Romania (original) (raw)

Romania

Feb 1859 - Dec 1861	Dec 1861 - 30 Jun 1866	30 Jun 1866 - 8 Jan 1948
30 Mar 1867 - 8 Mar 1872 Royal Flag	8 Mar 1872 - 30 Dec 1947 Royal Flag	8 Jan 1948 - 13 Apr 1948
13 Apr 1948 - 24 Sep 1952	24 Sep 1952 - 21 Aug 1965	21 Aug 1965 - 27 Dec 1989
Adopted 27 Dec 1989

Note: The country was usually known in English as "Rumania" until the spelling was officially changed to "Romania" in Feb 1966.

Calendar Note: Dates before 1861 are given according to Old Style (Julian) calendar, and after according to New Style (Gregorian) calendar - except for Transylvania, which had already switched in 1587. New Style was formally adopted in Romania effective 4 Mar 1920/18 Mar 1920.

Wallachia (Walachia)

680 - af.900 Part of Bulgaria.
af.900 - 1091 Part of Pecheneg khanate.
1091 - 1... Part of Cumania (Cuman-Kipchak rule).
1... - 12.. Part of Bulgaria.
Mar 1241 - 1243 Mongol occupation of much of Wallachia.
12.. - 1324 Part of Hungary.
c.1324 Principality of Hungaro-Wallachia consolidated (Ungrovlahia;
in Romanian commonly called Ţara Rom�nească, and even
more colloquially Muntenia), under Hungarian suzerainty
to Nov 1330.
1369 - 1394 Hungarian vassal.
Oct 1394 - 23 Sep 1403 Ottoman vassal.
Mar 1427 - 2 Sep 1442 Ottoman vassal.
1462 - 1476 Ottoman vassal.
1541 Part of Ottoman Empire.
20 May 1595 - Dec 1596 Dependency of Transylvania.
Dec 1610 - 12 Mar 1611 Occupied by Transylvania.
5 Dec 1769 - Sep 1774 Occupied by Russia (Russians withdraw May 1770 - Oct 1771).
4 Nov 1789 - 4 Sep 1791 Occupied by Austria.
27 Dec 1806 - 2 Oct 1812 Occupied by Russia.
16 Mar 1821 - 16 May 182l Rebellion against the Phanariote rulers, rebels take the capital.
16 May 1821 - 24 Sep 1822 Direct Ottoman rule. 30 Jun 1828 - 2. Jul 1834 Occupied by Russia.
14 Sep 1829 Autonomy confirmed by Treaty of Adrianople between Ottoman
Empire and Russia. Wallachia receives back three small Ottoman
territories, north of the Danube (Brăila, Giurgiu and Turnu).
Sep 1848 - Apr 1851 Russian and Ottoman troops enter Wallachia.
13 Nov 1853 - 19 Jul 1854 Occupied by Russia (troops present already from Jul 1853).
19 Aug 1854 - 5 Oct 1854 Occupied by Austria (de facto to 25 Mar 1856).
19 Aug 1858 Autonomy renewed by international (Paris) convention.
23 Dec 1861 Merger with Moldavia into the United Rumanian
Principalities (fully effected 22 Jan/3 Feb 1862).

Voivodes and Lords�
c.1310 - 1352 Basarab I "cel Mare" (b. 127. - d. 1352)
1352 - 16 Nov 1364 Nicolae Alexandru (b. 129. - d. 1364)
17 Nov 1364 - 1376? Vladislav I "Vlaicu Vodă" (b. 132. - d. 1376?)
1376? - 1385 Radu (I) "Negru" (b. 132. - d. 1385)
1385 - 23 Sep 1386 Dan I (b. 135. - d. 1386)
24 Sep 1386 - 31 Jan 1418 Mircea I "cel Bătr�n" (b. 135. - d. 1418)
1395 - Jan 1397 Vlad I "Uzurpatorul" (b. 137. - d. 1397)
(pretender in dissidence)
1 Feb 1418 - Apr? 1420 Mihai I (b. 138. - d. 1420)
Apr? 1420 - Sep? 1422 Radu II "Praznaglava" (1st time) (b. 138. - d. 1428?)
Sep? 1422 - Mar? 1431 Dan II (b. 138. - d. 1431)
1426 - Mar 1427 Radu II "Praznaglava" (2nd time) (s.a.)
(pretender in dissidence)
Mar? 1431 - Dec 1436 Alexandru I Aldea (b. 139. - d. 1436?)
Dec 1436 - Dec 1447 Vlad II "Dracul" (b. 139. - d. 1447)
Sep 1442 - 1444 Basarab II (b. 140. - d. c.1456)
(pretender in dissidence)
Dec 1447 - Jun? 1456 Vladislav II (b. 142. - d. 1456)
Oct 1448 - Nov 1448 Vlad III "Ţepeş", "Draculea" (b. 1431 - d. 1477)
(1st time)(pretender in dissidence)
Jun? 1456 - Jul? 1462 Vlad III "Ţepeş" (2nd time) (s.a.)
Jul? 1462 - 23 Nov 1473 Radu III "cel Frumos" (b. 1438? - d. 1475)
24 Nov 1473 - 23 Dec 1473 Basarab III "Laiotă cel Bătr�n" (b. 142. - d. 1480)
(1st time)
23 Dec 1473 - 1474 Radu III "cel Frumos" (1st time) (b. c.1437 - d. 1475)
1474 - 20 Oct 1474 Basarab III "Laiotă cel Bătr�n" (s.a.)
(2nd time)
Sep 1474 - Oct 1474 Radu III "cel Frumos" (2nd time) (s.a.)
(pretender)
20 Oct 1474 - Dec? 1474 Basarab IV "cel T�năr" (b. 143. - d. af.1482)
Dec? 1474 - Apr? 1475 Radu III "cel Frumos" (3rd time) (s.a.)
Apr? 1475 - Oct 1476 Basarab III "Laiotă cel Bătr�n" (s.a.)
(3rd time)
Oct 1476 - Jan 1477 Vlad III "Ţepeş" (3rd time) (s.a.)
Jan 1477 - Nov? 1477 Basarab III "Laiotă cel Bătr�n" (s.a.)
(4th time)
Nov? 1477 - Apr? 1482 Basarab IV "cel T�năr" (b. 143. - d. 1482)
Jun 1480 - Oct 1480 Mircea II (b. 143. - d. 1480?)
(pretender in dissidence)
Apr? 1482 - Sep 1495 Vlad IV "Călugărul" (b. 142. - d. 1495)
(pretender in dissidence Apr 1481)
1492 - Apr 1508 Radu IV "cel Mare" (b. 1467? - d. 1508) (co-ruler to Sep 1495)
Apr 1508 - Oct 1509 Mihnea "cel Rău" (b. 1462? - d. 1510)
Oct 1509 - Jan 1510 Mircea III "Miloş" (b. 148. - d. 1521)
Jan 1510 - 23 Jan 1512 Vlad V "cel T�năr" (b. 1494 - d. 1512)
23 Jan 1512 - 15 Sep 1521 NeagoeBasarab V (b. 146. - d. 1521)
16 Sep 1521 - Jan 1522 Teodosie (b. 1505 - d. 1522)
Oct 1521 Vlad VI "Călugărul" (b. 150. - d. 1521)
(pretender in dissidence)
Jan 1522 - Apr 1523 Radu V "de la Afumaţi" (1st time) (b. 148. - d. 1529)
Apr 1523 - Oct 1523 Vladislav III (b. 146. - d. 1525)
Oct 1523 - Jan 1524 Radu VI Bădica (b. 149. - d. 1524)
Jan 1524 - Mar 1524 Radu V "de la Afumaţi" (2nd time) (s.a.)
Mar 1524 - Aug 1524 Vladislav III (1st time) (b. 146. - d. 1525)
Aug 1524 - 2 Jan 1529 Radu V "de la Afumaţi" (3rd time) (s.a.)
Apr 1525 - Aug 1525 Vladislav III (2nd time) (s.a.)
(pretender)
3 Jan 1529 - Feb 1529 Basarab VI (b. 149. - d. 1529?)
Feb 1529 - Mar 1529 Neagoe (acting)
Mar 1529 - c.4 Jun 1530 Moise (b. 1508 - d. 1530)
c.4 Jun 1530 - Oct 1532 Vlad VII "�necatul" (b. 150. - d. 1532)
Oct 1532 - Jun 1535 Vlad VIII Vintilă (b. 148. - d. 1535)
Jun 1535 - Feb 1545 Radu VII Paisie (b. 148. - d. 1545)
(= Petru de la Argeş)
Mar 1536 - Apr 1536 Barbu Neagoe (usurper) (b. 14.. - d. 1565)
May 1539 - Jul 1539 Şerban din Izvorani (usurper) (d. 1543)
May 1544 Laiotă Basarab (d. 1544)
(pretender in dissidence)
Feb 1545 - 15 Nov 1552 Mircea III "Ciobanul" (1st time) (b. 149. - d. 1559)
15 Nov 1552 - May 1553 Radu VIII Ilie "Haidăul" (b. 151. - d. 1558)
May 1553 - Mar 1554 Mircea III "Ciobanul" (2nd time) (s.a.)
Mar 1554 - 24 Dec 1557 Pătraşcu "cel Bun" (b. 152. - d. 1557)
24 Dec 1557 - 25 Jan 1558 Socol (acting)
25 Jan 1558 - 25 Sep 1559 Mircea IV "Ciobanul" (3rd time) (s.a.)
26 Sep 1559 - 31 May 1568 Petru I "cel T�năr" (b. 1547 - d. 1568)
(acting to 24 Oct 1559)
31 May 1568 - Jun 1568 Chiajna (acting) (b. c.1525 - d. 1588)
Jun 1568 - 27 Sep 1577 Alexandru II (b. 1529 - d. 1577)
21 Apr 1574 - c.3 May 1574 Vintilă (pretender in dissidence) (b. 154. - d. 1574)
4? May 1574 - Jul 1583 Mihnea II "Turcitul" (1st time) (b. 1565 - d. 1601)
(co-ruler to 27 Sep 1577)
Jul 1583 - 29 Aug 1583 Borcea (acting)
29 Aug 1583 - 6 Apr 1585 Petru II "Cercel" (b. 1545 - d. 1590)
6 Apr 1585 - 20 May 1585 Paraschiv (acting)
20 May 1585 - May 1591 Mihnea II "Turcitul" (2nd time) (s.a.)
May 1591 - Oct 1592 Ştefan I "Surdul" (b. 155. - d. 1595)
Oct 1592 - 8 Sep 1593 Alexandru III "cel Rău" (b. 156. - d. 1597)
8 Sep 1593 - c.7 Oct 1593 Stroe Buzescu (acting)
c.7 Oct 1593 - Oct 1600 Mihai II "Viteazul" (b. 1558 - d. 1601)
Nov 1599 - 12 Sep 1600 Nicolae Pătraşcu -Co-ruler (b. 1584 - d. 1627)
Oct 1600 - 24 Jun 1601 Simion Moghilă (1st time) (b. 156. - d. 1607)
24 Jun 1601 - Sep 1601 .... (acting)
Sep 1601 - Mar 1602 Radu X Mihnea (1st time) (b. c.1585 - d. 1626)
Nov 1601 - Jul 1602 Simion Moghilă (2nd time) (s.a.)
(in opposition to Mar 1602)
Jul 1602 - Dec 1610 Radu Şerban (1st time) (b. 155. - d. 1620)
Dec 1610 - 12 Mar 1611 Transylvanian occupation
12 Mar 1611 - May 1611 Radu X Mihnea (2nd time) (s.a.)
May 1611 - 19 Sep 1611 RaduŞerban (2nd time) (s.a.)
19 Sep 1611 - 24 Jul 1616 Radu X Mihnea (3rd time) (s.a.)
24 Jul 1616 - Sep 1616 .... (acting)
Sep 1616 - 27 May 1618 Alexandru IV Iliaş (1st time) (b. 15.. - d. af.1633)
27 May 1618 - 14 Aug 1618 Lupu Mehedinţeanu (acting)
(Princely Lieutenant)
14 Aug 1618 - Aug 1620 Gavril Moghilă (b. 15.. - d. 1635)
Aug 1620 - Aug 1623 Radu X Mihnea (4th time) (s.a.)
Aug 1623 - Nov 1627 Alexandru V "Coconul" (b. 1610 - d. 1632)
Nov 1627 - 28 Jan 1628 Lepădat (acting)
28 Jan 1628 - Oct 1629 Alexandru IV Iliaş (2nd time) (s.a.)
Oct 1629 - Aug 1632 Leon Tomşa
Aug 1632 - 20 Sep 1632 Radu Iliaş
20 Sep 1632 - 9 Apr 1654 Matei Basarab (b. 1580 - d. 1654)
1654 - 23 Feb 1658 Constantin Şerban Basarab"C�rnul"(b. 158. - d. 1685)
(1st time)
23 Feb 1658 - Dec 1659 Mihnea III Radu (b. 161. - d. 1660)
Dec 1659 - 1 Sep 1660 Gheorghe Ghica (G�ka) (b. 1600 - d. 1664)
1 May 1660 - 21 May 1660 Constantin Şerban Basarab "C�rnul"(s.a.)
(2nd time)(pretender in dissidence)
6 Dec 1660 - 20 Nov 1664 Grigore Ghica (G�ka)(1st time) (b. 1628 - d. 1675)
20 Nov 1664 - 12 Feb 1665 .... (acting)
12 Feb 1665 - Mar 1669 Radu Leon (b. 16.. - d. 1670)
Mar 1669 - 9 Apr 1669 .... (acting)
9 Apr 1669 - 13 Jan 1672 Antonie din Popeşti
13 Jan 1672 - 20 Mar 1672 Radu Creţulescu (acting)
20 Mar 1672 - Nov 1673 Grigore Ghica (2nd time) (s.a.)
6 Dec 1673 - Nov 1678 Gheorghe Duca (Do�kas) (b. 16.. - d. 1685)
Nov 1678 - 6 Jan 1679 Badea Băleanu
+ Hrizea Karydi
(acting)
6 Jan 1679 - 29 Oct 1688 ŞerbanConstantin Kantakozino (b. 1640 - d. 1688)
(Kantakouzịn�s)
30 Oct 1688 - 24 Mar 1714 Constantin Br�ncoveanu (b. 1654 - d. 1714)
25 Mar 1714 - 9 Jan 1716 Ştefan Constantin Kantakozino (b. 166. - d. 1716)
9 Jan 1716 - 30 Jan 1716 .... (acting)
30 Jan 1716 - 14 Nov 1716 Nicolae Alexandru Mavrocordat (b. 1670 - d. 1730)
(1st time)
14 Nov 1716 - Dec 1716 .... (acting)
Dec 1716 - 12 Feb 1719 Ioan Alexandru Mavrocordat (b. 1684 - d. 1719)
12 Feb 1719 - 26 Apr 1719 .... (acting)
26 Apr 1719 - 23 Aug 1730 Nicolae Alexandru Mavrocordat (s.a.)
(2nd time)
23 Aug 1730 - 6 Oct 1730 Constantin Nicolae Mavrocordat (b. 1711 - d. 1769)
(1st time)
Oct 1730 - Oct 1731 Mihai Ioan Racoviţă (1st time) (b. 16.. - d. 1744)
Oct 1731 - May 1733 Constantin Nicolae Mavrocordat (s.a.)
(2nd time)
May 1733 - Nov 1735 Grigore Matei Ghica (1st time) (b. 1690 - d. 1752)
Nov 1735 - Sep 1741 Constantin Nicolae Mavrocordat (s.a.)
(3rd time)
Sep 1741 - Jul 1744 Mihai Ioan Racoviţă (2nd time) (s.a.)
Jul 1744 - Apr 1748 ConstantiNicolae Mavrocordat (s.a.)
(4th time)
Apr 1748 - 23 Aug 1752 Grigore Matei Ghica (2nd time) (s.a.)
23 Aug 1752 - Sep 1752 .... (acting)
1 Oct 1752 - Jul 1753 Matei Grigore Ghica (b. 1715 - d. 1761)
Jul 1753 - Mar 1756 Constantin Mihail Racoviţă (b. 170. - d. 1764)
(1st time)
Mar 1756 - 15 Apr 1756 .... (acting)
15 Apr 1756 - Sep 1758 Constantin Nicolae Mavrocordat (s.a.)
(5th time)
Sep 1758 - Jun 1761 Scarlat Grigore Ghica (1st time) (b. 1715 - d. 1766)
Jun 1761 - Mar 1763 Constantin Nicolae Mavrocordat (s.a.)
(6th time)
Mar 1763 - 23 Apr 1763 .... (acting)
23 Apr 1763 - 26 Jan 1764 Constantin Mihail Racoviţă (s.a.)
(2nd time)
26 Jan 1764 - 1764 .... (acting)
1764 - 1 Sep 1765 Ştefan Mihail Racoviţă
1 Sep 1765 - 2 Dec 1766 Scarlat Grigore Ghica (2nd time) (s.a.)
Dec 1766 - Nov 1768 Alexandru Scarlat Ghica
Nov 1768 - 5 Dec 1769 Grigore Alexandru Ghica (b. 1724 - d. 1777)
5 Dec 1769 - 1770 Graf Pyotr Aleksandrovich (b. 1725 - d. 1796)
Rumyantsev
(Russian military commander)
1770 Aleksandr Gavrilovich Zamyatin (d. 1772)
(Russian president of Divan of Wallachia)
May 1770 - Oct 1771 Emanuel "Manole" Giani-Ruset (b. 1715 - d. 1794)
18 Nov 1771 - Sep 1774 Andrey Ivanovich Meder (d. 1792)
(Russian president of Divan of Wallachia)
Sep 1774 - 3 Feb 1775 .... (acting)
3 Feb 1775 - 14 Feb 1782 Alexandru Ioan Ipsilanti (b. c.1726 - d. 1807)
(Ypsil�ntis) (1st time)
14 Feb 1782 - 18 Mar 1782 .... (acting)
18 Mar 1782 - 27 Aug 1783 Nicolae Caragea (Karad�ě) (b. 1737 - d. 1784)
27 Aug 1783 - 17 May 1786 Mihai Constantin Suţu (1st time) (b. 1730 - d. 1803)
17 May 1786 - 4 Nov 1789 Nicolae Petru Mavrogheni (b. 1738 - d. 1790)
1788 - 1790 Franz Maria Freiherr von Thugut (b. 1736 - d. 1818)
(Austrian administrator-general
of Moldavia and Wallachia)
4 Nov 1789 - 4 Sep 1791 Friedrich Josias Prinz von
Sachsen-Coburg-Saalfeld (b. 1737 - d. 1815)
(Austrian military administrator)
4 Sep 1791 - 15 Jan 1793 Mihai Constantin Suţu (2nd time) (s.a.)
15 Jan 1793 - Mar 1793 .... (acting)
Mar 1793 - 21 Aug 1796 Alexandru Constantin Moruzi (b. c.1750 - d. 1816)
(1st time)
21 Aug 1796 - Sep 1796 .... (acting)
Sep 1796 - 24 Nov 1797 Alexandru Ioan Ipsilanti (s.a.)
(2nd time)
24 Nov 1797 - Dec 1797 .... (acting)
Dec 1797 - 18 Feb 1799 Constantin Hangerli (b. c.1760 - d. 1799)
18 Feb 1799 - 14 Mar 1799 .... (acting)
14 Mar 1799 - Oct 1801 AlexandruConstantin Moruzi (s.a.)
(2nd time)
Oct 1801 - 20 Jun 1802 Mihai Constantin Suţu (3rd time) (s.a.)
29 Jun 1802 - 25 Aug 1802 Alexandru "Draco"Nicolae Suţu (b. 1758 - d. 1821)
(1st time) (acting; title: kaymakam [ _caimacam_])
25 Aug 1802 - 14 Oct 1802 .... (acting)
14 Oct 1802 - 16 Aug 1806 Constantin Ipsilanti (1st time) (b. 1760 - d. 1816)
16 Aug 1806 - 1 Oct 1806 .... (acting)
1 Oct 1806 - 10 Oct 1806 Alexandru "Draco"Nicolae Suţu (s.a.)
(2nd time)
11 Oct 1806 - 15 Dec 1806 .... (acting)
15 Dec 1806 - Aug 1807 Constantin Ipsilanti (2nd time) (s.a.)
(from Dec 1806, under Russian occupation)
Russian Vice-presidents of Divan of Wallachia (subject to presidents in Moldavia)
27 Dec 1806 - Sep 1807 Mikhail Andreyevich Miloradovich (b. 1771 - d. 1825)
(Russian military commander)
Sep 1807 - 9 Aug 1809 Knyaz' Aleksandr Aleksandrovich (b. 1732 - d. 1809)
Prozorovskiy
Mar 1808 - Aug 1809 Mikhail Andreyevich Miloradovich (s.a.)
(acting for Prozorovskiy)
Mar 1809 - 1811 Grigoriy Grigoryevich Engel'gardt (b. 1759 - d. 1833)
(Gotthard von Engelhardt)
bf.Jun 1811 - Nov 1811 Ivan Ivanovich Shtetter (b. 17.. - d. 1812)
Nov 1811 - 1812 Khristofor Markovich Komneno (b. 1744 - d. 1815)
1812 Sergey Yakovlevich Repninskiy (b. 1775 - d. 1818)
Jun 1812 - Sep 1812 Pavel Vasilyevich Chichagov (b. 1767 - d. 1849)
(Russian governor-general of Moldova and Wallachia)
Voivodes and Lords�
2 Oct 1812 - 12 Dec 1812 .... (acting)
12 Dec 1812 - 29 Sep 1818 Ioan Gheorghe Caragea (Karad�ě) (b. 1745 - d. 1845)
30 Sep 1818 - 17 Jan 1819 .... (acting)
17 Jan 1819 - 19 Jan 1821 Alexandru "Draco"Nicolae Suţu (s.a.)
(3rd time)
15 Sep 1820 - 16 Mar 1821 .... (acting)
Feb 1821 - Jun 1821 Scarlat Alexandru Callimachi (b. 1773 - d. 1821)
(did not take the office)
16 Mar 1821 - 15 May 1821 Tudor Constantin Vladimirescu (b. c.1780 - d. 1821)
(Conducator [Leader], in rebellion)
16 May 1821 - 24 Sep 1822 Ştefan Vogoridi (b. 1774 - d. 1859)
(= Stojko Conkov Stojkov)
(Ottoman governor; title: kaymakam [caimacam])
24 Sep 1822 - 30 Jun 1828 Grigore Dimitrie Ghica (b. 1755 - d. 1834)
Russian Vice-presidents of Divan of Wallachia (subject to presidents in Moldavia)
1828 - 1829 Semyon Osipovich Gotovskiy (b. 1778 - d. af.1835)
Mar 1829 - Apr 1830 Aleksandr Karlovich Boshnyak (b. 1786 - d. 1831)
c.Jul 1830 ... Ditrikh
c.Mar 1831 Matvey Yakovlevich Minchaki (b. 1769 - d. 1852)
183. - Jul 1834 Fyodor Yakovlevich Mirkovich (b. 1789 - d. 1866)
**Voivodes and Lords�
2. Jul 1834 - 1 Jan 1843 Alexandru Dimitrie Ghica (Ghika) (b. 1795 - d. 1862)
1 Jan 1843 - 13 Jun 1848 Gheorghe Dimitrie Bibescu (b. 1804 - d. 1873)
14 Jun 1848 - 28 Jun 1848 MitropolitNeofit II (1st time) (b. 1777 - d. 1850)
(president of the provisional government)
28 Jun 1848 - 29 Jun 1848 **Princely Lieutenancy - Teodor Constantin Văcărescu, (b. 1775 - d. 1853)
diş Furtună
- Emanoil Grigore Băleanu (b. 1793 - d. 1862) Lib
29 Jun 1848 - 28 Jul 1848 MitropolitNeofit II (2nd time) (s.a.)(president of the interim government)
28 Jul 1848 - 13 Sep 1848 Princely Lieutenancy - Nicolae Constantin Golescu (b. 1810 - d. 1878) Lib
- Ioan Ilie Eliade Rădulescu (b. 1801 - d. 1872) Lib
- Christian Tell (b. 1808 - d. 1884) Mil
13 Sep 1848 - 16 Jun 1849 Constantin Iordache Cantacuzino (b. 1791? - d. 1877)
(Princely Lieutenant)
16 Jun 1849 - 17 Oct 1853 Barbu Dimitrie Bibescu-Ştirbeĭ (b. 1799 - d. 1869)
(1st time)
16 Oct 1853 - 13 Nov 1853 Gheorghe Filipescu
(president of Extraordinary Administrative Council)
Russian Commissioner Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, and President of Administrative Councils (Divans) of Moldavia and Wallachia (in Bucharest)
13 Nov 1853 - 19 Jul 1854 Baron Aleksandr Ivanovich Budberg (b. 1798 - d. 1876) Mil
(Alexander Freiherr von Budberg, gen. Bonninghausen)
Voivodes and Lords 19 Jul 1854 - 23 Sep 1854 Constantin Iordache Cantacuzino (s.a.)
(president of Extraordinary Administrative Council)
19 Aug 1854 - 25 Mar 1856 Johann Baptist Alexius Graf (b. 1794 - d. 1880)
Coronini-Cronberg
(Austrian Military Governor)
19 Aug 1854 - 25 Mar 1856 Eduard Freiherr von Bach (b. 1815 - d. 1884)
(Austrian Civil Commissioner)
23 Sep 1854 - 25 Jun 1856 Barbu Dimitrie Bibescu-Ştirbeĭ (s.a.)
(2nd time)
25 Jun 1856 - 16 Jul 1856 Emanoil Grigore Băleanu (s.a.) NP
(president of Extraordinary Administrative Council)
16 Jul 1856 - 18 Oct 1858 Alexandru Dimitrie Ghica(Ghika) (s.a.)
(Princely Lieutenant)
18 Oct 1858 - 24 Jan 1859 Princely Lieutenancy
- Emanoil Grigore Băleanu (s.a.) NP
- Ioan Mihail Manu (b. 1803 - d. 1874)
- Ioan Alexandru Filipescu (b. 1811 - d. 1863) Mod
24 Jan 1859 - 22 Jan 1862 Alexandru Ioan I Cuza (b. 1820 - d. 1873)

