Ramadhan Tosepu | Halu Oleo University (original) (raw)
Papers by Ramadhan Tosepu
WSEAS Transactions on Environment and Development, 2022
Land use change is contributing to the emergence of zoonotic diseases in the community. And can c... more Land use change is contributing to the emergence of zoonotic diseases in the community. And can cause an increase in the spread of the virus through arthropods. This study aimed to determine the association of land use factors and dengue hemorrhagic fever in Kolaka District, Southeast Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. The secondary data obtained from various governments of Indonesia were used for this study. Data of dengue hemorrhagic fever from Ministry of Health of Republic Indonesia. Land use data is derived from the classification of Citra Landsat 8 on a scale of 1: 250,000 from 2010 to 2020. The Spearman rank correlation test was used to examine the relationship between land-use change and the incidence rate of dengue hemorrhagic fever. The results of this study In Period 2010-2015 is a correlation between Agriculture with dengue hemorrhagic fever (= 0.812, p <0.05), and water bodies with =0.812. The area of agricultural land is increasing every year; in 2010, only 3.32% increase to 51.08% in 2015. Furthermore, in period 2016-2020 is a correlation between Forest with dengue hemorrhagic fever (= 0.900, p <0.05), and Settlement (=-0.900, p <0.05). Our findings could be used to improve the understanding of land-use change and dengue hemorrhagic fever in the Kolaka district and provide information on land use that does not damage the environment.
Environment and Natural Resources Journal, 2018
Dengue hemorrhagic fever in Indonesia is one of the serious health problems and requires understa... more Dengue hemorrhagic fever in Indonesia is one of the serious health problems and requires understanding the occurrence of this disease. Climate Factors have a role that needs attention in the prevention of DHF disease. Understanding of disease patterns will benefit the health surveillance system and provide a way to tackle this problem. The records of dengue fever cases and climate data for the years 2010-2015 were obtained from the Health Office Kolaka District, southeast Sulawesi province and Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics Agency in Southeast Sulawesi province, respectively. Data for the period 2010 to 2014 were used for model development through multiple linear regressions. The prediction model was used to forecast dengue cases in 2015 and the predicted results were compared with reported dengue cases in Kolaka in the past and forecasting period. Rainfall, humidity, temperature average, minimum temperature, and maximum temperature are significantly correlated with monthl...
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2021
In less than a year, experimental body explaining the relationship of meteorological indicators, ... more In less than a year, experimental body explaining the relationship of meteorological indicators, air pollutants concentration, and COVID-19 disease rapidly increases. Among studies, inconclusive findings are conflicting and therefore need to be gathered in a systematically review methods. Therefore, systematic literature review is conducted to present available studies concerning the effect of climatic parameters and air pollutants and their association with COVID-19 pandemic. Search strategy was conducted using Science Direct with terms of “COVID-19”, “environment”, “meteorology”, and “pollutants”. After critically assessed with inclusion criteria, 23 studies met to be included in the database. Results indicate that temperature and humidity are not directly correlated with the growth of COVID-19 cases worldwide. Although multi-regional studies mostly revealed significant correlation with individual parameter of meteorological factors, dynamics data of COVID-19 transmission may be a...
Climatic change has a great impact on the water cyclus, impacts on water resources, the frequency... more Climatic change has a great impact on the water cyclus, impacts on water resources, the frequency and intensity of floods because of high rainfall, the natural environment and human health. In this article, a survey of the effect of climatic change on waterborne diseases. Materials and Methods The keywords “climate change”, “waterborne diseases” were used in combination with “or” and “and” by performing electronic searches on Google and Google Scholar. The search was operated with a publication year insulate among January 2019 and October 2020. Results: Of the 34 articles collected, 19 articles were excluded because they had no correlation, while 15 articles were submitted and met the inclusion criteria. The literature reviewed shows that, most of the research has been carried out in wealthy countries, and approximation of the effect of climatic change on waterborne diseases are uncertain for the following reasons: 1) Hesitation about the spread of disease through climate change due...
