Roseanne Schot | The Discovery Programme (original) (raw)
Papers by Roseanne Schot
One of the many remarkable discoveries made during previous archaeological excavations at the Hil... more One of the many remarkable discoveries made during previous archaeological excavations at the Hill of Tara, County Meath, is a craft workshop buried beneath the bank of the Iron Age ceremonial enclosure of Ráith na Ríg (Rath/Fort of the Kings). The workshop dates from around the second century BC and was used for iron and bronze smithing, and possibly glass working. Craft activity appears to have been on a small scale and, in keeping with the evidence from other Irish ‘royal’ centres whose Iron Age complexes have been the focus of more extensive excavation, lends little support to the idea of centralised production focused on high-status sites during this period. Arguably more significant to an understanding of this activity is the location of the workshop on sacred ground, within the cemetery and ceremonial precinct of Tara. This paper examines the ritual and funerary landscape that formed the immediate setting for craftworking at Tara, as well as a range of related themes that emerge from a wider study of the archaeological and ethnographic records and early Irish sources. Among the topics explored are the intrinsic qualities that link skilled crafting, in particular metalworking, with places/rites of passage; the ambiguity that surrounds the status and craft of individuals perceived as ‘other’; and the essence of power as it is expressed at Tara. Although the association between crafting and kingship is often conceived of through the prism of élite patronage of skilled artisans, early Irish and ethnographic sources suggest this may belie a more complex relationship based on shared or complementary traits, which can directly impact the society, for better or worse.
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In R. Schot, C. Newman and E. Bhreathnach (eds), Landscapes of cult and kingship, 87–113. Dublin, 2011
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Journal of Irish Archaeology 15, 39–71, 2006
The celebrated umbilical centre of Ireland in early tradition, the Hill of Uisneach (County Westm... more The celebrated umbilical centre of Ireland in early tradition, the Hill of Uisneach (County Westmeath) has long been recognised as an important pre-Christian cult centre and as a major royal site, yet its archaeological components have seldom been discussed. This paper represents the first detailed study of Uisneach to be published since R.A.S. Macalister and R.L. Praeger undertook a campaign of excavations there between 1925 and 1930. A substantive reinterpretation of a conjoined earthwork enclosure excavated by Macalister and Praeger (1928) on the summit of Uisneach is presented. Three main structural phases are postulated, the principal components of which comprise a late prehistoric ceremonial enclosure, an early medieval conjoined ringfort and a field system of possible medieval date. The changing role of the site from sanctuary to domestic settlement during the early medieval period, and the possibility that the conjoined ringfort was a high-status, perhaps royal, residence of the Clann Cholmáin kings of Uisneach, are also explored.
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Archaeology Ireland, Heritage Guide No.103 (2023)
Boasting a heady mix of ancient monuments, natural wonders, myth and royal associations, the Hill... more Boasting a heady mix of ancient monuments, natural wonders, myth and royal associations, the Hill of Uisneach is one of Ireland’s most evocative ceremonial and assembly landscapes, with a history spanning five millennia. Renowned as the umbilical centre of Ireland and meeting point of the ancient provinces, it is one of a group of six Irish ‘Royal Sites’ on the UNESCO World Heritage Site Tentative List, alongside Dún Ailinne (Co. Kildare), Rathcroghan (Co. Roscommon), the Rock of Cashel (Co. Tipperary), Tara (Co. Meath) and Navan Fort (Co. Armagh).
