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Papers by Chris Maxworthy

En una presentación 9 de junio de 2017 en el Instituto Cervantes en Sydney, el historiador maríti... more En una presentación 9 de junio de 2017 en el Instituto Cervantes en Sydney, el historiador marítimo y la secretaria de la asociación australiana para la historia marítima, Capitan de Corbeta Chris Maxworthy, indicó que la historia marítima de Australia tiene demasiado influenza por James Cook.

Paper presented at the Instituto Cervantes (Sydney) on 9 June 2017. The topic deals with the Span... more Paper presented at the Instituto Cervantes (Sydney) on 9 June 2017. The topic deals with the Spanish presence in the Pacific between 1565 until the Malaspina and Bustamante expedition of 1793 in Sydney.

The first convict colony in the south Pacific was not British but Spanish, and it occurred three ... more The first convict colony in the south Pacific was not British but Spanish, and it occurred three decades prior to Sydney. This brief paper places the penal colony on the island of Mas a'Tierra in the context of Spanish initiatives to stall Britain's expansion in the Pacific Ocean.

In 1796 the second commander of the Malaspina Expedition, Brigadier Jose de Bustamante y Guerra, ... more In 1796 the second commander of the Malaspina Expedition, Brigadier Jose de Bustamante y Guerra, proposed a plan to the Spanish government that in order to defend her American colonies there should be an attack upon British trade in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. An important element of this plan was to attack the early British penal colony at Sydney with a fleet of gunboats. Bustamante was transferred to South America in order to protect South America from the English invasion, and to proceed with building the gunboats and enhancing Spain's offensive capabilities in the Pacific.

ABC.es (Spain), Jan 28, 2015

Mas informacion en el diario de España sobre el planeó para invadir Australia cerca 1796. Este pl... more Mas informacion en el diario de España sobre el planeó para invadir Australia cerca 1796. Este planeó ha escrito por Jose de Bustamante y Guerra.
Error - The year 1793 was when the Malaspina / Bustamante scientific-military expedition arrived in Sydney, and remained for one month. The plan written by Bustamante to attack the British possessions in the Pacific, and to disrupt British trade with China was composed in 1796.

These two national newspaper articles reveal Spain's plan in 1796 to attack the infant colony at ... more These two national newspaper articles reveal Spain's plan in 1796 to attack the infant colony at Sydney. The goal was to eliminate English control at Port Jackson, and to regain the Pacific Ocean as part of Spain's sovereign empire.
The significance of these revelations from Spanish naval archives is that a plan of attack flowed directly from the Malaspina 'military-scientific' Expedition of 1789-1794. The expedition had spent one month in Sydney in early 1793. The second most senior officer of that expedition, Jose Bustamante y Guerra, proposed the plan of attack in 1796, while Spain was still an ally of England's in the war against Revolutionary France. The plan was endorsed by the Prince of Peace, Manuel Godoy, and with the consent of the Carlos IV.
The plan had as its cornerstone the defence of Spain's possessions in South America against a long anticipated invasion by Britain. Bustamante correctly identified that for Spain to defend her possessions in the America's it was essential to remove the threat that the colony at Port Jackson posed.
As a result of this plan Bustamante was despatched to Montevideo in order to implement the defence of South America and the plan to attack Sydney.

This is a one page notification on the recently released book covering in detail a narrative of t... more This is a one page notification on the recently released book covering in detail a narrative of the whaling in the South Seas - that is the Pacific and Indian Oceans. It is an excellent reference work for the ships, masters and owners of the period. Thoroughly recommended.

History - Magazine of the Royal Australian Historical Society, Dec 2, 2013

A succinct overview of the process of privateering and letters of marque and reprisal, as demonst... more A succinct overview of the process of privateering and letters of marque and reprisal, as demonstrated by the London merchants John Jacob and William Jacob FRS, London merchants and traders. The article overviews the ships Hero, Pandour and Memphis in the period 1807 to 1810 as a proxy for privateering and contraband voyages.
Abstracto en Espanol - Vista sobre los processos de corsarios de Inglaterra y patentes de corso. El ejemplo es los hermanos Juan Jacob y Guillermo Jacob de Londres. Este texto estudia los buques Hero, Pandoour y Memphis durante 1807 a 1810 como ejemplo de contrabando y los viajes de corso.

