Zsolt Kokoly | Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania (original) (raw)
Papers by Zsolt Kokoly
The Central Cemetery of Kolozsvár/Cluj is one of the oldest, still functioning cemeteries in Euro... more The Central Cemetery of Kolozsvár/Cluj is one of the oldest, still functioning cemeteries in Europe, representing a remarkable pantheon of Romanian, Hungarian, German and Jewish personalities resting here. This paper aims to offer a brief presentation of those professors of law, buried in the Central Cemetery, who have taught at the Bolyai University in Kolozsvár/Cluj (a state university with instruction in Hungarian language, established in 1945 and unified with the Romanian university in 1959). Kivonat Cimitirul Central (Hajongard) din Cluj reprezintă un veritabil „Panteon al Transilvaniei” unde-şi dorm somnul de veci personalităţi proeminente ale vieţii ştiinţifice şi culturale transilvănene. Studiul prezent îşi propune prezentarea profesorilor de drept înmormântaţi în Cimitirul Central, care au predat la Universitatea „Bolyai” din Cluj (1945–1959)
Erdélyi Jogélet
Freedom of services in the field of audiovisual media content has been a key element in the broad... more Freedom of services in the field of audiovisual media content has been a key element in the broader audiovisual media services sector of the European Union, relying mainly on the principle of free transmission and retransmission of audiovisual media content as transfrontier services. The adoption in December 2018 of the revised text of the Audiovisual Media Services Directive (Directive 2018/1808), as well as its stipulated deadline of September 2020 for implementation by Member States, marks the transition to a new, amended legal framework. Restrictions to the freedom of movement in the field of audiovisual media content comprise an exception to the country of origin principle, the revised Directive applying similar rules for linear and nonlinear media services. Novelty elements to the circle of possible restrictions are a direct consequence of the extension of protected values, more clarity and precision in the procedures (by introducing procedural assurances and more reasonable d...
Historia Scientiarum, 2016
The present study aims to present a brief summary of the evolution of Hungarian legal education i... more The present study aims to present a brief summary of the evolution of Hungarian legal education in Transylvania, Romania, since the establishment of first legal courses in 1581 to our present day, as well as its perspectives in the 21st century.
Erdélyi Jogélet, 2021
On 20 November 2018, the Hungarian Museum Association of Transylvania and Sapientia Hungarian Uni... more On 20 November 2018, the Hungarian Museum Association of Transylvania and Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania organized a round table discussion on the legal history of Transylvania. The event took place as part of a series of events on the Hungarian Science Day in Transylvania, at the Sapientia building on Calea Turzii Cluj-Napoca. The participants were Dr Gyula Fábián (minority law), Dr Zsolt Fegyveresi (constitutional history), Dr László Nánási (history of criminal law), Dr Zsolt Kokoly (history of legal education), Dr János Székely (history of civil procedure law), and Dr Emőd Veress (history of civil law). The event was moderated by Előd Pál. The participants presented their research studies related to the legal history of Transylvania and explored the legal and social situations of the past hundred years.
Acta Universitatis Sapientiae Legal Studies, 2021
The present study aims to offer a review of measures taken by the Romanian authorities in the fie... more The present study aims to offer a review of measures taken by the Romanian authorities in the field of audiovisual media regulation during the state of emergency instituted in March 2020 following the COVID-19 outbreak. The legal framework has been adjusted, drawing both from extant norms, such as the 2003 Constitution of Romania, and from newly adapted legal norms such as the Presidential Decree declaring the state of emergency. Also, the competent authorities have been invested with additional powers, this being the case of the National Audiovisual Council and the National Authority for Management and Regulation in Communications. These institutions have faced multiple challenges regarding the clash between freedom of opinion and freedom of speech and the right to correct information of the public and the campaigns to counter misinformation.
