Roman Empire (original) (raw)

Roman Empire

Rome Traditional Flag	Western Roman Empire Flag

Maps of the Roman Empire	Capital: Rome (Roma) (Gallic Empire - Colonia Agrippina 260-261, Augusta Treverorum 261-674; Western - Constantinople [Constantinopolis] 303-395, Rome 395-303, Ravenna 402-473, Mediolanum 286-402; Eastern - Nicomedia 286-330, Constantinople [Constantinopolis] 395-1453)	Currency(from 50 BC): Aureus and Denarius	Population: 223 million (2nd cent. AD est.) 56,800,000 (25 BC est.)

Roman Empire	Chronology c.753 BC Rome, and the Roman kingdom (Regnum Romanum), founded according to legend by Romulus (d. c.716 BC). 509 BC Roman Republic (Res Publica Romana); overthrow of the last King (Rex Romae) Lucius Tarquinius Superbus (d. 495 BC). 501 BC - 501 BC Titus Lartius Flavus elected first Dictator (magister populi) of Rome to defeat the forces of Octavius Mamilius (d. 498 BC) son-in-law of last King of Rome. 437 BC - 435 BC Rome defeats the Etruscan Veii in the Veientine War. 18 Jul 390 BC Sack of Rome by the Senone Gauls under Brennus. 290 BC Last Samnite resistance is crushed by Rome. 264 BC Etruscan lands annexed by Rome. 241 BC Sicilia (Sicily) annexed to Rome (Syracuse falls in 212 BC). 238 BC Sardinia and Corsica annexed by Rome. 222 BC Rome conquers Gallia Cisalpina (Cisalpine Gaul). 2 Aug 216 BC Battle of Cannae, the Carthaginians under Hannibal Barca, decisively defeat a larger army of Romans under the Consuls Lucius Aemilius Paullus (d. 160 BC) and Gaius Terentius Varro (d. 200 BC). 210 BC - 207 BC Hispania (Iberia) conquered for Rome by Scipio Africanus (b. 236/235 BC - 183 BC). 197 BC Hispania Ulterior and Hispania Citerior (Iberia) provinces organized by Rome. 22 Jun 168 BC Roman Republic defeats and annexes Macedonia. 146 BC Romans defeat the Achaean League, destroying the city-state of Corinth. Epirus and Achaia annexed by Rome. Spring 146 BC Rome finally defeats Carthage at the Battle of Carthage ending the Third Punic War. 135 BC - 132 BC First Servile War (Bellum Servile) slave revolt, particularly in Sicily led by Eunus (d. 132 BC). c.134 BC - c.44 BC Crisis of the Roman Republic, period of political instability and social unrest. 133 BC Pergamon annexed to Rome as Provincia Asia (province of Asia). 121 BC Gallia Narbonensis (Gaul of Narbonne) becomes a Roman province. 100 BC - 104 BC Second Servile War (Secundum Bellum Servile) slave revolt in Sicily, led by Athenion and Tryphon. 91 BC - 88 BC Rome defeats former Italian allied cities in the Social War (Bellum Sociale). 74 BC Bithynia annexed by Rome (later as Bithynia et Pontus). 73 BC - 71 BC Third Servile War (Tertium Bellum Servile) slave revolt led by Spartacus (Sp�rtakos)(b. c.111 BC - d. 71 BC). 71 BC Roman slaves in rebellion are decisively defeated by Roman forces near Petelia. Their leader Spartacus (Sp�rtakos) is killed. 64 BC Syria annexed by Rome. 58 BC Cyprus annexed by Rome. 58 BC - 51 BC Gaul conquered by Julius Caesar. 10 Jan 49 BC Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon River (the frontier boundary of Italy) with a single legion, the Legio XIII Gemina, igniting a civil war, which he wins becoming Dictator in Oct 49 BC and in 1 Jan 44 BC Consul. 46 BC Odrysia (client kingdom c.30-46 BC) incorporated into Rome asprovincia Thracia(province of Thrace). 46 BC Eastern Numidia annexed as Roman province of Africa Nova (New Africa). In 40 BC Western Numidia is annexed with East Numidia asAfrica Proconsularis. 15 Mar 44 BC Assassination of Julius Caesar (b. 100 BC - d. 44 BC) 2 Sep 31 Gaius Octavianus (Octavian) defeats the combined forces of Marcus Antonius (Marc Antony) and Queen Cleopatra VII of Egypt at the Battle of Actium (proelium Actiacum). 30 BC Egypt is annexed by Rome as provincia Aegyptus. c.29 BC Moesia annexed by Rome (divided into Moesia Superior and Moesia Inferior in 87 AD). 17 Jan 27 BC Roman Empire (I mperium Romanum), Octavian is granted the titles augustus("illustrious one"), majestic, and_princeps_ ("first [head]"), by the Senate. c.Sep 9 AD At Battle of the Teutoburg Forest an alliance of Germanic tribes decisively destroys three Roman legions. 