Presidents of the Council of Ministers (Prime ministers)
25 Jan 1859 - 27 Mar 1859 Ioan Alexandru Filipescu (s.a.) Mod
27 Mar 1859 - 6 Sep 1859 Constantin Alexandru Creţulescu (b. 1809 - d. 1884) Mod
(Kretzulescu)
6 Sep 1859 - 11 Oct 1859 Nicolae Alexandru Creţulescu (b. 1812 - d. 1900) Mod
(Kretzulescu)
11 Oct 1859 - 28 May 1860 Ion Dimitrie Ghica (Ghika) (b. 1817 - d. 1897) Lib
28 May 1860 - 13 Jul 1860 Nicolae Constantin Golescu (s.a.) Rad
13 Jul 1860 - 17 Apr 1861 Emanoil Costache Ioan Epureanu (b. 1824 - d. 1880) Lib
4 Feb 1861 - 1861 Gheorghe Costa-Foru (Costaforu) (b. 1820 - d. 1876) Con
(acting for Epureanu)
17 Apr 1861 - 30 Apr 1861 Vacant
30 Apr 1861 - 12 May 1861 Barbu Ştefan Catargiu (Catargi) (b. 1807 - d. 1862) Con
12 May 1861 - 11 Jul 1861 Ştefan Dinicu Golescu (b. 1809 - d. 1874) Rad
19 Jun 1861 - 1861 Vasile Iordache Mălinescu (b. 1817 - d. 1866) Lib?
(acting for Golescu)
11 Jul 1861 - 19 Jul 1861 Constantin Barbu Bălcescu (acting)(b. 1813 - d. 1902)
19 Jul 1861 - 22 Jan 1862 Dimitrie Grigore principe Ghica (b. 1816 - d. 1897) Con

Party abbreviations: Con = Conservative; Lib = Liberal; Mod = Moderate; NP = Partida Nationala (National Party, liberal, 1856-1859); Rad = Radical

**Noble and Ecclesiastical Titles: F reiherr = Baron; _Graf_= Count; F�rst,Knyaz', Principe, Prinz = Prince; Mitropolit = Metropolitan.

�usual translation of the title: Din Mila lui Dumnezeu, Voievoda si Domn a toată Ţara Ungrovlahiei ("by the grace of God, Voivode and Lord of all the Hungaro-Wallachian Land").

Moldavia

Calendar Note: dates before 1861 are given according to Old Style (Julian) calendar, and after according to New Style (Gregorian) calendar..

c.803 - af.900 Part of Bulgaria.
af.900 - 10.. Part of Pechenegs (Pa�inaq) rule.
10.. - 1241 Cuman-Kipchak rule.
Mar 1241 - 13.. Mongol occupation.
c.1347 Principality of Moldavia (Țara Moldovei) founded.
26 Sep 1387 - 1394 Polish vassal.
9 Jun 1456 - 1471 Ottoman vassal.
1394 - 1402 Hungarian vassal.
1402 - 1456 Polish vassal.
1456 - 1473 Ottoman vassal.
12 Jul 1475 - 1479 Hungarian vassal.
1479/80 - 1485 Ottoman vassal.
15 Sep 1485 - 1489 Polish vassal.
14 Jul 1484 Ottoman Empire annexes Kiliya, and on 4 Aug 1484 Akkerman
(modern Belgorod-Dnestrovskiy), followed by two more
Moldavian territories along the Dniester - Bender in 1538
and Khotyn in 1712.
1489 Ottoman vassal.
1541 - 1861 Part of Ottoman Empire
22 May 1600 - Sep 1600 Administered by Wallachia.
14 Sep 1739 - Oct 1739 Occupied by Russia.
26 Sep 1769 - 28 Sep 1774 Occupied by Russia.
7 May 1775 Bukovina ceded to Austria by Ottoman Empire.
Oct 1788 - May 1792 Occupied by Russia (to 1790, jointly with Austria).
23 Nov 1806 - Nov 1812 Occupied by Russia.
5 Jul 1812 Eastern half of Moldavia (Bessarabia) is ceded by Ottoman
Empire to Russia in Treaty of Bucharest (signed 28 May 1812),
the cession included the four Ottoman directly held territories.
6 Mar 1821 - 15 Jun 182l Rebellion against the Phanariote rulers, rebels take the capital.
15 Jun 182l - 12 Oct 1822 Direct Ottoman rule.
25 Apr 1828 - 15 Jul 1834 Occupied by Russia.
14 Sep 1829 Autonomy confirmed by Treaty of Adrianople between Ottoman
Empire and Russia.
Jul 1848 - Apr 1851 Russian and Ottoman troops enter Moldavia.
21 Nov 1853 - 2 Sep 1854 Occupied by Russia (troops already present from Jul 1853).
Sep 1854 - 25 Mar 1856 Occupied by Austria.
30 Mar 1856 - 8 Oct 1878 Russia returns three districts in southern Bessarabia
(Bolgrad, Cahul and Ismail) to Moldavia.
19 Aug 1858 Autonomy renewed by international {Paris) convention.
23 Dec 1861 Merger with Wallachia into the United Rumanian
Principalities (fully effected 22 Jan/3 Feb 1862).

