Dr Ulisses Terto Neto | University of Aberdeen (original) (raw)
Books by Dr Ulisses Terto Neto
Este livro oferece uma análise jurídica e sociopolítica do Programa Brasileiro de Proteção de Def... more Este livro oferece uma análise jurídica e sociopolítica do Programa Brasileiro de Proteção de Defensores/as de Direitos Humanos. Ao discutir as experiências colombianas, guatemaltecas e mexicanas, ele preenche uma lacuna na literatura em relação à política pública latino-americana, investigando a criação, o trabalho, os/as beneficiários/as, os efeitos mais amplos, os desafios e as formas efetivas de melhorar o Programa Brasileiro.
This book offers a legal and socio-political analysis of the Brazilian Program for the Protection... more This book offers a legal and socio-political analysis of the Brazilian Program for the Protection of Human Rights Defenders. Discussing Colombian, Guatemalan and Mexican experiences, it fills a gap in the literature regarding Latin American public policy by investigating the creation, work, beneficiaries, broader effects, challenges, and effective ways to improve the Brazilian Program.
Papers by Dr Ulisses Terto Neto
Revista Direitos Humanos Fundamentais, 2015
This paper aims at advocating for the monitoring of economic, social and cultural rights (ESCR) i... more This paper aims at advocating for the monitoring of economic, social and cultural rights (ESCR) in Brazil in the light of cosmopolitan social theory (Held, 2010). It addresses the relationship among cosmopolitanism, democracy and social authoritarianism, emphasizing the importance of Brazil�s re-democratization for the establishment of a domestic human rights regime. The analysis is conducted considering the work of Held (2010), Levy (2010), Risse, Ropp, Sikkink (2013 and 1999), Dagnino (2007, 2001, 2000, 1994 and 1993), Risse and Sikkink (1999) and Keck and Sikkink (1998). Further, the paper introduces the reasons for the progressive implementation of ESCR as well as for its monitoring in Brazil. Some consideration is given to the work of Eide (1995) and Eide and Rosas (1995). Then, it sheds light on the role played by social movements and human rights networks in the monitoring of ESCR in Brazil. The analysis here is made considering the work of Brysk (1993) and Keck and Sikkink (...
Revista Direitos Humanos Fundamentais, 2018
This paper considers the interplay of international law, politics and national law in the protect... more This paper considers the interplay of international law, politics and national law in the protection of human rights defenders (HRDs) that are challenging businesses practices in Brazil. It argues that the Brazilian State and transnational and domestic businesses have a responsibility to protect HRDs and should adopt robust means of doing this, embracing their work as opportunity rather than a threat in building up a democratic society. To demonstrate the validity of this claim, this paper highlights the role of HRDs in promoting corporate responsibility and in exposing and remedying the adverse human rights (HR) impacts of business in Brazil. It further explains how HRDs working on issues of corporate responsibility and accountability are under threats and attacks from both state and non-state actors as a result of their work. The paper then analyses some of the responses from the organized civil society, business, and the Brazilian State in order to tackle violence against HRDs. T...
The International Journal of Human Rights, 2017
ABSTRACT Human rights have advanced since Brazil’s re-democratisation, but social authoritarianis... more ABSTRACT Human rights have advanced since Brazil’s re-democratisation, but social authoritarianism prevents more advancements. Progress requires structural changes. I argue that human rights state theory might work as a ‘realistic utopia’ for human rights defenders to persuade the Brazilian nation state to fully embrace human rights norms. But it ignores the role international human rights law can play. Beyond Gregg, I propose the development of a human rights state that seeks the internalisation and socialisation of international human rights law in Brazil’s domestic jurisdictions. I advance that theory to incorporate international human rights law towards establishing a human rights culture. I draw on empirical evidence from a specific case study to undergird my argument and develop a political strategy on how further human rights change could perhaps be brought to Brazil with the help of the idea of a human rights state.
REVISTA QUAESTIO IURIS, 2016
This paper considers the interplay of international law, politics and national law in the politic... more This paper considers the interplay of international law, politics and national law in the politics of human rights in Brazil through post-1985 Brazilian democratic governments with reference to the foundation of a governmental culture of human rights as well as the institutionalization from 1964 to 2010 of international human rights law into the country's legal system. Drawing on Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), it compares, on the one hand, international human rights instruments ratified by Brazil and, on the other hand, significant samples of human rights documents related to the Brazilian transition to democracy. By unveiling influences of the political, economic, social and cultural shifts (developments) towards the creation of the unprecedented Brazilian Programme for the Protection of Human Rights Defenders (PPDDH), it finally engages with the questions of whether the Brazilian State's practices follow its human rights rhetoric as well as whether the Brazilian State's practices are really following its human rights rhetoric towards the protection of human rights defenders in the country.
Revista Direito UFMS, 2016
Human rights defenders are the protagonists in bolstering democracy and undertaking human rights ... more Human rights defenders are the protagonists in bolstering democracy and undertaking human rights change. As they face up the establishment and challenge the dominant groups controlling economic and political power, human rights defenders are more often than otherwise targets of state and non-state violence and, consequently, they need protection. Yet, what does Brazilian law say about the protection of human rights defenders? To whom belongs the obligation to protect human rights defenders in Brazil exactly? While considering the interaction of international law, politics and national law vis-à-vis the protection of human rights defenders fighting for democracy, human rights and social justice, this paper conducts an analysis of the legal framework for the protection of human rights defenders at the level of Brazilian jurisdiction. It does so in order to contend there is a legal obligation for the Brazilian State to protect human rights defenders and that there is a series of rights that are crucial for human rights defenders to be able to conduct their activities. The final section presents a brief conclusion in which this paper's discussions are recapitulated.