18 AD Cappadocia (client kingdom 95 BC - 18 AD) annexed by Rome. 40 AD Mauretania (client kingdom 33 BC - 40 AD) annexed by Rome (divided in 44 into Mauretania Tingitana and Mauretania Caesariensis). 43 AD - 80 AD Britannia (south of Firth of Forth) invaded annexed by Rome. 44 AD Judea (client kingdom 63 BC - 44 AD) annexed by Rome. 60 AD - 61 AD Celtic Queen Boudicca's (Boadicea)(d. 61) revolt in Roman Britannia destroying Camulodunum (modern Colchester),Verulamium (Saint Albans) and Londinium (London). 62 AD Pontus annexed by Rome (eastern half of kingdom of Pontus survived as a client kingdom 62-66 AD). 18-27 Jul 64 AD Great Fire of Rome (incendium magnum Romae), which Emperor Nero blames on the Christians, destroys two-thirds (10 of 14 districts) of the city. Aug 66 - 16 Apr 73 First Jewish (Judaeo)�Roman War ("Great Revolt") in Judea. 24 Oct 79 AD Mount Vesuvius (Mons Vesuvius) volcano erupts destroying the cities of Pompeii,Herculaneum, Oplontis and Stabiae. Nearly 20 thousand including Gaius Plinius Secundus (Pliny "the Elder")(b. 23/24 - d. 79) die (traditional date 24 Aug 79). 80 AD Rome is partially destroyed by fire on the Campus Martius (sometimes called the "Fire of Titus"). 22 Mar 106 AD Nabatea annexed by Rome as the province of Arabia Petraea. 106 AD Dacia (former client kingdom 88-106) organized as Dacia Traiana province of Rome. 115 AD - 117 AD Armenia, Assyria, and Mesopotamia annexed by Rome. 115 - 117 Second Jewish�Roman War (Kitos War), Jewish revolts in Cyrene (Cyrenaica), Cyprus, Egypt, Judea, and Mesopotamia. Aug 132 - Aug 135 Third Jewish�Roman War (Simon Bar Kokhba revolt) in Judea. 191 Fourth Great Fire in Rome (called "Fire of Commodus") 198 - 226Mesopotamia is re-conquered by Rome (as Provincia Mesopotamia). Spring 260 Emperor Valerian is defeated in the Battle of Edessa by Sasanian Emperor Shapur I and held hostage until his death. Sep 260 - Feb/Mar 274 Gallic Empire (Imperium Galliarum) in rebellion in the territories of Germania, Gaul, Britannia, and (for a time) Hispania. 267 AD Heruli, a Germanic tribe, invades Macedonia, Achaea, and Thessaly sacking Athens, Corinth, and Sparta. 269 - Aug 272 Palmyrene Empire under Zenobia (f) and Vaballathus occupies Syria Palaestina, Arabia Petraea, Egypt, and parts of Asia Minor. c.271/75 Dacia is abandoned. 286 - Sep 296 Britannic Empire (Imperium Britanniarum) in rebellion in Britannia and Northern Gaul under Carausius and Allectus. 1 Mar 293 - Jul/Aug 313 Tetrarchy era, administrative division of the Roman Empire into four parts. 28 Oct 312 Battle of the Milvian Bridge, Emperor Constantine I defeats EmperorMaxentius. Feb 313 Emperor Constantine I decrees official toleration of Christianity and other religions by the Edict of Milan (Edictum Mediolanense [Diatagma tōn _Mediolanōn_]). 11 May 330 Emperor Constantine I moves the capital of the Roman Empire to Constantinople (Constantinopolis/ Konstantino�polis), formerly named Byzantium (Byz�ntion), officially called New Rome (Nova Roma [_N�a R�mi_]). 22 May 337 - 340 Empire divided into three parts by the sons of Emperor Constantine I following his death. Dec 361 - 26 Jun 363 Emperor Julian "the Apostate" openly rejects Christianity and attempts to restore traditional Roman Paganism. 376 Fleeing the Huns, the Goths crossed the Danube River and enter the Eastern Empire as political refugees. In 382, the Goths are made foederati of the Empire. 9 Aug 378 Gothic rebels defeat Roman forces and kill Emperor Valens at the Battle of Adrianople. 1 Jan 379 - 17 Jan 395 Emperor Theodosius I re-unites the Empire, but at his death the Empire is divided by his sons (Arcadius, in the East, and Honorius, in the West). 27 Feb 380 Christianity is adopted as the state religion by Emperors Theodosius I, Gratian, and Valentinian II in the Edict of Thessalonica (the Cunctos populos). 