Manuel (b. Nov. 1, 1889, Valpara�so, Chile - d. April 3, 1953, Santiago, Chile), justice (and education) minister of Chile (1931).

R�os Gallardo, Conrado (b. May 14, 1896, Santiago, Chile - d. July 21, 1983, Santiago), foreign minister of Chile (1927-29). He was also ambassador to Peru (1930-31) and Argentina (1939-45, 1953-56).

R�os Montt

R�os Montt, (Jos�) Efra�n (b. June 16, 1926, Huehuetenango, Guatemala - d. April 1, 2018, Guatemala City, Guatemala), president of Guatemala (1982-83). He was the Christian Democrat candidate in the 1974 elections. Had the election votes been counted and adhered to, he might have secured the presidency. Instead, he was ousted from the country and given the post of military attach� in Spain. In 1978 he found himself attracted by the evangelical teachings of the California-based Church of the Christian Word, renounced his Catholic faith, and under Fernando Romeo Lucas Garc�a's regime was allowed to return home as a lay preacher. General R�os Montt was busy conducting a Bible class when, in a bloodless coup on March 23, 1982, a group of junior army officers asked him to become president. Any hopes for an improvement in the human rights situation were soon shattered; a state of siege limited the activities of political parties and labour unions, and the campaign known as frijoles y fusiles ("beans and guns"), an attempt to win over the Indian population to the rule of the army, resulted in a nightmare of chaos and violence. Soon he claimed that the war against the leftist guerrillas had been won and that the government's program could now become one of techo, trabajo y tortillas ("roofs, work, and tortillas"). Thousands of peasants died in massacres in the scorched-earth anti-guerrilla war. He became notorious for ignoring a papal plea for clemency and ordering the firing-squad execution of nine common criminals on the eve of the pope's 1983 visit. He was overthrown later that year. Covered by a 1986 amnesty, he ran his El Verbo ("The Word") evangelical church and became secretary general of the Guatemalan Republican Front, which won the 1999 elections. In 1995 and 2000-04 he was president of the National Congress. He ran for president in 2003, coming third with 19% of the vote. In 2013 he was convicted of genocide and sentenced to 80 years in prison but shortly afterwards the Constitutional Court overturned the ruling.

R�os Morales, Juan Antonio (b. Nov. 10, 1888, Ca�ete, Chile - d. June 27, 1946, Santiago, Chile), president of Chile (1942-46). He was also charg� d'affaires in Panama (1922-23), interior minister (1932), and justice minister (1932).

R�os Tobar, Marcela (Alejandra) (b. Dec. 14, 1966, Santiago, Chile), justice minister of Chile (2022-23).

R�os Urruti, Fernando de los (b. Dec. 8, 1879, Ronda, M�laga province, Spain - d. May 31, 1949, New York City), foreign minister of Spain (1933 and in exile 1945-46). He was also minister of justice (1931) and education and fine arts (1931-33) and ambassador to the United States (1936-39).

R�os Valdivia, (Tom�s) Alejandro (b. Sept. 29, 1901, Valpara�so, Chile - d. July 30, 2000, Santiago, Chile), defense minister (1970-72) and interior minister (1972) of Chile. He was also minister of education (1946-47, 1972).

Ripa di Meana, Carlo (b. Aug. 15, 1929, Marina di Pietrasanta, Lucca province, Italy - d. March 2, 2018, Rome, Italy), Italian politician. He was European commissioner for institutional questions, information policy, culture, and tourism (1985-89) and environment, nuclear safety, and civil protection (1989-92) and minister of environment (1992-93).

Ripert, Jean-Maurice (b. June 22, 1953, Paris, France), French diplomat. He was ambassador to Greece (2000-03), Russia (2013-17), and China (2017-19), permanent representative to the United Nations (2007-09), and UN special envoy for assistance to Pakistan (2009-10).

Ripka, Hubert (b. July 26, 1895, Koberitz, Austria [now Koberice u Brna, Czech Republic] - d. Jan. 7, 1958, London, England), Czechoslovak politician. He was a minister of state (in exile, 1941-45) and minister of foreign trade (1945-48).