Voivodes� c.1347 - c.1354 Dragoş (b. 13.. - d. c.1354)
c.1354 - c.1363 Sas (b. 13.. - d. c.1363)
c.1363 - 1367 Bogdan I "�ntemeietorul" (b. 13.. - d. 1367)
1367 - 1368 Petru I (b. 13.. - d. 1368)
1368 - 1375 Laţcu (b. 13.. - d. 1375)
1375 - Dec 1391 Petru II "Muşat" (b. 13.. - d. 1391)
Dec 1391 - Dec 1394 Roman I "Muşat" (b. 134. - d. 1394)
Dec 1394 - 1399 Ştefan I (b. 136. - d. 1399)
1399 - 1400 Iuga "Ologul" (= Gheorghe I) (b. 136. - d. 1400?)
23 Apr 1399 - 1400 Alexandru "cel Bun" (b. 137. - d. 1432)
(pretender in dissidence)
1400 - 1 Jan 1432 Alexandru "cel Bun" (s.a.)
2 Aug 1414 - 2 Nov 1433 Iliaş I (1st time) (b. 1409 - d. 1448)
(co-ruler to 1 Jan 1432)
Sep 1433 - 4 Aug 1435 Ştefan II (1st time) (b. 1411 - d. 1447)
4 Aug 1435 - Aug 1442 Iliaş I (2nd time) (s.a.)
18 Aug 1438 - 24 Feb 1442 Roman II -Co-ruler(1st time) (b. 1427 - d. 1448)
Mar 1436 - 13 Jul 1447 Ştefan II (2nd time) (s.a.)
Apr 1443 - 1445 Petru III -Co-ruler (1st time) (b. 1422 - d. 1448)
13 Jul 1447 - Aug 1447 Roman II (2nd time) (s.a.)
Aug 1447 - Jan? 1448 Petru III (2nd time) (s.a.)
Jan? 1448 - Mar 1448 Roman II (3rd time) (s.a.)
Mar 1448 - Oct 1448 Petru III (3rd time) (s.a.)
Oct 1448 - Dec 1448 Csupor de Monoszl� (Ciubăr Vodă)
(acting)
Dec 1448 - 12 Oct 1449 Alexandru II (Alexăndrel) (b. 1438 - d. 1455)
(1st time)
12 Oct 1449 - 15 Oct 1451 Bogdan II (b. 141. - d. 1451)
11 Feb 1450 - 15 Oct 1451 Ştefan "cel Mare" -Co-ruler (b. 1433 - d. 1504)
(1st time)
15 Oct 1451 - Feb 1452 Petru IV Aron (1st time) (b. 141. - d. 1470)
Feb 1452 - 22 Aug 1454 Alexandru II (2nd time) (s.a.)
22 Aug 1454 - Jan? 1455 Petru IV Aron (2nd time) (s.a.)
Jan? 1455 - 25 Mar 1455 Alexandru II (2nd time) (s.a.)
25 Mar 1455 - 12 Apr 1457 Petru IV Aron (3d time) (s.a.)
12 Apr 1457 - 2 Jul 1504 Ştefan III "cel Mare" (2nd time) (s.a.)
24 Sep 1498 - 22 Apr 1517 Bogdan III "cel Chior" (b. 1479 - d. 1517)
(co-ruler to 30 Jun 1504)
22 Apr 1517 - 14 Jan 1527 Ştefan IV (Ştefăniţă) (b. 1507 - d. 1527)
14 Jan 1527 - 20 Jan 1527 .... (acting)
20 Jan 1527 - 14 Sep 1538 Petru V Rareş (1st time) (b. 1487 - d. 1546)
14 Sep 1538 - 21 Sep 1538 .... (acting)
21 Sep 1538 - 20 Dec 1540 Ştefan V "Lăcustă" (b. 1508 - d. 1540)
21 Dec 1540 - 16 Feb 1541 Alexandru III Cornea (b. 148. - d. 1541)
16 Feb 1541 - 10 Mar 1541 .... (acting)
10 Mar 1541 - 3 Sep 1546 Petru V Rareş (2nd time) (s.a.)
3 Sep 1546 - 30 May 1551 Iliaş II Rareş (b. 152. - d. 1555)
1 May 1551 - 11 Jun 1551 Ştefan Rareş -**R egent (b. 1531 - d. 1552)
1 May 1551 - 11 Jun 1551 Elena (Elena Ecaterina)(f) -Regent
11 Jun 1551 - 1 Sep 1552 Ştefan VI Rareş (s.a.)
1 Sep 1552 - 12 Sep 1552 Ioan (I) Joldea
12 Sep 1552 - 18 Nov 1561 Alexandru IV Lăpuşneanu (1st time)(b. 150. - d. 1568)
18 Nov 1561 - 9 Nov 1563 Ioan II "Despot Vodă" (usurper) (b. 1523 - d. 1563)
(= I�kovos Irakle�dis)
9 Aug 1563 - Feb 1564 Ştefan VII Tomşa (b. 15.. - d. 1564)
(pretender in dissidence to 9 Nov 1563)
Feb 1564 - 9 Mar 1568 Alexandru IV Lăpuşneanu (2nd time)(s.a.)
9 Mar 1568 - Feb 1572 Bogdan IV Lăpuşneanu (b. 1554 - d. 1577)
9 Mar 1568 - 12 Nov 1570 Ruxandra (f) -Re gent (b. 1538 - d. 1570)
Feb 1572 - 11 Jun 1574 Ioan III "cel Viteaz" (b. c.1520 - d. 1574)
11 Jun 1574 - 24 Jul 1574 .... (acting)
24 Jul 1574 - 2 Dec 1579 Petru VI "Şchiopul" (1st time) (b. 1534 - d. 1594)
18 Nov 1577 - 31 Dec 1577 Ioan IV "Potcoavă" (b. c.1540 - d. 1578)
(pretender in dissidence)
9 Feb 1578 - 13 Mar 1578 Alexandru V "Potcoavă" (b. 154. - d. 1578)
(pretender in dissidence)
2 Dec 1579 - Dec 1579 .... (acting)
Dec 1579 - Sep 1582 Iancu "Sasul" (b. 152. - d. 1582)
Sep 1582 - 17 Oct 1582 .... (acting)
17 Oct 1582 - 19 Aug 1591 Petru VI "Şchiopul"(2nd time) (s.a.)
2 Feb 1590 - 19 Aug 1591 Ştefan -Co-ruler (b. 157. - d. 1602)
19 Aug 1591 - Dec 1591 .... (acting)
Dec 1591 - Jun 1592 Aron "cel Cumplit" (1st time) (b. 155. - d. 1595)
Jun 1592 - 8 Oct 1592 Nestor Ureche (acting)
Jul 1592 - 4 Oct 1592 Petru VII "Cazacul" (b. 154. - d. 1592)
(pretender in dissidence)
8 Oct 1592 - 25 Jun 1595 Aron "cel Cumplit" (1st time) (s.a.)
Apr 1595 - 27 Aug 1595 Ştefan VIII Răzvan (usurper) (b. 15.. - d. 1595)
27 Aug 1595 - 22 May 1600 Ieremia Moghilă (1st time) (b. 155. - d. 1606)
22 May 1600 - Sep 1600 administered by Wallachia 14 Jun 1600 - Jul 1600 Pr incely Lieutenants
- Udrea Băleanu
- Andronic Cantacuzino
- Sava
- Negrea
Jul 1600 - Sep 1600 Pr incely Lieutenants - Marcu Cercel
- Preda Buzescu
Sep 1600 - 30 Jun 1606 Ieremia Moghilă (2nd time) (s.a.)
30 Jun 1606 - 14 Sep 1607 Simion Moghilă (b. 156. - d. 1607)
14 Sep 1607 - 6 Dec 1607 Mihail Moghilă (b. 158. - d. 1608)
6 Dec 1607 - 18 Dec 1611 Constantin Moghilă (b. c.1594 - d. 1612)
(pretender in dissidence Oct - 15 Nov 1607)
18 Dec 1611 - 20 Dec 1611 .... (acting)
20 Dec 1611 - 20 Nov 1615 Ştefan Tomşa (1st time)
21 Nov 1615 - 24 Jul 1616 Alexandru Moghilă
24 Jul 1616 - 10 Feb 1619 Radu Mihnea (1st time) (b. c.1585 - d. 1626)
11 Feb 1619 - 10 Sep 1620 Gasparo Gratiani (b. c.1575 - d. 1620)
(= Gaspar Gratiani, duca di Naxos)
10 Sep 1620 - 15 Oct 1621 Alexandru Iliaş (1st time) (b. 15.. - d. af.1633)
15 Oct 1621 - Aug 1623 Ştefan Tomşa (2nd time)
Aug 1623 - Sep 1623 Ghianghea (1st time)(acting)
Sep 1623 - 13 Jan 1626 Radu Mihnea (2nd time) (s.a.)
13 Jan 1626 - 20 Jan 1626 Ştefan Dumitraşcu (acting)
20 Jan 1626 - 30 Aug 1629 Miron Barnovschi Moghilă (b. 158. - d. 1633)
(1st time)
30 Aug 1629 - May 1630 Alexandru V "Coconul" (b. 1610 - d. 1632)
May 1630 - Jun 1630 .... (acting)
Jun 1630 - Dec 1631 Moise Moghilă (1st time) (b. 1596 - d. 1661)
Dec 1631 - Apr 1633 Alexandru Iliaş (2nd time) (s.a.)
Apr 1633 - 22 Jun 1633 Miron Barnovschi Moghilă (s.a.)
(2nd time)
22 Jun 1633 - Aug 1633 Ghianghea (2nd time)(acting)
Aug 1633 - Mar 1634 Moise Moghilă (2nd time) (s.a.)
Mar 1634 - 27 Apr 1634 Ghianghea (3rd time)(acting)
27 Apr 1634 - 3 Apr 1653 Vasile Nicolae Lupu (1st time) (b. 1595 - d. 1661)
3 Apr 1653 - 28 Apr 1653 Gheorghe Ştefan Dumitraşcu (b. 16.. - d. 1668)
(1st time)
28 Apr 1653 - 8 Jul 1653 Vasile Nicolae Lupu (2nd time) (s.a.)
8 Jul 1653 - 3 Mar 1658 GheorgheŞtefan Dumitraşcu (s.a.)
(2nd time)
Mar 1658 - 2 Nov 1659 Gheorghe Ghica (G�ka) (b. 1600 - d. 1664)
2 Nov 1659 - 21 Nov 1659 Constantin Şerban Basarab (b. 158. - d. 1661)
(1st time)
21 Nov 1659 - 17 Jan 1661 Ştefăniţă (Stefan) Lupu (1st time)(b. 1643 - d. 1661)
17 Jan 1661 - 16 Feb 1661 ConstantinŞerban Basarab (b. 158. - d. 1661)
(2nd time)
16 Feb 1661 - 19 Sep 1661 Ştefăniţă Lupu (2nd time) (s.a.)
19 Sep 1661 - 1661 .... (acting)
1661 - 11 Sep 1665 Eustraţie Dabijea (b. 16.. - d. 1665)
11 Sep 1665 - Nov 1665 .... (acting)
Nov 1665 - 24 May 1666 Gheorghe Duca (Do�kas)(1st time) (b. 16.. - d. 1685)
24 May 1666 - 8 Nov 1668 Iliaş Alexandru
8 Dec 1668 - 10 Aug 1672 Gheorghe Duca (2nd time) (s.a.)
10 Aug 1672 - 23 Nov 1673 Ştefan Toader Petriceicu (b. 16.. - d. 1690)
(1st time)
23 Nov 1673 - Dec 1675 Dumitraşcu Cantacuzino (1st time) (b. 1648 - d. 1685)
(Kantakouzin�s)
Dec 1675 - 6 Dec 1678 Antonie Lascaris Ruset (b. c.1615 - d. 1685)
(= Antonio Rosetti)
6 Dec 1678 - 25 Dec 1683 Gheorghe Duca (3rd time) (s.a.)
25 Dec 1683 - 29 Mar 1684 Ştefan Toader Petriceicu (s.a.)
(2nd time)
29 Mar 1684 - Jun 1685 Dumitraşcu Cantacuzino (2nd time) (s.a.)
Jun 1685 - 5 Jul 1685 Ioan Racoviţă (acting)
5 Jul 1685 - 17 Mar 1693 Constantin ToaderCantemir (b. 1612 - d. 1693)
17 Mar 1693 - 19 Mar 1693 .... (acting)
19 Mar 1693 - Apr 1693 DumitraşcuConstantin Cantemir (b. 1673 - d. 1723)
Apr 1693 - 24 Jun 1693 ConstantinGheorghe Duca
Dec 1695 - Jan 1696 Pr incely Lieutenants - Tudosie Dubău
- Bogdan
- Iordache Ruset
Jan 1696 - 14 Sep 1700 Antioh Cantemir (1st time) (b. 166. - d. 1726)
14 Sep 1700 - 15 Jun 1703 Constantin GheorgheDuca
15 Jun 1703 - 20 Nov 1703 Ioan Buhuş (1st time)(acting)
20 Nov 1703 - 12 Feb 1705 Mihai Ioan Racoviţă (1st time) (b. 167. - d. 1744)
12 Feb 1705 - 21 May 1705 Lupu Bogdan (acting)
21 May 1705 - Jul 1707 Antioh Cantemir (2nd time) (s.a.)
Jul 1707 - 13 Nov 1707 Pr incely Lieutenants - Iordache Ruset
- Ion Neculce
- Ilie Cantacuzino
- Ilie Catargiu
13 Nov 1707 - 17 Oct 1709 Mihai Ioan Racoviţă (2nd time) (s.a.)
17 Oct 1709 - 25 Jan 1710 Ioan Buhuş (2nd time)(acting)
25 Jan 1710 - 23 Nov 1710 Nicolae Alexandru Mavrocordat (b. 1680 - d. 1730)
(1st time)
23 Nov 1710 - 10 Dec 1710 Iordache Ruset (acting)
10 Dec 1710 - 11 Jul 1711 Dimitrie Cantemir (b. 1673 - d. 1723)
11 Jul 1711 - 9 Sep 1711 Pr incely Lieutenants
- .... (11 Jul - 1 Aug 1711)
- Lupu Gavril Costachi
(1 Aug - 9 Sep 1711)
- Maxut (1 Aug - 9 Sep 1711)
- Antioh Jora
(1 Aug - 9 Sep 1711)
- Gheorghe Apostol
(10 Sep - 26 Sep 1711)
- Ioan Alexandru Mavrocordat (b. 1684 - d. 1719)
(26 Sep - 8 Nov 1711)
8 Nov 1711 - Jan 1716 Nicolae Alexandru Mavrocordat (b. 1680 - d. 1730)
Jan 1716 - 12 Feb 1716 .... (acting)
12 Feb 1716 - Oct 1726 Mihai Ioan Racoviţă (3rd time) (s.a.)
Oct 1726 - 18 Dec 1726 Constantin Costache
+ Sandu Sturdza
(acting)
18 Dec 1726 - 13 Apr 1733 Grigore Matei Ghica (1st time) (b. 1690 - d. 1752)
13 Apr 1733 - 7 May 1733 .... (acting)
7 May 1733 - Nov 1735 Constantin Nicolae Mavrocordat (b. 1711 - d. 1769)
(1st time)
Nov 1735 - 13 Sep 1741 Grigore Matei Ghica (2nd time) (s.a.)
14 Sep 1739 - Oct 1739 Burkhard Christoph Graf von (b. 1683 - d. 1767)
M�nnich
(Graf Khristofor Antonovich Minikh)
(Russian military commander)13 Sep 1741 - 1 Oct 1741 .... (acting)
1 Oct 1741 - 20 Jul 1743 Constantin Nicolae Mavrocordat (s.a.)
(2nd time)
20 Jul 1743 - May 1747 Ioan Nicolae Mavrocordat (b. 1712 - d. 1747)
May 1747 - 10 Jul 1747 .... (acting)
10 Jul 1747 - Apr 1748 Grigore Matei Ghica (3rd time) (s.a.)
Apr 1748 - Sep 1749 Constantin Nicolae Mavrocordat (s.a.)
(3rd time)
Sep 1749 - Dec 1749 Iordache Stavarache (acting)
Dec 1749 - Jul 1753 Constantin Mihail Racoviţă (b. 170. - d. 1764)
(1st time)
Jul 1753 - Mar 1756 Matei Grigore Ghica (b. 1715 - d. 1761)
Mar 1756 - Mar 1757 Constantin Mihail Racoviţă (s.a.)
(2nd time)
Mar 1757 - Mar 1757 Dumitraşcu Sturdza (acting)
Mar 1757 - Aug 1758 Scarlat Grigore Ghica (b. 171. - d. 1766)
Aug 1758 - Aug 1758 Vidale (acting)
Aug 1758 - Jun 1761 Ioan Theodor Callimachi (Calimah) (b. 1700 - d. 1762)
Jun 1761 - Mar 1764 Grigore Ioan Callimachi (Calimah) (b. 1723 - d. 1769)
(1st time)
Mar 1764 - Mar 1767 Grigore Alexandru Ghica (1st time)(b. 1724 - d. 1777)
Mar 1767 - Jun 1769 Grigore Ioan Callimachi (2nd time)(b. 1723 - d. 1769)
18 Jun 1769 - 26 Sep 1769 Constantin Nicloae Mavrocordat (s.a.)
(4th time)
26 Sep 1769 - Jan 1770 Knyaz' Aleksandr Aleksandrovich (b. 1733 - d. 1809)
Prozorovskiy
(Russian military commander)
Jan 1770 - Oct 1770 Semyon Pavlovich Chernoyevich (d. 1772)
(Russian president of Divan of Moldavia)
Oct 1770 - Feb 1771 Andrey Ivanovich Meder ? (d. 1792)
(Russian president of Divan of Moldavia)
Feb 1771 - 28 Sep 1774 Aleksandr Vasilyevich Rimskiy- (b. 1729 - d. 1781)
Korsakov
(Russian president of Divan of Moldavia)
28 Sep 1774 - 1 Oct 1777 Grigore Alexandru Ghica (2nd time)(s.a.)
1 Oct 1777 - 24 Nov 1777 .... (acting)
24 Nov 1777 - Jun 1782 Constantin Dimitrie Moruzi (b. 1730 - d. 1787)
Jun 1782 - 20 Jan 1785 Alexandru Constantin Mavrocordat (b. 1742 - d. 1812)
"Deli-bei"
20 Jan 1785 - Feb 1785 .... (acting)
Feb 1785 - 1786 Alexandru Ioan Mavrocordat (b. 1754 - d. 1819)
"Firaris"
1786 - 15 Jan 1787 .... (acting)
15 Jan 1787 - 8 Apr 1788 Alexandru Ioan Ipsilanti (b. c.1726 - d. 1807)
8 Apr 1788 - 7 Jul 1788 .... (acting)
7 Jul 1788 - Mar 1789 Emanuel "Manole" Giani-Ruset (b. 1715 - d. 1794)
(from Oct 1788, under Russian-Austrian occupation)
Oct 1788 - 1789 Graf Aleksandr Vasiliyevich (b. 1729 - d. 1800)
Suvorov (Russian military
commander in northern region)
- together with -
Oct 1788 - 14 Oct 1790 Friedrich Josias Prinz von
Sachsen-Coburg-Saalfeld (b. 1737 - d. 1815)
(Austrian military administrator)
(in southern region)
bf.Sep 1789 - af.1790 Ivan Lavrentyevich Selunskiy
(Russian president of Divan of Moldavia)
bf.Jun 1791 - 1792 Sergey Lazarevich Lashkarev (b. 1739 - d. 1814)
(Russian president of Divan of Moldavia)
May 1789 - 6 Oct 1789 Franz Leopold Freiherr von (b. 1746 - d. 1789)
Metzburg
(Austrian civil administrator)
1789 - 1790 Josef Graf von Brigido (b. 1733 - d. 1817)
(Austrian civil administrator)
May 1792 - 4 Jan 1793 AlexandruConstantin Moruzi (b. c.1750 - d. 1816)
(1st time)
4 Jan 1793 - 22 May 1795 Mihai Constantin Suţu (b. 1730 - d. 1803)
22 May 1795 - Apr 1799 Alexandru Ioan Callimachi (b. 1737 - d. 1821)
Apr 1799 - Jul 1801 Constantin Alexandru Ipsilanti (b. 1760 - d. 1816)
Jul 1801 - Sep 1802 Alexandru Nicolae Suţu (b. 1758 - d. 1821)
Sep 1802 - 28 Oct 1802 Iordache Conta (b. 1740 - d. 1826)
(acting; title: kaymakam [caimacam])
28 Oct 1802 - Aug 1806 AlexandruConstantin Moruzi (b. c.1750 - d. 1816)
Aug 1806 - 14 Oct 1806 .... (acting)
14 Oct 1806 - Oct 1806 Scarlat AlexandruCallimachi (b. 1773 - d. 1821)
(1st time)
Oct 1806 - Mar 1807 Alexandru Constantin Moruzi (s.a.)
(3rd time)(did not take the office)
Mar 1807 - Aug 1807 Alexandru Hangerli (b. 1768 - d. 1854)
(did not take the office)
Russian Presidents of Divans of Moldavia and Wallachia
23 Nov 1806 - 1807 Ivan Ivanovich Mikhel'son (b. 1740 - d. 1807)
(Johann von Michelsohnen)
(Russian military commander)
Jun 1807 - Dec 1807 Sergey Lazarevich Lashkarev (s.a.)
Feb 1808 - Feb 1810 Sergey Sergeyevich Kushnikov (b. 1765 - d. 1839)
May 1810 - Nov 1812 Vasiliy Ivanovich Krasno- (b. 1752 - d. 1820)
Milashevich
Voivodes and Lords
Nov 1812 - 20 Jun 1819 Scarlat AlexandruCallimachi (s.a.)
(2nd time)
20 Jun 1819 - 29 Mar 1821 Mihail Grigore Suţu (b. 1784 - d. 1864)
29 Mar 1821 - 15 Jun 1821 MetropolitVeniamin Costache (b. 1768 - d. 1846)
(acting; title: kaymakam [caimacam])
29 Jun 1821 - 12 Oct 1822 Ştefan Vogoridi (b. 1774 - d. 1859)
(= Stojko Conkov Stojkov)
(Ottoman governor; title: kaymakam [caimacam])
12 Oct 1822 - 25 Apr 1828 Ioan Alexandru Sturdza (Sturza) (b. 1761 - d. 1842)
Russian Presidents of Divans of Moldavia and Wallachia
Apr 1828 - 2 Feb 1829 Graf Fyodor Petrovich Palen (b. 1780 - d. 1863)
(Friedrich Alexander Graf von der Pahlen)
2 Feb 1829 - 14 Sep 1829 Pyotr Fyodorovich Zheltukhin (b. 1777 - d. 1829)
24 Nov 1829 - Jul 1834 Pavel Dmitriyevich Kiselev (b. 1788 - d. 1872)
Voivodes and Lords 15 Jul 1834 - 22 Jun 1849 Mihai Grigore Sturdza (Sturza) (b. 1794 - d. 1884)
22 Jun 1849 - 18 Oct 1853 Grigorie Alexandru Ghica (Ghika) (b. 1807 - d. 1857)
(1st time)
18 Oct 1853 - 21 Nov 1853 Constantin Sandu Sturdza (1st time)
(president of Extraordinary Administrative Council)Russian Vice Presidents of the Administrative Council (Divan) of Moldavia
(subject to the president in Wallachia)
21 Nov 1853 - 1853 Knyaz'Mikhail Aleksandrovich (b. 1802 - d. 1883)
Urusov
1853 - 2 Sep 1854 Graf Karl Ivanovich Osten-Saken (b. 1787 - d. 1855)
(Karl Graf von der Osten, gen. Sacken)
Voivodes and Lords
2 Sep 1854 - 7 Oct 1854 Constantin Sandu Sturdza (2nd time)
(president of Extraordinary Administrative Council)
Sep 1854 - 25 Mar 1856 Johann Baptist Alexius Graf (b. 1794 - d. 1880)
Coronini-Cronberg
(Austrian Military Governor)
Sep 1854 - 25 Mar 1856 Eduard Freiherr von Bach (b. 1815 - d. 1884)
(Austrian Civil Commissioner) **Voivodes
7 Oct 1854 - 3 Jul 1856 Grigorie Alexandru Ghica (Ghika) (s.a.)
(2nd time)
3 Jul 1856 - 11 Jul 1856 Ştefan Constantin Catargiu (b. 1789 - d. 1866)
(president of Extraordinary Administrative Council)11 Jul 1856 - 17 Feb 1857 Teodor Nicolae Balş (b. 1805 - d. 1857)
(Princely Lieutenant)
15 Feb 1857 - 23 Feb 1857 Nicolae Ioan Cantacuzino (b. 1790 - d. 1857)
(president of Extraordinary Administrative Council)
23 Feb 1857 - 19 Oct 1858 Nicolae Ştefan Conachi-Vogoridi (b. 1820 - d. 1863)
"Bĕizade"
(Princely Lieutenant)
19 Oct 1858 - 5 Jan 1859 **Princely Lieutenancy - Ştefan Constantin Catargiu (s.a.)
(to 20 Dec 1858)
- Vasile Constantin Sturdza (b. 1810 - d. 1870)
- Anastasie Panaiotache Panu (b. 1810 - d. 1867)
- Ioan Alexandru Cantacuzino- (b. 1829 - d. 1897)
Paşcanu (from 22 Dec 1858)
5 Jan 1859 - 22 Jan 1862 Alexandru Ioan I Cuza (b. 1820 - d. 1873)