8 Nov 392 Emperor Theodosius forbade, not only the offering of blood sacrifice, but all forms of pagan worship, including private religious rites. No sacrifice in any place or any city was to be permitted. 17 Jan 395 Roman Empire is divided de jure into the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire, at Constantinople, and Western Roman Empire, at Rome. c.400 Pannonia and Vindobona lost to the Huns. 402 Ravenna is made the capital of the Western Roman Empire. 404 Gladiatorial games are officially banned by Emperor Honorius. 31 Dec 406 Crossing of the Rhine by a mixed group of barbarians (including the Quadi, Vandals, Sarmatians, Alans, Gepids, Herules, Saxons, Burgundians, Alemanni, and Pannonians). Dec 406 Constantine III withdrew the remains of the army in Britannia in reaction to Germanic invasion of Gaul. Sep/Oct 409 The Buri, Suevi, Vandals, and Alans move into Hispania. 24-27 Aug 410 Visigoths, led by Alareiks (Alaric I), sack Rome. 410 Romano-Britons expel Constantine III's government from Britain. Emperor Honorius tells the civitates (cities) of Britannia "to see to their own defense," the rule of local Romano-Britons begins. 418 Visigoths settle in southern Gaul as foederati. 429 - Apr 534 Vandals establish an independent kingdom in Roman Africa. 440 - 452 The Huns, under Attila (b. c.406 - d. 453), threaten Rome are paid off and then attack. c.445 Malta occupied by the Vandals. 20 Jun 451 Flavius Aetius and the Visigothic king Theodoric I defeat the Huns, under Attila, at Battle of the Catalaunian Plains (Campus Mauriacus). 452 Huns sack cities in northern Italy (razing Aquileia 18 Jul 452), but leave Italian peninsula without attacking Rome following an embassy including Pope Leo I. 2-16 Jun 455 Vandals and Alani, led byGenseric (Gaiseric), sack Rome. 28 Feb 456 - 18 Aug 472 Flavius Ricimer (b. 405 - d. 472), a Romanized Germanic general, effectively rules the remaining territory of the Western Roman Empire as magister militum. 456 - 466 Vandals occupy Sardinia. 457 � 461 Emperor Majorian briefly reconquers most of Hispania. 464 - 486 Syagrius (b. 430 - d. 487), magister militum per Gallias, rules Northern Gaul from Novidunum (Soissons) as Romanorum Rex of the last Roman rump state in the West. 468 Vandals occupy Sicily. 469 Vandals occupy Corsica (and Sardinia to c.474). 472 Visigoths capture Tarraco (Tarragona), ending Roman rule in Hispania Tarraconensis. 28 Aug 475 - 28 Aug 476 Orestes (d. 479), magister militum, takes control of Ravenna and appoints his son, Romulus Augustus, as Emperor on 31 Oct 475. 4 Sep 476 Romulus Augustus, the last Emperor in the West, is forced to abdicate by Odovacar (see under Italy), head of the Germanic foederati in Roman pay, who becomes Italian king (rex Italicum) at Ravenna. The Senate sends Eastern Emperor Zeno the imperial regalia of the Western Empire. 25 Apr 480 Julius Nepos, the last Emperor pretender in the West, is assassinated in Dalmatia.
Eastern Roman Empire (395-1453)
Italy 476-1004

Emperor s�
17 Jan 27 BC-19 Aug 14 AD Augustus (= Gaius Octavianus) (b. 63 BC - d. 14 AD)
(Augustus Caesar)
17 Sep 14 - 16 Mar 37 Tiberius (b. 42 BC - d. 37 AD)
(Tiberius Caesar Augustus)
18 Mar 37 - 24 Jan 41 Gaius "Caligula" (b. 12 - d. 41)
(Gaius Caesar Augustus Germanicus)
25 Jan 41 - 13 Oct 54 Claudius (b. 10 BC - d. 54 AD)
(Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus)
42 Lucius Arruntius Camillus Scribonianus (b. 8 - d. 42)
(= Marcus Furius Camillus Scribonianus)
(in rebellion, in Dalmatia)
13 Oct 54 - 9 Jun 68 Nero (b. 37 - d. 68)
(Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus)
13 Oct 54 - 2 Mar 59 Julia Agrippina (f) -Regent (de facto) (b. 15 - d. 59)
Mar 68 - May 68 Gaius Julius Vindex (b. c.25 - d. 68)
(in rebellion, in Gallia Lugdunensis and Gallia Narbonensis)
Mar/Apr 68 - Oct 68 Lucius Clodius Macer (d. 68)
(in rebellion, in Africa Proconsularis)
Jun 68 - Oct 68 Gaius Nymphidius Sabinus (usurper) (b. c.35 � d. 68)
(in rebellion, in Rome)
8 Jun 68 - 15 Jan 69 Galba (b. 3 BC - d. 69 AD)
(Servius Sulpicius Galba Caesar Augustus)
15 Jan 69 - 16 Apr 69 Otho (b. 32 - d. 69)