Belitung Nursing Journal
Background: The number of COVID-19 cases in Indonesia continues to rise. The roles and responsibi... more Background: The number of COVID-19 cases in Indonesia continues to rise. The roles and responsibilities of healthcare workers are crucial in the battle of the COVID-19. Objective: This study aimed to explore the experience of healthcare workers in combatting COVID-19 in some parts of Indonesia. Methods: This study employed a descriptive qualitative study design. Online semi-structured interviews were conducted in April 2020 among thirteen participants who were purposively selected. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: Eight themes emerged from data, including lack of personal protective equipment, lack of referral hospitals and limited facilities, dealing with patients with unknown status, feeling worried about getting infected or being a source of viral transmission, being creative, too long shift and fatigue, being surrender to God, and government issues. Conclusion: Findings of this study could be used as the input for the government, healthcare workers, and the g...
JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN: Jurnal dan Aplikasi Teknik Kesehatan Lingkungan
Climate change is directly related to changes in environmental conditions. Climate and weather ar... more Climate change is directly related to changes in environmental conditions. Climate and weather are the physical components of an ecosystem. If there are some changes in the physical component of the ecosystem, it will have an effect on the incidence and pattern of spread of influenza disease. Influenza (flu) is an infectious respiratory disease caused by influenza virus which can cause mild to severe illness. The cause of influenza is an RNA virus that belongs to the family of Orthomyxoviridae which can attack birds, mammals including humans. The virus is transmitted through infected saliva that comes out when people cough, sneeze or through direct contact with secretions (saliva, saliva, snot) sufferers. The writing of this article was conducted to determine the corelation between climate and influenza disease events. This writing uses the literature review process of searching articles through Google Scholar. Journal articles found using English and key words used in journal searc...
Public Health of Indonesia
Background: COVID-19 is a pandemic that spreads very fast. Until now, COVID-19 has spread in 207 ... more Background: COVID-19 is a pandemic that spreads very fast. Until now, COVID-19 has spread in 207 countries.Objective: This study aimed to analyze the correlation between weather factors and COVID-19 in West Java, Indonesia. This study used a secondary data analysis of weather data from the Meteorological Department of the Republic of Indonesia and surveillance of COVID-19 from the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. The weather has five components, including minimum temperature (0C), maximum temperature (0C), temperature average (0C), humidity (%), amount of rainfall (mm), and wind speed (m/s). Data were analyzed using Spearman’s rank correlation test.Result: Of the weather components, only temperature average (r = 0.545; p 0.001) and humidity (r = -0.500; p 0.001) significantly correlated with COVID-19.Conclusion: The results can be used to decrease the pandemic of COVID-19 in Indonesia.
Science of The Total Environment
Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan Universitas Halu Oleo
Kebisingan adalah bunyi yang tidak diinginkan dari usaha atau kegiatan dalam tingkat dan waktu te... more Kebisingan adalah bunyi yang tidak diinginkan dari usaha atau kegiatan dalam tingkat dan waktu tertentu yang dapat menimbulkan gangguan kesehatan manusia dan kenyamanan lingkungan. Penggunaan kendaraan bermotor yang tinggimeningkatkan masalah lingkungan seperti polusi udara dan kebisingan lalu lintas. Tujuan penelitian ini ialah untuk mengetahui gambaran tingkat kebisingan dan keluhan subjektif dari aktivitas transportasi di kawasan perdagangan dan perkantoran Kota Kendari. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat kebisingan di Jalan MT. Haryono telah melebihi baku mutu yang ditetapkan yaitu 65 dB(A), di Jalan H. Abdullah Silondae belum melebihi baku mutu yang ditetapkan yaitu 65 dB(A) dan di jalan Katambak, Kota Lama telah melebihi baku mutu yang ditetapkan yaitu 65 dB(A). Volume lalu lintas di jalan MT. Haryono tertinggi yaitu pukul 15.00 WITA sebanyak 1.121 unit, di jalan H. Abdullah Silondae volume kendaraan tertinggi yaitu ...
JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN: Jurnal dan Aplikasi Teknik Kesehatan Lingkungan
Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences
Public Health of Indonesia
Background: In 2016 Zika virus infection became an international public health emergency concern.... more Background: In 2016 Zika virus infection became an international public health emergency concern.Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge and practice of midwives regarding the Zika virus.Methods: This research was an analytic study with a cross-sectional approach. A total of samples was 191 selected using a proportional random sampling technique. WHO questionnaire was used to collect data on knowledge and practice related to the Zika virus and a set of explanatory variables.Results: The midwife's knowledge of the Zika virus revealed that only the workplace and sources of information were associated with knowledge of the Zika virus infection. Public health center had a greater chance of having good knowledge than hospitals with OR: 5.130 (CI: 2.591-10.157) and first knew Zika information more than one year ago had a greater chance of having good knowledge than the first midwife knew about Zika on the day the study was conducted with OR: 3.035 (CI: 1.485-6.203).Concl...
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
Public Health of Indonesia
Public Health of Indonesia
Background: Sanitation is an effort to prevent disease by removing or regulating environmental fa... more Background: Sanitation is an effort to prevent disease by removing or regulating environmental factors related to the chain of disease transfer. Vector is an Arthropod that can cause and transmit an Infectious agent from an Infection source to vulnerable landlords.Objective: To find out the relationship between housing sanitation and the presence of vectors in densely populated neighborhoods in the Kendari sub-district of Kendari city in 2019.Methods: This was a descriptive quantitative study with a cross-sectional approach. The study was conducted between 3 April 2019 and 3 May 2019. Data were collected using Field Learning Experience Report, and analyzed using Chi-Square test.Results: Findings indicated that there was a statistically significant relationship between housing sanitation and the existence of vectors (p=.05).Conclusion: There was a significant relationship between the physical conditions of the house, the environment with the presence of vectors in the densely popula...
Public Health of Indonesia
Public Health of Indonesia
Background: Health services are strongly influenced by regional topography. Road infrastructure i... more Background: Health services are strongly influenced by regional topography. Road infrastructure is a key in access to health services. The geographic information system becomes a tool in modeling access to health services.Objective: To analyze geospatial data of the travel time to medical facilities in Muna Barat district, Southeast Sulawesi Province, Indonesia.Methods: This research used geospatial analysis with classification of raster data then overlaid with raster data such as Digital Elevation Modeling (DEM), Road of Vector data, and the point of Public Health Center (Puskesmas).Results: The result of geospatial analysis showed that the travel time to Puskesmas in Napano Kusambi and Kusambi sub districts is between 90-120 minutes, and travel time to the hospital in Kusambi sub district is required more than 2 hours. Conclusion: The output of this geospatial analysis can be an input for local government in planning infrastructure development in Muna Barat District, Indonesia.
Public Health of Indonesia
Public Health of Indonesia
Background: Food and beverage sanitation hygiene is a prevention effort that focuses on activitie... more Background: Food and beverage sanitation hygiene is a prevention effort that focuses on activities or actions that are necessary to free food and drinks from hazards that can interfere with or damage health.Objective: This study aimed to identify personal hygiene, sanitation and food safety knowledge of food workers at the canteen university.Methods: This was a descriptive study with observational approach. Thirty-four canteens were recruited using total sampling. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics with percentage.Results: Findings showed that 11 canteens (32.3%) did not meet the standard for canteen sanitation, 24 canteens (70.6%) did not meet lighting standard, 29 (85.3%) did not meet ventilation standard, 18 (52,9%) did not meet the standard of clean water, 31 (91.2%) did not meet wastewater disposal standard, 23 (67.6%) did not meet the hand washing facility standard, 25 (73.5%) did not meet standard of waste disposal conditions, 28 respondents (85.3%) had good pers...
WSEAS Transactions on Environment and Development, 2022
Land use change is contributing to the emergence of zoonotic diseases in the community. And can c... more Land use change is contributing to the emergence of zoonotic diseases in the community. And can cause an increase in the spread of the virus through arthropods. This study aimed to determine the association of land use factors and dengue hemorrhagic fever in Kolaka District, Southeast Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. The secondary data obtained from various governments of Indonesia were used for this study. Data of dengue hemorrhagic fever from Ministry of Health of Republic Indonesia. Land use data is derived from the classification of Citra Landsat 8 on a scale of 1: 250,000 from 2010 to 2020. The Spearman rank correlation test was used to examine the relationship between land-use change and the incidence rate of dengue hemorrhagic fever. The results of this study In Period 2010-2015 is a correlation between Agriculture with dengue hemorrhagic fever (= 0.812, p <0.05), and water bodies with =0.812. The area of agricultural land is increasing every year; in 2010, only 3.32% increase to 51.08% in 2015. Furthermore, in period 2016-2020 is a correlation between Forest with dengue hemorrhagic fever (= 0.900, p <0.05), and Settlement (=-0.900, p <0.05). Our findings could be used to improve the understanding of land-use change and dengue hemorrhagic fever in the Kolaka district and provide information on land use that does not damage the environment.