Presidents of the Council of Ministers (Prime ministers)
17 Jan 1859 - 8 Mar 1859 Vasile Constantin Sturdza (s.a.)
8 Mar 1859 - 27 Apr 1859 Ion Dimitrie Ghica (Ghika) (b. 1817 - d. 1897) Lib
27 Apr 1859 - 30 Apr 1860 Emanoil Costache Ioan Epureanu (b. 1824 - d. 1880) Lib
30 Apr 1860 - 17 Jan 1861 Mihail Ilie Kogălniceanu (b. 1817 - d. 1891) Lib
(Cogalniceanu)
17 Jan 1861 - 23 Sep 1861 Anastasie Panaiotache Panu (b. 1810 - d. 1867)
23 Sep 1861 - 5 Oct 1861 Vacant
5 Oct 1861 - 22 Jan 1862 Alexandru Constantin Moruzi (b. 1805 - d. 1873)
(Murusi)
14 Jan 1862 - 22 Jan 1862 Ioan Nicolae Cantacuzino- (b. c.1820 - d. 18..)
Măgureanu (acting for Moruzi)

Party abbreviation: Lib = Liberal

**Noble and Ecclesiastical Titles: F reiherr = Baron; _Graf_= Count; F�rst,Knyaz', Principe, Prinz = Prince.

�usual translation of the title: Din Mila lui Dumnezeu, Voievod si Domn al Ţării Moldovei ("by the grace of God, Voivode and Lord of the Moldavian Land").

Transylvania

c.376 � 454 Ruled by the Huns.
454 � 567 Part of the kingdom of the Gepids (Gepidia).
567 � c.827 Part of the Avar khanate.
c.827 - 895 Part of Bulgaria.
895 Magyar (Hungarians) migrations into the area begin.
1070 - 1170 Transylvania progressively attached to the Hungarian kingdom.
1176 First governor with the stylevoivode - vajda (in Hungarian) or
voyvoda(in Latin) recorded; this later style becomes standard.
1176 - 1526 A political structure emerges in which the v ajda, appointed
by the Hungarian king, becomes progressively autonomous
and an increasingly powerful diet is formed in which the
"three nations" - Magyars, Sz�klers, and Saxons - are
represented; the Magyars (Hungarians) include most of the
nobility; the Sz�klers, although ethnically related to the
Magyars, are of debated origins; the Saxons are the descendants
of the German settlers; the Romanian (mostly peasant) population
had no political participation.
1211 - Aug 1225 German Teutonic Order (Deutscher Orden) is asked to colonize and
Christianize the area by the Hungarian kings, their colony is
based in Kronstadt (modern Braşov). The German name for
Transylvania - Siebenb�rgen ("seven fortresses") is derived
from the Saxons' seven cities in the region.
Apr 1241 - 1243 Mongol army invades, then withdraws.
29 Feb 1528 - 26 Jan 1699 Transylvania under suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire.
24 Feb 1538 Hungarian civil war terminated by the Treaty of Nagyv�rad
(or Grosswardein), both parties (Habsburg Archduke Ferdinand I
and former voivode of Transylvania J�nosSz�polyai or Z�polyai)
are recognized and both keep the title "king of Hungary" and
their current territories (Sz�polyai in eastern and Ferdinand in
western or royal Hungary), the potential Sz�polyai heir becomes
a "duke" only (peace ratified 10 Jun 1538).
22 Jul 1540 J�nos Zsigmond Sz�polyai (or Z�polyai), inherits his father's
claim to the crown of Hungary (in contention with Ferdinand I of
Austria). Contrary to 1538 agreement J�nos is subsequently
elected king of Hungary as J�nos II, with his mother Izabela as
regent, however he remains uncrowned.
29 Aug 1541 Ottoman rule in Buda (Ofen) by submission. Danube/Tisza becomes an
Ottoman province, the Ottoman intervention reduces the Habsburg
sphere and the area beyond Tisza River remains under Transylvania
rule under J�nos II (in opposition to Ferdinand).
29 Dec 1541 Hungary to be reunited under Habsburg dynasty, agreement is voided
on 20 Dec 1542 by the Diet of Transylvania.
19 Jul 1551 - 22 Oct 1556 Earlier agreements for reunification with royal Hungary implemented
16 Aug 1570 J�nos Zsigmond Sz�polyai, keeps the of title king-elect of Hungary
for life, but his successors are to be styled "Princes of
Transylvania" (Erd�lyi Fejedelem) by the Treaty of Speyer.
23 Dec 1597 - 20 Aug 1598 Abdication and Austrian administration (effected 10 Jun 1598).
1 Nov 1599 - 20 Sep 1600 Occupied by Wallachia (Gyulafeh�rv�r/Alba Iulia occupied).
20 Sep 1600 Austria occupies Gyulafeh�rv�r/Alba Iulia.
29 Jun 1602 Abdication and Austrian administration (effected 26 Jul 1602).
Apr 1661 Diet of Transylvania renounces Ottoman suzerainty.
9 May 1688 Prince and Diet recognize Austrian/Hungarian suzerainty by Treaty
of Hermannstadt.
16 Oct 1690 Emperor Leopold decrees the Diploma Leopoldinum, which affiliated
the Transylvanian territory with the Habsburg monarchy.
26 Jan 1699 By Treaty of Karlowitz, the Principality of Transylvania remains
nominally independent, but is subjected to the direct rule of
Austrian governors ending Ottoman suzerainty over Transylvania.
29 Apr 1711 Treaty of Szatm�r between Emperor Karl VI, the Hungarian estates
and the Kuruc rebels recognizing Habsburg suzerainty and formally
ending R�k�czi's War of Independence, which began 15 Jun 1703.
30 Mar 1722 Diet accepts the pragmatic sanction and Transylvania formally
becomes hereditary principality under the house of Habsburg
(from 29 Nov 1780, Habsburg-Lothringen).
2 Nov 1765 Maria Theresia, queen of Hungary, princess of Transylvania,
transforms Transylvania into a Grand Principality
(Grossf�rstentum Siebenb�rgen/Erd�lyi Nagyfejedelems�g).
30 May 1848 Transylvania unified with Hungary (emperor-king sanctions the
union on 10 Jun 1848, however it is ultimately not implemented).
18 Oct 1848 - 11 Mar 1849 Austrian military administration.
11 Mar 1849 - 21 Jul 1849 Hungarian occupation of Hermannstadt.
21 Jul 1849 - 26 Aug 1849 Russian occupation of Hermannstadt.
17 Aug 1849 Crownland of Transylvania (Kronland Siebenb�rgen/Erd�ly
koronatartom�ny) under Austrian administration.
1851 Transylvania Military Frontier (created in 1764) dis-established
(see Military Frontier under Croatia).
10 Mar 1867 Hungarian personal union with Austria fully restored by Hungarian
constitution of 17 Feb 1867, the Emperor-King preserving the
style of Grand Prince of Transylvania.
6 Dec 1868 Formal unification with Hungary, effective 1 May 1869 (separate
royal commission abolished in 1872).
27 Aug 1916 - 13 Oct 1916 Rumanian occupation of eastern Transylvania (including Fogaras**/**
Făgăraş, Cs�kszereda/Szeklerburg and Kronstadt/Brass�).
31 Oct 1918 Central Romanian National Council established at Arad.
13 Nov 1918 Kingdom of Hungary enters into dissolution.
1 Dec 1918 Transylvania declares independence.
11 Jan 1919 Transylvania incorporated into Rumania (autonomous to 4 Apr 1920).
4 Jun 1920 Formally ceded to Romania by Hungary in the Treaty of Trianon.
30 Aug 1940 Under German pressure a major part of Transylvania is
retroceded to Hungary.
21 Sep 1944 - 9 Apr 1945 Soviet occupation of northern Transylvania (German and Hungarian
forces fully expelled 25 Oct 1944).
15 Sep 1947 Retroceded part of Transylvania is de jure returned to Rumania
(de facto since 11 Mar 1945).
24 Sep 1952 - 16 Feb 1968Autonomous Hungarian Region, in part of Transylvania (within
the Rumanian People's Republic)(see below).