Ripley, S(idney) Dillon (b. Sept. 20, 1913, New York City - d. March 12, 2001, Washington, D.C.), secretary of the Smithsonian Institution (1964-84). During World War II he joined the Office of Strategic Services, the predecessor of the Central Intelligence Agency. He coordinated British and American intelligence services for the Southeast Asia Command. While Ripley was secretary, the Smithsonian founded eight new museums and seven new research facilities. Among them was the Air and Space Museum, the capital's most popular with more than 9 million visitors a year. Under his leadership, the number of visits to Smithsonian museums increased from 10.8 million annually to more than 30 million. When he retired in 1984, Ripley returned to one of the Smithsonian's key establishments, the Museum of Natural History, for full-time service in ornithology. He specialized on the birds of India, an interest that began on a visit there with his parents when he was 13.

Ripon, Frederick John Robinson, (1st) Earl of, (1st) Viscount Goderich (of Nocton) (b. Nov. 1, 1782, London, England - d. Jan. 28, 1859, Putney, Surrey, England), British prime minister (1827-28). He was also president of the Board of Trade (1818-23, 1841-43), chancellor of the exchequer (1823-27), war and colonial secretary (1827, 1830-33), and lord privy seal (1833-34). He was leader of the Conservative Party in 1827-28. He was created a viscount in 1827 and an earl in 1833.

Ripon, George (Frederick Samuel) Robinson, (1st) Marquess of, (2nd) Earl of Ripon, (2nd) Viscount Goderich (of Nocton) (b. Oct. 24, 1827, London, England - d. July 9, 1909, Studley Royal, near Ripon, Yorkshire, England), viceroy of India (1880-84); son of Frederick John Robinson, Earl of Ripon. He was also British secretary of state for war (1863-66), India (1866), and colonies (1892-95), lord president of the council (1868-73), first lord of the Admiralty (1886), and lord privy seal (1905-08). He succeeded as earl in 1859 and was created marquess in 1871.

Ripper, Eric (Stephen) (b. Sept. 13, 1951, Subiaco, Western Australia), acting premier of Western Australia (2006).

Ripperd�, Juan Guillermo Ripperd�, duque de, original Dutch name Johan Willem Ripperda (b. March 7, 1682, Oldehove, Groningen [now in the Netherlands] - d. Nov. 5, 1737, T�touan, Morocco), Dutch political adventurer. By his own assertions, his family was of Spanish origin and he was born a Roman Catholic. If so, he conformed to Dutch Calvinism in order to obtain his election as delegate to the States General from Groningen. Sent as Dutch ambassador to Madrid in 1715, he soon went over to the Spanish side and professed himself a Roman Catholic. He first attached himself to Giulio Alberoni, and after the fall of that minister he became the agent of Isabella Farnese, King Felipe V's intriguing wife, whose influence over her husband was boundless. He rose by undertaking to aid her in her schemes to secure the succession to Parma, Piacenza, and Tuscany for her sons. In 1725 he was created a duke and sent as special envoy to Vienna. The result of 10 months of very strange diplomacy was a treaty by which the Holy Roman emperor Karl VI promised very little, but Spain was bound to pay heavy subsidies, which its exhausted treasury was quite unable to afford. When Ripperd� returned to Madrid at the close of 1725, he asserted that the emperor expected him to be made prime minister, and the credulous Spanish sovereigns allowed him to grasp the most important posts under the crown. After it was discovered in 1726 that he not only had made promises he was not authorized to make but had misappropriated large sums of money, he was dismissed. He sought refuge in the English embassy and betrayed the secrets of his government, but the English envoy could not protect him, and he was imprisoned in the castle of Segovia. In 1728 he escaped, probably with the connivance of the government, and made his way to Holland. His last years are obscure, though it is known that he went to Morocco.

Riquelme (Sol�s), Miguel �ngel (b. Sept. 18, 1970, Torre�n, Coahuila, Mexico), governor of Coahuila (2017- ). He was also mayor of Torre�n (2013-16).

D. Risch

Risch, Daniel (b. March 5, 1978, Grabs, St. Gallen, Switzerland), head of government and finance minister of Liechtenstein (2021- ). He was also deputy head of government and minister of infrastructure, economic affairs, and sport (2017-21).