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Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 2023
The discovery of a major archaeological complex at Faughan Hill, County Meath, was first reported... more The discovery of a major archaeological complex at Faughan Hill, County Meath, was first reported on in the Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society in 2015. Comprising a series of large hilltop enclosures, probable burial sites, and associated features, the character and scale of the complex marked this out as an important focal centre in a region populated with some of Ireland’s largest and most spectacular monument ensembles, not least at the Hill of Tara, 15km to the southeast. A more complete picture of the site has since been revealed through further geophysical survey followed by test excavations by the Discovery Programme’s Tara Research Project. Two trenches excavated across the hilltop enclosures in 2017 yielded evidence of four discrete phases of activity spanning some 3,000 years, from the mid-4th to mid-1st millennia BC. During the Middle Neolithic the hilltop was encircled by a fenced enclosure (3635–3380 cal BC) possibly associated with the production of stone tools. At 250m in projected diameter it is one of the largest enclosures of the 4th millennium known in Ireland. This was superseded in the Late Bronze Age by a far more substantial, 400m-diameter multivallate enclosure (1280–920 cal BC) representing the only excavated hillfort of its type in Meath. The hill was the focus of renewed activity during the Early Iron Age (800–520 cal BC) and later became central to the political ambitions of aspiring, early Uí Néill kings of Tara, achieving particular renown as the burial place of their eponymous ancestor, Niall of the Nine Hostages. Developments at Faughan are illuminated further by a wealth of prehistoric settlement and ritual sites in the surrounding area, as well as early documentary sources, and, collectively, speak to a regional centre and gathering place with long-lived social, symbolic and political significance.
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A descriptive and extensively illustrated survey of the multiperiod monument complex on the Hill ... more A descriptive and extensively illustrated survey of the multiperiod monument complex on the Hill of Tara, County Meath, one of six 'Royal Sites' included in Ireland's UNESCO World Heritage Properties Tentative List. Prepared as part of the Tara Conservation Management Plan, published by the Irish Government (Department of Heritage) in 2022.
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R. Schot, J. Fenwick, R. Beusing and K. Rassmann. Archaeology Ireland 30(1), 2016
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J. Fenwick, G. Dowling, R. Schot and J. Rogers (2012). Ríocht na Midhe vol. XXIII, 1-25.
The chance discovery of a souterrain in the Co. Meath townland of Crewbane, Brugh na Bóinne (Boyn... more The chance discovery of a souterrain in the Co. Meath townland of Crewbane, Brugh na Bóinne (Boyne Valley, Eastern Ireland), in November 2007 prompted a detailed archaeological and geophysical survey of the immediate area during which a number of additional and potentially significant archaeological features were identified. These previously unrecorded features include a second potential souterrain, a substantial earthen embankment, a low-relief linear earthwork and a well, in addition to geophysical evidence of a large circular, or sub-circular, enclosure (possibly a ringfort) and an ancient field system. All are situated in close proximity to one another on elevated ground overlooking the River Boyne, some 200m to the south. The souterrain, therefore, appears to be just one feature within a complex of archaeological monuments located within sight of the passage tomb cemetery at Knowth, just 1km to the east. During the early medieval period, Knowth (ancient Cnogba) served as the royal seat of the kings of north Brega and it is likely that the archaeological complex at Crewbane forms an integral part of its royal demesne.
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Edited by R. Schot, C. Newman and E. Bhreathnach. Four Courts Press, 2011
This volume offers new perspectives on kingship and royal landscapes in Ireland and abroad in thi... more This volume offers new perspectives on kingship and royal landscapes in Ireland and abroad in thirteen essays by leading experts which consider how topography, monuments, place-names, myths and histories were symbolized, interwoven and forged into one of the most enduring institutions of human culture – kingship.
Long after the conversion to Christianity, the sacramental motifs of early kingship embodied in royal and lordly landscapes continue to resonate in the archaeological, historical, literary and onomastic records of Ireland. Together, these strands of evidence trace the evolution of kingship and landscapes associated with royal ceremonies from prehistory to the Middle Ages.
Bringing the most recent Irish research to the international study of kingship, these essays explore how the worldwide phenomenon of sacral kingship, with its emphasis on harmonizing the human and divine spheres, found expression in Ireland. From the birth- and death-tales of kings, to the sacralized landscapes of Tara, Sgiath Gabhra and the umbilical centres of Uisneach and Dullu, Nepal, what emerges from this wide-ranging study is a rich and diverse suite of common themes that open up exciting new horizons for comparative analysis.
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R. Schot, C. Newman and E. Bhreathnach (eds), Landscapes of Cult and Kingship. Dublin: Four Court... more R. Schot, C. Newman and E. Bhreathnach (eds), Landscapes of Cult and Kingship. Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2011.