Voivodes (vajda)
c.1176 � c.1196 Leustachius
(= Leust�kR�t�t)
1199 � 1200 Legforus (= Szegfor) (d. af.1200)
1200 � 1201 Eth (= �cs) (d. af.1215)
1201 � 1202 Gyula K�n (= Iula)(1st time) (d. 1237)
1202 � 1206 Benedek (= Benedict) (1st time) (d. af.1221)
1206 � 1208 Smaragd (= Smaragdus) (d. af.1223)
1208 � 1209 Benedek (2nd time) (s.a.)
1209 � 1212 Mih�ly Kacsics (d. af.1228)
1212 � 1213 Berthold Graf von Andechs-Meran, (b. c.1180 � d. 1251)
Erzbischof von Kalocsa
1213 � 1214 Mikl�s
1214 � 1215 Gyula K�n (2nd time) (s.a.)
1215 � 1216 Simon (d. af.1228)
1217 � 1218 Ipoch Bog�tradv�ny (= Hippolyt) (d. af.1222)
1219 � 1221 Neuka (= Nevke, Leuka) (d. af.1221)
1221 � 122. P�l P�ter
1226 � 1229 B�la
1229 � 1231 Gyula R�t�t (d. 1239)
1231 � 1234 D�nes Tomaj (= Dionysius)
1234 � 1235 Andor Szerafin (d. 1241)
1235 � 31 Mar 1241 P�sa Cs�ki (= Pousa) (d. 1241)
Apr 1241 � 1243 Sayban �Mongol governor
1243 � 1252 L�rinc (= Laurentius) (d. 1265/66)
1258 � 1261 Ernye �kos (b. c.1225 - d. 1275)
1261 Cs�k Hah�t (d. af.1269)
May 1263 � 1264 L�szl� K�n (= Ladislaus)(1st time) (d. 12878)
1264 � Jun 1270 Mikl�s Gut-Keled
Jun 1270 � Aug 1272 M�t� Cs�k (= Matth�us Cs�k) (b. c.1235 - d. 1283/84)
(1st time)
Sep 1272 � May 1273 Mikl�s Geregye (1st time) (d. af.1279)
May 1273 � Jun 1273 J�nos Kőszegi
Jun 1273 � Sep 1274 Mikl�s Geregye (2nd time) (s.a.)
Sep 1274 � Jul 1275 M�t�Cs�k (2nd time) (s.a.)
Jul 1275 � Dec 1275 L�szl� K�n (2nd time) (s.a.)
Dec 1275 � Aug 1276 Ugrin Cs�k (= Ugrinus) (d. 1311)
Aug 1276 � Oct 1277 M�t�Cs�k (3rd time) (s.a.)
Nov 1277 � 1278 Mikl�s Pok (1st time) (b. c.1245 - d. 1319)
1278 � Mar 1279 Finta Alba (d. 1287)
Mar 1279 � 1280 Istv�n Tekus
1280 � 1281 Mikl�s Pok (2nd time) (s.a.)
1281 � 1283 L�r�nd Borsa (1st time) (d. 1301)
(= Roland Borşa)
1283 � Jan 1284 Apor P�c (d. 1307)
Jan 1284 � Jun 1285 L�r�nd Borsa (2nd time) (s.a.)
Jun 1285 � 1287 ....
1287 - 1288 Mojs (Moyus �kos) (d. af.1299)
Jun 1288 � Jul 1293 L�r�nd Borsa (3rd time) (s.a.)
Jul 1293 � Jun 1296 ....
Jun 1296 � Aug 1315 L�szl� K�n (d. 1315)
Aug 1315 � Jun 1318 Mikl�s Meggyesi (d. 1319)
Jun 1318 � Nov 1321 D�zsa Debreceni (b. 1291 - d. 1322)
(= Dosa von Debrecen)
Apr 1322 � Aug 1342 Tam�s Sz�cs�ny (b. c.1285 � d. 1354)
Nov 1342 � Jun 1344 Mikl�sSirokai (d. 1355/58)
(= Nikolaus von Siroka)
Jul 1344 � 1350 Istv�n I Lackfi (b. c.1310 - d. 1359)
1350 � Feb 1351 Istv�n (= Stefan von Ungarn)
Feb 1351 � 1351 Tam�s G�ny�i (= Tomas C�r)
1351 � Mar 1356 Mikl�s Kont (d. 1367)
Apr 1356 � Oct 1359 Andr�s Lackfi
Nov 1359 � Jan 1367 D�nes Lackfi
Mar 1367 � Jan 1368 Mikl�s Lackfi
Feb 1368 � Sep 1372 Imre Lackfi
Feb 1373 � Apr 1376 Istv�n II Lackfi (b. 1340 - d. 1397)
Jun 1376 � Dec 1391 L�szl� Losonczi (d. 1392)
Mar 1392 � Sep 1393 Imre Bebek (= Emeric Bebek) (d. 1395)
Oct 1393 � Sep 1395 Ferenc Sz�cs�nyi (d. 1408)
Oct 1395 � Apr 1401 Stibor Stiboriczi (1st time) (b. c.1348 � d. 1414)
(= Stibor de Stiboricz)
Apr 1401 � May 1403 Mikl�s Cs�ky (1st time) (d. 1426)
May 1403 � Oct 1403 Mikl�s Marcali (d. 1413)
Oct 1403 � Dec 1409 Jan�s Tamasi
Dec 1409 � Feb 1410 Jakab Sz�ntai Lack
Feb 1410 � Feb 1414 Stibor Stiboriczi (2nd time) (s.a.)
1414 - Oct 1414 Vacant
Oct 1414 � 1426 Mikl�s Cs�ky (2nd time) (s.a.)
1426 � 1435 L�szl� Cs�ky
1435 � Jan 1438 P�ter L�vai Cseh
Jan 1438 � 1440 Dezs� Losonczi
(= Desiderius Losonczi)
1440 � Mar 1441 L�szl� Jakcs
Mar 1441 � Jun 1446 Jan�s Hunyadi (1st time) (b. 1407 � d. 1456)
(= Iancu de Hunedoara)(in Sz�r�ny)
Jun 1446 � May 1449 Imre Bebek (d. 1449)
Jun 1447 - Apr 1448 Mikl�s �jlaki (1st time) (b. 1410 � d. 1477)
(= Nikola Iločki)
Apr 1447 � May 1449 Jan�s Hunyadi (2nd time) (s.a.)
May 1449 � 1458 Mikl�s �jlaki (2nd time) (s.a.)
May 1449 � 1460 J�nos Rozgonyi (d. 1471)
1458 � Apr 1460 Sebesty�n Rozgonyi (1st time) (d. 1461)
(= Sebastian de Rozgony)
1460 � Apr 1460 L�szl� Kanizsai (d. 1477/78)
Apr 1460 � Apr 1461 Mihai Szil�gyi (acting)
Apr 1461 � Sep 1461 Sebesty�n Rozgonyi (2nd time) (s.a.)
1462 � 1465 Mikl�s �jlaki (3rd time) (s.a.)
+ Jan�s Pongr�cz (1st time) (d. 1476)
1465 � Oct 1467 Jan�s gr�f Szentgy�rgyi (d. 1492)
1465 � 1467 Zsigmond Szentgy�rgyi (d. 1493)
1465 � 1468 Berthold Elderbach (Ellerbach) (d. 1470/71)
1468 � 1472 Jan�s Pongr�cz (2nd time) (s.a.)
+ Mikl�s Csupor
Nov 1472 � Jan 1475 Bal�zs Magyar (d. 1490)
(= Blasius Magyar)
Feb 1475 � 1476 Jan�s Pongr�cz (3rd time) (s.a.)
1476 � Mar 1479 P�ter Ger�b
Jul 1479 � Jan 1493 Istv�n B�thory (b. 1430 � d. 1493)
Jan 1493 � 1495 L�szl� Losonczi
Jan 1493 � 1499 Bertalan Dr�gffy (b. 1447 - d. 1501)
(= Bartholomaeus Dr�gfi)
1499 � 10 Nov 1510 P�ter Szentgy�rgyi
10 Nov 1510 � 10 Nov 1526 J�nos Sz�polyai (Z�polyai) (b. 1487 � d. 1540)
10 Nov 1526 � 1529 P�ter Per�nyi (b. 1502 � d. 1548)
1529 � 1534 Istv�n B�thory (b. 1477 � d. 1534)
1530 � 1531 B�lint T�r�k (acting) (b. 1502 � d. 1551)
1531 � 1534 Jeromos Laszky (acting) (b. 1496 � d. 1541)
(= Hieronymus Laski)
1534 � Aug 1534 Imre Cibak (or Imre Balassa)
Aug 1534 � 29 Aug 1540 Istv�n Majl�th (Mayl�d)(d. 1595)
Kings-Elect (of Hungary)
22 Jul 1540 - 13 Sep 1540 Izabela (Ysabella)(f) -Regent (b. 1519 - d. 1559)
(1st time)
13 Sep 1540 - 21 Jul 1551 J�nos II (1st time) (b. 1540 - d. 1571)
(= J�nos Zsigmond Sz�polyai [Z�polyai])
13 Sep 1540 - 21 Jul 1551 Izabela (f) -Regent (2nd time) (s.a.)
Captains-general
29 Aug 1540 - Oct 1540 Imre Balassa gyarmathi (b. 149. - d. 1550)
29 Aug 1540- 20 Jul 1541 Istv�n Majl�th (Mayl�d) (b. 1502 - d. 1550)
Royal Governor
20 Jan 1542 - 21 Jul 1551 Gy�rgy, p�sp�k Nagyv�radi (b. 1482 - d. 1551)
Austrian Governor-general
21 Jul 1551 - Mar 1553 Giovanni Battista Castaldo (b. 1493 - d. 1563)
Voivodes
1552 - 26 May 1553 Andr�s Bath�ry ecsedi (b. 148. - d. 1563)
26 May 1553 - Sep 1556 Ferencz Kendi szentiv�ni (b. 150. - d. 1558)
26 May 1553 - 26 Nov 1556 Istv�n b�r� Dob� ruszkai (b. 1502? - d. 1572) **King-Elect (of Hungary)22 Oct 1556 - 14 Mar 1571 J�nos II (2nd time) (s.a.)
22 Oct 1556 - 15 Sep 1559 Izabela (f) -Regent (3rd time) (s.a.)
14 Mar 1571 - 25 May 1571 .... (acting)
Prince�
25 May 1571 - 12 Dec 1586 Istv�n B�thory somly�i (b. 1533 - d. 1586)
(from 16 Feb 1576, King of Poland Stefan)
1574 - 1575 G�sp�r B�k�s korny�tai (b. 1520 - d. 1580)
(in dissidence)
Voivodes 28 Jan 1576 - 27 May 1581 Krist�f B�thory somly�i (b. 1530 - d. 1581)
27 May 1581 - 8 Dec 1588 Zsigmond B�thory somly�i (b. 1572 - d. 1613)
1 May 1585 - 8 Dec 1588 J�nos Giczy (G�czy) (b. 15.. - d. 1589)
(acting for absent ZsigmondB�thory)
Prince�
8 Dec 1588 - 10 Apr 1598 Zsigmond B�thory somly�i (1st time)(s.a.)
Austrian governor
10 Apr 1598 - 20 Aug 1598 Maximilian (III) Erzherzog von (b. 1558 - d. 1618)
�sterreich
10 Apr 1598 - 20 Aug 1598 Maria Christina Erzherzogin von (b. 1574 - d. 1621)
�sterreich (f) -Regent
10 Apr 1598 - 15 Aug 1598 Royal Commissioners
- Mikl�s Istv�nffy baranyav�ri �s (b. 1538 - d. 1615)
kiasszonyfalvi
- Istv�n Szuhai, p�sp�k V�ci (b. 1551 - d. 1608)
(= �tefan Szuhay)
- Bartholomeus Pezzen von (b. 155. - d. 1605)
Ulrichskirchen
Princ es�
20 Aug 1598 - 28 Mar 1599 Zsigmond B�thory somly�i (2nd time)(s.a.)
28 Mar 1599 - 31 Oct 1599 Andr�s b�boros B�thory somly�i (b. 1563 - d. 1599)
Austrian Governor
1 Nov 1599 - 20 Sep 1600 Mihail voevoda (b. 1558 - d. 1601)
(= Mihai "Viteazul", Mih�ly Vit�z)
Supreme Commissioner
20 Sep 1600 - 3 Apr 1601 Giorgio Basta Graf zu Hust (Huzt) (b. 1550 - d. 1607)
Prince �
3 Apr 1601 - 26 Jul 1602 Zsigmond B�thory somly�i (3rd time)(s.a.)
9 May 1603 - 17 Jul 1603 M�zes Sz�kely sem�nfalvai (b. 1550? - d. 1603)
(= Moyses Zekely) (in dissidence)
Austrian Captain-general (from 1603, Governor and captain-general)
26 Jul 1602 - 21 Feb 1605 Giorgio Basta Graf zu Hust (s.a.)
7 Apr 1604 - 1604 Tommaso conte di Capreoli(Capriolo)(b. 1575 - d. 1608)
(acting for absent Hust)
Jun 1604 - 21 Feb 1605 Commissioners
- Johann Paul Krauss von Kraussenegg
zu Vesendorf (to ... 1604) (b. 15.. - d. 1617)
- Georg Hoffmann (b. 157. - d. 16..)
- Carl Im-Hoff auf Malmspach (b. 1555 - d. 1619)
- Albrecht Huett (from Aug 1604) (b. 1537 - d. 1607)
- Johann Rhener (from ... 1604) (b. 15.. - d. 1625)
(acting for absent Hust)
Princ es�
21 Feb 1605 - 29 Dec 1606 Istv�n Bocskai bocsk�i-kismarjai (b. 1557 - d. 1606)
14 Sep 1605 - 7 Mar 1608 Zsigmond b�r� R�k�czi fels�vad�szi (b. 1544 - d. 1608)
(acting to 8 Feb 1607)
1606 - 1607 B�lint Drugeth homonnai (b. 1577 - d. 1609)
(in dissidence)
7 Mar 1608 - 22 Oct 1613 G�bor B�thory somly�i (b. 1589 - d. 1613)
23 Oct 1613 - 15 Nov 1629 G�bor Bethlen ikt�ri (b. 1580 - d. 1629)
16 Nov 1629 - 28 Sep 1630 Catharina Bethlen (f) -Regent (b. 1602 - d. 1649)
(= Katharina von Brandenburg)
28 Sep 1630 - 26 Nov 1630 Istv�n Bethlen ikt�ri (b. 1584 - d. 1648)
26 Nov 1630 - 11 Oct 1648 Gy�rgy b�r� R�k�czi fels�vad�szi (b. 1593 - d. 1648)
11 Oct 1648 - 2 Nov 1657 Gy�rgy II b�r� R�k�czi (R�k�czy) (b. 1621 - d. 1660)
fels�vad�szi (1st time)
17 Jan 1657 - 2 Nov 1657 Ferenc Rh�dey kisr�dei (b. 1610 - d. 1667)
+ Istv�n Ser�di (Ser�dy) (to 1657) (b. 16.. - d. 1657)
+ �kos Barcsay nagybarcsai (b. 1619 - d. 1661)
(acting)
2 Nov 1657 - 14 Jan 1658 Ferenc Rh�dey kisr�dei (s.a.)
14 Jan 1658 - 11 Oct 1658 Gy�rgy II b�r�R�k�czi (s.a.)
fels�vad�szi (2nd time)
16 Jun 1658 - 11 Oct 1658 �kos Barcsay nagybarcsai (s.a.)
+ Istv�n Petki (Petky) kir�lyhalmi (b. c.1601 - d. 1667)
+ Michael Hermann (b. 1602 - d. 1660)
(acting)
11 Oct 1658 - 31 Dec 1660 �kos Barcsay nagybarcsai (s.a.)
(= Achatius Barcsai)
24 Sep 1659 - 7 Jun 1660 Gy�rgy II b�r�R�k�czi (s.a.)
fels�vad�szi (3rd time)
(in dissidence)
1 Jan 1661 - 23 Jan 1662 J�nos Kem�ny gyer�-monostori (b. 1607 - d. 1662)
14 Sep 1661 - 15 Apr 1690 Mih�ly Apafi apa-nagyfalvai (b. 1632 - d. 1690)
(in dissidence to 23 Jan 1662)
15 Apr 1690 - 1 Jun 1696 Mih�ly II Apafi apa-nagyfalvai (b. 1676 - d. 1713)
8 Jun 1690 - 25 Oct 1690 Imre gr�f Th�k�ly k�sm�rkai (b. 1657 - d. 1705)
(in dissidence)
8 Jul 1704 - 14 Nov 1711 Ferenc II Lip�t R�k�czi de (b. 1676 - d. 1735)
fels�vad�szi (in dissidence)
Governors
9 Apr 1692 - 15 Nov 1707 Gy�rgy gr�f B�nffy losonczi (b. 1661 - d. 1707)
15 Nov 1707 - 1709 .... (acting)
1709 - 2 May 1710 Istv�n Haller hallerk�i (b. 164. - d. 1710)
(president of the diet)
1710 - 1 Jul 1713 Istv�n b�r� Wessel�nyi hadadi (b. 1674 - d. 1734)
(1st time)(president of the diet)
1 Jul 1713 - 15 Dec 1731 Zsigmond gr�f Kornis g�nczruszkai (b. 1677 - d. 1731)
15 Dec 1731 - Jul 1732 Istv�n b�r� Wessel�nyi hadadi (s.a.)
(2nd time)(president of the diet)
Jul 1732 - 2 Dec 1734 Franz Anton Paul Graf Wallis (b. 1678 - d. 1737)
(president of the government)
2 Dec 1734 - 18 Oct 1755 J�nos gr�f Haller hallerk�i (b. 169. - d. 1755)
18 Oct 1755 - Dec 1755 .... (acting)
18 Oct 1755 - 1757 Franz Wenzel Graf Wallis (acting) (b. 1696 - d. 1774)
1757 - 27 Aug 1758 .... (acting)
27 Aug 1758 - 17 May 1762 L�szl� gr�f Kem�ny magyar- (b. 1709 - d. 1774)
gyerőmonostori
(president of the government)
17 May 1762 - 18 May 1764 Adolf Nicolaus Freiherr von Buccow (b. 1712 - d. 1764)
(president of the government)
18 May 1764 - 7 Aug 1764 .... (acting)
7 Aug 1764 - 4 Feb 1768 Andr�s gr�f Hadik futaki (b. 1710 - d. 1790)
(president of the government)
4 Feb 1768 - 27 Mar 1768 .... (acting)
27 Mar 1768 - 28 Sep 1770 Carl Claudius Graf von O'Donell (b. 1715 - d. 1771)
(president of the government)
28 Sep 1770 - 13 Jan 1771 .... (acting)
1 May 1771 - 6 Jul 1774 Joseph Maria Graf Auersperg (b. 1723 - d. 1806)
Aug 1774 - 9 Jan 1787 Samuel Brekner Freiherr von (b. 1721 - d. 1803)
Brukenthal
(president of the government to 12 Nov 1777)
9 Jan 1787 - 21 May 1787 .... (acting)
21 May 1787 - 5 Jul 1822 Gy�rgy gr�f B�nffy losonczi (b. 1747 - d. 1822)
5 Jul 1822 - Nov 1834 J�nos b�r� J�sika branyicskai (b. 1778 - d. 1843)
(president of the government to 25 Nov 1822)
Nov 1834 - 15 Aug 1840 J�nos gr�f Kornis g�nczruszkai (b. 1781 - d. 1840)
(president of the government to 30 Sep 1837)
15 Aug 1840 - 30 Mar 1842 �d�m gr�fRh�dey kis-rh�dei (b. 1768 - d. 1849)
(president of the government)
30 Mar 1842 - 18 Oct 1848 J�zsef gr�f Teleki sz�ki (b. 1790 - d. 1855)
14 Nov 1848 - 22 Dec 1848 Imre gr�f Mik� hidv�gi (1st time) (b. 1805 - d. 1876)
(president of the government)
Austrian Commanding general in Transylvania
18 Oct 1848 - 11 Mar 1849 Anton Freiherr von Puchner (b. 1779 - d. 1852)
Hungarian Commander (of the Transylvanian Army)
11 Mar 1849 - 21 Jul 1849 J�zef Zachariasz Bem (b. 1794 - d. 1850)
Russian Commander (of the 5th Infantry Corps)21 Jul 1849 - 26 Aug 1849 Aleksandr Nikolayevich Graf Liders (b. 1790 - d. 1874)
(L�ders)Austrian Civil and Military Governors
26 Aug 1849 - 18 Apr 1851 Ludwig Freiherr von Wohlgemuth (b. 1788 - d. 1851)
24 Feb 1851 - 25 May 1851 J�zsef b�r� Kalli�ny kally�ni (b. 1786 - d. 1859)
(acting [for Wohlgemuth to 18 Apr 1851])
25 May 1851 - 25 Jun 1858 Karl Borrom�us F�rst zu (b. 1802 - d. 1858)
Schwarzenberg
6 Apr 1858 - 20 Sep 1858 Heinrich Freiherr von Lebzeltern (b. 1810 - d. 1889)
(acting [for Schwarzenberg to 25 Jun 1858])
Governors
20 Sep 1858 - 23 May 1861 Friedrich Prinz zu Liechtenstein (b. 1807 - d. 1885)
Dec 1860 - 7 Dec 1861 Imre gr�f Mik� hidv�gi (2nd time) (s.a.)
(president of the government)
7 Dec 1861 - 7 May 1867 Ludwig Graf Folliot de Crenneville (b. 1813 - d. 1876)
(president of the government)
15 Mar 1867 - 7 May 1867 Guszt�v Groisz (Gustav Groiss) (b. 1811 - d. 1874)
(vice president of government acting for Graf Folliot)
Royal Commissioner
7 May 1867 - 30 Sep 1872 Emanuel gr�f P�chy p�csujfalusi (b. 1813 - d. 1889)30 Sep 1872 - 31 Oct 1918 direct rule by Hungary President of the Central Romanian National Council (at Arad)
31 Oct 1918 - 1 Dec 1918 Ştefan Cicio-Pop (b. 1865 - d. 1934) PNR
President of the National Government of the Romanian Nation
1 Dec 1918 - 2 Dec 1918 Gheorghe Pop de Băseşti (b. 1835 - d. 1919) PNR
President of the Directing Council
2 Dec 1918 - 11 Jan 1919 Iuliu Maniu (b. 1873 - d. 1953) PNR
(continues to 4 Apr 1920)
Hungarian Government Commissioners for Northern Transylvania
12 Apr 1944 - Sep 1944 B�la Rics�y-Uhlarik (b. 1895 - d. 1985)
Sep 1944 - Oct 1944 B�la gr�f Bethlen (b. 1888 - d. 1979)
Romanian Commissioner
Oct 1944 - 12 Nov 1944 Ionel Pop (b. 1889 - d. 1985) PNTSoviet Military Commander of the 2nd Ukrainian Front
21 Sep 1944 - 9 Apr 1945 Rodion Yakovlevich Malinovskiy (b. 1898 - d. 1967) Mil
Chairmen of the Executive Committee for Northern Transylvania
Feb 1945 - 1945 Teofil T. Vescan (b. 1913 - d. 1963)
+ Lajos Jord�ky (b. 1913 - d. 1974)

Romanian Military Commanders in Eastern Transylvania
28 Aug 1916 - 11 Oct 1916 Ioan Culcer (b. 1853 - d. 1928)
28 Aug 1916 - 8 Oct 1916 Alexandru Averescu (b. 1859 - d. 1938)
28 Aug 1916 - 13 Oct 1916 Constantin Prezan (b. 1861 - d. 1943)

�full style 1571 - 1711: Dei gratia Princeps Transylvani ae , Partium Regni Hungariae Dominus, et Siculorum C omes ("By the grace of God, Prince of Transylvania, Ruler of a part of the Kingdom of Hungary and Count of the Szeklers").

