Alvin L Young - Profile on Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Alvin L Young

Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Jun 1, 2008

Heinrich received the SETAC (Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry) Europe Environmen... more Heinrich received the SETAC (Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry) Europe Environmental Educa-tion Award at its Europe Annual Meeting in Warsaw, Poland. This is a singular distinction in that this award is traditionally given to academic teachers, not the Managing Editor of four journals. The nomination for this award highlighted Almut's incredible career of contributions to environmental education: Almut Heinrich was educated in Heidelberg, Germany where she received the Master Diploma at the University of Heidelberg and started her career in publishing at Springer-Verlag Heidelberg. While at Springer-Verlag, she had the unique opportunity to work as a Publisher Editor in the Chemistry Department under the leadership of Dr. Friedrich L. Boschke, one of the leading science editors of his time. She was responsible for the development of a program on Applied Chemistry that more and more focused on Environmental Chemistry (e.g. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry by Otto Hutzinger), Food Chemistry (e.g. Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung) and Analytical Chemistry (e.g. Fresenius' Zeitschrift für Analytische Chemie). Under Almut's guidance, the program eventually comprised monographs, textbooks, advances series, handbooks (e.g. Handbuch der gefährlichen Güter by Günter Hommel) and journals (e.g. the Bulletin of Polymer Chemistry). After 14 years with Springer, Almut moved to ecomed publishers, Landsberg/Lech (Bavaria) where she started in 1989 "Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung (UWSF)" with Professor Otto Hutzinger as Editor-in-Chief. This was the first German scientific journal devoted to chemicals in the environment. The success of this journal prompted the launch of an English-language sister journal "Environmental Science and Pollution Research (ESPR)" in 1994 which developed rapidly. Already in 1996, ESPR was selected for coverage by Science Citation Index (ISI) and today is recognized as one of the leading journals in

British Journal of Healthcare and Medical Research, 2024

Issue: Approximately 3 million Allied personnel from the United States, Australia, New Zealand, a... more Issue: Approximately 3 million Allied personnel from the United States, Australia, New Zealand, and the Republic of Korea served in the Republic of Vietnam from March 1965 through March 1973 in what became known as the Vietnam-American War. In March 1978, a widely distributed documentary "Agent Orange: Vietnams Deadly Fog", generated fear and anger in Vietnam veterans of that War who became aware that the tactical herbicide Agent Orange, a defoliant, had been deployed in combat operations to improve visibility in enemy controlled jungle and infiltration routes, and around base perimeters. One of the herbicidal components of Agent Orange (2,4,5-T herbicide) contained the contaminant 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo p-dioxin (TCDD), a highly toxic chemical associated with industrial accidents and an alleged teratogen in forestry programs where the herbicide was widely sprayed for brush control and conifer release. Following the release of the documentary, thousands of Allied Vietnam Veterans overwhelmed Veterans Administrations claiming Agent Orange and the associated dioxin were responsible for numerous diseases, birth defects, and long-term health issues. Despite the passage of almost 50 years, science has not been able to answer the question of the health impacts of alleged environmental exposures to either the TCDD or the tactical herbicides on Vietnam veterans. Thus, at the heart of the issues the question remains, were Vietnam veterans ever exposed to Agent Orange and TCDD or was it the Vietnam experience that has impacted the long-term health of the Vietnam veteran? Background: From March 1965 through April 1971, the United States Air Force and the US Army Chemical Corps sprayed approximately 74.2 million liters of tactical herbicides on 1.7 million hectares of the inland forests, savannas, and grasslands of South Vietnam. Contained within the 74.2 million L was 43.3 million L of the tactical herbicide known as Agent Orange that was contaminated with 130 kg of TCDD. Numerous research studies have been conducted in Vietnam, all alleging that the TCDD from Agent Orange was responsible for health issues among the Vietnamese. However, a careful assessment of the sources of TCDD in Vietnam indicated that significant quantities of TCDD were in the waterways and atmosphere due to the pollution from industries and open burning of municipal and industrial wastes, and not from Agent Orange. Human Studies: The deployment of in-country medical support in the War by the Allied Forces was instrumental in saving lives. What was unexpected was that more casualties died from insect-transmitted diseases and other health related issues than from enemy bullets and bombs. The more than 50 health studies of Vietnam veterans by the four Allied nations confirmed that with two exceptions (the Air Force Health Study of veterans from Operation RANCH HAND, and health studies of US Army Chemical Corps personnel) Vietnam veterans were never exposed to Agent Orange or TCDD. What the health studies did confirm

Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 2023

In the case of Thailand and its many airbases, the Compensation Service of the United States Depa... more In the case of Thailand and its many airbases, the Compensation Service of the United States Department of Veterans Affairs has not conducted a comprehensive search of the historical records that were retrieved from Vietnam and are now a continuing source of research. Thailand veterans were previously eligible for health care for any injuries they incurred during their service in Thailand. However, they were not eligible for health care for diseases and compensation as provided to Vietnam veterans under the Agent Orange Act of 1991. Recently, the "Promise to Address Comprehensive Toxics Act" (PACT Act) was passed by the United States Congress that permits veterans who served in Thailand and Guam during the Vietnam War to be eligible for health care and compensation for their exposure to Agent Orange, despite the absence of any evidence from historical records. Too often the pressure from members of Congress, as in the case of Thailand and Guam, the enactment of the PACT Act dictated a course of action. This action and others involving Agent Orange are examples where "political" forces make a mockery of the science and historical records.

British Journal of Healthcare and Medical Research, 2025

Issue: There continues to be much confusion among Vietnam and Vietnam-Era veterans, Non-Governmen... more Issue: There continues to be much confusion among Vietnam and Vietnam-Era veterans, Non-Governmental Organizations, the Department of Defense, the Department of Veterans Affairs, and others as to the differences between the uses of military "tactical" herbicides versus the military use of "commercial" herbicides during the Vietnam War. If veterans were presumptively exposed to tactical herbicides while in military service in Vietnam, 9 January 1962-7 May 1975, they were entitled for health care for any of 19 different conditions "presumed to be service connected." Health care and compensation were provided by the Agent Orange Act of 1991. Approximately 50,000 United States Air Force Veterans served at Royal Thai Airbases in the Kingdom of Thailand during the Vietnam War, especially during the years 1965-1971. Thailand veterans were previously eligible for health care for any injuries they incurred during their service. However, they were not eligible for conditions under the Agent Orange Act. Nevertheless, there have been numerous allegations that US Thailand veterans were indeed exposed to the widespread use of the same tactical herbicides, e.g. Agents Orange, White, and Blue, that had routinely been used in Vietnam to control unwanted vegetation. In 2022, the US Congress passed the PACT Act that permitted veterans who served in Thailand and Guam during the Vietnam War to be eligible for health care and compensation for 26 different conditions "presumed to be service connected" to their exposure to Agent Orange and other tactical herbicides while in service in Thailand during the period 9 January 1962 to 30 June 1976. The Congress made the decision despite the absence of any evidence from available historical records or the absence of any knowledge about the use of "commercial herbicides" during the Vietnam War. Thus, the issue is whether Thailand veterans were exposed to tactical herbicides or commercial herbicides and has that exposure impacted their longterm health. Background: The first use of tactical herbicides was on 7 January 1962 in Operation RANCHHAND in South Vietnam. Approximately 74.2 million L of Agents Orange, White and Blue were sprayed on jungles, mangroves, savannas and for crop denial. Records confirmed that limited quantities of tactical herbicides were stored in Thailand for missions by RANCH HAND in Laos. When Thailand joined the Allied Forces in the Vietnam War in September 1964, the Thai government, under the Rules of Engagement, did not permit tactical herbicides to be used for vegetation control on Royal Thai Airbases. If not tactical herbicides, could commercial herbicides be the explanation for Thailand veteran allegations? Tactical herbicides differed from commercial herbicides in the development and testing of formulations, purchase specifications, guidelines, regulatory oversight, shipment requirements, toxicological evaluations and military record keeping. Findings: Recently identified procurement records confirm that at least 262, 800 L of commercial low volatile 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T herbicides were shipped and approved for vegetation control on four airbases in Vietnam, 1962-1971. Records confirm

Journal of Soils and Sediments, May 31, 2008

our managing editor, almut Heinrich, received the Society of Environmental toxicology and Chemist... more our managing editor, almut Heinrich, received the Society of Environmental toxicology and Chemistry (SEtaC) Europe Environmental Education award at its Europe annual Meeting in Warsaw, Poland. this is a singular distinction in that this award is traditionally given to academic teachers, not the managing editor of four journals. the nomination for this award highlighted almut's incredible career of contributions to environmental education: almut Heinrich was educated in Heidelberg, Germany, where she received the master's degree at the University of Heidelberg and started her career in publishing at Springer-Verlag Heidelberg. While at Springer-Verlag, she had the unique opportunity to work as a publishing editor in the chemistry department under the leadership of dr. Friedrich l. Boschke, one of the leading science editors of his time. She was responsible for the development of a program on applied chemistry that increasingly focused on environmental chemistry (e. g. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry by otto Hutzinger), food chemistry (e. g. Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung) and analytical chemistry (e. g. Fresenius' Zeitschrift für Analytische Chemie). Under almut's guidance, the program eventually comprised monographs, textbooks, advances series, handbooks (e. g. Handbuch der gefährlichen Güter by Günter Hommel) and journals (e. g. the Bulletin of Polymer Chemistry). after 14 years with Springer, almut moved to ecomed publishers landsberg /lech (Bavaria), where she started in 1989 Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung (UWSF) with Professor otto Hutzinger as editor-in-chief. This was the first German scientific journal devoted to chemicals in the environment. the success of this journal prompted the launch of an English-language sister journal Environmental Science and Pollution Research (ESPr) in 1994, which developed rapidly. already in 1996, ESPr was selected for coverage by Science Citation index (iSi). today it is recognized as one of the leading journals in environmental science and is distributed in more than 50 nations.