és a Tanács 2010/13/EU irányelve (2010. március 10.) a tagállamok audiovizuális médiaszolgáltatás... more és a Tanács 2010/13/EU irányelve (2010. március 10.) a tagállamok audiovizuális médiaszolgáltatások nyújtására vonatkozó egyes törvényi, rendeleti vagy közigazgatási rendelkezéseinek összehangolásáról (Audiovizuális médiaszolgáltatásokról szóló irányelv) (HL L 95., 2010.4.15). 2 A Tanács 93/83/Egk irányelve (1993. szeptember 27.) a műholdas műsorsugárzásra és a vezetékes továbbközvetítésre alkalmazandó egyes szerzői és szomszédos jogi szabályok összehangolásáról (Műhold-és kábel-irányelv) (HL 248, 06/10/1993 o. 0015-0021). 3 Television without frontiers. Green paper on the establishment of the common market for broadcasting, especially by satellite and cable. COM(84) 300 final Brussels, 14 th June 1984.
Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Law = Agrár- és Környezetjog
The consolidation of the right to a healthy environment as one of the fundamental human rights ca... more The consolidation of the right to a healthy environment as one of the fundamental human rights can be seen as a result of the enshrinement in the Constitution of Romania since its revision in 2003, as well as the interpretations offered by The Constitutional Court in its pertinent jurisprudence. The present study aims to review previous research results in the field of legal doctrine and case law pertaining to environmental law in Romania, as well as to continue the examination of the most relevant cases contributing to the consolidation of constitutional dimensions of the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment.
Erdélyi Jogélet, 2021
The new Romanian Civil Code (adopted in 2009, in effect since 2011) comprises a section dedicated... more The new Romanian Civil Code (adopted in 2009, in effect since 2011) comprises a section dedicated to personality rights, as a novelty element compared to the previous Code. Their incorporation into the form of juridical norm follows both naturally from the historic evolution of some fundamental rights, both from the intention of the Romanian lawmaker to offer a comprehensive legal framework in the field of civil law.
Iustitia emlékezik. Tanulmányok a „jog és irodalom” köréből A 2019-es VII. Jog és irodalom szimpózium előadásainak szerkesztett anyaga, 2020
(...) a jog társadalmi normák nélküli létezése azt eredményezi, hogy sem tiszteletben tartásuk, s... more (...)
a jog társadalmi normák nélküli létezése azt eredményezi, hogy sem tiszteletben tartásuk, sem áthágásuk nem jár következményekkel, a személyiségi jogok szempontjából pedig azzal jár, hogy a szereplők gyakorlatilag állati-gépies szintre süllyednek. A mérték elvesztéséről beszélhetünk, hiszen minden személyiségi jogot átjár az alapellentmondás, az egyén és a társadalom dialektikája. A minden egyes személyiségi jogra érvényes belső ellentmondás Bodor Ádám regényei esetében akár a „drótsövénnyel körülvett tábor” és a
„végtelen szabadság igézete” közötti dichotómiában is megragadható.
(...)
Acta Univ. Sapientiae, Legal Studies, 2021
The present study aims to offer a review of measures taken by the Romanian authorities in the fie... more The present study aims to offer a review of measures taken by the
Romanian authorities in the field of audiovisual media regulation during
the state of emergency instituted in March 2020 following the COVID-19
outbreak. The legal framework has been adjusted, drawing both from extant norms, such as the 2003 Constitution of Romania, and from newly adapted legal norms such as the Presidential Decree declaring the state of emergency.
Also, the competent authorities have been invested with additional
powers, this being the case of the National Audiovisual Council and the
National Authority for Management and Regulation in Communications.
These institutions have faced multiple challenges regarding the clash
between freedom of opinion and freedom of speech and the right to correct information of the public and the campaigns to counter misinformation.