Risch, Jim, byname of James Elroy Risch (b. May 3, 1943, Milwaukee, Wis.), governor of Idaho (2006-07). He has also been a U.S. senator from Idaho (2009- ).

Rischbieter, Karlos Heinz (b. Oct. 24, 1927, Blumenau, Santa Catarina, Brazil - d. Oct. 17, 2013, Curitiba, Paran�, Brazil), finance minister of Brazil (1979-80). He was also president of the Bank of Brazil (1977-79).

Rishchynski, Guillermo (Enrique) (b. Dec. 26, 1953, Toronto, Ont.), Canadian diplomat. He was ambassador to Colombia (1999-2002), Brazil (2005-07), and Mexico (2007-11) and permanent representative to the United Nations (2011-16).

Risikko, Paula (Sinikka) (b. June 4, 1960, Ylih�rm� [now part of Kauhava], Finland), interior minister of Finland (2016-18). She was also minister of health and social services (2007-11), social affairs and health (2011-14), and transport and local government (2014-15) and speaker of parliament (2018-19).

Risterucci, Jean (b. April 11, 1911, Bustanico, Corse, France - d. Feb. 25, 1982), commissioner of Cambodia (1952-53), high commissioner of Gabon (1959-60), and governor of New Caledonia (1965-69). He was also ambassador to Gabon (1960-62).

Ristic, Jovan (b. Jan. 4, 1831, Kragujevac, Serbia - d. Aug. 23, 1899, Belgrade, Serbia), prime minister (1867, 1873, 1878-80, 1887), foreign minister (1867, 1872-73, 1875, 1876-80, 1887), and member of the Regency (1868-72, 1889-93) of Serbia. He was also minister to the Ottoman Empire (1861-67).

Ristovski, Blaze (Petrov) (b. March 21, 1931, Garnikovo, Yugoslavia [now in North Macedonia] - d. Nov. 28, 2018, Skopje, Macedonia [now North Macedonia]), a deputy prime minister of Macedonia (1991-92).

Rita, Mateus Meira, byname Nando, foreign minister of S�o Tom� and Pr�ncipe (2002, 2002-04). He was also ambassador to Nigeria and Equatorial Guinea (2005-09).

Ritch, William G(illett) (b. May 4, 1830, Wawarsing, N.Y. - d. Sept. 14, 1904, Engle, N.M.), acting governor of New Mexico (1875).

Ritchie, Albert C(abell) (b. Aug. 29, 1876, Richmond, Va. - d. Feb. 24, 1936, Baltimore, Md.), governor of Maryland (1920-35). He was also a candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination (1924, 1928, 1932).

Ritchie, Charles Stewart Almon (b. Sept. 23, 1906, Halifax, N.S. - d. June 8, 1995, Ottawa, Ont.), Canadian diplomat. He was ambassador to West Germany (1954-58) and the United States (1962-66), permanent representative to the United Nations (1958-62), and high commissioner to the United Kingdom (1967-71).

Ritchie of Dundee, Charles Thomson Ritchie, (1st) Baron (b. Nov. 19, 1838, Dundee, Scotland - d. Jan. 9, 1906, Biarritz, France), British home secretary (1900-02) and chancellor of the exchequer (1902-03). He was also president of the Board of Trade (1895-1900). He was created baron in 1905.

Ritner, Joseph (b. March 25, 1780, Berks county, Pa. - d. Oct. 16, 1869, Carlisle, Pa.), governor of Pennsylvania (1835-39).

R. Ritschard

Ritschard, Rolf (b. Feb. 13, 1944, Luterbach, Solothurn, Switzerland - d. Jan. 9, 2007, Feldbrunnen-Sankt Niklaus, Solothurn), Landammann of Solothurn (1992, 1997, 2002); son of Willi Ritschard.

Ritschard, Willi (b. Sept. 28, 1918 - d. Oct. 16, 1983), Landammann of Solothurn (1967, 1971) and transport minister (1974-79), president (1978), and finance minister (1980-83) of Switzerland.

Rittenhouse, David (b. April 8, 1732, Germantown [now part of Philadelphia], Pa. - d. June 26, 1796, Philadelphia), chairman of the Council of Safety of Pennsylvania (1776, 1776, 1776) and director of the U.S. Mint (1792-95). He was also known as an astronomer and instrument-maker.