(Marcus Salvius Otho Caesar Augustus)
17 Apr 69 - 20 Dec 69 Vitellius (b. 15 - d. 69)
(Aulus Vitellius Germanicus)
21 Dec 69 - 23 Jun 79 Vespasian (b. 9 - d. 79)
(Titus Flavius Vespasianus Caesar)
23 Jun 79 - 13 Sep 81 Titus (b. 39 - d. 81)
(Titus Caesar Vespasianus Augustus)
79 Terentius Maximus (d. 79)
(usurper, claiming to be Nero)
(in rebellion, in Asia Minor and Mesopotamia)
14 Sep 81 - 18 Sep 96 Domitian (b. 51 - d. 96)
(Domitianus Augustus; 83: Domitianus Germanicus Augustus)
c.1-24 Jan 89 Lucius Antonius Saturninus (usurper) (d. 89)
(in rebellion, in Germania Superior)
18 Sep 96 - 27 Jan 98 Nerva (b. 30 - d. 98)
(Nerva Caesar Augustus; 97: Nerva Germanicus Caesar Augustus)
28 Jan 98 - 8 Aug 117 Trajan (b. 53 - d. 117)
(Nerva Traianus Augustus)
10 Aug 117 - 10 Jul 138 Hadrian (b. 76 - d. 138)
(Traianus Hadrianus Augustus)
10 Jul 138 - 7 Mar 161 Antoninus Pius (b. 86 - d. 161)
(Titus Aelius Caesar Hadrianus Antoninus)
7 Mar 161 - Mar 169 Lucius Verus -Co-ruler (b. 130 - d. 169)
(Lucius Aurelius Verus Augustus)
7 Mar 169 - 17 Mar 180 Marcus Aurelius (b. 121 - d. 180)
(Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus)
3 May 175 - Jul 175 Avidius Cassius (usurper) (b. c.130 � d. 175)
(Gaius Avidius Cassius Augustus)
(in rebellion, in Aegyptus, Arabia and Syria Palestina)
27 Nov 176 - 31 Dec 192 Commodus (co-ruler to 17 Mar 180) (b. 161 - d. 192)
(Jun177: Aurelius Commodus Antoninus Augustus;
17 Mar 180: Marcus Aurelius Commodus Antoninus Augustus;
191: Lucius Aurelius Commodus Aurelius)
1 Jan 193 - 28 Mar 193 Pertinax (b. 125 - d. 193)
(Publius Helvius Pertinax Augustus)
28 Mar 193 - 1 Jun 193 Didius Julianus (b. c.133 - d. 193)
(Marcus Didius Severus Julianus Augustus)
9 Apr 193 � May 194Pescennius Niger (b. c.135 - d. 194)
(Gaius Pescennius Niger Augustus)
(in rebellion, in Asia, Aegyptus and Syria)
14 Apr 193 - 4 Feb 211 Septimius Severus (b. 145 - d. 211)
(Lucius Septimius Severus Pertinax Augustus)
fall 195 - 19 Feb 197 Clodius Albinus (b. c.150 - d. 197)
(Decimus Clodius Septimius Albinus Augustus)
(in rebellion, in Britannia and Gaul)
3 May 198 - 8 Apr 217 Antoninus "Caracalla" (b. 188 - d. 217)
(Marcus Aurelius Severus Antoninus Augustus "Caracallus")
(co-ruler to 4 Feb 211)
fall 209 - 19 Dec 211 Geta -Co-ruler (b. 189 - d. 211)
(Publius [or Lucius] Septimius Geta Augustus)
11 Apr 217 - 8 Jun 218 Macrinus (b. c.165 - d. 218)
(Marcus Opellius Severus Macrinus Pius Felix Augustus)
May 217 - 218 Diadumenian -Co-ruler (b. 208 - d. 218)
(Marcus Opellius Antoninus Diadumenianus Pius Felix Augustus)
8 Jun 218 - 11 Mar 222 Elagabalus [Heliogabalus] (b. c.201 - d. 211)
(Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Pius Felix Invictus Augustus)
219 Gellius Maximus (usurper) (d. 219)
(in rebellion, in Coele Syria)
late 219 Verus (usurper) (d. 219)
(in rebellion, in Syria Phoenice)
c.221 Seleucus (usurper) (c. 221)
(possibly Julius Antonius Seleucus, in Moesia;
or Marcus Flavius Vitellius Seleucus, in Rome)
11 Mar 222 - 19 Mar 235 Severus Alexander (b. 208 - d. 235)
(Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander Pius Felix Augustus)
227 Seius Sallustius (usurper, in Rome) (b. c.180 - d. 227)
(Lucius Seius Herennius Sallustius)
232 - summer 232 Taurinius [or Taurinus] (usurper) (d. 232)
(Caesar Taurinius Augustus)
(in rebellion, in Mesopotamia)
232 Ovinius Camillus (usurper)
[possibly fictitious]
20 Mar 235 - Jun 238 Maximinus I "Thrax" (b. c.173 - d. 235)
(Gaius Julius Verus Maximinus "Thrax")
235 Gaius Petronius Magnus (usurper) (d. 235)
(in rebellion, in Rome)
235 Titius Quartinus (usurper) (d. 235)
(Caesar Titus Quartinus Augustus)
(in rebellion, in Mesopotamia)
22 Mar 238 - 12 Apr 238 Gordian I -Co-ruler (b. c.159 - d. 238)
(Marcus Antoninus Gordianus Sempronianus Romanus Africanus)
22 Mar 238 - 12 Apr 238 Gordian II -Co-ruler (b. c.192 - d. 238)
(Marcus Antoninus Gordianus Sempronianus Romanus Africanus)
22 Apr 238 - 29 Jul 238 Pupienus Maximus -Co-ruler (b. c.165 - d. 238)
(Marcus Clodius Pupienus Maximus Augustus)