Case-law of the Court of Justice of the European Union, as well as procedures taking place before... more Case-law of the Court of Justice of the European Union, as well as procedures taking place before the Commission aiming to clarify certain aspects regarding freedom of services – in this case, the principle of free transmission and retransmission of audiovisual media services – have always been regarded as particularly important in offering guidance in interpreting and applying European legal norms. The adoption in December 2018 of the revised text of the Audiovisual Media Services Directive (Directive 2018/1808) marks the transition to a new, amended legal framework. It also enables the critical review of the last case decided in front of the Court of Justice of the European Union, still instrumented according to the provisions of Directive 2010/13/EU: Case C‑622/17 (Baltic Media Alliance v. Lietuvos radijo ir televizijos komisija). While the main focus of the present paper lies with Case C‑622/17, for a cogent understanding of the extended judicial and legal context of the case, w...
Acta Universitatis Sapientiae Legal Studies, 2019
Recent challenges in the EU business sector also comprise the revision of the Audiovisual Media S... more Recent challenges in the EU business sector also comprise the revision of the Audiovisual Media Services Directive (the new text in force since December 2018), the main media policy tool of the EU which establishes the legal framework for a convergent media landscape that comprises linear, non-linear audiovisual media services and, recently, also video-sharing platforms (VSPs) and user-generated content. One of the novelties in the revised text of the AVMSD is the new set of legal provisions enshrined in Art. 4 referring to the anti-circumvention procedure, a phenomenon the European media landscape has long been familiar with (i.e. broadcasters from another Member State circumventing the stricter rules of the target Member State). The need for a more transparent and efficient regulation originated in the practical difficulties of applying (pre-revision) Art. 4 by national regulating authorities (NRAs) as in many cases providers of audiovisual media services falling under another Mem...
Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Legal Studies, 2017
The paper presents a case of European jurisdiction, C-484/15 McFadden/Sony Music, concerning seco... more The paper presents a case of European jurisdiction, C-484/15 McFadden/Sony Music, concerning secondary liability of WLAN providers for illicit acts in the field of copyright, taking into consideration of the relevant exceptions of the InfoSoc Directive. Both the Advocate General, as well as the Court came to almost identical conclusions, exonerating the administrator of a WLAN, openly accessible to the public in case users of the respective network commit unlawful acts in the field of intellectual property, but reserving the possibility to oblige the network providers to password protect it in order to stop or to pre-empt unlawful conduct)
The Central Cemetery of Kolozsvár/Cluj is one of the oldest, still functioning cemeteries in Euro... more The Central Cemetery of Kolozsvár/Cluj is one of the oldest, still functioning cemeteries in Europe, representing a remarkable pantheon of Romanian, Hungarian, German and Jewish personalities resting here. This paper aims to offer a brief presentation of those professors of law, buried in the Central Cemetery, who have taught at the Bolyai University in Kolozsvár/Cluj (a state university with instruction in Hungarian language, established in 1945 and unified with the Romanian university in 1959). Kivonat Cimitirul Central (Hajongard) din Cluj reprezintă un veritabil „Panteon al Transilvaniei” unde-şi dorm somnul de veci personalităţi proeminente ale vieţii ştiinţifice şi culturale transilvănene. Studiul prezent îşi propune prezentarea profesorilor de drept înmormântaţi în Cimitirul Central, care au predat la Universitatea „Bolyai” din Cluj (1945–1959)
Erdélyi Jogélet
Freedom of services in the field of audiovisual media content has been a key element in the broad... more Freedom of services in the field of audiovisual media content has been a key element in the broader audiovisual media services sector of the European Union, relying mainly on the principle of free transmission and retransmission of audiovisual media content as transfrontier services. The adoption in December 2018 of the revised text of the Audiovisual Media Services Directive (Directive 2018/1808), as well as its stipulated deadline of September 2020 for implementation by Member States, marks the transition to a new, amended legal framework. Restrictions to the freedom of movement in the field of audiovisual media content comprise an exception to the country of origin principle, the revised Directive applying similar rules for linear and nonlinear media services. Novelty elements to the circle of possible restrictions are a direct consequence of the extension of protected values, more clarity and precision in the procedures (by introducing procedural assurances and more reasonable d...