**Noble and Ecclesiastical Titles: B�r�, F reiherr = Baron; B�boros = Cardinal; Erzbischof = Archbishop; Erzherzog/ Erzherzog in = Archduke/Archduchess; G r�f, _Graf, Conte_= Count; F�rst,Prinz = Prince; P �sp�k = Bishop.

Party abbreviation s : PNR = Partidul Naţional Rom�n din Transilvania şi Banat (Romanian National Party in Transylvania and Banat, liberal, Romanian autonomist, merger of Partidul Naţional al Rom�nilor din Banat şi Ungaria [National Party of Romanians in Banat and Hungary] and Partidul Naţional al Rom�nilor din Transilvania [National Party of Romanians in Transylvania], 1881-1926, from 1919 named Partidul Naţional Rom�n [Romanian National Party], merged into PNT); PNT = Partidul Naţional Ţărănesc (National Peasants' Party, conservative, merger of PT and PNR, 1926-38, 1944-48)

Hungarian Autonomous Region

Note: Personal names given in Hungarian with Romanian (where available) in parenthesis.

24 Sep 1952 Hungarian

Autonomous Region (Magyar Auton�m Tartom�ny [Regiunea _Autonomă Maghiară_]) created from Covasna, Harghita and part of
Mureş counties.
24 Dec 1960 Re-organized as Mureş Hungarian Autonomous Region (Regiunea Mureş- Autonomă Maghiară); some counties are ceded to Braşov Region
and some are acquired from Cluj Region.
16 Feb 1968 Region dissolved.
First Secretaries of the Regional Committee of the Romanian Communist Party
Sep 1952 - 7 Jul 1961 Ludovic Csupor (LajosCsupor) (b. 1911 - d. 1985)
7 Jul 1961 - 21 Aug 1965 J�zsef B�nk (Iosif Banc) (b. 1921 - d. 2007)
21 Aug 1965 - 1968 J�zsef Uglar (Iosif Uglar) (b. 1920 - d. 2006)

Chairmen of the Executive Committee of the Regional People's Council
Sep 1952 - 1958 P�l Bugyi (b. 1919 - d. ....) PCR
1958 - 1959 Zolt�n Sz�v�rfi PCR
1959 - Jan 1962 L�szl� Luk�cs (Laszlo Luca) (b. 1898 - d. 1963) PCR
Jan 1962 - 1968? Demeter Puni (Dumitru Puni) PCR

Party abbreviation:PCR = Partidul Comunist Rom�n (Romanian Communist Party, communist, 1965-1989only legal party, 1921-48 named Partidul Comunist din Rom�nia [Communist Party of Rumania], 1948-65 named PMR, 1921-1948 & 1965-90)

Romania

23 Dec 1861 United Rumanian Principalities (Principatele Unite Rom�ne)
(in usage by Ottoman suzerain 23 Dec 1861 - 13 Jul 1878:
United Principalities of Moldavia and Romanian Lands
[Principatele Unite ale Moldovei și _Țarii Romanești_]).
12 Jul 1866 Rumania (Rom�nia).
21 May 1877 Independence from Ottoman Empire proclaimed.
13 Jul 1878 Independence recognized internationally.
26 Mar 1881 Kingdom of Rumania (Regatul Rom�niei).
2 Sep 1916 - 29 Nov 1918 Occupation of Rumania (in Bucharest from 22 Dec 1916), by the
Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and
Ottoman Empire).
31 Aug 1944 - 15 Sep 1947 Allied (Soviet) occupation.
30 Dec 1947 Rumanian People's Republic (Republica Populară Rom�nă).
21 Aug 1965 Socialist Republic of Rumania (Republica Socialistă Rom�nia).
Feb 1966 English spelling officially changed to Romania.
29 Dec 1989 Romania (Rom�nia).

General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Romanian Communist Party (PCR) (21 Feb 1948 - 19 Jul 1965, Romanian Workers' Party [PMR])
Oct 1945 - 20 Apr 1954 Gheorghe TănaseGheorghiu-Dej (b. 1901 - d. 1965)
First Secretaries of the Central Committee of the Romanian Workers' Party 20 Apr 1954 - 2 Oct 1955 Gheorghe Apostol (b. 1913 - d. 2010)
2 Oct 1955 - 19 Mar 1965 Gheorghe TănaseGheorghiu-Dej (s.a.)
19 Mar 1965 - 22 Mar 1965 Secretaries
- Nicolae Andrută Ceauşescu (b. 1918 - d. 1989)
- J�nos Fazekas (b. 1926 - d. 2004)
- Vladimir Gheorghiu
(acting)
22 Mar 1965 - 24 Jul 1965 Nicolae Andruţă Ceauşescu (s.a.)
General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party24 Jul 1965 - 22 Dec 1989 Nicolae Andruţă Ceauşescu (s.a.)

Princes�
23 Dec 1861 - 23 Feb 1866 Alexandru Ioan I (b. 1820 - d. 1873)
23 Feb 1866 - 22 May 1866 Princely Lieutenancy
- Nicolae Constantin Golescu (b. 1810 - d. 1878) Lib
- Lascăr ConstantinCatargiu (b. 1823 - d. 1899) Con
- Nicolae Constantin Haralambie (b. 1831 - d. 1908) Mil
(Haralamb)
22 May 1866 - 26 Mar 1881 Carol I (b. 1839 - d. 1914)
Kings�
26 Mar 1881 - 10 Oct 1914 Carol I (s.a.)
11 Oct 1914 - 20 Jul 1927 Ferdinand I (b. 1865 - d. 1927)
(in refuge at Iaşi 6 Dec 1916 - 10 Dec 1918)
20 Jul 1927 - 8 Jun 1930 Mihai I (Michael I)(1st time) (b. 1921 - d. 2017)
20 Jul 1927 - 8 Jun 1930 Regency
- principe Nicolae de Rom�nia (b. 1903 - d. 1978) Non-party
- patriarh Miron Cristea (b. 1868 - d. 1939) Non-party
- Gheorghe Vasile Buzdugan (b. 1867 - d. 1929) Non-party
(to 7 Oct 1929)
- Constantin Constantin Sărăţeanu (b. 1882 - d. 1935) Non-party
(from 9 Oct 1929)
8 Jun 1930 - 6 Sep 1940 Carol II (b. 1893 - d. 1953)
6 Sep 1940 - 30 Dec 1947 Mihai I (2nd time) (s.a.)
Presidents of the Provisional Presidium of the Romanian People's Republic
30 Dec 1947 Petru Adam Groza (acting) (b. 1884 - d. 1958) FP
(president of the council of ministers)
30 Dec 1947 - 9 Jan 1948 Constantin Ion Parhon (b. 1874 - d. 1969) PCR
+ Mihail Alexandru Sadoveanu (b. 1880 - d. 1961) BPD
+ Ştefan Voitec (b. 1900 - d. 1984) PCR
+ Gheorghe Constantin Stere (b. 1893 - d. 1970)
+ Ion Niculi (b. 1887 - d. 1979) PCR
(acting)
9 Jan 1948 - 13 Apr 1948 Constantin Ion Parhon (s.a.) PCR;1948 PMR
Presidents of the Presidium of the Grand National Assembly
13 Apr 1948 - 2 Jun 1952 Constantin Ion Parhon (s.a.) PMR
2 Jun 1952 - 7 Jan 1958 Petru Adam Groza (s.a.) FP
7 Jan 1958 - 11 Jan 1958 Mihail Alexandru Sadoveanu (s.a.) PMR
+ Anton Moisescu (b. 1913 - d. 2002) PMR
(acting)
11 Jan 1958 - 21 Mar 1961 Ion Gheorghe Iosif Maurer (b. 1902 - d. 2000) PMR
Presidents of the State Council
21 Mar 1961 - 19 Mar 1965 Gheorghe Tănase Gheorghiu-Dej (s.a.) PMR
19 Mar 1965 - 24 Mar 1965 Ion Gheorghe Iosif Maurer (s.a.) PMR
+ Ştefan Voitec (s.a.) PMR
+ Avram Bunaciu (b. 1909 - d. 1983) PMR
(acting)
24 Mar 1965 - 9 Dec 1967 Chivu Stoica (b. 1908 - d. 1975) PMR;1965 PCR
9 Dec 1967 - 28 Mar 1974 Nicolae Andruţă Ceauşescu (s.a.) PCR
Presidents
28 Mar 1974 - 22 Dec 1989 Nicolae Andruţă Ceauşescu (s.a.) PCR
22 Dec 1989 - 26 Dec 1989 Council of the National Salvation Front�
26 Dec 1989 - 29 Nov 1996 Ion Alexandru Iliescu (1st time) (b. 1930 - d. 2025)FSN;1992 FSDN;
(president of the Council of the National Salvation 1996 PDSR
Front to 13 Feb 1990; then president of the
Provisional Council of National Unity to 21 Jun 1990)
29 Nov 1996 - 20 Dec 2000 Emil Ion Constantinescu (b. 1939) PNT-CD
20 Dec 2000 - 20 Dec 2004 Ion Alexandru Iliescu (2nd time) (s.a.) PDSR;2001 PSD
20 Dec 2004 - 21 Dec 2014 Traian Dumitru Băsescu (b. 1951) PD;2004
(suspended 20 Apr - 23 May 2007 Non-party
and 9 Jul - 27 Aug 2012)
20 Apr 2007 - 23 May 2007 Nicolae Văcăroiu (b. 1943) PSD
(acting for suspended Basescu)
10 Jul 2012 - 27 Aug 2012 George Crin Laurenţiu Antonescu (b. 1959) PNL
(acting for suspended Basescu)
21 Dec 2014 - 12 Feb 2025 Klaus Werner Gustav Iohannis (b. 1959) Non-party
12 Feb 2025 - 26 May 2025 Ilie Gavril Bolojan (interim) (b. 1969) PNL
26 May 2025 - Nicușor Daniel Dan (b. 1969) Non-party

Presidents of the Council of Ministers (Prime ministers)
3 Feb 1862 - 20 Jun 1862 Barbu Ştefan Catargiu (b. 1807 - d. 1862) Con
20 Jun 1862 - 6 Jul 1862 Apostol Arsachi (interim) (b. 1789 - d. 1869) Con
6 Jul 1862 - 24 Oct 1863 Nicolae Alexandru Creţulescu (b. 1812 - d. 1900) Mod
(Kretzulescu)(1st time)
24 Oct 1863 - 7 Feb 1865 Mihail Ilie Kogălniceanu (b. 1817 - d. 1891) Lib
7 Feb 1865 - 26 Jun 1865 Constantin Andrei Bozianu (b. 1815 - d. 1882) Mod
26 Jun 1865 - 23 Feb 1866 Nicolae Alexandru Creţulescu (s.a.) Mod
(2nd time)
23 Feb 1866 - 23 May 1866 principe Ion Dimitrie Ghica (b. 1817 - d. 1897) Lib
(Ghika)(1st time)
23 May 1866 - 28 Jul 1866 Lascăr Constantin Catargiu (s.a.) Con
(1st time)
28 Jul 1866 - 13 Mar 1867 principe Ion Dimitrie Ghica (s.a.) Lib
(2nd time)
13 Mar 1867 - 29 Aug 1867 Constantin Alexandru Creţulescu (b. 1809 - d. 1884) Mod
(Kretzulescu)
29 Aug 1867 - 13 May 1868 Ştefan Dinicu Golescu (b. 1809 - d. 1874) Rad
13 May 1868 - 29 Nov 1868 Nicolae Constantin Golescu (s.a.) Rad
29 Nov 1868 - 14 Feb 1870 Prince Dimitrie Grigore Ghica (b. 1816 - d. 1897) Con
(Ghika)
14 Feb 1870 - 2 May 1870 Alexandru Iordache Golescu (b. 1819 - d. 1881) Mod
2 May 1870 - 30 Dec 1870 Emanoil Costache Epureanu (b. 1824 - d. 1880) PNL
(1st time)
30 Dec 1870 - 24 Mar 1871 principe Ion Dimitrie Ghica (s.a.) Lib
(3rd time)
24 Mar 1871 - 17 Apr 1876 Lascăr Constantin Catargiu (s.a.) Con
(2nd time)
17 Apr 1876 - 10 May 1876 Ion EmanoilFlorescu (1st time) (b. 1819 - d. 1893) Con
10 May 1876 - 6 Aug 1876 Emanoil Costache Epureanu (s.a.) PNL
(2nd time)
6 Aug 1876 - 22 Apr 1881 Ion Constantin Brătianu (1st time) (b. 1821 - d. 1891) PNL
22 Apr 1881 - 21 Jun 1881 Dimitrie Constantin Brătianu (b. 1818 - d. 1892) PNL
21 Jun 1881 - 3 Apr 1888 Ion Constantin Brătianu (2nd time) (s.a.) PNL
3 Apr 1888 - 10 Apr 1889 Teodor Gheorghe Rosetti (b. 1837 - d. 1923) PC
10 Apr 1889 - 16 Nov 1889 Lascăr ConstantinCatargiu (s.a.) PC
(3rd time)
16 Nov 1889 - 6 Mar 1891 Gheorghe Ioan Manu (b. 1833 - d. 1911) PC
6 Mar 1891 - 9 Dec 1891 Ion EmanoilFlorescu (2nd time) (s.a.) PC
9 Dec 1891 - 16 Oct 1895 Lascăr ConstantinCatargiu (s.a.) PC
(4th time)
16 Oct 1895 - 3 Dec 1896 Dimitrie Alexandru Sturdza- (b. 1833 - d. 1914) PNL
Miclăuşanu (1st time)
3 Dec 1896 - 12 Apr 1897 Petre Sebeşanu Aurelian (b. 1833 - d. 1909) PNL
12 Apr 1897 - 23 Apr 1899 Dimitrie Alexandru Sturdza- (s.a.) PNL
Miclăuşanu (2nd time)
23 Apr 1899 - 19 Jul 1900 principe Gheorghe Grigore (b. 1832 - d. 1913) PC
Cantacuzino (1st time)
19 Jul 1900 - 26 Feb 1901 Petre Petre Carp (1st time) (b. 1837 - d. 1918) PC
26 Feb 1901 - 4 Jan 1905 Dimitrie Alexandru Sturdza (s.a.) PNL
Miclăuşanu (3rd time)
4 Jan 1905 - 24 Mar 1907 principe Gheorghe Grigore (s.a.) PC
Cantacuzino (2nd time)
24 Mar 1907 - 9 Jan 1909 Dimitrie Alexandru Sturdza- (s.a.) PNL
(4th time)
9 Jan 1909 - 11 Jan 1911 Ioan Ioan Constantin Brătianu (b. 1864 - d. 1927) PNL
(1st time)
11 Jan 1911 - 10 Apr 1912 Petre Petre Carp (2nd time) (s.a.) PC
10 Apr 1912 - 16 Jan 1914 Titu Liviu Ioan Maiorescu (b. 1840 - d. 1917) PC
16 Jan 1914 - 11 Feb 1918 Ioan Ioan Constantin Brătianu (s.a.) PNL
(2nd time)(from 6 Dec 1916, in refuge at Iaşi)
11 Feb 1918 - 19 Mar 1918 Alexandru Constantin Avarescu (b. 1859 - d. 1938) Mil
(1st time)(in refuge at Iaşi)
19 Mar 1918 - 5 Nov 1918 Alexandru Iancu Marghiloman (b. 1854 - d. 1925) PC
5 Nov 1918 - 11 Dec 1918 Constantin Henri Coandă (b. 1857 - d. 1932) Mil
11 Dec 1918 - 9 Oct 1919 Ioan Ioan Constantin Brătianu (s.a.) PNL
(3rd time)
9 Oct 1919 - 13 Dec 1919 Arthur Văitoianu (b. 1864 - d. 1957) PNL
13 Dec 1919 - 16 Mar 1920 Alexandru Dionisie Vaida-Voievod (b. 1872 - d. 1950) PNR
(1st time)
22 Jan 1920 - 16 Mar 1920 Ştefan Cicio Pop (b. 1865 - d. 1934) PNR
(acting for Vaida-Voievod)
16 Mar 1920 - 17 Dec 1921 Alexandru ConstantinAvarescu (s.a.) PP
(2nd time)
17 Dec 1921 - 19 Jan 1922 Dumitru Gheorghe Ionescu (b. 1858 - d. 1922) PCD
19 Jan 1922 - 30 Mar 1926 Ion Ioan Constantin Brătianu (s.a.) PNL
(4th time)
30 Mar 1926 - 5 Jun 1927 Alexandru Constantin Avarescu (s.a.) PP
(3rd time)
5 Jun 1927 - 21 Jun 1927 principe Barbu Alexandru Ştirbey (b. 1873 - d. 1946) Non-party
22 Jun 1927 - 24 Nov 1927 Ion Ioan Constantin Brătianu (s.a.) PNL
(5th time)
24 Nov 1927 - 11 Nov 1928 Vintilă Ion Constantin Brătianu (b. 1867 - d. 1930) PNL
11 Nov 1928 - 7 Jun 1930 Iuliu Ion Maniu (1st time) (b. 1873 - d. 1953) PNT
7 Jun 1930 - 13 Jun 1930 Gheorghe Gheorghe Mironescu (b. 1874 - d. 1949) PNT
(1st time)
13 Jun 1930 - 10 Oct 1930 Iuliu Ion Maniu (2nd time) (s.a.) PNT
(2nd time)
10 Oct 1930 - 18 Apr 1931 Gheorghe Gheorghe Mironescu (s.a.) PNT
18 Apr 1931 - 6 Jun 1932 Nicolae Nicu Iorga (b. 1871 - d. 1940) PND
6 Jun 1932 - 20 Oct 1932 Alexandru Dionisie Vaida-Voievod (s.a.) PNT
(2nd time)
20 Oct 1932 - 14 Jan 1933 Iuliu Ion Maniu (3rd time) (s.a.) PNT
14 Jan 1933 - 14 Nov 1933 Alexandru Dionisie Vaida-Voievod (s.a.) PNT
(3rd time)
14 Nov 1933 - 29 Dec 1933 Ion Gheorghe Duca (b. 1879 - d. 1933) PNL
30 Dec 1933 - 5 Jan 1934 Constantin Dumitru Angelescu (b. 1869 - d. 1942) PNL
5 Jan 1934 - 28 Dec 1937 Gheorghe Tătărescu (1st time) (b. 1886 - d. 1957) PNL
28 Dec 1937 - 10 Feb 1938 Octavian Iosif Goga (b. 1881 - d. 1938) PNC
10 Feb 1938 - 6 Mar 1939 patriarh Miron Cristea (s.a.) Non-party
6 Mar 1939 - 21 Sep 1939 Armand Mihail Călinescu (b. 1893 - d. 1939) FRN
21 Sep 1939 - 28 Sep 1939 Gheorghe Vasile Argeşeanu (b. 1883 - d. 1940) Mil
28 Sep 1939 - 24 Nov 1939 Constantin Ioan Argetoianu (b. 1871 - d. 1952) FRN
24 Nov 1939 - 4 Jul 1940 Gheorghe Tătărescu (2nd time) (s.a.) FRN;1940 PN
4 Jul 1940 - 4 Sep 1940 Ion Petre Gigurtu (b. 1886 - d. 1959) PN
4 Sep 1940 - 23 Aug 1944 Ion Victor Antonescu (b. 1882 - d. 1946) Mil
(from 14 Sep 1940 styled Conducător al Statului
[Leader of the State])
23 Aug 1944 - 6 Dec 1944 Constantin Sănătescu (b. 1885 - d. 1947) Mil
26 Aug 1944 - 12 Apr 1945 Horia Sima (b. 1907 - d. 1993) GF
(in dissidence; prime minister of the national
government, in Vienna [from Feb 1945, Altaussee] exile)
6 Dec 1944 - 6 Mar 1945 Nicolae Radu Rădescu (b. 1874 - d. 1953) Mil
6 Mar 1945 - 2 Jun 1952 Petru Adam Groza (s.a.) FP
2 Jun 1952 - 3 Oct 1955 Gheorghe TănaseGheorghiu-Dej (s.a.) PMR
3 Oct 1955 - 21 Mar 1961 Chivu Stoica (s.a.) PMR
21 Mar 1961 - 28 Mar 1974 Ion Gheorghe Iosif Maurer (s.a.) PMR;1965 PCR
Prime ministers
28 Mar 1974 - 29 Mar 1979 Manea Mănescu (b. 1916 - d. 2009) PCR
29 Mar 1979 - 21 May 1982 Ilie Verdeţ (b. 1925 - d. 2001) PCR
21 May 1982 - 22 Dec 1989 Constantin Dăscălescu (b. 1923 - d. 2003) PCR
22 Dec 1989 - 26 Dec 1989 Vacant
26 Dec 1989 - 1 Oct 1991 Petre Valter Roman (b. 1946) FSN
1 Oct 1991 - 20 Nov 1992 Theodor Dumitru Stolojan (b. 1943) PNL
20 Nov 1992 - 12 Dec 1996 Nicolae Văcăroiu (s.a.) Non-party;1993 PDSR
12 Dec 1996 - 30 Mar 1998 Victor Ciorbea (b. 1954) PNT-CD
30 Mar 1998 - 17 Apr 1998 Gavril Dejeu (interim) (b. 1932) PNT-CD
17 Apr 1998 - 13 Dec 1999 Radu Vasile (b. 1942 - d. 2013) PNT-CD
13 Dec 1999 - 22 Dec 1999 Alexandru Athanasiu (interim) (b. 1955) PSDR
22 Dec 1999 - 28 Dec 2000 Constantin Mugurel Isărescu (b. 1949) Non-party
28 Dec 2000 - 21 Dec 2004 Adrian Marian Năstase (b. 1950) PDSR;2001 PSD
21 Dec 2004 - 29 Dec 2004 Eugen Bejinariu (interim) (b. 1959) PSD
29 Dec 2004 - 22 Dec 2008 Călin Constantin Anton Popescu- (b. 1952) PNL
Tăriceanu
22 Dec 2008 - 6 Feb 2012 Emil Boc (b. 1966) PDL
6 Feb 2012 - 9 Feb 2012 Cătălin Marian Predoiu (1st time) (b. 1968) PNL
(interim)
9 Feb 2012 - 7 May 2012 Mihai Răzvan Ştefan Ungureanu (b. 1968) Non-party
7 May 2012 - 5 Nov 2015 Victor-Viorel Ponta (b. 1972) PSD
23 Jun 2015 - 9 Jul 2015 Gabriel Oprea (1st time) (b. 1961) UNPR
(acting for Ponta)
29 Jul 2015 - 10 Aug 2015 Gabriel Oprea (2nd time) (s.a.) UNPR
(acting for Ponta)
5 Nov 2015 - 17 Nov 2015 Sorin Mihai C�mpeanu (interim) (b. 1968) Non-party
17 Nov 2015 - 4 Jan 2017 Dacian Julien Cioloş (b. 1969) Non-party
4 Jan 2017 - 29 Jun 2017 Sorin MihaiGrindeanu (b. 1973) PSD
29 Jun 2017 - 16 Jan 2018 Mihai Tudose (b. 1967) PSD
16 Jan 2018 - 29 Jan 2018 Mihai Viorel Fifor (interim) (b. 1970) PSD
29 Jan 2018 - 4 Nov 2019 Vasilica Viorica Dăncilă (f) (b. 1963) PSD
4 Nov 2019 - 7 Dec 2020 Ludovic Orban (b. 1963) PNL
7 Dec 2020 - 23 Dec 2020 Nicolae Ionel Ciucă (1st time) (b. 1967) PNL
(interim)
23 Dec 2020 - 24 Nov 2021 Florin Vasile C�țu (b. 1972) PNL
24 Nov 2021 - 12 Jun 2023 Nicolae Ionel Ciucă (2nd time) (s.a.) PNL
12 Jun 2023 - 15 Jun 2023 Cătălin Marian Predoiu (2nd time) (s.a.) PNL
(interim)
15 Jun 2023 - 6 May 2025 Ion-Marcel Ciolacu (b. 1967) PSD
6 May 2025 - 23 Jun 2025 Catalin Marian Predoiu (3rd time) (s.a.) PNL
(interim)
23 Jun 2025 - Ilie Bolojan (s.a.) PNL

