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Three-factor model of �significant others�

A. V. Petrovskiy

Three-factor model of �significant others� employing as factors of importance authority, attraction and referentiality of a subject is offered. The importance of a pupil to a pedagogue and vice versa in different educative tactics' application (surveillance, policy of dictation, collaboration, non-interference) is stressed.

Comprehension as a cognitive psychology problem

V. V. Znakov

The correlation of cognition and comprehension in modern cognitive psychology is analyzed. The following aspects of the problem are discussed: Is the comprehension one of cognition's varieties? Is the forming of comprehension possible without cognition's actual participation? Is cognitive activity when its subject does not understand its intermediate results possible? The comprehension is interpreted as such a task solving process in the course of which the meanings of task elements as well as the meaning of its whole structure are formed. There are three possible forms of situation comprehension depending on the type of a task to be solved. The content and psychological mechanisms of each of these forms are shown.

The use of Torrance tests in creativity and its development in junior schoolchildren studies

N. B. Shumakova, E. I. Shcheblanova, N. P. Shcherbo

The figural forms A and B of Torrance tests of creative thinking were adapted in 1000 Moscow schoolchildren (6�17 year olds) � 500 children for each form. New indices of answer's originality were worked out. The tests were used for the evaluation of junior schoolchildren's creative thinking development in the course of special program for gifted. The comparison of the results shown before and after the program by experimental and control groups demonstrated its effectiveness. After 6 months of training experimental group as opposed to the control one had significantly higher total score of creative thinking as well as for some of its parameters (fluency, flexibility, elaboration, and especially originality).

The effects of collaboration and communication between peers (5�9 year olds) on their cognitive development

J. R. H. Tudge

The impact of collaboration and communication among 5�9 year olds on their cognitive development was explored in the course of 3 experiments. Children worked on a task either as individuals or in pairs. Each child's partner thought about the task at the same level as him, at a higher level, or at a lower one. When no feedback was provided (experiments I and II) only children whose partners reasoned at a higher level were likely to improve. Those whose partner reasoned at a lower level declined more than all other children. The same pattern of results was obtained in an American and a Russian sample (experiment II). When feedback from the task materials was provided however (experiment III), individuals improved more than pairs. These results are discussed in terms of Piagetian and Vygotskian theories.

The dialogue as the foundation of pedagogical communication

S. A. Shein

The questioning of 70 teachers acting as experts demonstrated 7 styles of pedagogical communication (confidential-dialogic, altruistic, conformistic, passive-indifferent, conflict-oriented, reflective-manipulative, monologic-authoritative). The differentiation of these styles is affirmed by T. Leary's method and reflects two opposite directions of pedagogical communication's development: mono-logic one counteracting valuable teacher's and pupil's interaction and dialogic one promoting their equal collaboration.

A pedagogue, seeking new approaches: some outlines of psychological portrait

F. M. Yusupov

The program and results of experimental study aiming at expozure by test methods of pedagogue's psychological qualities favourable to innovation's presentations are described.

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Nature and humankind: psychological problems

A. I. Ryzhikov

Modern society, leaving nature for technogenic world, is alienated to everything natural in its consciousness. In ancient times humans were united to the nature by various taboos, later by religious limitations. Nowadays nature's preservation is possible only as a result of every citizen's high culture level. Law regulations do not protect nature against pollution.

Concerning socio-cultural determination of musical-artistic taste

V. G. Mozgot

Artistic taste represents one of the most important problems of modern psychological-pedagogical science and art criticism. Being complex structure depending on aesthetic needs, interests and ideals, it manifests itself in person's attitude to artistic occurences and values accumulated by humankind in its social-historical activity. Socio-cultural phenomenon of musical-artistic taste includes different forms and directions of aesthetic appraisal by a person of eventual dynamics of the world as well as the results of activity in musical and artistic productions' perception in accordance with social-aesthetic norms.

Components and levels in functional structure of human activity

V. E. Milman

The general scheme of human activity's functional structure dealing with psychological analysis of labour and educational activity forms is considered. As a basic one A. N. Leontiev's scheme is used. Such elements as motive, purpose and condition are distributed on different levels of activity, action and operation. To the basic scheme other structure components: object, means, composure, control, evaluation, product are added, resulting in more completed one. It makes distinct and corresponding levels, stages and substructures of human activity. The most important part (as well as in Leontiev's scheme) is played by motive and purpose interrelation; their correlation to activity's object is no less important.

The notion of aggressiveness in modern Western psychology

T. G_._ Rumyantseva

The modern stage of aggressiveness research is characterized by careful definition of the meaning and sense of the term �aggression� and other connected to it notions. There are controversies and difficulties in its practical application. The tendency to overcome these by reaching qualitatively new level � making the notion of aggressiveness multifactorial, synthetic and complex � is shown.