Environment and Natural Resources Journal, 2018
Dengue hemorrhagic fever in Indonesia is one of the serious health problems and requires understa... more Dengue hemorrhagic fever in Indonesia is one of the serious health problems and requires understanding the occurrence of this disease. Climate Factors have a role that needs attention in the prevention of DHF disease. Understanding of disease patterns will benefit the health surveillance system and provide a way to tackle this problem. The records of dengue fever cases and climate data for the years 2010-2015 were obtained from the Health Office Kolaka District, southeast Sulawesi province and Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics Agency in Southeast Sulawesi province, respectively. Data for the period 2010 to 2014 were used for model development through multiple linear regressions. The prediction model was used to forecast dengue cases in 2015 and the predicted results were compared with reported dengue cases in Kolaka in the past and forecasting period. Rainfall, humidity, temperature average, minimum temperature, and maximum temperature are significantly correlated with monthl...
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2021
In less than a year, experimental body explaining the relationship of meteorological indicators, ... more In less than a year, experimental body explaining the relationship of meteorological indicators, air pollutants concentration, and COVID-19 disease rapidly increases. Among studies, inconclusive findings are conflicting and therefore need to be gathered in a systematically review methods. Therefore, systematic literature review is conducted to present available studies concerning the effect of climatic parameters and air pollutants and their association with COVID-19 pandemic. Search strategy was conducted using Science Direct with terms of “COVID-19”, “environment”, “meteorology”, and “pollutants”. After critically assessed with inclusion criteria, 23 studies met to be included in the database. Results indicate that temperature and humidity are not directly correlated with the growth of COVID-19 cases worldwide. Although multi-regional studies mostly revealed significant correlation with individual parameter of meteorological factors, dynamics data of COVID-19 transmission may be a...
Climatic change has a great impact on the water cyclus, impacts on water resources, the frequency... more Climatic change has a great impact on the water cyclus, impacts on water resources, the frequency and intensity of floods because of high rainfall, the natural environment and human health. In this article, a survey of the effect of climatic change on waterborne diseases. Materials and Methods The keywords “climate change”, “waterborne diseases” were used in combination with “or” and “and” by performing electronic searches on Google and Google Scholar. The search was operated with a publication year insulate among January 2019 and October 2020. Results: Of the 34 articles collected, 19 articles were excluded because they had no correlation, while 15 articles were submitted and met the inclusion criteria. The literature reviewed shows that, most of the research has been carried out in wealthy countries, and approximation of the effect of climatic change on waterborne diseases are uncertain for the following reasons: 1) Hesitation about the spread of disease through climate change due...
Belitung Nursing Journal
Background: The number of COVID-19 cases in Indonesia continues to rise. The roles and responsibi... more Background: The number of COVID-19 cases in Indonesia continues to rise. The roles and responsibilities of healthcare workers are crucial in the battle of the COVID-19. Objective: This study aimed to explore the experience of healthcare workers in combatting COVID-19 in some parts of Indonesia. Methods: This study employed a descriptive qualitative study design. Online semi-structured interviews were conducted in April 2020 among thirteen participants who were purposively selected. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: Eight themes emerged from data, including lack of personal protective equipment, lack of referral hospitals and limited facilities, dealing with patients with unknown status, feeling worried about getting infected or being a source of viral transmission, being creative, too long shift and fatigue, being surrender to God, and government issues. Conclusion: Findings of this study could be used as the input for the government, healthcare workers, and the g...
JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN: Jurnal dan Aplikasi Teknik Kesehatan Lingkungan
Climate change is directly related to changes in environmental conditions. Climate and weather ar... more Climate change is directly related to changes in environmental conditions. Climate and weather are the physical components of an ecosystem. If there are some changes in the physical component of the ecosystem, it will have an effect on the incidence and pattern of spread of influenza disease. Influenza (flu) is an infectious respiratory disease caused by influenza virus which can cause mild to severe illness. The cause of influenza is an RNA virus that belongs to the family of Orthomyxoviridae which can attack birds, mammals including humans. The virus is transmitted through infected saliva that comes out when people cough, sneeze or through direct contact with secretions (saliva, saliva, snot) sufferers. The writing of this article was conducted to determine the corelation between climate and influenza disease events. This writing uses the literature review process of searching articles through Google Scholar. Journal articles found using English and key words used in journal searc...
Public Health of Indonesia
Background: COVID-19 is a pandemic that spreads very fast. Until now, COVID-19 has spread in 207 ... more Background: COVID-19 is a pandemic that spreads very fast. Until now, COVID-19 has spread in 207 countries.Objective: This study aimed to analyze the correlation between weather factors and COVID-19 in West Java, Indonesia. This study used a secondary data analysis of weather data from the Meteorological Department of the Republic of Indonesia and surveillance of COVID-19 from the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. The weather has five components, including minimum temperature (0C), maximum temperature (0C), temperature average (0C), humidity (%), amount of rainfall (mm), and wind speed (m/s). Data were analyzed using Spearman’s rank correlation test.Result: Of the weather components, only temperature average (r = 0.545; p 0.001) and humidity (r = -0.500; p 0.001) significantly correlated with COVID-19.Conclusion: The results can be used to decrease the pandemic of COVID-19 in Indonesia.
Science of The Total Environment
Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan Universitas Halu Oleo
Kebisingan adalah bunyi yang tidak diinginkan dari usaha atau kegiatan dalam tingkat dan waktu te... more Kebisingan adalah bunyi yang tidak diinginkan dari usaha atau kegiatan dalam tingkat dan waktu tertentu yang dapat menimbulkan gangguan kesehatan manusia dan kenyamanan lingkungan. Penggunaan kendaraan bermotor yang tinggimeningkatkan masalah lingkungan seperti polusi udara dan kebisingan lalu lintas. Tujuan penelitian ini ialah untuk mengetahui gambaran tingkat kebisingan dan keluhan subjektif dari aktivitas transportasi di kawasan perdagangan dan perkantoran Kota Kendari. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat kebisingan di Jalan MT. Haryono telah melebihi baku mutu yang ditetapkan yaitu 65 dB(A), di Jalan H. Abdullah Silondae belum melebihi baku mutu yang ditetapkan yaitu 65 dB(A) dan di jalan Katambak, Kota Lama telah melebihi baku mutu yang ditetapkan yaitu 65 dB(A). Volume lalu lintas di jalan MT. Haryono tertinggi yaitu pukul 15.00 WITA sebanyak 1.121 unit, di jalan H. Abdullah Silondae volume kendaraan tertinggi yaitu ...
JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN: Jurnal dan Aplikasi Teknik Kesehatan Lingkungan
Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences
Public Health of Indonesia
Background: In 2016 Zika virus infection became an international public health emergency concern.... more Background: In 2016 Zika virus infection became an international public health emergency concern.Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge and practice of midwives regarding the Zika virus.Methods: This research was an analytic study with a cross-sectional approach. A total of samples was 191 selected using a proportional random sampling technique. WHO questionnaire was used to collect data on knowledge and practice related to the Zika virus and a set of explanatory variables.Results: The midwife's knowledge of the Zika virus revealed that only the workplace and sources of information were associated with knowledge of the Zika virus infection. Public health center had a greater chance of having good knowledge than hospitals with OR: 5.130 (CI: 2.591-10.157) and first knew Zika information more than one year ago had a greater chance of having good knowledge than the first midwife knew about Zika on the day the study was conducted with OR: 3.035 (CI: 1.485-6.203).Concl...