Ritter, Bill, byname of August William Ritter, Jr. (b. Sept. 6, 1956, Denver, Colo.), governor of Colorado (2007-11).

J.E. Ritter

Ritter (Domingo), Jorge Eduardo (b. 1950), interior and justice minister (1981-82) and foreign minister (1988-89, 1998-99) of Panama; son of Eduardo Ritter Aisl�n. He was also ambassador to Colombia (1982-86), permanent representative to the United Nations (1987-88), and canal affairs minister (1997-98).

Ritter Aisl�n, Eduardo (b. Sept. 11, 1916, Panama City, Panama - d. June 10, 2006), Panamanian diplomat. Also known as a poet, he was ambassador to Colombia (1957-58, 1960-61).

Rittikh, Aleksandr (Aleksandrovich) (b. Oct. 9 [Sept. 27, O.S.], 1868, Kazan, Russia - d. June 15, 1930, London, England), agriculture minister of Russia (1916-17).

Riva Palacio, Carlos (b. Oct. 4, 1892, Toluca, M�xico, Mexico - d. May 26, 1936, San Jos�, Costa Rica), governor of M�xico (1925-29) and interior minister of Mexico (1929-30, 1930-31). He was also president of the National Revolutionary Party (1933-34).

Riva Palacio L�pez, Antonio (b. April 26, 1928, Cuautla, Morelos, Mexico - d. July 14, 2014, Cuernavaca, Morelos), governor of Morelos (1988-94). He was also Mexican ambassador to Ecuador (1994-98).

Rivadeneira (Barnuevo), Ricardo (b. 1882?, Trujillo, Peru - d. Sept. 21, 1954, Lima, Peru), prime minister of Peru (1932). He was also minister of justice, worship, and education (1932).

Rivadeneyra (Orc�s), Edgar (b. Quito, Ecuador), interior minister of Ecuador (1998). He was also minister of labour (1997-98).

Rivai Bulu, Syamsul Arief (b. Jan. 28, 1952, Makassar, Sulawesi [now in Sulawesi Selatan], Indonesia), acting governor of Sulawesi Barat (2005-06) and Papua (2011-12).

Rivalland, Sir Michel (Jean Joseph Laval) (b. March 23, 1910 - d. Jan. 29, 1970), acting governor-general of Mauritius (1968); knighted 1968.

Rivarola (Acosta), Cirilo Antonio (b. 1836, Barrero Grande [now Eusebio Ayala], Paraguay - d. Dec. 31, 1879, Asunci�n, Paraguay), president of Paraguay (1869-70, 1870-71).

Rivas, �ngel (P�rez) de Saavedra y Ram�rez de Baquedano, duque de (b. March 10, 1791, C�rdoba, Spain - d. June 22, 1865, Madrid, Spain), prime minister of Spain (1854). He was also minister of the interior (1836) and navy (1854) and minister to the Two Sicilies (1844-50) and France (1857-58). He succeeded as duke in 1834.

Rivas (Morales), Anselmo (Hilario) (b. Nov. 3, 1826, Masaya, Nicaragua - d. May 7, 1904, Granada, Nicaragua), interior minister (1868-69, 1877), foreign minister (1871, 1872-79), and war, justice, and agriculture minister (1877) of Nicaragua.

E. Rivas

Rivas (Franchini), Eda (Adriana) (b. March 24, 1952, Lima, Peru), foreign minister of Peru (2013-14); wife of Diego Garc�a Say�n. She has also been justice minister (2012-13) and ambassador to Italy (2015-16).

Rivas (Moreno), Jos� Nicomedes (b. Sept. 15, 1894, Jajo, Trujillo, Venezuela - d. December 1983, Caracas, Venezuela), interior minister of Venezuela (1943-45). He was also president of Bol�var (1943).

Rivas (Pereira), Manuel Mar�a (b. 1832, Lima, Peru - d. August 1892, Chile), foreign minister of Peru (1886). He was also minister of interior, police, and public works (acting, 1867) and finance and commerce (1881) and minister to Colombia (1879-80), Bolivia (1888-91), and Chile (1891-92).