Concerning emotional context of speech identification

A. H. Pashina

The peculiarities of emotional context identification by an examinee listening to audio-taped actor's utterances (joyous, sad, frightened, angry, and neutral) were studied in two situations: when the phrases sounded naturally; and when their meaning was impossible to understand, so that the listener had to use only extralinguistic component of the utterance. The examinees' principal ability to identificate emotional context by extra-linguistical component is shown. There are significant individual differences in the probability of right identification.

Personal-situative mediation of emotions' expression and identification

N. V. Vitt

The article reviews the expression and auditory identification of emotions through intonational (non-verbal), verbal, and content features of speech, and also presents experimentally obtained data on emotional self-monitoring of speech. The latter depends both on personality traits and communication situations, and it is discussed as a phenomenon of a complex structure � having conscious and unconscious levels, process and result aspects, its basic characteristics being modality, direction (orientation), flexibility.

Correlation between the development of mental operations and emotional experience in preschoolers during play

T. L. Telegina, M. L. Pigareva

Correlation between mental development and emotional state in 5�7 years old children when constricting a square was studied. The children were divided into two groups: with low level of functional development (group A) and with high one (group B). For group A emotional processes (assessed by speech changes) were more marked out and labile than for group B. When negative emotion was formed by insoluble task in the beginning of the experiment motivation level on the last stage of it was dependent on individual ability to solve such a task. Group A children's

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actions were characterized by spontaneity, action appraisal appeared at its final stage and was accompanied by homogeneous, mostly negative, emotion. Group B children marked out the objectives of their activity, evaluated its success and their emotions were contradictory. Motivation for task solving decreased more in group A than in group B.

The problem of cognition and memory interrelation

E. F. Ivanova

By means of action's interruption method the peculiarities of cognition and memory interrelation on operational level were studied. It was established that cognitive operations notable for content analysis and mnemonic ones characterized by material form analysis, constantly superseded each other. Both these actions included the features of another but in obliterated form. Ziegarnik's effect properties on different stages of interruption of cognitive and mnemonic operations were exposed. The process of these actions implementation was studied and its components shown: productivity, content treatment of material quality, analysis and transformation of its external form.

Style features of activity self-regulation study

V. I. Morosanova

Style features of activity self-regulation determined as individual-stable way of activity components' organization, guaranteing the process of self-regulation in different kinds of activity were experimentally studied. The target sample comprised athletes � expert shots. It is shown that personal trails influence successful sports training through individual features of self-regulation in sports training. Every type of personal accentuation corresponded to style peculiarities of self-regulation complex, connected to different success in sports training. The latter was ensured by the formation of such regulative properties, which compensated for unfavourable personal accentuation.

Space cognition test: working out and application

I. S. Yakimanskaya, V. G. Zarhin, H-M. H. Kadayas

Space cognition test is described, including 5 sub-tests requesting the examinees to manipulate the size and form of objects in image creation process and to operate with the images in order to mentally change the objects' position and structure or execute the composition of these transformations. Sub-tests differ in material (drawing, geometry) and in complexity level. The test can be used for the correction of individual difficulties concerning images' manipulation in schoolchildren and students.

Infra-family factors' influence on individual formation

T. A. Dumitrashku

The results of large family studies in foreign psychology are presented. It is shown that such family factors as family size, sequence and intervals of births determine the child's intellect, personality and character development. The increase of children's number in a family leads to the intellectual potential deterioration: the higher child's birth order the lower intellectual indices. It partly can be compensated for by the increase of intervals between births. The first and the last children in large family differ in such personal traits as anxiety, introversion, communicability, independence, frustration, etc. Theoretical notions concerning effects of family size and birth order are discussed.

Tomographs: psychological aspects

I. E. Lalayants, L. S. Milovanova

The use of different kinds of tomography in psychological, physiological, and psychiatric research is outlined. Some examples illustrating it are presented. Modern bibliography concerning computer tomograph, nuclear magnetic resonance and positron emission ones is reviewed.

The notion of horror and psychology of human perception of primates

V. B. Sapunov

Two forms of horror � rational and irrational � are described. The first of them is based upon logical comprehension of real danger, the latter � on inherited forms of behavior. Innate horror concerning primates combining human and animal features is its example. The hypothesis explaining it as a result of human forefathers' and representatives' of parallel branch of humanity conflicts is presented. The author's own observations and literary data suggest that some descendants of this branch can still exist but stay unrevealed because of psychological specificity of relations.