"• The role of the British Royal Charter companies of the East India Company (EICo.) and the Sout... more "• The role of the British Royal Charter companies of the East India Company (EICo.) and the South Sea Company (SSC), which operated to exclude the commercial exploitation of the Pacific Ocean from 1600 until 1786 (when legislation was in play for establishing a penal colony at Botany Bay)
• The rapid rise in British commercial consciousness of the Pacific as a new source of fishing, sealing and trading opportunities following the establishment of the penal settlement at Sydney, facilitating interactions across the Pacific
• Spain’s concern for the loss of control of what had been its sovereign territory of the Pacific Ocean, which it was not in a position to enforce or eject foreign vessels
• The sudden impact of the confrontations over the Nootka Sound, as Britain and Spain moved towards war in the late 1780’s; and the retraction by Spain when unsupported by its ally France.
• That following the resolution of the conflict through the Nootka Convention of 1790 between Spain and Britain, the Pacific was suddenly opened to British whale fishery, and a rapid sequence of legislative changes in Britain heralded the diminution of the Royal Charter companies in terms of their exclusive trade monopolies, for both the East India Company and the South Sea Company.
• The advent of war between Britain and Spain in 1796 brought the sudden capture of the London whaling fleet by the Spanish colonies of America, without a shot being fired, through stealth and cunning.
• Whalers emerging as both vessels for pursuing the sperm whale, and as an agent of privateering and as a platform for contraband (read smuggling) into the Spanish Americas. The paper explores how the privateers were funded, who owned them, and what was the objective?
• Processes to become a privateer, the legal formalities, and how did privateers differ from pirates; and finally how successful were privateers, and were they exclusively war-like or were there different objectives
• If a privateer captured a Spanish vessel, then what? Did the Spanish have their own privateers or Navy in the Pacific?
• how whaling and sealing gravitated to contraband trade in colonial Spanish Latin America between the period 1793 and 1810, and the legislative changes that facilitated this transformation.
• What is revealing are the sporadic records discovered of escaping and time expired convicts that stowed-away on ships in Sydney, and were later captured on the Pacific coasts of South America.
• How these adventures in Latin America by British traders directly led to the bankruptcy and economic crisis of 1810 in industrial England
• And of course, some of the 'ripping yarns' on captured British mariners in South America and how they found their way home to London, or in some cases Sydney and the Cape of Good Hope.
"

Historical maritime documents (General) by Chris Maxworthy

In the aftermath of the 1793 visit to Sydney, Jose de Bustamante wrote an outline plan for the de... more In the aftermath of the 1793 visit to Sydney, Jose de Bustamante wrote an outline plan for the defence of South America and Spain’s interests in the Pacific. One of the four points in this plan was to destroy the colony at Sydney with gunboats from Spanish American colonies – and to take the British as prisoners to populate South America. Senior ministers in the Spanish government tasked Bustamante to provide a more detailed plan as Spain prepared to declare war on Britain.
For Spain the elimination of a convict colony at Sydney was important for the preservation of the South Seas under Spanish control. This essay describes the pretext, plan and aftermath of Bustamante’s plan of 1796. It adds to a historical understanding of European strategic responses to the new British penal colony in the southwest Pacific.

Paper presented on 7 November 1970 by Richard C Kugler, of the New Bedford Whaling Museum, MA, US... more Paper presented on 7 November 1970 by Richard C Kugler, of the New Bedford Whaling Museum, MA, USA, at the National Maritime Museum conference "The opening of the Pacific: image and reality."
A symposium arranged by the National Maritime Museum, Greenwich and the Cultural Affairs Office of the American Embassy, London, with the help of the Society for Nautical Research (SNR)

La fragata “Scorpión” (o “Escorpión”) fue capturada en la costa de Chile en octubre de 1809. Era ... more La fragata “Scorpión” (o “Escorpión”) fue capturada en la costa de Chile en octubre de 1809. Era un gran escándalo y llevado a la caída del gobierno colonial en Chile. La razón era la duplicidad del Capitan General de Chile, y el asesinato del capitán de la fragata y de algo de su tripulacion.
Este documento ha escribido por Ricardo Donoso en Chile, y ha publicado en Revista Chilena y Geographia en 1957.

En una presentación 9 de junio de 2017 en el Instituto Cervantes en Sydney, el historiador maríti... more En una presentación 9 de junio de 2017 en el Instituto Cervantes en Sydney, el historiador marítimo y la secretaria de la asociación australiana para la historia marítima, Capitan de Corbeta Chris Maxworthy, indicó que la historia marítima de Australia tiene demasiado influenza por James Cook.