Rivas (Mej�a), Medardo (b. June 4, 1825, Bogot�, Colombia - d. Sept. 11, 1901, Tena, Cundinamarca, Colombia), governor of Bogot� (1862) and war minister of Colombia (1873-74).

Rivas (Escobar), Raimundo (b. Feb. 25, 1889, Bogot�, Colombia - d. Feb. 24, 1946, Bogot�), foreign minister of Colombia (1930-31). He was also mayor of Bogot� (1917).

Rivas D�vila, Carlos (Justo Serapio) (b. Dec. 14, 1945, Eten, Lambayeque, Peru), economy and finance minister of Peru (1988-89).

Rivas Groot, Jos� Mar�a (b. March 23, 1864, Bogot�, Colombia - d. Oct. 26, 1923, Rome, Italy), foreign minister of Colombia (1906). He was also minister of education (1901, 1906-08) and minister to the Vatican (1909-11).

Rivas Guill�n, Genovevo (b. 1886, Ray�n, San Luis Potos�, Mexico - d. [falling down a precipice with his tractor] March 20, 1947, Ciudad Valles, San Luis Potos�), governor of San Luis Potos� (1938-39).

Rivas P.

Rivas Palacios, Antonio (b. Nov. 8, 1963, Iturbe, Paraguay), foreign minister of Paraguay (2019-20). He has also been ambassador to Ecuador (2010-12), Spain (2014-19), and Chile (2021- ).

Rivas Ugalde, (Manuel) Eduardo (b. Oct. 13, 1915, Totora, Cochabamba department, Bolivia - d. May 1974, Cochabamba, Bolivia), interior minister of Bolivia (1960-62). He was also prefect of Cochabamba (1956), minister of peasant and agricultural affairs (1963), and mayor of Cochabamba (1972).

Rivas Vicu�a, Manuel (b. May 1, 1880, Santiago, Chile - d. Aug. 4, 1937, Santiago), finance minister (1912-13) and interior minister (1913, 1922-23, 1926-27) of Chile; cousin of Pedro Rivas Vicu�a. He was also minister to Switzerland and Austria (1922) and ambassador to Peru (1931-34).

Rivas Vicu�a, Pedro (Mar�a) (b. Dec. 27, 1872, Santiago, Chile - d. March 13, 1938, Santiago), foreign minister of Chile (1923). He was also president of the Chamber of Deputies (1922-23), minister to Japan and China (1925-27), and governor of Valpara�so (1933-35).

Rivaz, Sir Charles Montgomery (b. March 11, 1845, Tirlings Park, Essex, England - d. Oct. 7, 1926, London, England), lieutenant governor of Punjab (1902-07); knighted 1901.

Rivera (Est�vez), (Jos�) Am�lcar (b. 1974, Escuintla, Guatemala), Guatemalan politician. He was mayor of Mixco (2004-12) and a minor presidential candidate (2019, 2023).

Rivera (y Freire de Andrade), Juan de Dios (b. 1787 - d. 1843), war and marine minister of Chile (1823). He was also intendant of Concepci�n (1823-26, 1827-29, 1830).

Rivera (Ortiz), Olegario (b. Nov. 1, 1845, Neiva, New Granada [now Colombia] - d. Sept. 21, 1911, Neiva), war minister (1890-92, 1898) and finance minister (1898-99) of Colombia.

Rivera (Salazar), Rodrigo (b. April 20, 1963, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia), defense minister of Colombia (2010-11). He was also president of the Chamber of Representatives (1995-96) and ambassador to Belgium (2011-18) and Luxembourg (2012-18).

Rivera Aceves, Carlos (b. June 29, 1941, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico), interim governor of Jalisco (1992-95). He was also mayor of Zapopan (1989-90).

Rivera Carballo, Julio Adalberto (b. Sept. 2, 1921, Zacatecoluca, El Salvador - d. July 29, 1973, San Jos� Guayabal, El Salvador), member of the Civic-Military Directory (1961) and president (1962-67) of El Salvador. He was also ambassador to the United States (1968-73).

Rivera Fl�rez, Guillermo (Abel) (b. Feb. 13, 1970, Mocoa, Putumayo, Colombia), interior minister of Colombia (2017-18). He has also been ambassador to Brazil (2023- ).