British journal of healthcare and medical research, May 18, 2024

Issue: Approximately 3 million Allied personnel from the United States, Australia, New Zealand, a... more Issue: Approximately 3 million Allied personnel from the United States, Australia, New Zealand, and the Republic of Korea served in the Republic of Vietnam from March 1965 through March 1973 in what became known as the Vietnam-American War. In March 1978, a widely distributed documentary "Agent Orange: Vietnams Deadly Fog", generated fear and anger in Vietnam veterans of that War who became aware that the tactical herbicide Agent Orange, a defoliant, had been deployed in combat operations to improve visibility in enemy controlled jungle and infiltration routes, and around base perimeters. One of the herbicidal components of Agent Orange (2,4,5-T herbicide) contained the contaminant 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo p-dioxin (TCDD), a highly toxic chemical associated with industrial accidents and an alleged teratogen in forestry programs where the herbicide was widely sprayed for brush control and conifer release. Following the release of the documentary, thousands of Allied Vietnam Veterans overwhelmed Veterans Administrations claiming Agent Orange and the associated dioxin were responsible for numerous diseases, birth defects, and long-term health issues. Despite the passage of almost 50 years, science has not been able to answer the question of the health impacts of alleged environmental exposures to either the TCDD or the tactical herbicides on Vietnam veterans. Thus, at the heart of the issues the question remains, were Vietnam veterans ever exposed to Agent Orange and TCDD or was it the Vietnam experience that has impacted the long-term health of the Vietnam veteran? Background: From March 1965 through April 1971, the United States Air Force and the US Army Chemical Corps sprayed approximately 74.2 million liters of tactical herbicides on 1.7 million hectares of the inland forests, savannas, and grasslands of South Vietnam. Contained within the 74.2 million L was 43.3 million L of the tactical herbicide known as Agent Orange that was contaminated with 130 kg of TCDD. Numerous research studies have been conducted in Vietnam, all alleging that the TCDD from Agent Orange was responsible for health issues among the Vietnamese. However, a careful assessment of the sources of TCDD in Vietnam indicated that significant quantities of TCDD were in the waterways and atmosphere due to the pollution from industries and open burning of municipal and industrial wastes, and not from Agent Orange. Human Studies: The deployment of in-country medical support in the War by the Allied Forces was instrumental in saving lives. What was unexpected was that more casualties died from insect-transmitted diseases and other health related issues than from enemy bullets and bombs. The more than 50 health studies of Vietnam veterans by the four Allied nations confirmed that with two exceptions (the Air Force Health Study of veterans from Operation RANCH HAND, and health studies of US Army Chemical Corps personnel) Vietnam veterans were never exposed to Agent Orange or TCDD. What the health studies did confirm

In 1994, the United States Congress established 35 Colleges or Universities on Reservation Lands ... more In 1994, the United States Congress established 35 Colleges or Universities on Reservation Lands of the Native Americans throughout the Midwest and Western United States. These new institutions were provided annual funds from the United States Department of Agriculture for education, research and extension, components of the Land-Grant system. Today, issues related to risk assessment and risk management confront tribal decision-makers as they cope with risks, both real and perceived, that include the transportation of hazardous materials through the reservation, the clean-up of contaminated sites within the reservation, the environmental restoration of Federal facilities, the siting of waste treatment, storage, and disposal facilities, the development of tribal mineral and other natural resources, and the construction and operation of industrial and commercial facilities within the reservation. Tribal decision-makers lack Indian-specific epidemiologic, genetic, and cultural information that impact current risk assessment models needed to incorporate tribal cultural issues. There is a need to enhance the science skills of tribal college faculty in assisting tribal councils and tribal colleges in the long-term planning and stewardship of natural resources on their reservations.