Revista De Politicas Publicas, 2008
Abstract: This paper considers the politics of human rights through the 70 years of the Universal... more Abstract: This paper considers the politics of human rights through the 70 years of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Based on political-normative analysis, it argues that the full implementation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights can be achieved by the design of a human rights state (Gregg, 2016), which involves establishing a human rights domestic culture. In order to demonstrate the validity of this assertion, a brief reconstruction of the development of international human rights law is performed, as well as an analysis of the United Nations (UN)’ human rights discourse in light of the international politics. In this sense, it highlights the role of human rights defenders (HRDs) in promoting democracy and constructing a human rights state locally. The final section provides an explanation of how HRD could help to design the human rights state and strengthen a country’s democracy. Keywords: Universal Declaration of Human Rights. International politics. Human ri...
Revista Interdisciplinar de Direitos Humanos da UNESP, 2019
This paper considers the politics of human rights through the 70 years of the Universal Declarati... more This paper considers the politics of human rights through the 70 years of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Based on political-normative analysis, it argues that the full implementation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights can be achieved by the design of a human rights state (Gregg, 2016), which involves establishing a human rights domestic culture. In order to demonstrate the validity of this assertion, a brief reconstruction of the development of international human rights law is performed, as well as an analysis of the United Nations (UN)' human rights discourse in light of the international politics. In this sense, it highlights the role of human rights defenders (HRDs) in promoting democracy and constructing a human rights state locally. The final section provides an explanation of how HRD could help to design the human rights state and strengthen a country's democracy.
Revista Direitos Humanos Fundamentais, 2017
En este trabajo se considera la interacción del derecho internacional, la política y la legislaci... more En este trabajo se considera la interacción del derecho internacional, la política y la legislación nacional en la protección de los(as) defensores(as) de los derechos humanos (DDHs) que contestan las prácticas empresariales en Brasil. Se argumenta que el Estado brasileño y las empresas nacionales y transnacionales tienen la responsabilidad de proteger DDHs y deberían adoptar medios robustos de hacer esto, abrazando a su trabajo como una oportunidad más que una amenaza en la construcción de una sociedad democrática. Para demostrar la validez de esta afirmación, este documento pone de relieve el papel de DDHs en la promoción de la responsabilidad corporativa y en exponer y poner remedio a los efectos adversos causados por actividades empresariales en Brasil. En él se explica con más detalle cómo DDHs que trabajan en cuestiones de responsabilidad corporativa y la rendición de cuentas por violación de derechos humanos están bajo amenazas y ataques tanto de actores estatales y no estatales, como resultado de su trabajo el la defensa de los derechos humanos. En el documento se analizan algunas de las respuestas de la sociedad civil organizada, las empresas y el Estado brasileño con el fin de hacer frente a la violencia contra DDHs. El documento considera que la relación entre las empresas y el Estado brasileño es dialéctica y complementaria y, como tal, debe ser arbitrada por los sistemas internacional y interamericano de derechos humanos. En este proceso, el documento pide un instrumento vinculante para regular las actividades de las empresas transnacionales y otros negocios que se adopten a nivel de la ONU y argumenta que podría potencialmente influir en la retórica y las prácticas en la política de derechos humanos en Brasil. La sección final proporciona una explicación de cómo el Estado brasileño y empresas nacionales y transnacionales deberían proteger DDHs.
PALABRAS-CLAVE:
Negocios (Empresas). Derechos Humanos. Defensores (as) de Derechos Humanos.
Revista Direitos Humanos Fundamentais, 2017
This paper considers the interplay of international law, politics and national law in the protect... more This paper considers the interplay of international law, politics and national law in the protection of human rights defenders (HRDs) that are challenging businesses practices in Brazil. It argues that the Brazilian State and transnational and domestic businesses have a responsibility to protect HRDs and should adopt robust means of doing this, embracing their work as opportunity rather than a threat in building up a democratic society. To demonstrate the validity of this claim, this paper highlights the role of HRDs in promoting corporate responsibility and in exposing and remedying the adverse human rights (HR) impacts of business in Brazil. It further explains how HRDs working on issues of corporate responsibility and accountability are under threats and attacks from both state and non-state actors as a result of their work. The paper then analyses some of the responses from the organized civil society, business, and the Brazilian State in order to tackle violence against HRDs. The paper considers that the relationship between business and the Brazilian State is dialectical and complementary and, as such, should be arbitrated by the international HR system. In this process, the paper calls for a binding instrument to regulate the activities of transnational corporations and other business enterprises to be adopted at the UN level and argues that it could potentially influence the rhetoric and practices in the politics of HR in Brazil. The final section provides an explanation for how the Brazilian State and transnational and national businesses should protect HRDs.
KEYWORDS: Business. Human Rights. Human Rights Defenders.
The paper, the result of research and theoretical discussions in the Postgraduate Program in Law ... more The paper, the result of research and theoretical discussions in the Postgraduate Program in Law and the Centre for Citizenship, Civil Society and Rule of Law (CISRUL) of the University of Aberdeen in the UK, has as main purpose to analyse the Brazilian historical and socio-political process of human rights developments during the output of the country's military authoritarian rule and its arrival at a constitutional democracy from the perspective of the spiral model of human rights change theory developed by Risse, Ropp and Sikkink (2013; 1999). In addition, based on the concept of social authoritarianism developed by Dagnino (2014; 2000; 1998; 1993), the paper explains why even though Brazil has been transformed into a constitutional democracy, there is still a widespread scenario of human rights violations. Finally, the paper let us reason together by the need to change the material basis of Brazilian society, in order to enable the construction of a new project of society, more egalitarian and where there is the realization of human rights.
Key-words: Human Rights; Democracy; Spiral Model of Human Rights Change. Social Authoritarianism
O presente artigo, resultado de investigações e discussões teóricas realizadas no Programa de Pós... more O presente artigo, resultado de investigações e discussões teóricas realizadas no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito e no Centro para Cidadania, Sociedade Civil e Estado Democrático de Direito (CISRUL) da Universidade de Aberdeen no Reino Unido, tem como escopo principal analisar o processo histórico e sócio-político brasileiro de transformações de direitos humanos durante a saída do país do domínio autoritário militar e sua chegada à democracia constitucional, sob a perspectiva da teoria do modelo espiral de mudança de direitos humanos (spiral model) desenvolvida por Risse, Ropp and Sikkink (2013; 1999). Além disso, com base no conceito de autoritarismo social desenvolvido por Dagnino (2014; 2000; 1998; 1993), o artigo explica porque apesar de o Brasil ter se transformado em uma democracia constitucional, há ainda um cenário generalizado de violações de direitos humanos no país. Por fim, o artigo argui pela necessidade de se mudar as bases materiais da sociedade brasileira, de forma a possibilitar a construção de um novo projeto de sociedade, mais igualitária e na qual haja a efetivação dos direitos humanos.
Palavras-chave: Direitos Humanos; Democracia; Teoria de Mudança de Direitos Humanos em Espiral (Spiral Model); Autoritarismo Social.
The paper, the result of research and theoretical discussions in the Postgraduate Program in Law and the Centre for Citizenship, Civil Society and Rule of Law (CISRUL) of the University of Aberdeen in the UK, has as main purpose to analyse the Brazilian historical and socio-political process of human rights developments during the output of the country's military authoritarian rule and its arrival at a constitutional democracy from the perspective of the spiral model of human rights change theory developed by Risse, Ropp and Sikkink (2013; 1999). In addition, based on the concept of social authoritarianism developed by Dagnino (2014; 2000; 1998; 1993), the paper explains why even though Brazil has been transformed into a constitutional democracy, there is still a widespread scenario of human rights violations. Finally, the paper let us reason together by the need to change the material basis of Brazilian society, in order to enable the construction of a new project of society, more egalitarian and where there is the realization of human rights.
Key-words: Human Rights; Democracy; Spiral Model of Human Rights Change. Social Authoritarianism
ABSTRACT Human rights have advanced since Brazil’s re-democratisation, but social authoritarianis... more ABSTRACT
Human rights have advanced since Brazil’s re-democratisation, but
social authoritarianism prevents more advancements. Progress
requires structural changes. I argue that human rights state theory
might work as a ‘realistic utopia’ for human rights defenders to
persuade the Brazilian nation state to fully embrace human rights
norms. But it ignores the role international human rights law can
play. Beyond Gregg, I propose the development of a human rights
state that seeks the internalisation and socialisation of
international human rights law in Brazil’s domestic jurisdictions. I
advance that theory to incorporate international human rights law
towards establishing a human rights culture. I draw on empirical
evidence from a specific case study to undergird my argument
and develop a political strategy on how further human rights
change could perhaps be brought to Brazil with the help of the
idea of a human rights state.
KEYWORDS
Social authoritarianism; human rights state; citizenship; politics of human
rights; Brazil
RESUMO Analisa-se, histórico-dialeticamente, as lutas por direitos humanos como expressões da que... more RESUMO
Analisa-se, histórico-dialeticamente, as lutas por direitos humanos como expressões da questão social e indica-se a urgência em se enfrentar suas manifestações adversas tais como pobreza, exclusão, desigualdade e violência. Isto posto, argumenta-se que o desafio brasileiro em garantir o pleno exercício da dignidade humana e cidadania plena reflete-se em duas tarefas primordiais: um sistema legal democrático e o aparelhamento dos portadores de direitos com recursos extrajudiciais; para reivindicarem e exercerem seus direitos fundamentais formalmente garantidos na Constituição Federal de 1988. No caso brasileiro, haja vista que a redemocratização trouxe avanços no tocante aos direitos políticos e civis, esse processo passa particularmente pela plena realização dos direitos econômicos, sociais e culturais, ainda fortemente marcados por uma perspectiva histórica e política das persistentes violações dos direitos humanos em solo pátrio. Nesse sentido, apresenta-se uma interpretação atual do que seriam direitos econômicos, sociais e culturais e indica-se que uma vez garantidos formal e materialmente, tais direitos viabilizam o pleno gozo da dignidade da pessoa humana e contribuem para o projeto de cidadania plena no país. Enumera-se também a base legal internacional e nacional dos direitos econômicos, sociais e culturais. Demonstra-se, ainda, as características dos direitos econômicos, sociais e culturais. Arrazoa-se, sobretudo, que as contribuições de defensores (as) dos direitos humanos para as lutas sociais por direitos econômicos, sociais e culturais são imprescindíveis para a realização de justiça social e cidadania plena no Brasil. Argumenta-se, por fim, que como defensores (as) de direitos humanos desafiam o status quo em suas lutas por direitos, eles (as) geralmente são vitimas de violência estatal e não-estatal que violam seus direitos constitucionais à vida e à integridade física e psicológica e, por isso, o Estado brasileiro deve protege-los (as).