22 Apr 238 - 29 Jul 238 Balbinus -Co-ruler (b. c.178 - d. 238)
(Decius Caelius Calvinus Balbinus Pius Felix Augustus)
22 Apr 238 - 11 Feb 244 Gordian III (co-ruler to 219 Jul 238) (b. 225 - d. 244)
(Marcus Antonius Gordianus Pius Felix Augustus)
240 Sabinianus (Marcus Asinius Sabinianus)
(Caesar Sabinianus Augustus)
(in revolt, in Africa Proconsularis)
Feb 244 - Sep 249 Marcus Julius Philippus "Arabus" (b. c.204 - d. 249)
(Marcus Julius Phillipus Pius Felix Invictus Augustus "Arabus")
247 - 249Marcus Julius Severus (b. 237 - d. 249)
Philippus -Co-ruler (Marcus Julius Severus Philippus Augustus)
240's Silbannacus (usurper)
(Marcus Silbannacus Augustus)
(in rebellion, in Gaul)
240's (or 260's) Sponsianus [Sponsian] (usurper)
(in rebellion, in Dacia and/or Pannonia)
Dec 248 - Apr 249 Pacatianus [Pacatian] (usurper) (d. c.248)
(Tiberius Claudius Marinus Pacatianus)
(in rebellion, in Moesia)
c.249 Iotapianus [Jotapian] (usurper) (d. c.249)
(Marcus Fulvius Rufus Jotapianus Augustus)
(in rebellion, in Syria)
Sep/Oct 249 - Jun 251 Trajan Decius (b. c.201 - d. 251)
(Gaius Messius Quintus Traianus Decius Pius Felix
Invictus Augustus)
c.250 Julius Valens Licinianus [Licinian] (d. c.250)
(in rebellion, in Rome)
251 - Jun 251 Herennius Etruscus -Co-ruler (b. c.227 - d. 521)
(Quintus Herennius Etruscus Messius Decius Augustus)
Jun 251 - late 251 Hostilianus [Hostilian] (b. 230? - d. 521)
(Gaius Valens Hostilianus Messius Quintus Augustus)
Jun 251 - Aug 253 Trebonianus Gallus (co-ruler to 251) (b. 206 - d. 253)
(Gaius Vibius Trebonianus Gallus Pius Felix Invictus Augustus)
251 - Aug 253 Volusianus [Volusian] -Co-ruler (d. 253)
(Gaius Vibius Volusianus)
late 251 Titus Julius Priscus (usurper) (d. 251)
(in rebellion, in Thrace)
253 - 254 Uranius Antoninus(usurper) (d. 254)
(Lucius Julius Aurelius Sulpicius Severus Uranius Antoninus)
(in rebellion, in Syria)
Jun 253 - Sep 253 Aemilianus [Aemilian] (b. 207/13 - d. 253)
(Marcus Aemilius Aemilianus Pius Felix Invictus Augustus)
Oct 253 - spring 260 Valerian [Valerianus] (b. c.193 - d. 260/64)
(Marcus Aemilius Aemilianus Pius Felix Invictus Augustus)
22 Oct 253 - Sep 268 Gallienus [Gallien] (co-ruler to 260) (b. c.218 - d. 268)
(Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus Pius Felix Invictus Augustus)
260 Saloninus -Co-ruler (b. c.242 - d. 260)
(Saloninus Valerianus Augustus)
260 Ingenuus (d. 260)
(Caesar Ingenuus Augustus)
(usurper, in Pannonia Inferior)
260/261 Regalianus [Regalian] (d. 260/61)
(P.C. RegalianusAugustus)
(usurper, in Pannonia Superior)
Sep 260 - 269 Postumus (in rebellion, in Gaul) (d. 269)
(Marcus Cassianus Latinius Postumus Pius Felix Invictus Augustus)
260 - 261 Macrianus Major (usurper, in Syria) (d. 261)
(Fulvius Macrianus)
- jointly with following two - 260 - 261 Macrianus Minor (usurper, in Syria) (d. 261)
(Titus Fulvius Iunius Macrianus)
260 - 261 Quietus (usurper, in Syria) (d. 261)
(Titus Fulvius Junius Quietus)
261 Piso "Thessalicus" (usurper, in Achaea)(d. 261)
261 Valens "Thessalonicus" (d. 261)
(usurper, in Achaea)
261 - Nov? 261 Balista (in rebellion, in Syria) (d. c.261)
261 Mussius Aemilianus (usurper) (d. 261/62)
(Lucius Mussius Aemilianus Augustus)
(in rebellion, in Aegyptus)
262 Memor (in rebellion, in North Africa) (d. c.262)
268 Aureolus (usurper, in Northern Italia) (d. 268)
Sep 268 - Jan 270 Claudius II "Gothicus" (b. 213 - d. 270)
(Marcus Aurelius Claudius Pius Felix Invictus Augustus"Gothicus")
c.Feb 269 - c.Jun 269 Laelianus (d. 269)
(Ulpius Cornelius Laelianus Pius Felix Augustus)
(in rebellion, in Germania)
269 Marius (d. 269)
(Marcus Aurelius Marius Pius Felix Augustus)
(in rebellion, in Germania)
c.fall 269 - c.271 Victorinus (d. 271)
(Marcus Piavonius Victorinus Pius Felix Invictus Augustus)
(in rebellion, in Gaul)
Jan 270 - Sep? 270 Quintillus (b. c.212 - d. 270)
(Marcus Aurelius Claudius Quintillus Invictus Pius Felix Augustus)
Sep? 270 - Sep 275 Aurelian (b. 214 - d. 275)
(Lucius Domitius Aurelianus Pius Felix Invictus Augustus)
c.271 Victoria [Vitruvia](f) (acting) (d. c.271?)