Update on Picloram and Agent White

Springer eBooks, 2022

Urban studies and public administration, Aug 8, 2020

April 1984 by the Office of Science and Technology Policy, Executive Office of the President, Was... more April 1984 by the Office of Science and Technology Policy, Executive Office of the President, Washington, DC because there was a need to ensure that Federal policies and research applicable to the use and control of radiation sources were well coordinated and integrated. The creation and maintenance of a convenient neutral forum provided opportunities for examining various agency and public interests in radiation research and policy formulation. During its 11 years of existence, the success of CIRRPC's policy and research initiatives were supported by a professional and administrative staff whose operations were housed in a central and neutral facility that served as a focal point for the radiation coordination activities of the 18 member agencies and departments that were brought together to discuss radiation and scientific issues of mutual interest. For over a decade CIRRPC was recognized nationally and internationally for its activities, and its preparation and publication of more than 20 major reports. CIRRPC was a model of how the Federal government should coordinate radiation issues for the United States.

A Taxonomic Study by Chemical Differentiation of the Genus Artemisia

Jackson Hole Research Station Annual Report, 1963

The Environmental Fate of the TCDD Associated with Agent Orange

Springer eBooks, 2022

Vegetative Succession Studies on a Defoliant-Equipment Test Area, Eglin AFB Reservation, Florida

Abstract : Nine months after the last defoliant-equipment test mission on the one-square-mile gri... more Abstract : Nine months after the last defoliant-equipment test mission on the one-square-mile grid of Test Area C-52A, a vegetative coverage survey was conducted. The percent of vegetative coverage within 169 sections (each 400 by 400 feet) was ranked in one of six possible classes. The average number of dicotyledonous (broadleaf) plants was determined for each coverage class. Seventy-four dicotyledonous species were found on the one-square mile grid and the average number of species within vegetative coverage classes ranged from five in class 0 (0 to 5% cover) to 24 in class V (80 to 100% cover). A control area contained 28 species, all of which were also on the grid except for two species. The existence in class 0 or class 1 areas of dicotyledonous plants that are susceptible to the active ingredients of military defoliants indicates that the amount of defoliant residues in the soil is insignificant. The present vegetative coverage of sections of the grid is due to a combination of soil moisture content, prior mechanical disturbances and prior defoliant spraying. In those areas having a relatively high soil moisture content, considerable vegetation has returned, regardless of whether the vegetation was removed mechanically or by defoliants. (Author)

Coalbed Methane: A New Source of Energy and Environmental Challenges

Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Oct 18, 2005

Page 1. Coalbed Methane Commentaries 318 © 2005 ecomed publishers (Verlagsgruppe Hüthig Jehle Reh... more Page 1. Coalbed Methane Commentaries 318 © 2005 ecomed publishers (Verlagsgruppe Hüthig Jehle Rehm GmbH), D-86899 Landsberg and Tokyo • Mumbai • Seoul • Melbourne • Paris ESPR – Environ Sci & Pollut Res 12 (6) 318 – 321 (2005) Commentaries ...

Panel 5: Educating Leaders on Identifying and Mitigating Environmental Exposure Risks

Military Medicine, Jul 1, 2011

Rapidly identifying and appropriately reacting to potentially hazardous environmental exposures c... more Rapidly identifying and appropriately reacting to potentially hazardous environmental exposures could result in the mitigation of adverse health effects, accurate documentation of the exposures leading to reliable assessments of the risks associated with the exposures, and records of those actually exposed and the extent and duration of their exposures. As a panel, we addressed the questions of who should be educated, why they should be educated, what their education should consist of, and when the educational activities should occur. Our panel concluded that within the Department of Defense global community, education on potentially hazardous environmental exposures must start with and be grounded in the military Preventive Medicine (PM) professional community. Members of the military PM professional community must develop the skills needed to educate military non-PM medical and non-medical leaders, and they must actively assume their roles as educators. Panel 5 participants identified computer-based education as a means of disseminating teaching materials on environmental risks among military members as they move through the different phases of their careers.

Agent Orange and Dioxin Remediation and the Return to Vietnam

Springer eBooks, 2009

Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Apr 16, 2011

Food irradiation

Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Jun 1, 1996

The use of irradation to improve the safety, protect the nutritional benefits, and preserve the q... more The use of irradation to improve the safety, protect the nutritional benefits, and preserve the quality of fresh and processed foods is a well established and proven technology. Over the past 30 years, the United States Government has invested in the science to confirm safety and in the technology to show application. The United States Department of Agriculture and the Food and Drug Administration have approved sources of ionizing radiation for the treatment of foods, and their application to most meats, fruits, vegetables, and spices. Despite the value of this technology to the food industry and to the health and welfare of the public, only minimal application of this technology occurs. This underscorces the importance of increasing the public's understanding of radiation risks relative to other hazards. Accordingly, the Committee on Interagency Radiation Research and Policy Coordination of the Executive Office of the President has made recommendations for the creation of a centralized National Radiation Information Center that would work closely with Federal departments and agencies in responding to public queries about radiation issues and Federal programs.

Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Mar 1, 2005

Environmental Science and Pollution Research, May 1, 2002

Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Jun 1, 2008

Heinrich received the SETAC (Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry) Europe Environmen... more Heinrich received the SETAC (Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry) Europe Environmental Educa-tion Award at its Europe Annual Meeting in Warsaw, Poland. This is a singular distinction in that this award is traditionally given to academic teachers, not the Managing Editor of four journals. The nomination for this award highlighted Almut's incredible career of contributions to environmental education: Almut Heinrich was educated in Heidelberg, Germany where she received the Master Diploma at the University of Heidelberg and started her career in publishing at Springer-Verlag Heidelberg. While at Springer-Verlag, she had the unique opportunity to work as a Publisher Editor in the Chemistry Department under the leadership of Dr. Friedrich L. Boschke, one of the leading science editors of his time. She was responsible for the development of a program on Applied Chemistry that more and more focused on Environmental Chemistry (e.g. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry by Otto Hutzinger), Food Chemistry (e.g. Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung) and Analytical Chemistry (e.g. Fresenius' Zeitschrift für Analytische Chemie). Under Almut's guidance, the program eventually comprised monographs, textbooks, advances series, handbooks (e.g. Handbuch der gefährlichen Güter by Günter Hommel) and journals (e.g. the Bulletin of Polymer Chemistry). After 14 years with Springer, Almut moved to ecomed publishers, Landsberg/Lech (Bavaria) where she started in 1989 "Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung (UWSF)" with Professor Otto Hutzinger as Editor-in-Chief. This was the first German scientific journal devoted to chemicals in the environment. The success of this journal prompted the launch of an English-language sister journal "Environmental Science and Pollution Research (ESPR)" in 1994 which developed rapidly. Already in 1996, ESPR was selected for coverage by Science Citation Index (ISI) and today is recognized as one of the leading journals in

British Journal of Healthcare and Medical Research, 2024

Issue: Approximately 3 million Allied personnel from the United States, Australia, New Zealand, a... more Issue: Approximately 3 million Allied personnel from the United States, Australia, New Zealand, and the Republic of Korea served in the Republic of Vietnam from March 1965 through March 1973 in what became known as the Vietnam-American War. In March 1978, a widely distributed documentary "Agent Orange: Vietnams Deadly Fog", generated fear and anger in Vietnam veterans of that War who became aware that the tactical herbicide Agent Orange, a defoliant, had been deployed in combat operations to improve visibility in enemy controlled jungle and infiltration routes, and around base perimeters. One of the herbicidal components of Agent Orange (2,4,5-T herbicide) contained the contaminant 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo p-dioxin (TCDD), a highly toxic chemical associated with industrial accidents and an alleged teratogen in forestry programs where the herbicide was widely sprayed for brush control and conifer release. Following the release of the documentary, thousands of Allied Vietnam Veterans overwhelmed Veterans Administrations claiming Agent Orange and the associated dioxin were responsible for numerous diseases, birth defects, and long-term health issues. Despite the passage of almost 50 years, science has not been able to answer the question of the health impacts of alleged environmental exposures to either the TCDD or the tactical herbicides on Vietnam veterans. Thus, at the heart of the issues the question remains, were Vietnam veterans ever exposed to Agent Orange and TCDD or was it the Vietnam experience that has impacted the long-term health of the Vietnam veteran? Background: From March 1965 through April 1971, the United States Air Force and the US Army Chemical Corps sprayed approximately 74.2 million liters of tactical herbicides on 1.7 million hectares of the inland forests, savannas, and grasslands of South Vietnam. Contained within the 74.2 million L was 43.3 million L of the tactical herbicide known as Agent Orange that was contaminated with 130 kg of TCDD. Numerous research studies have been conducted in Vietnam, all alleging that the TCDD from Agent Orange was responsible for health issues among the Vietnamese. However, a careful assessment of the sources of TCDD in Vietnam indicated that significant quantities of TCDD were in the waterways and atmosphere due to the pollution from industries and open burning of municipal and industrial wastes, and not from Agent Orange. Human Studies: The deployment of in-country medical support in the War by the Allied Forces was instrumental in saving lives. What was unexpected was that more casualties died from insect-transmitted diseases and other health related issues than from enemy bullets and bombs. The more than 50 health studies of Vietnam veterans by the four Allied nations confirmed that with two exceptions (the Air Force Health Study of veterans from Operation RANCH HAND, and health studies of US Army Chemical Corps personnel) Vietnam veterans were never exposed to Agent Orange or TCDD. What the health studies did confirm

Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 2023

In the case of Thailand and its many airbases, the Compensation Service of the United States Depa... more In the case of Thailand and its many airbases, the Compensation Service of the United States Department of Veterans Affairs has not conducted a comprehensive search of the historical records that were retrieved from Vietnam and are now a continuing source of research. Thailand veterans were previously eligible for health care for any injuries they incurred during their service in Thailand. However, they were not eligible for health care for diseases and compensation as provided to Vietnam veterans under the Agent Orange Act of 1991. Recently, the "Promise to Address Comprehensive Toxics Act" (PACT Act) was passed by the United States Congress that permits veterans who served in Thailand and Guam during the Vietnam War to be eligible for health care and compensation for their exposure to Agent Orange, despite the absence of any evidence from historical records. Too often the pressure from members of Congress, as in the case of Thailand and Guam, the enactment of the PACT Act dictated a course of action. This action and others involving Agent Orange are examples where "political" forces make a mockery of the science and historical records.

British Journal of Healthcare and Medical Research, 2025

Issue: There continues to be much confusion among Vietnam and Vietnam-Era veterans, Non-Governmen... more Issue: There continues to be much confusion among Vietnam and Vietnam-Era veterans, Non-Governmental Organizations, the Department of Defense, the Department of Veterans Affairs, and others as to the differences between the uses of military "tactical" herbicides versus the military use of "commercial" herbicides during the Vietnam War. If veterans were presumptively exposed to tactical herbicides while in military service in Vietnam, 9 January 1962-7 May 1975, they were entitled for health care for any of 19 different conditions "presumed to be service connected." Health care and compensation were provided by the Agent Orange Act of 1991. Approximately 50,000 United States Air Force Veterans served at Royal Thai Airbases in the Kingdom of Thailand during the Vietnam War, especially during the years 1965-1971. Thailand veterans were previously eligible for health care for any injuries they incurred during their service. However, they were not eligible for conditions under the Agent Orange Act. Nevertheless, there have been numerous allegations that US Thailand veterans were indeed exposed to the widespread use of the same tactical herbicides, e.g. Agents Orange, White, and Blue, that had routinely been used in Vietnam to control unwanted vegetation. In 2022, the US Congress passed the PACT Act that permitted veterans who served in Thailand and Guam during the Vietnam War to be eligible for health care and compensation for 26 different conditions "presumed to be service connected" to their exposure to Agent Orange and other tactical herbicides while in service in Thailand during the period 9 January 1962 to 30 June 1976. The Congress made the decision despite the absence of any evidence from available historical records or the absence of any knowledge about the use of "commercial herbicides" during the Vietnam War. Thus, the issue is whether Thailand veterans were exposed to tactical herbicides or commercial herbicides and has that exposure impacted their longterm health. Background: The first use of tactical herbicides was on 7 January 1962 in Operation RANCHHAND in South Vietnam. Approximately 74.2 million L of Agents Orange, White and Blue were sprayed on jungles, mangroves, savannas and for crop denial. Records confirmed that limited quantities of tactical herbicides were stored in Thailand for missions by RANCH HAND in Laos. When Thailand joined the Allied Forces in the Vietnam War in September 1964, the Thai government, under the Rules of Engagement, did not permit tactical herbicides to be used for vegetation control on Royal Thai Airbases. If not tactical herbicides, could commercial herbicides be the explanation for Thailand veteran allegations? Tactical herbicides differed from commercial herbicides in the development and testing of formulations, purchase specifications, guidelines, regulatory oversight, shipment requirements, toxicological evaluations and military record keeping. Findings: Recently identified procurement records confirm that at least 262, 800 L of commercial low volatile 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T herbicides were shipped and approved for vegetation control on four airbases in Vietnam, 1962-1971. Records confirm

Journal of Soils and Sediments, May 31, 2008

our managing editor, almut Heinrich, received the Society of Environmental toxicology and Chemist... more our managing editor, almut Heinrich, received the Society of Environmental toxicology and Chemistry (SEtaC) Europe Environmental Education award at its Europe annual Meeting in Warsaw, Poland. this is a singular distinction in that this award is traditionally given to academic teachers, not the managing editor of four journals. the nomination for this award highlighted almut's incredible career of contributions to environmental education: almut Heinrich was educated in Heidelberg, Germany, where she received the master's degree at the University of Heidelberg and started her career in publishing at Springer-Verlag Heidelberg. While at Springer-Verlag, she had the unique opportunity to work as a publishing editor in the chemistry department under the leadership of dr. Friedrich l. Boschke, one of the leading science editors of his time. She was responsible for the development of a program on applied chemistry that increasingly focused on environmental chemistry (e. g. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry by otto Hutzinger), food chemistry (e. g. Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung) and analytical chemistry (e. g. Fresenius' Zeitschrift für Analytische Chemie). Under almut's guidance, the program eventually comprised monographs, textbooks, advances series, handbooks (e. g. Handbuch der gefährlichen Güter by Günter Hommel) and journals (e. g. the Bulletin of Polymer Chemistry). after 14 years with Springer, almut moved to ecomed publishers landsberg /lech (Bavaria), where she started in 1989 Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung (UWSF) with Professor otto Hutzinger as editor-in-chief. This was the first German scientific journal devoted to chemicals in the environment. the success of this journal prompted the launch of an English-language sister journal Environmental Science and Pollution Research (ESPr) in 1994, which developed rapidly. already in 1996, ESPr was selected for coverage by Science Citation index (iSi). today it is recognized as one of the leading journals in environmental science and is distributed in more than 50 nations.