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
Public Health of Indonesia
Public Health of Indonesia
Background: Sanitation is an effort to prevent disease by removing or regulating environmental fa... more Background: Sanitation is an effort to prevent disease by removing or regulating environmental factors related to the chain of disease transfer. Vector is an Arthropod that can cause and transmit an Infectious agent from an Infection source to vulnerable landlords.Objective: To find out the relationship between housing sanitation and the presence of vectors in densely populated neighborhoods in the Kendari sub-district of Kendari city in 2019.Methods: This was a descriptive quantitative study with a cross-sectional approach. The study was conducted between 3 April 2019 and 3 May 2019. Data were collected using Field Learning Experience Report, and analyzed using Chi-Square test.Results: Findings indicated that there was a statistically significant relationship between housing sanitation and the existence of vectors (p=.05).Conclusion: There was a significant relationship between the physical conditions of the house, the environment with the presence of vectors in the densely popula...
Public Health of Indonesia
Public Health of Indonesia
Background: Health services are strongly influenced by regional topography. Road infrastructure i... more Background: Health services are strongly influenced by regional topography. Road infrastructure is a key in access to health services. The geographic information system becomes a tool in modeling access to health services.Objective: To analyze geospatial data of the travel time to medical facilities in Muna Barat district, Southeast Sulawesi Province, Indonesia.Methods: This research used geospatial analysis with classification of raster data then overlaid with raster data such as Digital Elevation Modeling (DEM), Road of Vector data, and the point of Public Health Center (Puskesmas).Results: The result of geospatial analysis showed that the travel time to Puskesmas in Napano Kusambi and Kusambi sub districts is between 90-120 minutes, and travel time to the hospital in Kusambi sub district is required more than 2 hours. Conclusion: The output of this geospatial analysis can be an input for local government in planning infrastructure development in Muna Barat District, Indonesia.
Public Health of Indonesia
Public Health of Indonesia
Background: Food and beverage sanitation hygiene is a prevention effort that focuses on activitie... more Background: Food and beverage sanitation hygiene is a prevention effort that focuses on activities or actions that are necessary to free food and drinks from hazards that can interfere with or damage health.Objective: This study aimed to identify personal hygiene, sanitation and food safety knowledge of food workers at the canteen university.Methods: This was a descriptive study with observational approach. Thirty-four canteens were recruited using total sampling. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics with percentage.Results: Findings showed that 11 canteens (32.3%) did not meet the standard for canteen sanitation, 24 canteens (70.6%) did not meet lighting standard, 29 (85.3%) did not meet ventilation standard, 18 (52,9%) did not meet the standard of clean water, 31 (91.2%) did not meet wastewater disposal standard, 23 (67.6%) did not meet the hand washing facility standard, 25 (73.5%) did not meet standard of waste disposal conditions, 28 respondents (85.3%) had good pers...
Congratulatory Message Congratulations to all participants who have been selected in the 1st Int... more Congratulatory Message
Congratulations to all participants who have been selected in the 1st International Conference on Publich Health 2018. This conference occurs because the rapid changes in globalization, which impact lives & health of people around the world, and this surely become our responsibility to maintain the health of human kind.
The 1st ICPH 2018 is a public health academic forum aimed at discussing the future of public health development. The conference brings together experts, academics, and health researchers to collaborate on various public health topics. This conference is also very good for the participants to greet the findings in the form of posters and oral presentation.
I thank the committee of Indonesian Public Health Association, Southeast
Sulawesi Province for making this event successful. I extend my welcome to all of you who join the event.
Ramadhan Tosepu, SKM, M.Kes, PhD
Chairman of the Indonesian Public Health Association, Southeast Sulawesi
Di era revolusi industri 4.0 Kesehatan masyarakat mengalami perkembangan yang sangat cepat. Berba... more Di era revolusi industri 4.0 Kesehatan masyarakat mengalami perkembangan yang sangat cepat. Berbagai model pelanyanan kesehatan terus dikembangkan, tujuanya agar masyarakat dengan mudah mengakses layanan kesehatan. W orld health organization (WHO) dalam upaya menjawab tantangan di era tersebut telah membuat berbagai macam inovasi layanan kesehatan berupa “digital kesehatan”. Disamping ditemukannya beberapa tehnologi informasi kesehatan, dunia kesehatan juga masih dihadapkan dengan berbagai penyakit seperti Ebola, diphtheria, cacar monyet, zika virus, malaria, demam berdarah dengue.