Palavras-Chave: Defensores (as) dos Direitos Humanos. Direitos Humanos. Direitos Econômicos, Sociais e Culturais. Cidadania. Questão Social.
Defensores (as) dos direitos humanos desempenham um papel crucial no reforço da democracia e prom... more Defensores (as) dos direitos humanos desempenham um papel crucial no reforço da democracia e promoção dos direitos humanos. Como eles desafiam grupos dominantes que controlam os poderes econômicos e políticos, defensores dos direitos humanos são frequentemente vítimas de violência estatal e não-estatal e, consequentemente, eles estão em constante necessidade de uma proteção eficaz. No entanto, o que o direito internacional, regional e brasileiro diz sobre a proteção de defensores (as) dos direitos humanos? A quem pertence a obrigação de proteger defensores (as) dos direitos humanos exatamente? Ao considerar a interação do direito internacional, da política e da legislação nacionais na
proteção de defensores (as) dos direitos humanos que estão lutando pela democracia, direitos humanos e justiça social a nível local, regional e global, este trabalho realiza uma análise dos marcos legais para a proteção dos defensores dos direitos humanos no âmbito dos sistemas de direitos humanos da Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) e Organização dos Estados Americanos (OEA), bem como jurisdição brasileira. Fá-lo, a fim de argumentar que o Estado brasileiro tem a obrigação de proteger defensores (as) dos direitos humanos e deve adotar meios robustos de fazer isso, abraçando o seu trabalho como uma oportunidade e não uma
ameaça na construção de uma sociedade democrática, bem como pela existência de uma série de direitos que são cruciais para defensores (as) dos direitos humanos serem capazes de conduzir suas atividades. A seção final apresenta uma breve conclusão na qual as discussões deste artigo são recapituladas.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Defensores de direitos humanos; Direitos humanos
internacionais; Direito brasileiro
Human rights defenders play a crucial role in strengthening democracy and bringing about human ri... more Human rights defenders play a crucial role in strengthening democracy and bringing about human rights change. As they challenge dominant groups that control the economic and political powers, human rights defenders are frequently victims of state and non-state violence and, consequently, they are in constant need of effective protection. However, what do international, regional and Brazilian law say about the protection of human rights defenders? To whom belongs the obligation to protect human rights defenders exactly? While considering the interplay of international law, politics and national law in the protection of human rights defenders who are fighting for democracy, human rights and social justice locally, regionally and globally, this paper conducts an analysis of the legal frameworks for the protection of human rights defenders at the level of United Nations (UN) and Organisation of American State (OEA) human rights systems as well as Brazilian jurisdiction. It does so in order to argue that the Brazilian State has an obligation to protect human rights defenders and must adopt robust means of doing this, embracing their work as opportunity rather than a threat in building up a democratic society, as well as that there is a series of rights that are crucial for human rights defenders to be able to conduct their activities. The final section presents a brief conclusion in which this paper’s discussions are recapitulated.
KEYWORDS: Human rights defenders. International human rights law. Brazilian law.
Este livro oferece uma análise jurídica e sociopolítica do Programa Brasileiro de Proteção de Def... more Este livro oferece uma análise jurídica e sociopolítica do Programa Brasileiro de Proteção de Defensores/as de Direitos Humanos. Ao discutir as experiências colombianas, guatemaltecas e mexicanas, ele preenche uma lacuna na literatura em relação à política pública latino-americana, investigando a criação, o trabalho, os/as beneficiários/as, os efeitos mais amplos, os desafios e as formas efetivas de melhorar o Programa Brasileiro.
This book offers a legal and socio-political analysis of the Brazilian Program for the Protection... more This book offers a legal and socio-political analysis of the Brazilian Program for the Protection of Human Rights Defenders. Discussing Colombian, Guatemalan and Mexican experiences, it fills a gap in the literature regarding Latin American public policy by investigating the creation, work, beneficiaries, broader effects, challenges, and effective ways to improve the Brazilian Program.
Revista Direitos Humanos Fundamentais, 2015
This paper aims at advocating for the monitoring of economic, social and cultural rights (ESCR) i... more This paper aims at advocating for the monitoring of economic, social and cultural rights (ESCR) in Brazil in the light of cosmopolitan social theory (Held, 2010). It addresses the relationship among cosmopolitanism, democracy and social authoritarianism, emphasizing the importance of Brazil�s re-democratization for the establishment of a domestic human rights regime. The analysis is conducted considering the work of Held (2010), Levy (2010), Risse, Ropp, Sikkink (2013 and 1999), Dagnino (2007, 2001, 2000, 1994 and 1993), Risse and Sikkink (1999) and Keck and Sikkink (1998). Further, the paper introduces the reasons for the progressive implementation of ESCR as well as for its monitoring in Brazil. Some consideration is given to the work of Eide (1995) and Eide and Rosas (1995). Then, it sheds light on the role played by social movements and human rights networks in the monitoring of ESCR in Brazil. The analysis here is made considering the work of Brysk (1993) and Keck and Sikkink (...
Revista Direitos Humanos Fundamentais, 2018
This paper considers the interplay of international law, politics and national law in the protect... more This paper considers the interplay of international law, politics and national law in the protection of human rights defenders (HRDs) that are challenging businesses practices in Brazil. It argues that the Brazilian State and transnational and domestic businesses have a responsibility to protect HRDs and should adopt robust means of doing this, embracing their work as opportunity rather than a threat in building up a democratic society. To demonstrate the validity of this claim, this paper highlights the role of HRDs in promoting corporate responsibility and in exposing and remedying the adverse human rights (HR) impacts of business in Brazil. It further explains how HRDs working on issues of corporate responsibility and accountability are under threats and attacks from both state and non-state actors as a result of their work. The paper then analyses some of the responses from the organized civil society, business, and the Brazilian State in order to tackle violence against HRDs. T...