Historia Scientiarum, 2016
The present study aims to present a brief summary of the evolution of Hungarian legal education i... more The present study aims to present a brief summary of the evolution of Hungarian legal education in Transylvania, Romania, since the establishment of first legal courses in 1581 to our present day, as well as its perspectives in the 21st century.
Erdélyi Jogélet, 2021
On 20 November 2018, the Hungarian Museum Association of Transylvania and Sapientia Hungarian Uni... more On 20 November 2018, the Hungarian Museum Association of Transylvania and Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania organized a round table discussion on the legal history of Transylvania. The event took place as part of a series of events on the Hungarian Science Day in Transylvania, at the Sapientia building on Calea Turzii Cluj-Napoca. The participants were Dr Gyula Fábián (minority law), Dr Zsolt Fegyveresi (constitutional history), Dr László Nánási (history of criminal law), Dr Zsolt Kokoly (history of legal education), Dr János Székely (history of civil procedure law), and Dr Emőd Veress (history of civil law). The event was moderated by Előd Pál. The participants presented their research studies related to the legal history of Transylvania and explored the legal and social situations of the past hundred years.
Acta Universitatis Sapientiae Legal Studies, 2021
The present study aims to offer a review of measures taken by the Romanian authorities in the fie... more The present study aims to offer a review of measures taken by the Romanian authorities in the field of audiovisual media regulation during the state of emergency instituted in March 2020 following the COVID-19 outbreak. The legal framework has been adjusted, drawing both from extant norms, such as the 2003 Constitution of Romania, and from newly adapted legal norms such as the Presidential Decree declaring the state of emergency. Also, the competent authorities have been invested with additional powers, this being the case of the National Audiovisual Council and the National Authority for Management and Regulation in Communications. These institutions have faced multiple challenges regarding the clash between freedom of opinion and freedom of speech and the right to correct information of the public and the campaigns to counter misinformation.
és a Tanács 2010/13/EU irányelve (2010. március 10.) a tagállamok audiovizuális médiaszolgáltatás... more és a Tanács 2010/13/EU irányelve (2010. március 10.) a tagállamok audiovizuális médiaszolgáltatások nyújtására vonatkozó egyes törvényi, rendeleti vagy közigazgatási rendelkezéseinek összehangolásáról (Audiovizuális médiaszolgáltatásokról szóló irányelv) (HL L 95., 2010.4.15). 2 A Tanács 93/83/Egk irányelve (1993. szeptember 27.) a műholdas műsorsugárzásra és a vezetékes továbbközvetítésre alkalmazandó egyes szerzői és szomszédos jogi szabályok összehangolásáról (Műhold-és kábel-irányelv) (HL 248, 06/10/1993 o. 0015-0021). 3 Television without frontiers. Green paper on the establishment of the common market for broadcasting, especially by satellite and cable. COM(84) 300 final Brussels, 14 th June 1984.
Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Law = Agrár- és Környezetjog
The consolidation of the right to a healthy environment as one of the fundamental human rights ca... more The consolidation of the right to a healthy environment as one of the fundamental human rights can be seen as a result of the enshrinement in the Constitution of Romania since its revision in 2003, as well as the interpretations offered by The Constitutional Court in its pertinent jurisprudence. The present study aims to review previous research results in the field of legal doctrine and case law pertaining to environmental law in Romania, as well as to continue the examination of the most relevant cases contributing to the consolidation of constitutional dimensions of the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment.
Erdélyi Jogélet, 2021
The new Romanian Civil Code (adopted in 2009, in effect since 2011) comprises a section dedicated... more The new Romanian Civil Code (adopted in 2009, in effect since 2011) comprises a section dedicated to personality rights, as a novelty element compared to the previous Code. Their incorporation into the form of juridical norm follows both naturally from the historic evolution of some fundamental rights, both from the intention of the Romanian lawmaker to offer a comprehensive legal framework in the field of civil law.