Paper presented at the Instituto Cervantes (Sydney) on 9 June 2017. The topic deals with the Span... more Paper presented at the Instituto Cervantes (Sydney) on 9 June 2017. The topic deals with the Spanish presence in the Pacific between 1565 until the Malaspina and Bustamante expedition of 1793 in Sydney.

The first convict colony in the south Pacific was not British but Spanish, and it occurred three ... more The first convict colony in the south Pacific was not British but Spanish, and it occurred three decades prior to Sydney. This brief paper places the penal colony on the island of Mas a'Tierra in the context of Spanish initiatives to stall Britain's expansion in the Pacific Ocean.

In 1796 the second commander of the Malaspina Expedition, Brigadier Jose de Bustamante y Guerra, ... more In 1796 the second commander of the Malaspina Expedition, Brigadier Jose de Bustamante y Guerra, proposed a plan to the Spanish government that in order to defend her American colonies there should be an attack upon British trade in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. An important element of this plan was to attack the early British penal colony at Sydney with a fleet of gunboats. Bustamante was transferred to South America in order to protect South America from the English invasion, and to proceed with building the gunboats and enhancing Spain's offensive capabilities in the Pacific.

ABC.es (Spain), Jan 28, 2015

Mas informacion en el diario de España sobre el planeó para invadir Australia cerca 1796. Este pl... more Mas informacion en el diario de España sobre el planeó para invadir Australia cerca 1796. Este planeó ha escrito por Jose de Bustamante y Guerra.
Error - The year 1793 was when the Malaspina / Bustamante scientific-military expedition arrived in Sydney, and remained for one month. The plan written by Bustamante to attack the British possessions in the Pacific, and to disrupt British trade with China was composed in 1796.

These two national newspaper articles reveal Spain's plan in 1796 to attack the infant colony at ... more These two national newspaper articles reveal Spain's plan in 1796 to attack the infant colony at Sydney. The goal was to eliminate English control at Port Jackson, and to regain the Pacific Ocean as part of Spain's sovereign empire.
The significance of these revelations from Spanish naval archives is that a plan of attack flowed directly from the Malaspina 'military-scientific' Expedition of 1789-1794. The expedition had spent one month in Sydney in early 1793. The second most senior officer of that expedition, Jose Bustamante y Guerra, proposed the plan of attack in 1796, while Spain was still an ally of England's in the war against Revolutionary France. The plan was endorsed by the Prince of Peace, Manuel Godoy, and with the consent of the Carlos IV.
The plan had as its cornerstone the defence of Spain's possessions in South America against a long anticipated invasion by Britain. Bustamante correctly identified that for Spain to defend her possessions in the America's it was essential to remove the threat that the colony at Port Jackson posed.
As a result of this plan Bustamante was despatched to Montevideo in order to implement the defence of South America and the plan to attack Sydney.

This is a one page notification on the recently released book covering in detail a narrative of t... more This is a one page notification on the recently released book covering in detail a narrative of the whaling in the South Seas - that is the Pacific and Indian Oceans. It is an excellent reference work for the ships, masters and owners of the period. Thoroughly recommended.

History - Magazine of the Royal Australian Historical Society, Dec 2, 2013

A succinct overview of the process of privateering and letters of marque and reprisal, as demonst... more A succinct overview of the process of privateering and letters of marque and reprisal, as demonstrated by the London merchants John Jacob and William Jacob FRS, London merchants and traders. The article overviews the ships Hero, Pandour and Memphis in the period 1807 to 1810 as a proxy for privateering and contraband voyages.
Abstracto en Espanol - Vista sobre los processos de corsarios de Inglaterra y patentes de corso. El ejemplo es los hermanos Juan Jacob y Guillermo Jacob de Londres. Este texto estudia los buques Hero, Pandoour y Memphis durante 1807 a 1810 como ejemplo de contrabando y los viajes de corso.