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R. Schot, J. Waddell and J. Fenwick. Emania 23, 51-9, 2016
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R. Schot, I. Stuijts, S. McGinley and A. Potito. In: Late Iron Age and 'Roman' Ireland, 113–26. Discovery Programme Reports 8. Dublin, 2014
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S. McGinley, A.P. Potito, K. Molloy, R. Schot, I. Stuijts and D.W. Beilman. Journal of Irish Archaeology 24 (2015)
Recent studies have enhanced our understanding of the archaeological complex on the Hill of Uisne... more Recent studies have enhanced our understanding of the archaeological complex on the Hill of Uisneach, Co. Westmeath. However, the present palaeoenvironmental investigations represent the first detailed study of Lough Lugh, a small lake at the centre of the monument complex and ostensible site of the god Lugh’s demise. This lake history study is a continuation and expansion of the multi-proxy research undertaken as part of the Discovery Programme’s Late Iron Age and ‘Roman’ Ireland (LIARI) project, published in 2014. The study presents higher-resolution chironomid (nonbiting midge fly) sub-fossil sampling and a re-evaluation of the pollen data to include aquatic pollen types. Geochemical indicators (C:N ratios, d15N and d13C isotopes) were also added to the suite of proxies for this paper. Further fieldwork included stratigraphical investigations of trial cores along two transects across the lake to gain a more holistic representation of the lakebed stratigraphy.
Chironomid and pollen evidence shows that the lake was an open water system in the Late-glacial/Early Holocene. A subsequent increase in macrophytes (aquatic plants) and macrophyte-dwelling chironomids indicates that the lake had begun to close in the Early Holocene. The dominance of terrestrial/semi-terrestrial chironomid taxa, the spike in C:N values and the near absence of lake aquatic plants and algae demonstrate that a marshland had formed by 8350–8240 cal. BC. The changes in chironomid and pollen taxa, in addition to abrupt changes in C:N ratios, d15N and LOI values, and lake sediment characteristics show that lake sediment was likely removed by human endeavour to re-initiate open water conditions. The results of this more exhaustive investigation, in conjunction with archaeological, mythological, folk history and place-name evidence, suggest that the lake may have been dug out in medieval times. This, however, may have been only one in a series of dig-outs in the lake’s history. When people first encountered this site it was probably a marshland. It is suggested here that the existing lake is probably anthropogenic in origin and is likely to have had a symbolic or ritual significance. Lough Lugh can potentially be considered an archaeological site or monument.
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R. Ó Maoldúin, R. Schot and C. Newman. In: S. Bully (ed.) Archéologie en Franche-Comté. Colomban et l’abbaye de Luxeuil au Coeur de l’Europe du haut Moyen Âge, 20–21. Besançon, 2015
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(ABSTRACT) C. Newman, R. Ó Maoldúin, R. Schot & E. Marron, with contribution from L. Lynch. In C. Newman, M. Stansbury & E. Marron (eds) Columbanus and Identity in Early Medieval Europe: Formation and Transmission, pp 93–122. Presses Universitaires De Rennes (2022)
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Discovery Programme 2019 Annual Report
Summary of project research and forthcoming book, "Tara: Redefining Landscapes of Power, c.3500BC... more Summary of project research and forthcoming book, "Tara: Redefining Landscapes of Power, c.3500BC - AD1500"
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Discovery Programme 2018 Annual Report
Summary results of 2017 excavations at Faughan Hill, County Meath
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Discovery Programme 2017 Annual Report
Summary of 2017 excavations at Faughan Hill (County Meath, Eastern Ireland) by the Discovery Prog... more Summary of 2017 excavations at Faughan Hill (County Meath, Eastern Ireland) by the Discovery Programme's Tara Research Project
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Discovery Programme 2016 Annual Report
