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PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE INHIBITION OF SOCIAL CHANGE

L. Ya. Gozman

The social psychological aspects of the reforms ongoing in our country are analysed. Traditionally passive stand of the psychological science as far as social problems are concerned and the absence of research on the burning social topics are pointed out. There are two psychological characters the lack of which in many persons determines the psychological resistance to the restructuring; these are active position and cognitive pluralism. Both of these characters are formed in a regular way in the onthogenetic process. The study describes their being influenced by different socio-cultural factors such as specific circumstances of upbringing and education, propaganda stereotypes etc. On the base of this analysis an attempt is made in the study to predict the development of the restructuring process. Putting special attention to possible evil consequences of the ongoing social changes the author considers several specific problems which can be solved only with the help of a series of special psychological studies.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF SIGHT IN THE CONTEXT OF THE PROSPECTS OF THE GENERAL SPIRITUAL DEVELOPMENT OF AN INDIVIDUAL

V. P. Zintchenko

The article is based on the report to the National symposium on Moral Education of the Pre-School Age Children (Goteiba, Japan, August 8�10, 1988). An attempt has been made to link the experimental research on visiual perception in the children of the pre-school age with the cultural historic theory of Vygotsky. This link is described against the background of some fragments taken from the painting history.

PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT IN ADOLESCENCE

D. I. Feldstein

The laws of successive social maturation of a growing person are described using adolescence as an example. Deep analysis of the stage-by-stage development of an adolescent is presented. This development is considered through the peculiar characteristics of self-consciousness in the different manifestations thereof � self-evaluation, personality reflexion, requirements on oneself and on others, motives of activity, ideals, interests of the children of different age groups (10�11, 12�13 and 14�15).

ON THE NATURE OF THE NON-RETENTION PHENOMENA IN PIAGET TASKS

N. I. Tchuprikova

In the study reasons are presented for the dependence of the phenomena of non-retention of length, quantity and weight in Piaget tasks on the lack of differentiation in the reflection of different object properties. The data are reviewed on the successful forming of the capacity to fulfil retention tasks with the non-retenting children. It is shown that behind the very different, on the sight, techniques of such forming there is always a process of developing more articulate and differentiated reflection of different object properties. It is concluded that viewing mental activities as analytico-synthetical and using modern cognitive psychology concepts the age called by Piaget a period of concrete operations formation must be qualified as a period of forming and cognitive differentiation of well-developed mental representations of perceived properties of physical objects.

ON THE MAIN DIRECTIONS IN THE IMAGINATION DEVELOPMENT OF A PRESCHOOLER

O. M. Dyatchenko

The problem of the imagination development in the pre-school age is considered. Imagination is viewed as a higher mental function the becoming of which essentially consists of the mastering by a child of certain means.

On the basis of the analysis of a great body of facts (data of special and those gathered in the psychological consultation for pre-schoolers) the characteristics of the imagination process in pre-schoolers were studied. Among these are the specific structural features of this process, the main stages of its development in the pre-school age and individual differences in imagination (predominance of the "affective" imagination directed to the self-image cotrol or "cognitive" one directed to the cognition of the environment).

The results of the study make it possible to design some strategies of the imagination edu�cation.

SEARCH ACTIVITIES: PROBLEMS OF TEACHING AND DEVELOPMENT

I. S. Korostelyova, V. S. Rotenberg

The importance of search activities for the normal mental development of a child and possible

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ways of the state of diving up search activity being formed in different age periods are considered. The study leads to a conclusion that frustration of the leading activity defining the child development stage is decisive for the development of the taught helplessness (as a sort of search refusal).

TAKING INTO ACCOUNT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES OF SCHOOLCHILDREN IN THE LEARNING PROCESS

M. K. Akimova, V. T. Kozlova

For the individual approach to students to be efficient it should be based on deep scientific knowledge of individual differences. In the article some forms of learning activities and some kinds of learning tasks which are not helpful for individuals with weak and inert nervous system are considered. The ways to overcome their difficulties and what a teacher can do to help them are shown.

PSYCHOLOGICAL-HISTORICAL PECULIARITIES OF THE CONCEPTION OF MAN IN LEONARDO DA VINCI'S CREATIVE WORK

S. S. Dashkova

Creative work of Leonardo da Vinci has been analized in the context of evolution of the historical-cultural conception of man. The author regards empirical observations, scientific ideas, and works of art pertaining to representation of man as generalized manifestations of the conception of man and of individuality characteristic of particular historical erochs. Some phenomena of social perception described in Leonardo's diaries are considered from the viewpoint of present-day science.

STYLE OF ACTIVITY: NEW APPROACHES AND ASPECTS

Ye. P. Ilyin

Style of activity is determined by a number of properties (morphological, physiological, psycholo�gical) � not only by typological properties of the nervous system. It is more proper therefore to define activity style as a tactical system of ways of performing particular tasks and not as a way of performing particular acts. Styles of activity also do not get developed as a means of efficient performance. Relations between the style and efficiency are rather complicated, and there may be cases when styles, developed in accordance with typological dispositions, are counterproductive from the efficiency point of view. The data are given which show that styles may have variants, i. e. there may exist substyles.