(in rebellion, in Gaul)
c.271 Domitianus (Domitian II) (d. c.271)
(in rebellion, 'usurper'in Gaul)
271? Felicissimus (in rebellion, in Rome) (d. 271?)
271/272 Septimius [or Septiminius] (d. 271/272)
(in rebellion, in Dalmatia)
271/272 Urbanus (in rebellion, in Dalmatia) (d. 271/272)
[possibly fictitious]
272 Vaballathus (b. c.259 � d. 274)
(Lucius Julius Aurelius Septimius Vaballathus Athenodorus)
(Palmyrene usurper, in Aegyptus and Syria)
273 Firmus (in rebellion, in Aegyptus) (d. 273)
[possibly fictitious]
271 - Feb/Mar 274 Tetricus I (in rebellion, in Gaul) (d. 274)
(Gaius Pius Esuvius Tetricus Felix Invictus Augustus)
273 - Feb/Mar 274 Tetricus II
(Gaius Pius Esuvius Tetricus)
(co-ruler in rebellion, in Gaul)
273/274 Faustinus
(usurper against Tetricus, in Gaul)
25 Sep 275 - Jun 276 Tacitus (b. c.200 - d. 276)
(Marcus Claudius Tacitus Pius Felix Augustus)
Jun 276 - Sep? 276 Florianus [Florian] (b. 232 - d. 276)
(Marcus Annius Florianus Pius Felix Augustus)
Sep? 276 - Sep/Oct 282 Probus (b. c.232 - d. 282)
(Marcus Aurelius Probus Pius Felix Invictus Augustus)
280 Bonosus (d. 280)
(Caesar Bonosus Augustus)
(in rebellion, in Belgica and Gaul)
280 - c.281 Proculus (d. c.281)
(Caesar Proculus Augustus)
(in rebellion, in Gaul and Britannia)
280 Julius Saturninus (d. 280)
(Sextus Julius Saturninus Augustus)
(in rebellion, in Aegyptus and Syria)
Sep/Oct 282 - Jul/Aug 283 Carus (b. c.230 - d. 283)
(Marcus Aurelius Carus Pius Felix Invictus Augustus)
282 - 20 Nov 284 Numerianus [Numerian] (b. 254 - d. 284)
(Marcus Aurelius Numerianus Pius Felix Augustus)
(co-ruler to Jul/Aug 283)
283 - 285/86 Sabinus Julianus (d. 285/86)
(Marcus Aurelius Sabinus Julianus Augustus)
(usurper, in Pannonia)
283 - 285 Carinus (co-ruler to 20 Nov 284) (b. c.250 - d. 285)
(Marcus Aurelius Carinus Pius Felix Invictus Augustus)
20 Nov 284 - 1 May 305 Diocletian [Diocles] (b. 244 - d. 312)
(Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus Pius Felix Invictus
Augustus) (in opposition to Carinus to 285)
c.285 - 286 Amandus (in rebellion, in Gaul and Iberia)
(Gnaeus Silvius Amandus)
c.286 Aelianus [Aelian](in rebellion, in Gaul)
1 Mar 286 - 1 May 305 Maximianus I "Herculius" (1st time) (b. c.250 - d. 310)
[Maximian] -C o-ruler (Gaius Aurelius Valerius Maximianus Pius Felix Invictus
Augustus)
286 - 293 Carausius (d. 293)
(Marcus Aurelius Mausaeus Carausius)
(in rebellion, in Britannia and Northern Gaul)
c.286 - 293 Julianus [Iulianus](usurper, in Italy) (d. 293)
293 - Sep 296 Allectus (d. 296)
(Gaius Allectus Pius Felix Invictus Augustus)
(in rebellion, in Britannia and Northern Gaul)
c.Jun 296? - Dec 297 Domitius Domitianus [Domitian III] (d. 297)
(Lucius Domitius Domitianus Augustus)
(in rebellion, in Aegyptus)
c.Dec 297 - Mar 298 Aurelius Achilleus (d. 298)
(in rebellion, in Aegyptus)
303/304 Eugenius (usurper, in Syria) (d. 303/304)
1 May 305 - 25 Jul 306 Constantius I "Chlorus" (b. c.250 - d. 306)
(Gaius Flavius Valerius Constantius Augustus "Chlorus")
1 May 305 - May 311 Galerius (b. c.250 - d. 311)
(Galerius Valerius Maximianus Pius Felix Invictus Augustus)
1 May 305 - Mar/Apr 307 Severus II -Co-ruler (b. 250 - d. 307)
(Flavius Valerius Severus Augustus)
25 Jul 306 - 22 May 337 Constantine I [Konstant�nos "� M�gas"] (b. 272 - d. 337)
(Flavius Constantinus Pius Felix Invictus Augustus)
28 Oct 306 - 11 Nov 308 Maximianus I "Herculius" (2nd time) (s.a.)
(in dissidence)
28 Oct 306 - 28 Oct 312 Maxentius (b. c.279 - d. 312)
(Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maxentius Pius Felix Invictus Augustus)
in competition with Severus, then Galerius then Constantine;
jointly with his father Maximianus to 11 Nov 308)
308 - c.311 Domitius Alexander (d. c.311)
(Lucius Domitius Alexander Augustus)
(in rebellion, in Africa Proconsularis)
11 Nov 308 - 18 Sep 324 Licinius I (b. c.265 - d. 324)
(Gaius Valerius Licinius Pius Felix Invictus Augustus)
(to 311 in the West, with Galerius in the East;
311�313 in the West, with Maximinus in the East;
from 313 in the East, with Constantine in the West,
in 314 and 324 in competition with him)
310 - c.Jul 310 Maximianus I "Herculius" (3rd time) (s.a.)