The International Journal of Human Rights, 2017
ABSTRACT Human rights have advanced since Brazil’s re-democratisation, but social authoritarianis... more ABSTRACT Human rights have advanced since Brazil’s re-democratisation, but social authoritarianism prevents more advancements. Progress requires structural changes. I argue that human rights state theory might work as a ‘realistic utopia’ for human rights defenders to persuade the Brazilian nation state to fully embrace human rights norms. But it ignores the role international human rights law can play. Beyond Gregg, I propose the development of a human rights state that seeks the internalisation and socialisation of international human rights law in Brazil’s domestic jurisdictions. I advance that theory to incorporate international human rights law towards establishing a human rights culture. I draw on empirical evidence from a specific case study to undergird my argument and develop a political strategy on how further human rights change could perhaps be brought to Brazil with the help of the idea of a human rights state.
REVISTA QUAESTIO IURIS, 2016
This paper considers the interplay of international law, politics and national law in the politic... more This paper considers the interplay of international law, politics and national law in the politics of human rights in Brazil through post-1985 Brazilian democratic governments with reference to the foundation of a governmental culture of human rights as well as the institutionalization from 1964 to 2010 of international human rights law into the country's legal system. Drawing on Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), it compares, on the one hand, international human rights instruments ratified by Brazil and, on the other hand, significant samples of human rights documents related to the Brazilian transition to democracy. By unveiling influences of the political, economic, social and cultural shifts (developments) towards the creation of the unprecedented Brazilian Programme for the Protection of Human Rights Defenders (PPDDH), it finally engages with the questions of whether the Brazilian State's practices follow its human rights rhetoric as well as whether the Brazilian State's practices are really following its human rights rhetoric towards the protection of human rights defenders in the country.
Revista Direito UFMS, 2016
Human rights defenders are the protagonists in bolstering democracy and undertaking human rights ... more Human rights defenders are the protagonists in bolstering democracy and undertaking human rights change. As they face up the establishment and challenge the dominant groups controlling economic and political power, human rights defenders are more often than otherwise targets of state and non-state violence and, consequently, they need protection. Yet, what does Brazilian law say about the protection of human rights defenders? To whom belongs the obligation to protect human rights defenders in Brazil exactly? While considering the interaction of international law, politics and national law vis-à-vis the protection of human rights defenders fighting for democracy, human rights and social justice, this paper conducts an analysis of the legal framework for the protection of human rights defenders at the level of Brazilian jurisdiction. It does so in order to contend there is a legal obligation for the Brazilian State to protect human rights defenders and that there is a series of rights that are crucial for human rights defenders to be able to conduct their activities. The final section presents a brief conclusion in which this paper's discussions are recapitulated.
Revista De Politicas Publicas, 2008
Abstract: This paper considers the politics of human rights through the 70 years of the Universal... more Abstract: This paper considers the politics of human rights through the 70 years of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Based on political-normative analysis, it argues that the full implementation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights can be achieved by the design of a human rights state (Gregg, 2016), which involves establishing a human rights domestic culture. In order to demonstrate the validity of this assertion, a brief reconstruction of the development of international human rights law is performed, as well as an analysis of the United Nations (UN)’ human rights discourse in light of the international politics. In this sense, it highlights the role of human rights defenders (HRDs) in promoting democracy and constructing a human rights state locally. The final section provides an explanation of how HRD could help to design the human rights state and strengthen a country’s democracy. Keywords: Universal Declaration of Human Rights. International politics. Human ri...
Revista Interdisciplinar de Direitos Humanos da UNESP, 2019
This paper considers the politics of human rights through the 70 years of the Universal Declarati... more This paper considers the politics of human rights through the 70 years of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Based on political-normative analysis, it argues that the full implementation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights can be achieved by the design of a human rights state (Gregg, 2016), which involves establishing a human rights domestic culture. In order to demonstrate the validity of this assertion, a brief reconstruction of the development of international human rights law is performed, as well as an analysis of the United Nations (UN)' human rights discourse in light of the international politics. In this sense, it highlights the role of human rights defenders (HRDs) in promoting democracy and constructing a human rights state locally. The final section provides an explanation of how HRD could help to design the human rights state and strengthen a country's democracy.
Revista Direitos Humanos Fundamentais, 2017
En este trabajo se considera la interacción del derecho internacional, la política y la legislaci... more En este trabajo se considera la interacción del derecho internacional, la política y la legislación nacional en la protección de los(as) defensores(as) de los derechos humanos (DDHs) que contestan las prácticas empresariales en Brasil. Se argumenta que el Estado brasileño y las empresas nacionales y transnacionales tienen la responsabilidad de proteger DDHs y deberían adoptar medios robustos de hacer esto, abrazando a su trabajo como una oportunidad más que una amenaza en la construcción de una sociedad democrática. Para demostrar la validez de esta afirmación, este documento pone de relieve el papel de DDHs en la promoción de la responsabilidad corporativa y en exponer y poner remedio a los efectos adversos causados por actividades empresariales en Brasil. En él se explica con más detalle cómo DDHs que trabajan en cuestiones de responsabilidad corporativa y la rendición de cuentas por violación de derechos humanos están bajo amenazas y ataques tanto de actores estatales y no estatales, como resultado de su trabajo el la defensa de los derechos humanos. En el documento se analizan algunas de las respuestas de la sociedad civil organizada, las empresas y el Estado brasileño con el fin de hacer frente a la violencia contra DDHs. El documento considera que la relación entre las empresas y el Estado brasileño es dialéctica y complementaria y, como tal, debe ser arbitrada por los sistemas internacional y interamericano de derechos humanos. En este proceso, el documento pide un instrumento vinculante para regular las actividades de las empresas transnacionales y otros negocios que se adopten a nivel de la ONU y argumenta que podría potencialmente influir en la retórica y las prácticas en la política de derechos humanos en Brasil. La sección final proporciona una explicación de cómo el Estado brasileño y empresas nacionales y transnacionales deberían proteger DDHs.