British journal of healthcare and medical research, May 18, 2024

Issue: Approximately 3 million Allied personnel from the United States, Australia, New Zealand, a... more Issue: Approximately 3 million Allied personnel from the United States, Australia, New Zealand, and the Republic of Korea served in the Republic of Vietnam from March 1965 through March 1973 in what became known as the Vietnam-American War. In March 1978, a widely distributed documentary "Agent Orange: Vietnams Deadly Fog", generated fear and anger in Vietnam veterans of that War who became aware that the tactical herbicide Agent Orange, a defoliant, had been deployed in combat operations to improve visibility in enemy controlled jungle and infiltration routes, and around base perimeters. One of the herbicidal components of Agent Orange (2,4,5-T herbicide) contained the contaminant 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo p-dioxin (TCDD), a highly toxic chemical associated with industrial accidents and an alleged teratogen in forestry programs where the herbicide was widely sprayed for brush control and conifer release. Following the release of the documentary, thousands of Allied Vietnam Veterans overwhelmed Veterans Administrations claiming Agent Orange and the associated dioxin were responsible for numerous diseases, birth defects, and long-term health issues. Despite the passage of almost 50 years, science has not been able to answer the question of the health impacts of alleged environmental exposures to either the TCDD or the tactical herbicides on Vietnam veterans. Thus, at the heart of the issues the question remains, were Vietnam veterans ever exposed to Agent Orange and TCDD or was it the Vietnam experience that has impacted the long-term health of the Vietnam veteran? Background: From March 1965 through April 1971, the United States Air Force and the US Army Chemical Corps sprayed approximately 74.2 million liters of tactical herbicides on 1.7 million hectares of the inland forests, savannas, and grasslands of South Vietnam. Contained within the 74.2 million L was 43.3 million L of the tactical herbicide known as Agent Orange that was contaminated with 130 kg of TCDD. Numerous research studies have been conducted in Vietnam, all alleging that the TCDD from Agent Orange was responsible for health issues among the Vietnamese. However, a careful assessment of the sources of TCDD in Vietnam indicated that significant quantities of TCDD were in the waterways and atmosphere due to the pollution from industries and open burning of municipal and industrial wastes, and not from Agent Orange. Human Studies: The deployment of in-country medical support in the War by the Allied Forces was instrumental in saving lives. What was unexpected was that more casualties died from insect-transmitted diseases and other health related issues than from enemy bullets and bombs. The more than 50 health studies of Vietnam veterans by the four Allied nations confirmed that with two exceptions (the Air Force Health Study of veterans from Operation RANCH HAND, and health studies of US Army Chemical Corps personnel) Vietnam veterans were never exposed to Agent Orange or TCDD. What the health studies did confirm

In 1994, the United States Congress established 35 Colleges or Universities on Reservation Lands ... more In 1994, the United States Congress established 35 Colleges or Universities on Reservation Lands of the Native Americans throughout the Midwest and Western United States. These new institutions were provided annual funds from the United States Department of Agriculture for education, research and extension, components of the Land-Grant system. Today, issues related to risk assessment and risk management confront tribal decision-makers as they cope with risks, both real and perceived, that include the transportation of hazardous materials through the reservation, the clean-up of contaminated sites within the reservation, the environmental restoration of Federal facilities, the siting of waste treatment, storage, and disposal facilities, the development of tribal mineral and other natural resources, and the construction and operation of industrial and commercial facilities within the reservation. Tribal decision-makers lack Indian-specific epidemiologic, genetic, and cultural information that impact current risk assessment models needed to incorporate tribal cultural issues. There is a need to enhance the science skills of tribal college faculty in assisting tribal councils and tribal colleges in the long-term planning and stewardship of natural resources on their reservations.