Summary of research and archaeological surveys in the Tara landscape in 2016
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S. Bully, E. Marron, R. Schot, G. Dowling and L. Fiocchi. Bulletin du centre d’études médiévales d’Auxerre 15, 9–15, 2011
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One of the many remarkable discoveries made during previous archaeological excavations at the Hil... more One of the many remarkable discoveries made during previous archaeological excavations at the Hill of Tara, County Meath, is a craft workshop buried beneath the bank of the Iron Age ceremonial enclosure of Ráith na Ríg (Rath/Fort of the Kings). The workshop dates from around the second century BC and was used for iron and bronze smithing, and possibly glass working. Craft activity appears to have been on a small scale and, in keeping with the evidence from other Irish ‘royal’ centres whose Iron Age complexes have been the focus of more extensive excavation, lends little support to the idea of centralised production focused on high-status sites during this period. Arguably more significant to an understanding of this activity is the location of the workshop on sacred ground, within the cemetery and ceremonial precinct of Tara. This paper examines the ritual and funerary landscape that formed the immediate setting for craftworking at Tara, as well as a range of related themes that emerge from a wider study of the archaeological and ethnographic records and early Irish sources. Among the topics explored are the intrinsic qualities that link skilled crafting, in particular metalworking, with places/rites of passage; the ambiguity that surrounds the status and craft of individuals perceived as ‘other’; and the essence of power as it is expressed at Tara. Although the association between crafting and kingship is often conceived of through the prism of élite patronage of skilled artisans, early Irish and ethnographic sources suggest this may belie a more complex relationship based on shared or complementary traits, which can directly impact the society, for better or worse.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
In R. Schot, C. Newman and E. Bhreathnach (eds), Landscapes of cult and kingship, 87–113. Dublin, 2011
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Journal of Irish Archaeology 15, 39–71, 2006
The celebrated umbilical centre of Ireland in early tradition, the Hill of Uisneach (County Westm... more The celebrated umbilical centre of Ireland in early tradition, the Hill of Uisneach (County Westmeath) has long been recognised as an important pre-Christian cult centre and as a major royal site, yet its archaeological components have seldom been discussed. This paper represents the first detailed study of Uisneach to be published since R.A.S. Macalister and R.L. Praeger undertook a campaign of excavations there between 1925 and 1930. A substantive reinterpretation of a conjoined earthwork enclosure excavated by Macalister and Praeger (1928) on the summit of Uisneach is presented. Three main structural phases are postulated, the principal components of which comprise a late prehistoric ceremonial enclosure, an early medieval conjoined ringfort and a field system of possible medieval date. The changing role of the site from sanctuary to domestic settlement during the early medieval period, and the possibility that the conjoined ringfort was a high-status, perhaps royal, residence of the Clann Cholmáin kings of Uisneach, are also explored.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Archaeology Ireland, Heritage Guide No.103 (2023)
Boasting a heady mix of ancient monuments, natural wonders, myth and royal associations, the Hill... more Boasting a heady mix of ancient monuments, natural wonders, myth and royal associations, the Hill of Uisneach is one of Ireland’s most evocative ceremonial and assembly landscapes, with a history spanning five millennia. Renowned as the umbilical centre of Ireland and meeting point of the ancient provinces, it is one of a group of six Irish ‘Royal Sites’ on the UNESCO World Heritage Site Tentative List, alongside Dún Ailinne (Co. Kildare), Rathcroghan (Co. Roscommon), the Rock of Cashel (Co. Tipperary), Tara (Co. Meath) and Navan Fort (Co. Armagh).