PALABRAS-CLAVE:
Negocios (Empresas). Derechos Humanos. Defensores (as) de Derechos Humanos.
Revista Direitos Humanos Fundamentais, 2017
This paper considers the interplay of international law, politics and national law in the protect... more This paper considers the interplay of international law, politics and national law in the protection of human rights defenders (HRDs) that are challenging businesses practices in Brazil. It argues that the Brazilian State and transnational and domestic businesses have a responsibility to protect HRDs and should adopt robust means of doing this, embracing their work as opportunity rather than a threat in building up a democratic society. To demonstrate the validity of this claim, this paper highlights the role of HRDs in promoting corporate responsibility and in exposing and remedying the adverse human rights (HR) impacts of business in Brazil. It further explains how HRDs working on issues of corporate responsibility and accountability are under threats and attacks from both state and non-state actors as a result of their work. The paper then analyses some of the responses from the organized civil society, business, and the Brazilian State in order to tackle violence against HRDs. The paper considers that the relationship between business and the Brazilian State is dialectical and complementary and, as such, should be arbitrated by the international HR system. In this process, the paper calls for a binding instrument to regulate the activities of transnational corporations and other business enterprises to be adopted at the UN level and argues that it could potentially influence the rhetoric and practices in the politics of HR in Brazil. The final section provides an explanation for how the Brazilian State and transnational and national businesses should protect HRDs.
KEYWORDS: Business. Human Rights. Human Rights Defenders.
The paper, the result of research and theoretical discussions in the Postgraduate Program in Law ... more The paper, the result of research and theoretical discussions in the Postgraduate Program in Law and the Centre for Citizenship, Civil Society and Rule of Law (CISRUL) of the University of Aberdeen in the UK, has as main purpose to analyse the Brazilian historical and socio-political process of human rights developments during the output of the country's military authoritarian rule and its arrival at a constitutional democracy from the perspective of the spiral model of human rights change theory developed by Risse, Ropp and Sikkink (2013; 1999). In addition, based on the concept of social authoritarianism developed by Dagnino (2014; 2000; 1998; 1993), the paper explains why even though Brazil has been transformed into a constitutional democracy, there is still a widespread scenario of human rights violations. Finally, the paper let us reason together by the need to change the material basis of Brazilian society, in order to enable the construction of a new project of society, more egalitarian and where there is the realization of human rights.
Key-words: Human Rights; Democracy; Spiral Model of Human Rights Change. Social Authoritarianism
O presente artigo, resultado de investigações e discussões teóricas realizadas no Programa de Pós... more O presente artigo, resultado de investigações e discussões teóricas realizadas no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito e no Centro para Cidadania, Sociedade Civil e Estado Democrático de Direito (CISRUL) da Universidade de Aberdeen no Reino Unido, tem como escopo principal analisar o processo histórico e sócio-político brasileiro de transformações de direitos humanos durante a saída do país do domínio autoritário militar e sua chegada à democracia constitucional, sob a perspectiva da teoria do modelo espiral de mudança de direitos humanos (spiral model) desenvolvida por Risse, Ropp and Sikkink (2013; 1999). Além disso, com base no conceito de autoritarismo social desenvolvido por Dagnino (2014; 2000; 1998; 1993), o artigo explica porque apesar de o Brasil ter se transformado em uma democracia constitucional, há ainda um cenário generalizado de violações de direitos humanos no país. Por fim, o artigo argui pela necessidade de se mudar as bases materiais da sociedade brasileira, de forma a possibilitar a construção de um novo projeto de sociedade, mais igualitária e na qual haja a efetivação dos direitos humanos.
Palavras-chave: Direitos Humanos; Democracia; Teoria de Mudança de Direitos Humanos em Espiral (Spiral Model); Autoritarismo Social.
The paper, the result of research and theoretical discussions in the Postgraduate Program in Law and the Centre for Citizenship, Civil Society and Rule of Law (CISRUL) of the University of Aberdeen in the UK, has as main purpose to analyse the Brazilian historical and socio-political process of human rights developments during the output of the country's military authoritarian rule and its arrival at a constitutional democracy from the perspective of the spiral model of human rights change theory developed by Risse, Ropp and Sikkink (2013; 1999). In addition, based on the concept of social authoritarianism developed by Dagnino (2014; 2000; 1998; 1993), the paper explains why even though Brazil has been transformed into a constitutional democracy, there is still a widespread scenario of human rights violations. Finally, the paper let us reason together by the need to change the material basis of Brazilian society, in order to enable the construction of a new project of society, more egalitarian and where there is the realization of human rights.