Iustitia emlékezik. Tanulmányok a „jog és irodalom” köréből A 2019-es VII. Jog és irodalom szimpózium előadásainak szerkesztett anyaga, 2020
(...) a jog társadalmi normák nélküli létezése azt eredményezi, hogy sem tiszteletben tartásuk, s... more (...)
a jog társadalmi normák nélküli létezése azt eredményezi, hogy sem tiszteletben tartásuk, sem áthágásuk nem jár következményekkel, a személyiségi jogok szempontjából pedig azzal jár, hogy a szereplők gyakorlatilag állati-gépies szintre süllyednek. A mérték elvesztéséről beszélhetünk, hiszen minden személyiségi jogot átjár az alapellentmondás, az egyén és a társadalom dialektikája. A minden egyes személyiségi jogra érvényes belső ellentmondás Bodor Ádám regényei esetében akár a „drótsövénnyel körülvett tábor” és a
„végtelen szabadság igézete” közötti dichotómiában is megragadható.
(...)
Acta Univ. Sapientiae, Legal Studies, 2021
The present study aims to offer a review of measures taken by the Romanian authorities in the fie... more The present study aims to offer a review of measures taken by the
Romanian authorities in the field of audiovisual media regulation during
the state of emergency instituted in March 2020 following the COVID-19
outbreak. The legal framework has been adjusted, drawing both from extant norms, such as the 2003 Constitution of Romania, and from newly adapted legal norms such as the Presidential Decree declaring the state of emergency.
Also, the competent authorities have been invested with additional
powers, this being the case of the National Audiovisual Council and the
National Authority for Management and Regulation in Communications.
These institutions have faced multiple challenges regarding the clash
between freedom of opinion and freedom of speech and the right to correct information of the public and the campaigns to counter misinformation.
Case-law of the Court of Justice of the European Union, as well as procedures taking place before... more Case-law of the Court of Justice of the European Union, as well as procedures taking place before the Commission aiming to clarify certain aspects regarding freedom of services – in this case, the principle of free transmission and retransmission of audiovisual media services – have always been regarded as particularly important in offering guidance in interpreting and applying European legal norms. The adoption in December 2018 of the revised text of the Audiovisual Media Services Directive (Directive 2018/1808) marks the transition to a new, amended legal framework. It also enables the critical review of the last case decided in front of the Court of Justice of the European Union, still instrumented according to the provisions of Directive 2010/13/EU: Case C‑622/17 (Baltic Media Alliance v. Lietuvos radijo ir televizijos komisija). While the main focus of the present paper lies with Case C‑622/17, for a cogent understanding of the extended judicial and legal context of the case, w...
Acta Universitatis Sapientiae Legal Studies, 2019
Recent challenges in the EU business sector also comprise the revision of the Audiovisual Media S... more Recent challenges in the EU business sector also comprise the revision of the Audiovisual Media Services Directive (the new text in force since December 2018), the main media policy tool of the EU which establishes the legal framework for a convergent media landscape that comprises linear, non-linear audiovisual media services and, recently, also video-sharing platforms (VSPs) and user-generated content. One of the novelties in the revised text of the AVMSD is the new set of legal provisions enshrined in Art. 4 referring to the anti-circumvention procedure, a phenomenon the European media landscape has long been familiar with (i.e. broadcasters from another Member State circumventing the stricter rules of the target Member State). The need for a more transparent and efficient regulation originated in the practical difficulties of applying (pre-revision) Art. 4 by national regulating authorities (NRAs) as in many cases providers of audiovisual media services falling under another Mem...
Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Legal Studies, 2017
The paper presents a case of European jurisdiction, C-484/15 McFadden/Sony Music, concerning seco... more The paper presents a case of European jurisdiction, C-484/15 McFadden/Sony Music, concerning secondary liability of WLAN providers for illicit acts in the field of copyright, taking into consideration of the relevant exceptions of the InfoSoc Directive. Both the Advocate General, as well as the Court came to almost identical conclusions, exonerating the administrator of a WLAN, openly accessible to the public in case users of the respective network commit unlawful acts in the field of intellectual property, but reserving the possibility to oblige the network providers to password protect it in order to stop or to pre-empt unlawful conduct)
Forum Iuris Publishing House, 2020
A kötetben tizenöt jogász rövid élettörténete található. Ezek a történetek jelzik Erdély és az er... more A kötetben tizenöt jogász rövid élettörténete található. Ezek a történetek jelzik Erdély és az erdélyi jogászok rendkívüli sokszínűségét. A bemutatott életutak egy része az emberiesség, hősiesség, szakmaiság példájával szolgálhat. Azonban nem lenne teljes és igaz a felvázolt kép, ha csak ilyen portrékat tartalmazna a könyv. Egyes szereplői sokkal összetettebb megítélést követelnek meg: tetteikben és életükben vitatható elemek is előfordultak. A kötet ettől válik igazzá, hitelessé.
A rövid írás Bodor Ádám kolozsvári születésű író művének, a Sinistra körzetnek a „jog és irodalom... more A rövid írás Bodor Ádám kolozsvári születésű író művének, a Sinistra körzetnek a „jog és irodalom” jogelméleti irányzat kutatási módszerével történő megközelítésére tesz kísérletet. A „jog és irodalom” módszere által nyújtott lehetőség ily módon a regényt leginkább az utópia – antiutópia – disztópia fogalmak mentén megragadó kritikai irodalom írásaival rokonítja.
(A cikk eredetileg az Egyed Emese kolozsvári költő, irodalomtörténész, egyetemi tanár 60. születésnapjára kiadott köszöntőkötetben jelent meg.)
In Hungarian, with abstract in Romanian and English.
![Research paper thumbnail of Román polgári jog. A gazdasági élet szereplői és szerződései a monista polgári jog rendszerében [Romanian Civil Law. Professional Entities and Contracts, in the Context of the Monist Civil Law]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/39265978/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](Ez a kötet terveink szerint a közgazdászképzésben a jog oktatásának alaptankönyve lesz, a jogászk... more Ez a kötet terveink szerint a közgazdászképzésben a jog oktatásának alaptankönyve lesz, a jogászképzésben pedig terminológiai, szaknyelvi segédeszközként fog szolgálni a román nyelvű polgári jogi tárgyak oktatása során.
The deadly clubfire of a Bucharest club from Octomber 30, 2015 claimed the life of 64 people and ... more The deadly clubfire of a Bucharest club from Octomber 30, 2015 claimed the life of 64 people and left 186 people hospitalized. It was one of the worst civilian catastrophes in the history of post-communist Romania, and while the overall and overwhelming feeling of solidarity with the victims, the injured and their families led to generally positive results (donations, international response, a strong claim towards the government to take responsibility), it also led to abusing and aggressive media coverage, violating the right to dignity in case of victims and families. The Consiliul Național al Audiovizualului (National Audiovisual Council of Romania, the main regulatory body) faced harsh criticism for not being able to impose the provisions of Decision no. 220, dated February 24th, 2011 regarding the Regulatory Code of the Audiovisual Content (the relevant Code of law), thus failing to protect the rights to dignity for both victims, as well as their families. In an unprecedented move, the Council requested that the funeral services of victims would not be televised and broadcasts (ignored by some broadcasting companies). Hundreds of complaints regarding abusive reporting on victims were filed at the Council, which issued sanctions in two sessions: in a session from November 17, 2015, as well as in a session from January 14, 2016. The Council listed the violation of several provisions as grounds for sanctions, mostly pertaining to the right of dignity, the right of privacy and family life. The present paper examines the decisions issued by the Council in an attempt to clarify whether they need to be integrated in the general framework of Romanian media law regimentation.