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Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 2023
The discovery of a major archaeological complex at Faughan Hill, County Meath, was first reported... more The discovery of a major archaeological complex at Faughan Hill, County Meath, was first reported on in the Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society in 2015. Comprising a series of large hilltop enclosures, probable burial sites, and associated features, the character and scale of the complex marked this out as an important focal centre in a region populated with some of Ireland’s largest and most spectacular monument ensembles, not least at the Hill of Tara, 15km to the southeast. A more complete picture of the site has since been revealed through further geophysical survey followed by test excavations by the Discovery Programme’s Tara Research Project. Two trenches excavated across the hilltop enclosures in 2017 yielded evidence of four discrete phases of activity spanning some 3,000 years, from the mid-4th to mid-1st millennia BC. During the Middle Neolithic the hilltop was encircled by a fenced enclosure (3635–3380 cal BC) possibly associated with the production of stone tools. At 250m in projected diameter it is one of the largest enclosures of the 4th millennium known in Ireland. This was superseded in the Late Bronze Age by a far more substantial, 400m-diameter multivallate enclosure (1280–920 cal BC) representing the only excavated hillfort of its type in Meath. The hill was the focus of renewed activity during the Early Iron Age (800–520 cal BC) and later became central to the political ambitions of aspiring, early Uí Néill kings of Tara, achieving particular renown as the burial place of their eponymous ancestor, Niall of the Nine Hostages. Developments at Faughan are illuminated further by a wealth of prehistoric settlement and ritual sites in the surrounding area, as well as early documentary sources, and, collectively, speak to a regional centre and gathering place with long-lived social, symbolic and political significance.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
A descriptive and extensively illustrated survey of the multiperiod monument complex on the Hill ... more A descriptive and extensively illustrated survey of the multiperiod monument complex on the Hill of Tara, County Meath, one of six 'Royal Sites' included in Ireland's UNESCO World Heritage Properties Tentative List. Prepared as part of the Tara Conservation Management Plan, published by the Irish Government (Department of Heritage) in 2022.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
R. Schot, J. Fenwick, R. Beusing and K. Rassmann. Archaeology Ireland 30(1), 2016
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
J. Fenwick, G. Dowling, R. Schot and J. Rogers (2012). Ríocht na Midhe vol. XXIII, 1-25.
The chance discovery of a souterrain in the Co. Meath townland of Crewbane, Brugh na Bóinne (Boyn... more The chance discovery of a souterrain in the Co. Meath townland of Crewbane, Brugh na Bóinne (Boyne Valley, Eastern Ireland), in November 2007 prompted a detailed archaeological and geophysical survey of the immediate area during which a number of additional and potentially significant archaeological features were identified. These previously unrecorded features include a second potential souterrain, a substantial earthen embankment, a low-relief linear earthwork and a well, in addition to geophysical evidence of a large circular, or sub-circular, enclosure (possibly a ringfort) and an ancient field system. All are situated in close proximity to one another on elevated ground overlooking the River Boyne, some 200m to the south. The souterrain, therefore, appears to be just one feature within a complex of archaeological monuments located within sight of the passage tomb cemetery at Knowth, just 1km to the east. During the early medieval period, Knowth (ancient Cnogba) served as the royal seat of the kings of north Brega and it is likely that the archaeological complex at Crewbane forms an integral part of its royal demesne.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Edited by R. Schot, C. Newman and E. Bhreathnach. Four Courts Press, 2011
This volume offers new perspectives on kingship and royal landscapes in Ireland and abroad in thi... more This volume offers new perspectives on kingship and royal landscapes in Ireland and abroad in thirteen essays by leading experts which consider how topography, monuments, place-names, myths and histories were symbolized, interwoven and forged into one of the most enduring institutions of human culture – kingship.
Long after the conversion to Christianity, the sacramental motifs of early kingship embodied in royal and lordly landscapes continue to resonate in the archaeological, historical, literary and onomastic records of Ireland. Together, these strands of evidence trace the evolution of kingship and landscapes associated with royal ceremonies from prehistory to the Middle Ages.