Rivera Ir�as, Ariel (b. Sept. 14, 1943), foreign minister of Guatemala (1989-91). He was also ambassador to the United States (2000-02).

Rivera Jofr�, Carlos (b. May 29, 1853, Santiago, Chile - d. Sept. 4, 1903, Iquique, Chile), war and marine minister of Chile (1894-95).

Rivera Schreiber, Ricardo (Ernesto V�ctor) (b. Nov. 11, 1892, Lima, Peru - d. July 25, 1969, Boston, Mass.), foreign minister of Peru (1952-54). He was also minister to Ecuador (1929-31) and Japan (1936-41) and ambassador to Spain (1943-45), Italy (1946-48), and the United Kingdom (1949-52, 1954-62).

Rivero (y Ustariz), Francisco de (b. Arequipa, Peru - d. ...), Peruvian diplomat. He was minister to Chile (1843-44), charg� d'affaires (1848, 1850-52) and minister (1855-59, 1866-69) to the United Kingdom, and charg� d'affaires (1852-55) and minister (1855-56, 1858-59, 1866-69) to France. In 1857 he was appointed finance minister in his absence, but did not take up the position.

Rivero (Barreto), Oswaldo de (b. Aug. 2, 1936, Lima, Peru), Peruvian diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (2001-06) and ambassador to the United States (2021-23).

A. Rivero

Rivero Ag�ero, Andr�s (Jos�) (b. Feb. 4, 1905, Burene barrio, San Luis municipality, Oriente province [now in Santiago de Cuba province], Cuba - d. Nov. 11, 1997, Miami, Fla.), Cuban politician. Already active in politics when he completed his education, he ran for municipal councilman in Santiago de Cuba and was elected. During Fulgencio Batista's 1940-44 presidency, he was minister of agriculture (1941-43) and ambassador to Peru (1943-44). Later he was minister of education (1952-54), senator from Pinar del R�o province, and prime minister (1957-58). He resigned the premiership early in 1958 to campaign for the presidency. His younger brother Nicol�s, his campaign manager in the city of Santiago de Cuba, was killed by unidentified gunmen on July 1, 1958. Rivero won the Nov. 3, 1958, election in the midst of a full-blown insurrectionary movement led by Fidel Castro. Rivero, long an intimate friend and political associate of Batista, was the candidate of a four-party government coalition; the Castro rebels, however, boycotted the election. Rivero received considerably more than twice the total number of votes cast for his opponents in the election. But Castro's revolution was victorious on Jan. 1, 1959, and he and Batista fled the country.

P. Rivero

Rivero Baute, Paulino (b. Feb. 11, 1952, El Sauzal, Tenerife, Spain), president of the government of Canarias (2007-15).

Rivero Torres, Otto (b. Oct. 19, 1968), a vice premier of Cuba (2004-09).

Rivers, Eurith D(ickinson) (b. Dec. 1, 1895, Center Point, Ark. - d. June 11, 1967, Atlanta, Ga.), governor of Georgia (1937-41).

Rivertz, Johan Albrigt (b. Aug. 14, 1874, Hemnes, Nordland, Norway - d. Jan. 14, 1942), governor of Finmarkens amt/Finnmark fylke (1912-21).

Rivet, Louis (F�lix Marie �douard) (b. April 29, 1869, Fort-de-France, Martinique - d. 1933), governor of the French Settlements in Oceania (1922-27) and administrator of Kwangchowan (1927-29).

Rivi�re, Nicolas de (b. Sept. 26, 1963, Paris, France), French diplomat. He has been permanent representative to the United Nations (2019- ).

Riviere, (Francis) Osborne (b. Feb. 10, 1932, Colihaut, Dominica - d. Nov. 23, 2017, Lamentin, Martinique), foreign minister (2001-05) and acting prime minister (2004) of Dominica. He was also minister of trade, industry, and marketing (2000-01).

Rivlin, Reuven (b. Sept. 9, 1939, Jerusalem, Palestine), president of Israel (2014-21). He was minister of communications (2001-03) and speaker of the Knesset (2003-06, 2009-13).

Rivoal, Henri Georges (b. July 15, 1886 - d. March 18, 1963), governor of Cochinchina (1940-42).