Key-words: Human Rights; Democracy; Spiral Model of Human Rights Change. Social Authoritarianism
ABSTRACT Human rights have advanced since Brazil’s re-democratisation, but social authoritarianis... more ABSTRACT
Human rights have advanced since Brazil’s re-democratisation, but
social authoritarianism prevents more advancements. Progress
requires structural changes. I argue that human rights state theory
might work as a ‘realistic utopia’ for human rights defenders to
persuade the Brazilian nation state to fully embrace human rights
norms. But it ignores the role international human rights law can
play. Beyond Gregg, I propose the development of a human rights
state that seeks the internalisation and socialisation of
international human rights law in Brazil’s domestic jurisdictions. I
advance that theory to incorporate international human rights law
towards establishing a human rights culture. I draw on empirical
evidence from a specific case study to undergird my argument
and develop a political strategy on how further human rights
change could perhaps be brought to Brazil with the help of the
idea of a human rights state.
KEYWORDS
Social authoritarianism; human rights state; citizenship; politics of human
rights; Brazil
RESUMO Analisa-se, histórico-dialeticamente, as lutas por direitos humanos como expressões da que... more RESUMO
Analisa-se, histórico-dialeticamente, as lutas por direitos humanos como expressões da questão social e indica-se a urgência em se enfrentar suas manifestações adversas tais como pobreza, exclusão, desigualdade e violência. Isto posto, argumenta-se que o desafio brasileiro em garantir o pleno exercício da dignidade humana e cidadania plena reflete-se em duas tarefas primordiais: um sistema legal democrático e o aparelhamento dos portadores de direitos com recursos extrajudiciais; para reivindicarem e exercerem seus direitos fundamentais formalmente garantidos na Constituição Federal de 1988. No caso brasileiro, haja vista que a redemocratização trouxe avanços no tocante aos direitos políticos e civis, esse processo passa particularmente pela plena realização dos direitos econômicos, sociais e culturais, ainda fortemente marcados por uma perspectiva histórica e política das persistentes violações dos direitos humanos em solo pátrio. Nesse sentido, apresenta-se uma interpretação atual do que seriam direitos econômicos, sociais e culturais e indica-se que uma vez garantidos formal e materialmente, tais direitos viabilizam o pleno gozo da dignidade da pessoa humana e contribuem para o projeto de cidadania plena no país. Enumera-se também a base legal internacional e nacional dos direitos econômicos, sociais e culturais. Demonstra-se, ainda, as características dos direitos econômicos, sociais e culturais. Arrazoa-se, sobretudo, que as contribuições de defensores (as) dos direitos humanos para as lutas sociais por direitos econômicos, sociais e culturais são imprescindíveis para a realização de justiça social e cidadania plena no Brasil. Argumenta-se, por fim, que como defensores (as) de direitos humanos desafiam o status quo em suas lutas por direitos, eles (as) geralmente são vitimas de violência estatal e não-estatal que violam seus direitos constitucionais à vida e à integridade física e psicológica e, por isso, o Estado brasileiro deve protege-los (as).
Palavras-Chave: Defensores (as) dos Direitos Humanos. Direitos Humanos. Direitos Econômicos, Sociais e Culturais. Cidadania. Questão Social.
Defensores (as) dos direitos humanos desempenham um papel crucial no reforço da democracia e prom... more Defensores (as) dos direitos humanos desempenham um papel crucial no reforço da democracia e promoção dos direitos humanos. Como eles desafiam grupos dominantes que controlam os poderes econômicos e políticos, defensores dos direitos humanos são frequentemente vítimas de violência estatal e não-estatal e, consequentemente, eles estão em constante necessidade de uma proteção eficaz. No entanto, o que o direito internacional, regional e brasileiro diz sobre a proteção de defensores (as) dos direitos humanos? A quem pertence a obrigação de proteger defensores (as) dos direitos humanos exatamente? Ao considerar a interação do direito internacional, da política e da legislação nacionais na
proteção de defensores (as) dos direitos humanos que estão lutando pela democracia, direitos humanos e justiça social a nível local, regional e global, este trabalho realiza uma análise dos marcos legais para a proteção dos defensores dos direitos humanos no âmbito dos sistemas de direitos humanos da Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) e Organização dos Estados Americanos (OEA), bem como jurisdição brasileira. Fá-lo, a fim de argumentar que o Estado brasileiro tem a obrigação de proteger defensores (as) dos direitos humanos e deve adotar meios robustos de fazer isso, abraçando o seu trabalho como uma oportunidade e não uma
ameaça na construção de uma sociedade democrática, bem como pela existência de uma série de direitos que são cruciais para defensores (as) dos direitos humanos serem capazes de conduzir suas atividades. A seção final apresenta uma breve conclusão na qual as discussões deste artigo são recapituladas.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Defensores de direitos humanos; Direitos humanos
internacionais; Direito brasileiro
Human rights defenders play a crucial role in strengthening democracy and bringing about human ri... more Human rights defenders play a crucial role in strengthening democracy and bringing about human rights change. As they challenge dominant groups that control the economic and political powers, human rights defenders are frequently victims of state and non-state violence and, consequently, they are in constant need of effective protection. However, what do international, regional and Brazilian law say about the protection of human rights defenders? To whom belongs the obligation to protect human rights defenders exactly? While considering the interplay of international law, politics and national law in the protection of human rights defenders who are fighting for democracy, human rights and social justice locally, regionally and globally, this paper conducts an analysis of the legal frameworks for the protection of human rights defenders at the level of United Nations (UN) and Organisation of American State (OEA) human rights systems as well as Brazilian jurisdiction. It does so in order to argue that the Brazilian State has an obligation to protect human rights defenders and must adopt robust means of doing this, embracing their work as opportunity rather than a threat in building up a democratic society, as well as that there is a series of rights that are crucial for human rights defenders to be able to conduct their activities. The final section presents a brief conclusion in which this paper’s discussions are recapitulated.