Update on Picloram and Agent White

Springer eBooks, 2022

Urban studies and public administration, Aug 8, 2020

April 1984 by the Office of Science and Technology Policy, Executive Office of the President, Was... more April 1984 by the Office of Science and Technology Policy, Executive Office of the President, Washington, DC because there was a need to ensure that Federal policies and research applicable to the use and control of radiation sources were well coordinated and integrated. The creation and maintenance of a convenient neutral forum provided opportunities for examining various agency and public interests in radiation research and policy formulation. During its 11 years of existence, the success of CIRRPC's policy and research initiatives were supported by a professional and administrative staff whose operations were housed in a central and neutral facility that served as a focal point for the radiation coordination activities of the 18 member agencies and departments that were brought together to discuss radiation and scientific issues of mutual interest. For over a decade CIRRPC was recognized nationally and internationally for its activities, and its preparation and publication of more than 20 major reports. CIRRPC was a model of how the Federal government should coordinate radiation issues for the United States.

A Taxonomic Study by Chemical Differentiation of the Genus Artemisia

Jackson Hole Research Station Annual Report, 1963

The Environmental Fate of the TCDD Associated with Agent Orange

Springer eBooks, 2022

Vegetative Succession Studies on a Defoliant-Equipment Test Area, Eglin AFB Reservation, Florida

Abstract : Nine months after the last defoliant-equipment test mission on the one-square-mile gri... more Abstract : Nine months after the last defoliant-equipment test mission on the one-square-mile grid of Test Area C-52A, a vegetative coverage survey was conducted. The percent of vegetative coverage within 169 sections (each 400 by 400 feet) was ranked in one of six possible classes. The average number of dicotyledonous (broadleaf) plants was determined for each coverage class. Seventy-four dicotyledonous species were found on the one-square mile grid and the average number of species within vegetative coverage classes ranged from five in class 0 (0 to 5% cover) to 24 in class V (80 to 100% cover). A control area contained 28 species, all of which were also on the grid except for two species. The existence in class 0 or class 1 areas of dicotyledonous plants that are susceptible to the active ingredients of military defoliants indicates that the amount of defoliant residues in the soil is insignificant. The present vegetative coverage of sections of the grid is due to a combination of soil moisture content, prior mechanical disturbances and prior defoliant spraying. In those areas having a relatively high soil moisture content, considerable vegetation has returned, regardless of whether the vegetation was removed mechanically or by defoliants. (Author)

Coalbed Methane: A New Source of Energy and Environmental Challenges

Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Oct 18, 2005

Page 1. Coalbed Methane Commentaries 318 © 2005 ecomed publishers (Verlagsgruppe Hüthig Jehle Reh... more Page 1. Coalbed Methane Commentaries 318 © 2005 ecomed publishers (Verlagsgruppe Hüthig Jehle Rehm GmbH), D-86899 Landsberg and Tokyo • Mumbai • Seoul • Melbourne • Paris ESPR – Environ Sci & Pollut Res 12 (6) 318 – 321 (2005) Commentaries ...

Panel 5: Educating Leaders on Identifying and Mitigating Environmental Exposure Risks

Military Medicine, Jul 1, 2011

Rapidly identifying and appropriately reacting to potentially hazardous environmental exposures c... more Rapidly identifying and appropriately reacting to potentially hazardous environmental exposures could result in the mitigation of adverse health effects, accurate documentation of the exposures leading to reliable assessments of the risks associated with the exposures, and records of those actually exposed and the extent and duration of their exposures. As a panel, we addressed the questions of who should be educated, why they should be educated, what their education should consist of, and when the educational activities should occur. Our panel concluded that within the Department of Defense global community, education on potentially hazardous environmental exposures must start with and be grounded in the military Preventive Medicine (PM) professional community. Members of the military PM professional community must develop the skills needed to educate military non-PM medical and non-medical leaders, and they must actively assume their roles as educators. Panel 5 participants identified computer-based education as a means of disseminating teaching materials on environmental risks among military members as they move through the different phases of their careers.

Agent Orange and Dioxin Remediation and the Return to Vietnam

Springer eBooks, 2009

Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Apr 16, 2011

Food irradiation

Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Jun 1, 1996

The use of irradation to improve the safety, protect the nutritional benefits, and preserve the q... more The use of irradation to improve the safety, protect the nutritional benefits, and preserve the quality of fresh and processed foods is a well established and proven technology. Over the past 30 years, the United States Government has invested in the science to confirm safety and in the technology to show application. The United States Department of Agriculture and the Food and Drug Administration have approved sources of ionizing radiation for the treatment of foods, and their application to most meats, fruits, vegetables, and spices. Despite the value of this technology to the food industry and to the health and welfare of the public, only minimal application of this technology occurs. This underscorces the importance of increasing the public's understanding of radiation risks relative to other hazards. Accordingly, the Committee on Interagency Radiation Research and Policy Coordination of the Executive Office of the President has made recommendations for the creation of a centralized National Radiation Information Center that would work closely with Federal departments and agencies in responding to public queries about radiation issues and Federal programs.

Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Mar 1, 2005

Environmental Science and Pollution Research, May 1, 2002