Allied (Soviet) Occupation

Soviet Military Commander of the 2nd Ukrainian Front
31 Aug 1944 - 15 Sep 1944 Rodion Yakovlevich Malinovskiy (b. 1898 - d. 1967) Mil
Chairman of the Allied Control Commission
12 Sep 1944 - 15 Sep 1947Rodion Yakovlevich Malinovskiy (s.a.) Mil
(Soviet Union)(absent from Oct 1944)
12 Sep 1944 - Feb 1945 Vladislav Petrovich Vinogradov (b. 1899 - d. 1962) Mil
(Soviet Union)(acting for Malinovskiy)
Feb 1945 - 15 Sep 1947 Ivan Zakharovich Susaykov (b. 1903 - d. 1962) Mil
(Soviet Union)(acting for Malinovskiy)

Central Powers Occupation

German Commander of Army Group Mackensen (from 22 May 1918, Commander-in - chief of the Army of Occupation in Rumania (from 22 Dec 1916 in Bucharest)
29 Aug 1916 - 11 Nov 1918 Anton Ludwig Friedrich August von (b. 1849 - d. 1945) Mil
Mackensen
Governor of the Military Administration in Rumania
(joint condominium of the Central Powers)
22 Dec 1916 - 22 May 1918 Erich Theodor Franz T�lff von (b. 1854 - d. 1934) Mil
Tschepe und Weidenbach (Germany)

Secretary-general of **H ome Affairs
(subordinated to Central Powers military administration in Rumania)
6 Dec 1916 - 7 May 1918 Nicolae Lupu Costache (b. 1888 - d. 19..) Non-party

Noble and Ecclesiastical Titles: Graf = count;Patriarh = patriarch; Prin, Principe , _F�rst = prince; Rege = king.

�The full style of the rulers:
(a) 3 Feb 1862 - 12 Jul 1866 (New Style): Cu mila lui Dumnezeu şi voinţa na ţională Domn [orDomnitor] Principatelor-Unite-Rom�ne ("with the God's help and by the Will of the Nation, Lord [or Ruler] of the United Romanian Principalities");
(b) 12 Jul 1866 - 26 Mar 1881 (New Style): Din graţia lui Dumnezeu şi prin voinţa naţional ă, Domn al Rom�nilor("by the Grace of God and by the Will of the Nation, Lord of the Romanians") note: in this style, the word "Domn" (Lord) is often replaced by "Domnitor" (Ruler) or by "Principe" (Prince); and the words "al Rom �nilor" (of the Romanians) are sometimes replaced by "al Rom �niei" (of Romania). There was no obvious rule to these substitutions; they occur, i.e., on coins, state seals;
(c) 26 Mar 1881 - 30 Dec 1947: Prin graţia lui Dumnezeu şi voinţa na ţional ă, Rege al Rom�niei ("by the Grace of the God and by the Will of the Nation, King of Romania") note: in this style, the words "al Rom �niei" {of Romania} are sometimes replaced by"al Rom �nilor" (of the Romanians).

�members of the Council of the National Salvation Front (Consiliul Frontului Salvării Naţionale) 22 Dec - 26 Dec 1989 were: Ion Iliescu (s.a.)(spokesman), Doina Cornea (f)(b. 1929 - d. 2018), Ana Blandiana (f)(b. 1942), Mircea Dinescu (b. 1950), L�szl� T�k�s (b. 1952), Dumitru Mazilu (b. 1934), Dan Deşliu (b. 1927 - d. 1992), Aurel Dragoş Munteanu (b. 1942 - d. 2005), Corneliu Mănescu (b. 1916 - d. 2000), Alexandru B�rlădeanu (b. 1911 - d. 1997), Silviu Brucan (b. 1916 - d. 2006), Petre Roman (s.a.), Ion Caramitru (b. 1942), Sergiu Nicolaescu (b. 1930 - d. 2013), Mihail Montanu (b. 1949), Mihai Ispas (b. 1965), Cazimir Ionescu (b. 1946), Gelu Voican-Voiculescu (b. 1941), Dan Marţian (b. 1935 - d. 2002), Vasile Neacşa, Cristina Ciontu (f)(b. 1966?), Marian Baciu, Bujor-Bogdan Teodoriu (b. 1953 - d. 2014), Eugenia Iorga (f)(b. 1954), Paul Negriţiu, Gheorghe Manole (b. 1949), Vladimir Ionescu, Adrian S�rbu (b. 1955), Constantin C�rjan (b. 1932 - d. 1993), G�za Domokos (b. 1928 - d. 2007), Magdalena Ionescu (f), Marian Mierlă (b. 1959?), Constantin Ivanovici (b. 1947), VladOvidiu, Valeriu Bucurescu (b. 1944 - d. 2006), Ştefan Guşă (b. 1940 - d. 1994), Victor Atanasie Stănculescu (b. 1928 - d. 2016), Gheorghe Constantin Voinea (d. 1992), Mihai Lupoi (b. 1953 - d. 2012), and Emil Dumitrescu (b. 1935 - d. 2019).

Territorial Disputes: The ICJ ruled largely in favor of Romania its dispute submitted in 2004 over Ukrainian-administered Zmiyinyy/Şerpilor (Snake) Island and Black Sea maritime boundary delimitation; Romania opposes Ukraine's reopening of a navigation canal from the Danube border through Ukraine to the Black Sea.

Party abbreviations: PDL = Partidul Democrat Liberal (Democratic Liberal Party, center-right, merger of PD and Partidul Liberal Democrat [Liberal Democratic Party], est.2007);PNL = Partidul Naţional Liberal (National Liberal Party, liberal, center-right,1875-1938, 1944-47, re-est.1990);PNT-CD = Partidul NaţionalŢărănesc Creştin Democrat (Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party, christian-democratic, PNT successor, est.1990); PSD = Partidul Social Democrat (Social Democrat Party, social-democratic, merger of PDSR andPSDR, est.16 Jan 2001); UNPR = Uniunea Naţională pentru Progresul Rom�niei (National Union for the Progress of Romania, social-democratic, split from PSD, est.Mar 2010); Mil = Military;
- Former parties: BPD = Blocul Partidelor Democrate (Democratic Parties Bloc, pro-communist electoral alliance of PCR, FP, PNL, PNT, PSDR, Uniunea Patrioţilor [Patriots Union], and Comitetul Democrat Evreiesc [Jewish Democratic Committee],1946-1948); Con = Conservator (Conservative,19th cent. conservatives); FP = Frontul Plugarilor (Ploughmen's Front left-wing agrarian, 1933-1953); FRN = Frontul Renaşterii Naţionale (National Renasisance Front, fascist, nationalist, only legal party, 15 Dec 1938-22 Jun 1940, replaced by PN); FDSN = Frontul Democrat al Salvării Naţionale (Democratic National Salvation Front, split from FSN, 7 Apr 1992-10 Jul 1993, then PSDR); FSN = Frontul Salvării Naţionale (National Salvation Front, split from PCR, 22 Dec 1989-31 Mar 1993, then PD); GF = Mişcarea Legionară sau Garda de Fier (Iron Guard Legionary Movement, fascist, banned Dec 1933, re-founded 1935 as Totul pentru Ţară [Everything for the Country], 1927-33, 1935-38, 14 Sep 1940-23 Jan 1941, in exile 1944-45); Lib = Liberal (19th cent. liberals); Mod = Moderat (Moderate, 19th cent. moderates); PC = Partidul Conservator (Conservative Party, conservative, 1880-1925); PCD = Partidul Conservator-Democrat (Conservative Democratic Party, split from PC, 1918-1922, merged with PNR); PCR = Partidul Comunist Rom�n (Romanian Communist Party, communist, 1965-Dec 1989 only legal party, 1921-48 named Partidul Comunist din Rom�nia [Communist Party of Rumania], 1948-65named PMR, 1921-38, 1944-48 & 1965-12 Jan 1990); PD = Partidul Democrat (Democratic Party, social-democratic, former FSN, 1993-2007, merged into PDL); PDSR = Partidul Democraţiei Sociale din Rom�nia (Party of Social Democracy in Romania, ex-communist, former FSDN, 10 Jul 1993-16 Jan 2001, merged into PSDR); PMR = Partidul Muncitoresc Rom�n (Romanian Workers' Party, communist, state party, 21 Feb 1948-Jul 1965, previously and later named PCR); PN = Partidul Naţiunii (Party of the Nation, fascist, nationalist, former FRN, only legal party, 22 Jun 1940-14 Sep 1940, replaced by GF); PNR = Partidul Naţional Rom�n (Rumanian National Party, liberal, until 1919 named Partidul Naţional Rom�n din Transilvania şi Banat [Romanian National Party in Transylvania and Banat], 1881-1926, merged into PNT); PNT = Partidul Naţional Ţărănesc (National Peasants' Party, conservative, merger of PT and PNR, 1926-38, 1944-48); PP = Partidul Poporului (People's Party, populist,Alexandru Averescu personalist, 1918-1932);Rad = Radical (19th cent. radical liberals); PSDR = Partidul Social Democrat Rom�n (Romanian Social Democratic Party, social-democratic, 1910-16, 1927-38, 1944-Feb 1948, merged with PMR, restored 1990-16 Jan 2001, merged into PSD)

Banat

c.1861 Banat Land Colors (possibly)	31 Oct 1918 - 11 Jan 1919

9th cent. Part of Bulgaria.
10th cent. Part of Hungary.
1223 Hungary establishes the Banat of Severin (Banate of Sz�r�ny),
approximately covering the Banat mountains and western Oltenia,
as a defensive zone.
22 Apr 1552 Part of Ottoman Empire (Ey�let-i Temeşvar; later, pashalik of Temeşvar).
12 Oct 1716 - 2 Nov 1716 Austrian occupation.
2 Nov 1716 - 23 Apr 1779 Under Austrian civil administration.
26 Jan 1718 Banat of Temesv�r (Temeschwar Banat).
6 Jun 1778 Incorporated into Hungary (effective 1779), and divided into three
counties (Krass�er, Temeser, and Torontaler).
13 May 1848 - Dec 1849 Rebellion declares separation from Hungary, but not from Austria,
as Serbian Vojvodina (Srpsko Vojvodstvo / Serbische Woiwodina)
(see under Serbia).
4 Mar 1849 - 18 Nov 1849 Voivodship of Serbia and Banate of Temesv�r declared an Austrian
crownland (but not effected).
1 Jan 1850 Separated from Hungary as part of Austrian crownland of Voivodship
of Serbia and Banate of Temesv�r (Serbische Woiwodschaft und das Temescher Banat/Vojvodstvo Srbije i Tami�ki Banat), with the ruler
of Austria adopting the style Grosswoiwod der Woiwodschaft Serbien
("Grand Voivode of the Voivodeship of Serbia")(by imperial patent
of 18 Nov 1849).
1 Feb 1861 Autonomy abolished, re-incorporated into Hungary.
21 Dec 1867 Part of the "Hungarian" half of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy
(i.e. of the "Lands of the Holy Hungarian Crown").
8 Aug 1873 Banat Military Frontier (Banat Krajina)(created in 1764) dis-
established (see Military Frontier under Croatia).
31 Oct 1918 Banat Republic (B�n�ti K�zt�rsas�g/Banater Republik/Banatska republika/ Republica bănățeană), autonomy declared (recognized only
by Hungary), capital at Temesv�r (Timişoara).
15 Nov 1918 - 26 Jul 1919 Serbian occupation of Temesv�r (Timişoara)(as part of the Banat,
Bačka and Baranja province).
3 Dec 1918 - 12 Aug 1919 Occupied by the Principal Allied and Associated Powers.
13 Jun 1919 Divsion of Banat of Temesvar agreed by Paris Peace Conference.
easternBanat (Temesv�r [Timişoara]) ceded to Romania; western
Banat (Bačka and Novi Sad) ceded to Serbia.
28 Jul 1919 Romanian administration of Timişoara begins.
4 Jun 1920 Treaty of Trianon with Hungary formally cedes eastern Banat to
Romania and western Banat to Serbia (see Vojvodina), but
Hungary retains a small area around Ujszeged.