(in dissidence)
1 May 311 - Jul/Aug 313 Maximinus II "Daia" (b. c.270 - d. 313)
(Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maxentius Pius Felix Invictus Augustus)
(in the East, in competition with Licinius)
Dec? 316 - 1 Mar 317 Valerius Valens -C o- ru ler (d. 317)
(Gaius Aurelius Valerius Valens Pius Felix Augustus)
(co-ruler with Licinius)
1 Mar 317 - 326 Crispus -Co-ruler (b. c.300 - d. 326)
(Flavius Julius Crispus)
Jul 324 - 18 Sep 324 Martinianus [Martinian] -Co-ruler (d. 325)
(Marcus Martinianus Pius Felix Augustus)
(nominally in the West, with Licinius in the East)
334 Calocaerus (usurper, in Cyprus) (d. 334)
(Caesar Calocaerus Augustus)
18 Sep 335 � May 337 Dalmatius [Delmatius] -Co-ruler (d. 337)
(Flavius Dalmatius)
(in Thracia, Illyria, Achaea and Macedonia)
18 Sep 335 � May 337 Hannibalianus [Annibalianus] -Co-ruler (d. 337)
(Flavius Hannibalianus)
(in Pontus and the neighbouring countries)
22 May 337 - 340 Constantine II (b. 317 - d. 340)
(Flavius Claudius Constantinus Pius Felix Augustus)
(in the West under his father Constantine I;
337 � 340 joint emperor with Constantius II and
Constans, over Gaul, Hispania, and Britannia; in
340 in failed competition with Constans)
22 May 337 - 3 Nov 361 Constantius II (b. c.321 - d. 361)
(Flavius Iulius Constantius Pius Felix Augustus)
(13 Nov 324 � 22 May 337 co-ruler under his father, Constantine I
337 � 340 co-ruler in Asian provinces & Egypt with Constantine II
and Constans; 340 � 350: co-ruler ruled Asian provinces
and Egypt with Constans)
22 May 337 - Feb 350 Constans I (b. c.323 - d. 350)
(Flavius Julius Constans Pius Felix Augustus)
(337�350, jointly with Constantine II to 340 and Constantius II)
18 Jan 350 - 11 Aug 353 Magnentius (usurper) (b. c.303 - d. 353)
(Flavius Magnus Magentius Augustus)
(in rebllion, in Britannia, Gaul, Hispania, Italia and Africa)
1 Mar 350 - 25 Dec 350 Vetranio (d. c.356)
(Vetranio Pius Felix Augustus)
3 Jun 350 - 30 Jun 350 Julius Nepotianus [Nepotian](usurper) (d. 350)
(Flavius Julius Popilius Nepotianus Constantinus)
(in rebellion, in Rome)
Jul/Aug 350 - 18 Aug 353 Decentius (usurper, in Gaul) (d. 353)
(Magnus Decentius Caesar)
[ruled jointly with Magnentius]
6 Nov 350 - 26 Jun 363 Julian [Iulianus] (b. 331/32 - d. 363)
(Flavius Claudius Julianus Pius Felix Invictus Augustus)
354 - 358 Carausius II (usurper, in Britannia)
[possibly fictitious]
11 Aug 355 - 7 Sep 355 Silvanus (usurper, in Germania) (d. 355)
26 Jun 363 - 17 Feb 364 Jovian [Iovianus] (b. 331 - d. 364)
(Flavius Jovianus Pius Felix Augustus)
26 Feb 364 - 17 Nov 375 Valentinian I (b. 321 - d. 375)
(Flavius Valentinianus Pius Felix Augustus)
28 Mar 364 - 9 Aug 378 Valens (b. 328 � d. 378)
(Flavius Valens Augustus)
(in the East, with his brother Valentinian I in the West;
from 17 Nov 375 in the East, with his nephews Gratian
and Valentinian II as emperors of the West)
26 Sep 365 - 27 May 366 Procopius [Prok�pios] (usurper) (b. c.325 � d. 366)
(Procopius Pius Felix Augustus)
(in rebellion, in Constantinople, Thrace and Bithynia)
366 Marcellus (usurper) (d. 366)
(in rebellion, in Asia, Lydia and Bithynia)
24 Aug 367 - 25 Aug 383 Gratian (b. 359 - d. 383)
(Flavius Gratianus Augustus)
(to 17 Nov 375 junior in the West under his father;
17 Nov 375 � 9 Aug 378 senior in the West, with his
brother as junior; 9 Aug 378 � 19 Jan 379 senior of
the whole Empire, with his brother; from 19 Jan 379
senior in the West with his brother)
372 Theodorus (usurper, in Syria)
c.372 - 375 Firmus (usurper, in Africa, Numidia) (d. 375)