Riwut, Tjilik (b. Feb. 2, 1918, Kasongan, Netherlands East Indies [now in Kalimantan Tengah, Indonesia] - d. Aug. 17, 1987, Banjarmasin, Kalimantan Selatan, Indonesia), governor of Kalimantan Tengah (1958-67).

Riyad Pasha, (Mustafa), Arabic (Mustafa) Riyad Basha (b. 1836 - d. 1911), interior minister (1878-79, 1882) and prime minister (1879-81, 1888-91, 1893-94) of Egypt.

Rizayev, Davlyat (b. 1903 - d. 1937), first secretary of the Communist Party committee of the Karakalpak A.S.S.R. (1937). He was also people's commissar of education of the Khorazmian S.S.R. (1923-24) and executive secretary of the party committee of Samarkand city (1933-34).

Rizayeva, Abad (Sakhatovna), Turkmen Abat (Sahatowna) Riza�ewa (b. 1944, Tedzhen, Ashkhabad oblast, Turkmen S.S.R. [now Akhal velayat, Turkmenistan]), a deputy prime minister of Turkmenistan (1994). She was also minister of education (1999-2001).

Rizhvadze

Rizhvadze, Tornike (b. March 25, 1989, Khulo municipality, Adzhar A.S.S.R., Georgian S.S.R.), prime minister of Ajaria (2018- ).

Rizk, Edmond (Amine) (b. March 11, 1934, Jezzine, Lebanon), Lebanese politician. He was minister of education (1973-74) and justice and information (1989-90).

Rizo, Escol�stico, foreign minister (1891-92) and interior minister (1892-93) of Nicaragua.

Rizo (Castell�n), Jos� (b. Sept. 27, 1944, Jinotega, Nicaragua - d. April 23, 2019, Valpara�so, Chile), vice president of Nicaragua (2002-05). He was a presidential candidate in 2006.

Rizo Pombo, Jos� (Henrique) (b. Nov. 26, 1934, Cartagena, Colombia - d. June 9, 2018, Cartagena), Colombian politician. He was mayor of Cartagena (1977-78) and minister of public works and transport (1997-98).

Rizzi, �ngelo D�rio (b. Oct. 26, 1921, Pedreira, S�o Paulo, Brazil), acting prefect of Distrito Federal (1961).

F. Rizzo

Rizzo, Frank (Lazarro) (b. Oct. 23, 1920, Philadelphia, Pa. - d. July 16, 1991, Philadelphia), mayor of Philadelphia (1972-80). He joined the Philadelphia police in 1943. As he rose through the ranks, he became known as the "Cisco Kid," a tribute to his fearlessness and taste for action. He was named deputy police commissioner of Philadelphia in 1963 and rose to commissioner in 1967. He showed his mettle when, with a nightstick protruding from his cummerbund, he left a 1969 black-tie affair in order to lead "my men, my army" to break up a riot. In 1972 his hard-nosed tactics were applied to the militant Black Panthers; during a police raid on their headquarters, members were herded into the street and ordered to strip naked. Known as a "cop's cop," he expanded the police force, won the enthusiastic loyalty of his men, and kept the crime rate in Philadelphia below that of any other major U.S. city. He campaigned as a law-and-order Democrat to be elected mayor in November 1971. On Aug. 3, 1979, the U.S. Department of Justice filed suit in the U.S. District Court, charging that Rizzo and 18 high-ranking city and police officials either committed or condoned "widespread and severe" acts of police brutality. The suit alleged that Rizzo's crime-fighting techniques involved encouragement of tolerance of brutal practices such as beatings and shootings of suspects. The charges were dismissed. Rizzo attempted to change the city charter so he could serve a third successive term in office but was unsuccessful. In 1983 he lost the Democratic primary to W. Wilson Goode and, though he returned as a Republican in 1987, Rizzo lost again to Goode in the general election. Rizzo was in the process of staging another bid for the office of mayor when he died.

Rizzo Garc�a, S�crates (Cuauht�moc) (b. Sept. 14, 1945, Linares, Nuevo Le�n, Mexico), governor of Nuevo Le�n (1991-96). He was also mayor of Monterrey (1989-91).