"• The role of the British Royal Charter companies of the East India Company (EICo.) and the Sout... more "• The role of the British Royal Charter companies of the East India Company (EICo.) and the South Sea Company (SSC), which operated to exclude the commercial exploitation of the Pacific Ocean from 1600 until 1786 (when legislation was in play for establishing a penal colony at Botany Bay)
• The rapid rise in British commercial consciousness of the Pacific as a new source of fishing, sealing and trading opportunities following the establishment of the penal settlement at Sydney, facilitating interactions across the Pacific
• Spain’s concern for the loss of control of what had been its sovereign territory of the Pacific Ocean, which it was not in a position to enforce or eject foreign vessels
• The sudden impact of the confrontations over the Nootka Sound, as Britain and Spain moved towards war in the late 1780’s; and the retraction by Spain when unsupported by its ally France.
• That following the resolution of the conflict through the Nootka Convention of 1790 between Spain and Britain, the Pacific was suddenly opened to British whale fishery, and a rapid sequence of legislative changes in Britain heralded the diminution of the Royal Charter companies in terms of their exclusive trade monopolies, for both the East India Company and the South Sea Company.
• The advent of war between Britain and Spain in 1796 brought the sudden capture of the London whaling fleet by the Spanish colonies of America, without a shot being fired, through stealth and cunning.
• Whalers emerging as both vessels for pursuing the sperm whale, and as an agent of privateering and as a platform for contraband (read smuggling) into the Spanish Americas. The paper explores how the privateers were funded, who owned them, and what was the objective?
• Processes to become a privateer, the legal formalities, and how did privateers differ from pirates; and finally how successful were privateers, and were they exclusively war-like or were there different objectives
• If a privateer captured a Spanish vessel, then what? Did the Spanish have their own privateers or Navy in the Pacific?
• how whaling and sealing gravitated to contraband trade in colonial Spanish Latin America between the period 1793 and 1810, and the legislative changes that facilitated this transformation.
• What is revealing are the sporadic records discovered of escaping and time expired convicts that stowed-away on ships in Sydney, and were later captured on the Pacific coasts of South America.
• How these adventures in Latin America by British traders directly led to the bankruptcy and economic crisis of 1810 in industrial England
• And of course, some of the 'ripping yarns' on captured British mariners in South America and how they found their way home to London, or in some cases Sydney and the Cape of Good Hope.
"

In the aftermath of the 1793 visit to Sydney, Jose de Bustamante wrote an outline plan for the de... more In the aftermath of the 1793 visit to Sydney, Jose de Bustamante wrote an outline plan for the defence of South America and Spain’s interests in the Pacific. One of the four points in this plan was to destroy the colony at Sydney with gunboats from Spanish American colonies – and to take the British as prisoners to populate South America. Senior ministers in the Spanish government tasked Bustamante to provide a more detailed plan as Spain prepared to declare war on Britain.
For Spain the elimination of a convict colony at Sydney was important for the preservation of the South Seas under Spanish control. This essay describes the pretext, plan and aftermath of Bustamante’s plan of 1796. It adds to a historical understanding of European strategic responses to the new British penal colony in the southwest Pacific.

Paper presented on 7 November 1970 by Richard C Kugler, of the New Bedford Whaling Museum, MA, US... more Paper presented on 7 November 1970 by Richard C Kugler, of the New Bedford Whaling Museum, MA, USA, at the National Maritime Museum conference "The opening of the Pacific: image and reality."
A symposium arranged by the National Maritime Museum, Greenwich and the Cultural Affairs Office of the American Embassy, London, with the help of the Society for Nautical Research (SNR)

La fragata “Scorpión” (o “Escorpión”) fue capturada en la costa de Chile en octubre de 1809. Era ... more La fragata “Scorpión” (o “Escorpión”) fue capturada en la costa de Chile en octubre de 1809. Era un gran escándalo y llevado a la caída del gobierno colonial en Chile. La razón era la duplicidad del Capitan General de Chile, y el asesinato del capitán de la fragata y de algo de su tripulacion.
Este documento ha escribido por Ricardo Donoso en Chile, y ha publicado en Revista Chilena y Geographia en 1957.

Paper submitted to the Winston Churchill Fellowship in Australia in completing the 2012 Fellowshi... more Paper submitted to the Winston Churchill Fellowship in Australia in completing the 2012 Fellowship. Research project entailed archival investigations for historical documents associated with the early colonial history of Australia and the Pacific trade.

Presentation at the Historical Archives of the Guayas, Guayaquil, Ecuador.

Presentation delivered at the international symposium "El Pacifico" at the University of Seville,... more Presentation delivered at the international symposium "El Pacifico" at the University of Seville, Spain, in October 2013. The analysis offers new insights on the decline of the East India Company and the South Sea Company following the European settlement of New Holland in 1788, and the Nootka Convention of 1790.

Qantas shareholder Chris Maxworthy details the events at the Qantas Annual General Meeting of 3 N... more Qantas shareholder Chris Maxworthy details the events at the Qantas Annual General Meeting of 3 November 2023. He proposes some positive changes in order to restore the reputation of the 'Flying Kangaroo'. Opinion piece was printed in the AFR of Thursday 9 Nov 23