22 Nov 375 - 15 May 392 Valentinian II(b. 371 - d. 392)
(Valentinianus Pius Felix Augustus)
(co-emperor for the West with Gratian)
1 Jan 379 - 17 Jan 395 Theodosius I (b. 347 - d. 395)
(Flavius Theodosius Pius Felix Augustus)
(emperor in the East to 15 May 392)
Jan 383 - 1 May 408 Arcadius (= Ark�dios) (b. 377 - d. 408)
(Flavius Arcadius Pius Felix Augustus)
(co-ruler to 17 Jan 395, from 17 Jan 395 emperor in the East,
with his brother Honorius emperor in the West)
383 - 28 Aug 388 Magnus Maximus (b. c.335 - d. 388)
(Magnus Maximus Pius Felix Augustus)
(in rebellion to 384, then emperor in Britannia and Gaul)
384 - 28 Aug 388 Victor -Co-ruler (d. 388)
(Flavius Victor Pius Felix Augustus)
(co-ruler with his father Magnus Maximus in Britannia and Gaul)
22 Aug 392 - 6 Sep 394 Eugenius (usurper) (d. 394)
(Flavius Eugenius Pius Felix Augustus)
(usurper, in the West)
23 Jan 393 - 15 Aug 423 Honorius (b. 384 - d. 423)
(Flavius Honorius Pius Felix Augustus)
(co-ruler to 17 Jan 395)
c.Jul 406 - c.Oct 406 Marcus (usurper, in Britannia) (d. 406)
(Caesar Marcus Augustus)
c.Oct 406 - c.Feb 407 Gratian [Gratianus](usurper) (d. 407)
(Caesar Gratianus Augustus)
(usurper, in Britannia)
spring 407 - 18 Sep 411 Constantine III (b. 361 - d. 411)
(Flavius Claudius Constantinus)
(usurper to 409, then co-emperor with Honorius and Constans II)
407 - c.18 Sep 411 Constans II (= Custennin) -Co-ruler (b. 379 - d. 411)
(to 409 under Constantine III; from 409 with Constantine III
against Honorius)
409 - 410 Priscus Attalus (1st time) (d. af.416)
(usurper, in Rome)
409 - 411 Maximus (usurper) (d. 422?)
(Caesar Maximus Augustus)
(in rebllion, in Hispania)
411 - 413 Jovinus [Iovinus] (usurper, in Gaul) (d. 413)
(Caesar Jovinus Augustus)
412 - 413 Sebastianus (usurper, in Gaul) (d. 413)
(Caesar Sebastianus Augustus)
(co-ruler with Jovinus)
summer 412 - 7 Mar 413 Heraclianus (usurper, in Africa) (d. 413)
414 - 415 Priscus Attalus (2nd time) (s.a.)
(usurper, in Burdigala [Bordeaux] Gaul)
8 Feb 421 - 2 Sep 421 Constantius III -Co-ruler (b. c.370 - d. 421)
(Flavius Constantius Augustus)
15 Aug 423 - 20 Nov 423 Vacant
20 Nov 423 - c.May 425 Joannes [Ioannes] (b. 383 - d. 425)
(Flavius Joannes Augustus)
(usurper, in Western Roman Empire)
23 Oct 424 - 16 Mar 455 Valentinian III (b. 419 - d. 455)
(Flavius Placidus Valentinianus)
17 Mar 455 - 31 May 455 Petronius Maximus (b. 395 - d. 455)
(Flavius Petronius Maximus)
31 May 455 - 9 Jul 455 Vacant
9 Jul 455 - 17 Oct 456 Avitus (b. c.380 - d. 457?)
(Marcus Maecilius Flavius Eparchius Avitus)
17 Oct 456 - 1 Apr 457 Va cant
1 Apr 457 - 2 Aug 461 Majorian (b. c.420 - d. 461)
(Julius Valerius Majorianus)
2 Aug 461 - 19 Nov 461 Va cant
19 Nov 461 - 15 Aug 465 Libius Severus (b. c.420 - d. 465)
(Flavius Libius Severus Serpentius Augustus)
15 Aug 465 - 12 Apr 467 Vacant
12 Apr 467 - 11 Jul 472 Anthemius (b. c.420 - d. 472)
(Procopius Anthemius Augustus)
470 Romanus (usurper, in Rome) (d. 470)
11 Jul 472-23 Oct/4Nov 472 Olybrius (b. c.431 - d. 472)
(Anicius Olybrius Augustus)
Oct/Nov 472 - 3 Mar 473 Vacant
3 Mar 473 - Jun 474 Glycerius (b. c.420 - d. 474)
(Flavius Glycerius Augustus)
Jun 474 - 28 Aug 475 Julius Nepos (b. c.430 - d. 480)
(Flavius Julius Nepos Augustus)
(continues ruling in Dalmatia exile to 25 Apr 480)
28 Aug 475 - 31 Oct 475 Vacant
31 Oct 475 - 4 Sep 476 Romulus Augustus (b. c.460 - d. c.480)
(Romulus Augustulus)

�Style of the rulers:
(a) 27 BC - 275 AD: Princeps Senatus ("First [Head] of the Senate");
(b) 275 AD - 4 Sep 476 AD: Imperator Caesar ("Emperor, Caesar")

� Ben Cahoon