KEYWORDS: Human rights defenders. International human rights law. Brazilian law.
Resumo Este artigo considera a interação do direito internacional, da política e da legislação n... more Resumo
Este artigo considera a interação do direito internacional, da política e da legislação nacional na política de direitos humanos no Brasil por meio de governos democráticos brasileiros pós-1985, com referência ao surgimento de uma cultura governamental de direitos humanos, bem como da institucionalização de 1964 a 2010 dos direitos humanos internacionais no ordenamento jurídico do país. Com base na Análise Crítica do Discurso (ACD), ele compara, por um lado, os instrumentos internacionais de direitos humanos ratificados pelo Brasil e, por outro lado, as amostras significativas de documentos de direitos humanos relacionados com a transição brasileira para a democracia. Ao revelar influências das mudanças políticas, econômicas, sociais e culturais (evolução) para a criação do Programa Brasileiro para a Proteção de Defensores(as) dos Direitos Humanos (PPDDH), ele finalmente se envolve com as questões de saber se as práticas do Estado brasileiro seguem a sua retórica dos direitos direitos, bem como se as práticas do Estado brasileiro estão realmente seguindo sua retórica de direitos humanos para a proteção de defensores(as) dos direitos humanos no país.
Palavras-chave: Política dos Direitos Humanos; Direitos Humanos Internacionais; Programa Brasileiro para a Proteção de Defensores (as) dos Direitos Humanos; Análise Crítica do Discurso (ACD).
This paper considers the interplay of international law, politics and national law in the politic... more This paper considers the interplay of international law, politics and national law in the politics of human rights in Brazil through post-1985 Brazilian democratic governments with reference to the foundation of a governmental culture of human rights as well as the institutionalization from 1964 to 2010 of international human rights law into the country's legal system. Drawing on Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), it compares, on the one hand, international human rights instruments ratified by Brazil and, on the other hand, significant samples of human rights documents related to the Brazilian transition to democracy. By unveiling influences of the political, economic, social and cultural shifts (developments) towards the creation of the unprecedented Brazilian Programme for the Protection of Human Rights Defenders (PPDDH), it finally engages with the questions of whether the Brazilian State's practices follow its human rights rhetoric as well as whether the Brazilian State's practices are really following its human rights rhetoric towards the protection of human rights defenders in the country.
Resumo: Defensores(as) dos direitos humanos são os(as) protagonistas no fortalecimento da democra... more Resumo: Defensores(as) dos direitos humanos são os(as) protagonistas no fortalecimento da democracia e realização das mudanças de direitos humanos. Como eles enfrentam o status quo e desafiam os grupos dominantes controladores do poder econômico e político, defensores(as) dos direitos humanos são frequentemente alvos de violência estatal e não-estatal e, portanto, eles(as) precisam de proteção. No entanto, o que a lei brasileira diz sobre a proteção de defensores(as) dosdireitos humanos? A quem pertence a obrigação de protegê-los(as) no Brasil exatamente? Levando
em consideração a interação do direito internacional, da política e da legislação nacional vis-à-vis a proteção de defensores(as) dos direitos humanos que lutam por democracia, direitos humanos e justiça social, este trabalho realiza uma análise do quadro jurídico para a proteção de defensores(as) dos direitos humanos na jurisdição brasileira. Fá-lo, a fim de arguir que há uma obrigação
legal para o Estado brasileiro proteger os(as) defensores(as) dos direitos humanos e que há uma série de direitos que são cruciais para que eles(as) sejam capazes de conduzir suas atividades. A seção final apresenta uma breve conclusão em que as discussões deste artigo são recapituladas.
Palavras-Chave: Direitos humanos; Defensores(as) de Direitos humanos; Direito brasileiro.
Human rights defenders are the protagonists in bolstering democracy and undertaking human rights ... more Human rights defenders are the protagonists in bolstering democracy and undertaking human rights change. As they face up the establishment and challenge the dominant groups controlling economic and political power, human rights defenders are more often than otherwise targets of state and non-state violence and, consequently, they need protection. Yet, what does Brazilian law say about the protection of human rights defenders? To whom belongs the obligation to protect human rights defenders in Brazil exactly? While considering the interaction of international law, politics and national law vis-à-vis the protection of human rights defenders fighting for democracy, human rights and social justice, this paper conducts an analysis of the legal framework for the protection of human rights defenders at the level of Brazilian jurisdiction. It does so in order to contend there is a legal obligation for the Brazilian State to protect human rights defenders and that there is a series of rights that are crucial for human rights defenders to be able to conduct their activities. The final section presents a brief conclusion in which this paper’s discussions are recapitulated.
Keywords: Human Rights; Human Rights Defenders; Brazilian Law.
Se trata de Policy Brief referente a mi tesis de doctorado sobre el Programa Brasileño para la Pr... more Se trata de Policy Brief referente a mi tesis de doctorado sobre el Programa Brasileño para la Protección de los y las Defensores y Defensoras de los Derechos Humanos, defendida en la Universidad de Aberdeen, en Reino Unido.
This policy brief provides an overview of the PhD thesis "PROTECTING HUMAN RIGHTS DEFENDERS IN BR... more This policy brief provides an overview of the PhD thesis "PROTECTING HUMAN RIGHTS DEFENDERS IN BRAZIL: A Legal and Socio-Political Analysis of the Brazilian Programme for the Protection of Human Rights Defenders", defended and approved at the School of Law in the University of Aberdeen (Scotland, United Kingdom).