AN INTER-D1SC1PLINARY CONCEPTION OF MAN: NEED-INFORMATION APPROACH

P. V. Simonov

Using a need-information approach (P. Simonov. Emotional Brain. New York, Plenum, 1986) the author presents essential definitions of several concepts of general psychology: personality � a unique composition and inner hierarchy of the main (vital, social, ideal) needs of a given person including varieties of their conservation and development, "for the self" and "for others"; character � an individual manifestation and composition of subsidiary needs for overcoming (will), competence and economy of strength characteristic of a given person; soul, spirit � an individual manifestation in a given personality structure of the ideal need for knowledge and of the social need "for others", the first of these needs being usually called "spirit", the second one being termed "soul", emotion � a reflection by the brain of some actual need and of the probability (possibility) of its fulfillment, an active state of a system of specialized brain formations inducing the subject to change its behavior in the direction of minimization or maximization of this state; consciousness � operating a knowledge which can be pas�sed to other people using words, mathematical symbols, technology patterns and images of art, including also passing it over to other generations in the form of the cultural heritage; subconsciousness � automatized and thereby not perceived cosciously habits, behavior patterns learned by imitation, internalized social norms whose regulative function is experienced as "the voice of conscien�ce", "feeling of maral obligation" and the like; superconsciousness (creative intuition) � a brain mechanism of hypothesis-formation whose corres�pondence to the reality is proved by the later social practice.

THE THEORY OF FREUD: THE CHANGE OF AN ATTITUDE

L. A. Radzikhovskiy

The general cultural and methodological importance of the theory of Freud is considered. It is shown that a peculiar type of study has been formed in psychoanalysis � the study of psychological phenomena as independent of consciousness and in this sense objective. The importance of psychoanalysis for the organization of psychotherapeutic work in our country is stressed.

INTERHEMISPHERIC ASYMMETRY AND VERBAL AND NON-VERBAL COMPONENTS OF COGNITIVE ABILITIES

M. K. Kabardov, M. A. Matova

The complex experimental study has shown relative independence of verbal and non-verbal components of abilities in adolescents. A comparative

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analysis presents more close links between verbal ability components and the successful mastering of liberal arts subjects while non-verbal components appear more closely related to science subjects. Relatively more frequent dominance of the right hemisphere was found in the audio-verbal perception of adolescents as compared with that of adults. With Sth-form pupils having higher level of non-verbal abilities it is the right hemisphere dominance in the working over of audio-verbal and visual information that is more of ten found. It was shown that the non-verbal ability components remain not disclosing the existing educational system and are the reserve for raising of the efficiency of schooling.

INTER-HEMISPHERIC ASYMMETRY AND INDIVIDUAL STYLES OF EMOTIONAL RESPONDING

V. A. Moskvin

According to the data of a psychodiagnostic study 52 unilateral right-handed men have shown correlation of a dominant elbow with an individual style of emotional responding. These styles correspond to two parameters of personality � "general activity" and "emotionality" in V. D. Ne-bylitsin's terms. It is supposed that the A. R. Luria test ("arms cross") is an outer marker of the functional dominance of frontal-reticular or frontal-limbic brain structures. Neurophysiological and neurochemical arguments thereof are given.

PORTRAIT AS AN INSTRUMENT FOR MEASURING INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS

Ye. Yu. Artemyeva, G. A. Kovalyov, N. V. Semilyet

A new modified version of the semantic differential (SD) technique is tried wherein a human portrait is used for measuring interpersonal relations in a group and their dynamics. The technique is based on the expert evaluations of graphic pictures of a human being which disclose the attitude of an author to other group members and to himself. Is has been shown that the specific graphic form of these pictures translates subjective meanings of the relations between the authors of the drawings. The technique makes it possible, in contrast to direct verbal SD evaluations, to get deeper and more objective information on the character of interpersonal relations between men in the situation of group interaction.

VISUAL AND KINAESTHETIC ESTIMATION OF SENSORY STIMULI BY CHILDREN OF DIFFERENT AGES

V. I. Loupandin, I. V. Augenberg, N. A. Ivanitchkina, L. Ye. Kozina, S. A. Shevtchenko

In the study the data was obtained that junior children (5�7 years old) while estimating sensory stimuli and the difference in their strength use ordinal or interval scales more often. Later the relation scale gets developed which is based on the life experience of the subject and on his capicity for giving quantitative expression to interstimuli relations.

DINAMICS OF EMOTIONAL TENSION STATES AS A FUNCTION OF INDIVIDUAL PERSONALITY CHARACTERISTICS

A. V. Makhnach, Yu. V. Boushov

Dependence of an emotional tension state (ET) on individual personality characteristics in the special conditions of activity (SCA) is studied. SCA were created in a pressure chamber by "raising" to the altitude of 300 m with the speed of 4 m/sec (duration of staying 'at the altitude' was 40 min). 40 practically healthy men participated in the experiment. For the study of ET dynamics the methods of M. Lusher, of Ch. D. Spieiberger, the functional state self-evaluation questionnaire; were used. Personality traits were measured by H. Eysenck S. Rosenzwieg techniques, and by SMOL. It was found out that ET state is a function of such personality traits as extraversion-introversion, neuroticism, rigidity, impulsivity, of a type of frustration response direction. These results make it possible to predict psychophysiologic responses of an individual, his reliability in SCA.

EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES OF PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT IN THE THEORY OF C. ALLRED

V. Ye. Tsaryov, I. A. Kuzmitchova

The article presents psychological analysis of Positive Action school curriculum developed by Dr. Carol Allred, PH. D. and the staff of Positive Action Publishing, Twin Falls, Idaho, USA. Positive Action concepts are: self-management, self-concept, physical health, intellectual growth, getting along with others, self-honesty and self-improvement. Evaluation data shows effectiveness of Positive Action curriculum by improving student behavior, academic achievement, locus of control, positive skills in communication, drug abuse pre�vention and some other important elements in to-day's school climate. The article also refers to the opportunities of joint Soviet-American research of Positive Action impact on child's personality creative development.

THE PROSPECTS OF HUMANISTIC TEACHING

A. B. Orlov

The article deals with the ideas Carl Rogers' book "Freedom to learn for 80's" contains. The book shows new and progressive trends in educational psychology. It can be of great help to Soviet teachers and psychologists.