Pashas of T emeşvar
1698 - 28 Feb 1699 �elebi Yusuf Pasha
1699 Sari Ahmed Pasha
1699 - 1701 Elci Ibrahim Pasha
1701 - 1702 Hagi Mustafa Pasha?
(or Kandilci Huseyin or Ali Pasha?)
1702 - 1703 Yusuf Pasha
1703 - 1704 Hagi/Hazinedar Ibrahim Pasha
1704 - Feb 1706 Dellak Ali Pasha
5 Jul 1706 - Oct 1708 G�mr�k��/Kiipti Ali Pasha
Oct 1708 - 1709 Firari Hasan Pasha
1709/10 - 1713 Sari Mustafa Pasha
15 Dec 1713 - 17 Oct 1716 Mustafa Pasha
Austrian Military commander
17 Oct 1716 - 2 Nov 1716 Franz Eugen Prinz von Savoyen- (b. 1663 - d. 1736)
Carignan
Military Presidents of the Land Administration of Banat
( Milit�rpr�sidenten der Landesadministration des Temescher Banats )
1716 - 1733 Claudius Florimund Graf Mercy (b. 1666 - d. 1734)
1719 - 1722 Franz Anton Paul Graf von Wallis (b. 1678 - d. 1737)
Freiherr von Karighmain (Carighmain)
(1st time) (acting for Mercy)
1733 - 1734 Franz Anton Paul Graf von Wallis (s.a.)
Freiherr von Karighmain
(2nd time) (acting)
Sep 1734 - 9 Jan 1738 Johann Andreas Graf von Hamilton (b. 1679 - d. 1738)
9 Jan 1738 - 18 Feb 1738 Johann Jakob Benedikt Freiherr (b. 1705 - d. 1785)
von Neffzern (acting)
18 Feb 1738 - Sep 1739 Wilhelm Reinhard Graf von Neipperg (b. 1684 - d. 1774)
-Neuperg
14 Sep 1739 - 12 Mar 1740 August Jakob Heinrich Freiherr von (b. 1690 - d. 1740)
Suckow (Succov)
1740 - 1757 Franz Anton LeopoldPontz Freiherr (b. 1692 - d. 1761)
von Engelshofen (interim to 1742)
1757 - 1758 Ferdinand Philipp Graf von Harsch (b. 1704 - d. 1792)
1758 - 1759 Anton Graf von Puebla (b. 1699 - d. 1766)
(= Antonio Col�n de Portugal y Ortega,
Cabrera y Fern�ndez, conde de la Puebla de Portugal)
1759 - 1769 Sigmund Friedrich Samuel Freiherr (d. 1780)
von Lietzen
1769 - 1775 Maximilian Josef Freiherr Mitrowsky(b. 1709 - d. 1782)
von Mitrowitz und Nemischl
1775 - 1779 Johann Franz Anton Freiherr von (b. 1713 - d. 1784)
Zedtwitz
Landeschef of the Voivodship of Serbia and Banate of Temesv�r 18 Nov 1849 - 1851 Ferdinand Franz Xaver Johann (b. 1798 - d. 1869)
Mayerhofer Ritter von Gr�nb�hel
(from 12 Jan 1850, Freiherr
Mayerhofer von Gr�nb�hel)
(provisional)
**Grand Voivodes 1 Jan 1850 - 31 Oct 1918 **the rulers of Austria Governors of the Voivodship of Serbia and Banate of Temesv�r 1851 - 28 Jul 1859 Johann Baptist Alexius Graf (b. 1794 - d. 1880)
Coronini von Cronberg
(military and civil governor)28 Jul 1859 - 29 Jan 1860 Joseph Freiherr von Sokcsevits (b. 1811 - d. 1896)
(= Josip barun �okčević)
19 Jun 1860 - 1860 Karl August Leopold Graf von Bigot (b. 1805 - d. 1884)
de Saint-Quentin1860 - 12 Feb 1861 Alexander Constantin Albert Graf (b. 1813 - d. 1871)
Mensdorff-Pouilly
(imperial commissioner)
Commissioner-in-Chief of the Banat Republic
31 Oct 1918 - 17 Jan 1919 Otto Roth (= Ott� R�th) (b. 1884 - d. 1956) MSzDP
Commander of Serbian Forces(the 1st Army)
15 Nov 1918 - 24 Nov 1918 �ivojin Mi�ić (b. 1855 - d. 1921) Mil
Commander of Serbian Troops, Banat
28 May 1919 - 26 Jul 1919 Pantelija-Panta Grujić (b. 1866 - d. 1958) Mil
Prefect (�upan)
20 Feb 1919 - 23 Jul 1919 Martin Philippon (b. 1884 - d. 1967)
Commander of Allied Forces in Banat (commander 11th division d'infanterie)
23 Jul 1919 - 12 Aug 1919 Charles Louis Joseph de Tournadre (b. 1860 - d. 1938) Mil
(France)

Civil Presidents of the Land Administration of Banat
1751 - 18 Nov 1753 Franz Anton Leopold Pontz Freiherr (s.a.)
von Engelshofen
29 Dec 1753 - Dec 1768 Francesco de Paula Ramond Graf (b. 1704 - d. 1773)
Vilana-Perlas de Rialpo
Jan 1769 - 1774 Karl Ignaz Reichsgraf von Clary (b. 1729 - d. 1791)
und Aldringen
1774 - 1777 Josef Graf von Brigido von (b. 1733 - d. 1817)
Bresowitz, Freiherr von Mahrenfels
1777 - 1779 Pompejus Graf Brigido von (b. 1729 - d. 1811)
Bresowitz, Freiherr von Mahrenfels

Party abbreviation: MSzDP = Magyar Szoci�ldemokrata P�rt (Hungarian Social Democratic Party, social-democratic, 7 Dec 1890-12 Jun 1948, merged into MDP, re-est.9 May 1989); Mil = Military

Lugos (Lugoj) Neutral Zone

22 Mar 1919 - 23 Jul 1919 Allied (French) occupation of a neutral zone (called Lugos
county/circle [_Cercul Lugoj_]) in eastern Banat.
23 Jul 1919 Incorporated into Romania.

Allied Commanders of the Zone of Occupation in Banat (all from France)
22 Mar 1919 - 3 Jun 1919 L�on Gaston Jean Baptiste Farret (b. 1861 - d. 1928)
(commander 11th division d'infanterie)
22 Mar 1919 - 3 Jun 1919 major Papillon (1st time)
(acting for Farret)
(commander artillery detachment 21)
3 Jun 1919 - 23 Jul 1919 Charles Louis Joseph de Tournadre (b. 1860 - d. 1930)
(commander 11th division d'infanterie)
3 Jun 1919 - 18 Jul 1919 major Papillon (2nd time)
(acting for de Tournadre)
18 Jul 1919 - 23 Jul 1919 Jean Joseph Colin Lucien Alfred (b. 1867 - d. 1939)
B�trix
(acting for de Tournadre)

Bukovina: see under Ukraine

Dobruja

681 - 968 Part of Bulgaria.
971 - 1187 Part of Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire.
1187 - 1388 Part of Bulgaria.
1388 Ottoman rule (part of Silistra Sanjak of Rumelia Vilayet).
17 Mar 1390 - Oct 1396 Part of Walachia (in Romanian: Dobrogea).
1404 - Oct 1419 Part of Walachia.
1593 Part of the vilayet of Silistra (Eyalet-i Silistre).
1810 - 1810 Russian occupation.
Apr 1828 - 1836 Russian occupation.
1864 Silistra merged into the vilayet Tuna (see under Bulgaria).
10 Jun 1877 - 8 Oct 1878 Russian occupation.
19 Feb 1878 - 1 Jul 1878 Bulgaria is ceded the Mangalia strip.
8 Oct 1878 Ceded by Russia to Romania in return for three districts in
southern Bessarabia.
1908 Full incorporation into Romania.
8 May 1913 Bulgaria cedes city of Silistra to Romania.
10 Jul 1913 Romania occupies southern extension of Dobruja,
Cadrilater, with the counties Darstor and Caliacra.
10 Aug 1913 Southern Dobruja formally ceded by Bulgaria to Romania.
9 Oct 1916 Austro-Hungarian, Bulgarian, German, and Ottoman occupation.
7 May 1918 - 8 Dec 1919 Bulgaria annexes Southern Dobruja and Silistra.
7 May 1918 - 25 Sep 1918 Joint Central Powers (Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Germany, and
Ottoman Empire) condominium over Northern Dobruja.
25 Sep 1918 Bulgaria is ceded the former Northern Dobruja condominium.
30 Nov 1918 - 27 Nov 1919 Principal Allied and Associated Powers administration of all of
Dobruja (de facto Romanian occupation under Allied supervision).
8 Dec 1919 Southern Dobruja (Cadrilater)and Silistra ceded to Romania.
7 Sep 1940 Southern Dobruja and Silistrarestored to Bulgaria.

Rulers
1320/25 - 1347 Balică (Balik)
1347 - 1386 Dobrotici (Dobrotitsa)
(Despot from 1367)
1386 - 1388 Ivanco (Ivanko)
Walis (governors) of Silistra
c.1484 - bf.1488 Rakkash Sin�n Beg
Jun 1509 - c.8 Aug 1511 Bali Bey
Jun 1551 - 155. Ilyas Beg (b. 152. - d. 1555)
(= Iliaş II Rareş of Moldavia)
1552 Mehmed Raves
c.1554 Malko� Bali Beg
c.1583 Yakub beg
1594/95 P�r� Pasha
1598 Ahmed Pasha
c.Aug 1601 Ali Pasha
bf.1606 - 1608? Mimar Dalgi� Ahmed Pasha (d. 1608)
c.1616 Ibrahim Pasha
c.1620 - 1621 Iskender Pasha
1621 - 1625 Cantemir Mirza (1st time)
1625 Diak Mehmed
c.1627 Ibrahim Pasha
1628 - 1629 Cantemir Mirza (2nd time)
1629 - 1631 Murtaza Pasha
1631 - 1632 Yusuf Beg
May 1632 - 1633 Abaza Pasha
11 Jun 1637 - 23 Feb 1638 Tabaniyassi Muhammad Pasha
1638 - 1640 Nasuhpashazade H�seyin Pasha
21 Feb 1640 - 164. Vesir Ipshir Mustafa Pasha
c.1641 Sultanzade Muhammad Pasha
1 Sep 1642 - 164. Vesir Deli Hussein Pasha
1643 - 16.. Dervish Mehmed Pasha (1st time)
1644 - 1645 Ko�a Musa Pasha (d. 1647)
1645 Nisanci Mustafa Pasha
Aug 1645 - 31 Mar 1648 Vesir Siyawush Pasha (1st time)
1648 - 1649 ....
1649 - 1651 Dervish Mehmed Pasha (2nd time)
Aug 1651 - 1652/53 Melek Ahmed Pasha (1st time)
1652/53 - Feb 1656 Vesir Siyawush Pasha (2nd time)
9 Feb 1656 - May 1656 Sari Kenaan Pasha (d. 1659)
21 May 1656 - 22 Jul 1656 Sidi Ahmed Pasha
1656 - 1658 Melek Ahmed Pasha (2nd time)
1658 - 1660 Fazil Pasha
1660 - 1661 Kara Mustafa Pasha
c.1661 Suleiman Pasha
c.1661 Ali Pasha
bf.1662/63 Konakci Osman Pasha
5 Aug 1663 - Dec 1663 Bosnak Ismail Pasha
c.1664 Dihan Arslan Pasha
1665/66 - 1667/68 Seyh Mehmed Pasha
c.1667 Yusuf Pasha
1668/69 - 1669/70 Pirin��i Mehmed Pasha
26 Feb 1670 - Oct 1672 Halil Pasha
23 Oct 1672 - 20 Nov 1673 Sari Hussein Pasha
3 Feb 1677 - 11 Nov 1677 Vesir Cheitan Ibrahim Pasha
1680 Esir Mustafa Pasha
1683 - c.Dec 1684 Fazil Mustafa Pasha Kopr�l�
c.Dec 1684 - 168. Huseyin Pasha
1686 - 1687 Arap Receb Pasha (1st time)
1687 - 1687 Kara Mustafa Pasha
1688 - 1689 Arap Receb Pasha (2nd time)
1689 Bosnak Huseyin Pasha
1689 - 1690 Misirli Mehmed Pasha
1690 Cerkes Ahmed
1690 Topal Huseyin Pasha
1690 - 169. ....
c.1692 Mustafa Pasha
169. - 1695 ....
1695 �elebi Yusuf Pasha
1695/96 Cerkes Ibrahim Pasha
c.Mar 1696 Tirnakshi Muhammad Pasha
1696 Ibsir Hasan Pasha
1696/97 Kandilci Huseyin Pasha
1697 - .... Hazinedar Ibrahim
.... - 1703 ....
1704 - 17.. Yusuf Pasha
May 1757 - 1758 Silahdar Mehmed Pasha
17.. - 1792 ...
1762 - 17.. Abdi Pasha
c.1770 Osman Pasha
1770 Abaza Mehmed Pasha acting
Apr 1770 - Oct 1770 Silahdar Mehmed Pasha
Oct 1774 - 1775 Yegen Seyyid Mehmed Pasha
Feb 1776 - Jun 1777? Yegen Seyyid Mehmed Pasha
17.. - 1781 Aydosi Mehmed Pasha
bf.1784 Musa Pasha
Jun 1792 - 179. Kahya (Kethuda) Hasan Pasha
1793 Ahmed Pasha
c.1797 - c.1798 G�rci Osman Pasha
c.1799 - c.Mar 1800 K�se Musa Pasha
c.1800 - 1801 ....
May 1801 - Aug 1801 Haci Osman Pasha
180. - 1806 Bekir Pasha
Jan 1806 - 1806�arhaci Ali Pasha (d. 1823)
1806 Tirinikli Ismail Aga (d. 1806)
1806 - 1806 Mehmed H�srev Pasha (b. c.1756 - d. 1855)
1806 - 1808 Alemdar Mustafa Pasha "Bayrakdar" (b. 1755 - d. 1808)
1808 Ramiz Abdullah Pasha
23 Aug 1808 - 1808 Seydi Ali Pasha (d. 1820/21)
180. - 1810 Ilik-ogly (Ilak Oghlu)
1810 - 1812 Russian occupation
1817 Ibrahim Pasha (acting)
1819 Benderli Mehmed Selim Sirri Pasha
(1st time)
1811 - 1822 ....
1822 - 182. Benderli Mehmed Selim Sirri Pasha
(2nd time)
1827 - 1832 Giridizade Mehmed Pasha
1828 - 1836 Russian occupation
Dec 1833 - Oct 1839 Mirza Mehmed Said Pasha (1st time)
Oct 1839 - Apr 1841 G�rc� Mehmed Vasif Pasha
Apr 1841 - Aug 1843 Mirza Mehmed Said Pasha (2nd time)
Oct 1843 - Sep 1844 M�hendis Hafiz Ahmed Pasha
Sep 1844 - Dec 1845 Mirza Mehmed Said Pasha (3rd time)
Dec 1845 - Jul 1847 Ibrahim Saib Pasha
Jul 1847 - Jul 1848 Cebel-i-Aktarzade Mehmed Sadik (d. 1848)
Pasha
Jul 1848 - Apr 1851 Mirza Mehmed Said Pasha (4th time)
Apr 1851 - Jun 1853 G�r�mc� Mehmed Salih Pasha (d. 1858)
Jun 1853 - Mar 1857 Mirza Mehmed Said Pasha (5th time)
Mar 1857 - Oct 1857 Ramazanoglu Mehmed Ismet Pasha
Nov 1857 - May 1858 Tepedenlizade Ismail Rahmi Pasha (b. 1806 - d. 1875)
May 1858 - Jun 1859 �zdemiroglu Mehmed Rifat Pasha
Jun 1859 - Mar 1861 Halil Kamili Pasha (d. 1866)
Mar 1861 - Dec 1864 Mehmed Arif Pasha (d. 1866)
Russian Military commander (of the 14th Corps)
10 Jun 1877 - 1877 Apollon Ernestovich Zimmermann (b. 1825 - d. 1884)
German Military commanders (of 52nd Corps to 1 May 1917, 9th Army 1 May - Dec 1917)
9 Oct 1916 - 10 Jun 1917 Robert Kosch (b. 1866 - d. 1942)
10 Jun 1917 - Dec 1917 Johannes von Eben (b. 1855 - d. 1924)
Bulgarian Military commanders (of the 3rd Army)30 Nov 1917 - 12 Aug 1918 Georgi Stoyanov Todorov (b. 1858 - d. 1934) 12 Aug 1918 - Nov 1918 ....
Romanian Prefect (in Constanța)
13 Nov 1918 - 6 Oct 1919 Nicolae T. Negulescu (1st time) (b. 1875 - d. 19..)

� Ben Cahoon