Bringing the most recent Irish research to the international study of kingship, these essays explore how the worldwide phenomenon of sacral kingship, with its emphasis on harmonizing the human and divine spheres, found expression in Ireland. From the birth- and death-tales of kings, to the sacralized landscapes of Tara, Sgiath Gabhra and the umbilical centres of Uisneach and Dullu, Nepal, what emerges from this wide-ranging study is a rich and diverse suite of common themes that open up exciting new horizons for comparative analysis.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
R. Schot, C. Newman and E. Bhreathnach (eds), Landscapes of Cult and Kingship. Dublin: Four Court... more R. Schot, C. Newman and E. Bhreathnach (eds), Landscapes of Cult and Kingship. Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2011.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
R. Schot, J. Waddell and J. Fenwick. Emania 23, 51-9, 2016
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
R. Schot, I. Stuijts, S. McGinley and A. Potito. In: Late Iron Age and 'Roman' Ireland, 113–26. Discovery Programme Reports 8. Dublin, 2014
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
S. McGinley, A.P. Potito, K. Molloy, R. Schot, I. Stuijts and D.W. Beilman. Journal of Irish Archaeology 24 (2015)
Recent studies have enhanced our understanding of the archaeological complex on the Hill of Uisne... more Recent studies have enhanced our understanding of the archaeological complex on the Hill of Uisneach, Co. Westmeath. However, the present palaeoenvironmental investigations represent the first detailed study of Lough Lugh, a small lake at the centre of the monument complex and ostensible site of the god Lugh’s demise. This lake history study is a continuation and expansion of the multi-proxy research undertaken as part of the Discovery Programme’s Late Iron Age and ‘Roman’ Ireland (LIARI) project, published in 2014. The study presents higher-resolution chironomid (nonbiting midge fly) sub-fossil sampling and a re-evaluation of the pollen data to include aquatic pollen types. Geochemical indicators (C:N ratios, d15N and d13C isotopes) were also added to the suite of proxies for this paper. Further fieldwork included stratigraphical investigations of trial cores along two transects across the lake to gain a more holistic representation of the lakebed stratigraphy.
Chironomid and pollen evidence shows that the lake was an open water system in the Late-glacial/Early Holocene. A subsequent increase in macrophytes (aquatic plants) and macrophyte-dwelling chironomids indicates that the lake had begun to close in the Early Holocene. The dominance of terrestrial/semi-terrestrial chironomid taxa, the spike in C:N values and the near absence of lake aquatic plants and algae demonstrate that a marshland had formed by 8350–8240 cal. BC. The changes in chironomid and pollen taxa, in addition to abrupt changes in C:N ratios, d15N and LOI values, and lake sediment characteristics show that lake sediment was likely removed by human endeavour to re-initiate open water conditions. The results of this more exhaustive investigation, in conjunction with archaeological, mythological, folk history and place-name evidence, suggest that the lake may have been dug out in medieval times. This, however, may have been only one in a series of dig-outs in the lake’s history. When people first encountered this site it was probably a marshland. It is suggested here that the existing lake is probably anthropogenic in origin and is likely to have had a symbolic or ritual significance. Lough Lugh can potentially be considered an archaeological site or monument.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
R. Ó Maoldúin, R. Schot and C. Newman. In: S. Bully (ed.) Archéologie en Franche-Comté. Colomban et l’abbaye de Luxeuil au Coeur de l’Europe du haut Moyen Âge, 20–21. Besançon, 2015
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
(ABSTRACT) C. Newman, R. Ó Maoldúin, R. Schot & E. Marron, with contribution from L. Lynch. In C. Newman, M. Stansbury & E. Marron (eds) Columbanus and Identity in Early Medieval Europe: Formation and Transmission, pp 93–122. Presses Universitaires De Rennes (2022)
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Discovery Programme 2019 Annual Report
Summary of project research and forthcoming book, "Tara: Redefining Landscapes of Power, c.3500BC... more Summary of project research and forthcoming book, "Tara: Redefining Landscapes of Power, c.3500BC - AD1500"
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Discovery Programme 2018 Annual Report
Summary results of 2017 excavations at Faughan Hill, County Meath
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Discovery Programme 2017 Annual Report
Summary of 2017 excavations at Faughan Hill (County Meath, Eastern Ireland) by the Discovery Prog... more Summary of 2017 excavations at Faughan Hill (County Meath, Eastern Ireland) by the Discovery Programme's Tara Research Project
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Discovery Programme 2016 Annual Report
Summary of research and archaeological surveys in the Tara landscape in 2016
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
S. Bully, E. Marron, R. Schot, G. Dowling and L. Fiocchi. Bulletin du centre d’études médiévales d’Auxerre 15, 9–15, 2011
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact