Louis Odeigah | Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti (original) (raw)

Papers by Louis Odeigah

This study involves a case‐series of 3 elderly male patients with human immune deficiency virus (... more This study involves a case‐series of 3 elderly male patients with human immune deficiency virus (HIV) infection managed between 2009 and 2010 at the antiretroviral clinic (ART) University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Nigeria. They were all within the age range of 73 to 100 years and had multiple sexual partners. They were also co‐managed for hypertension, diabetes mellitus and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Baseline CD4 count was < 350 cell/mm 3 for all of them and their chemistry and haematology results were within normal ranges. Sputum acid fast bacilli (AFB) was also negative. They all had first-line anti retroviral (ARV) therapy and cotrimoxazole prophylaxis. Initially, adherence was perfect in all of them (≥ 95%) especially as their relatives who double as the treatment‐partners ensured their regular intake of ARV and clinic attendance but later adherence became poor (< 80%) which was reflected in the fallen CD4 counts. Reasons for this include dementia and polypharmacy. One developed severe anaemia due to zidovudine (ZDV)‐induced bone marrow suppression and was appropriately managed. Two of the three cases died < 2 years post‐HIV diagnosis. Conclusively, geriatric HIV infection management entails multidisciplinary approach and a sound working knowledge of antiretroviral therapy with all the peculiar charateristics in the elderly.

Nigerian Journal of Family Practice, 2019

Background: Rifampicin-dependent tuberculosis is an unrecognized and potentially serious treatmen... more Background: Rifampicin-dependent tuberculosis is an unrecognized and potentially serious treatment issue. Rifampicin resistance is a risk factor for poor outcome in tuberculosis. It is prevalent in Nigeria. Therefore, we sought to examine the pattern of rifampicin resistance tuberculosis in Nigeria, West Africa. Method: One hundred and forty tuberculosis cases were referred to the chest clinic of Sobi Specialist Hospital from January to December 2013. Sputum samples were obtained from them, smeared on glass slides, stained using Ziehl Neelsen Stain and later observed under light microscopy. The GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay was used to simultaneously detect TB and rifampicin resistance. Result: The minimum age of the patients was 18years, while the maximum was 83. The mean age was 38.39± 13.75. There was male preponderance 84(60%), compared to 56(40%) female. The secondary health institution made the highest referral. Forty eight (34.3%) had smear-positive TB, while 92(65.7%) were sputum negative. Thirty two (38.1%) male out of 84 and 12(21.4%) female out of 56 were sensitive to Rifampicin, while 6(7.1) male out of 84 and 4 (7.1%) female out of 56 were resistant to it. Forty four (31.4%) were MD-TB positive with a prevalence of 31.4%. Ten (7.2%) were Rifampicin resistant; this included 6 males and females. This was statically significant. Conclusion: Our study highlights that physicians should have high index of suspicion for rifampicin resistant tuberculosis in patients refractory to anti-TB treatment. The MTB/RIF test is a useful method for rapid diagnosis of TB and detection of RIF-resistance strains. There is need for increasing effort to interrupt the transmission of RIF-TB.

Social Science & Medicine, 2010

There is evidence that internalized stigma significantly impacts the lives of depressed people li... more There is evidence that internalized stigma significantly impacts the lives of depressed people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) (PLWHA). Nevertheless, there is paucity of data on the extent, domains and demographic correlates of internalized stigma among PLWHA; hence the need for this study. This was a hospital based, cross sectional, descriptive study of one hundred and seventy depressed PLWHA. The PHQ-9 was used to screen for depression. The severity of the depression was classified as minimal, mild, moderate and severe. The three keys of social determinants of depression (SDS) were assessed and the association with stigma sought. A modified version of stigma of mental illness scale (ISMI) was used as a measure of their self stigma. The prevalence of depressive disorders was 57%. The spectrum of stigmatization was as follows, 103 (60.6%), minimal, 33 (19.4%), mildly, 19 (11.2%), moderately and 15 (8.8%) severely stigmatized. There was a strong association between stigma and age group, educational level, monthly income, stressful life events as well as social cohesion. Self-stigma is a common phenomenon in depressed PLWHA. It is not possible to manage PLWHA without considering the highly stigmatizing context in which they are embedded. Moreover, due to the high burden of depressive disorders and its association with AIDS related stigma, routine screening of PLWHA for both conditions is recommended.

International Journal of Tropical Disease & Health, Feb 14, 2023

Background: The incidence of erectile dysfunction among men with HIV/AIDS is twice compared with ... more Background: The incidence of erectile dysfunction among men with HIV/AIDS is twice compared with the general population and this remains a major concern because of its negative impact on the quality of life of sufferers. While researchers have documented varying prevalence rates of ED among diverse population of men, there is paucity of data on this subject among PLWHA in Nigeria Original Research Article

African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine, 2012

Background: Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is rarely sought for and generally underdiagnosed e... more Background: Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is rarely sought for and generally underdiagnosed even in diabetics in developing countries like Nigeria. PAD is easily detected and diagnosed by the ankle-brachial index, a simple and reliable test. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of PAD in diabetic subjects aged 50-89 years and the value of ankle-brachial index measurement in the detection of PAD. Method: A cross-sectional descriptive study of 219 diabetic subjects aged 50-89 years was carried out. The participants were administered a pre-tested questionnaire and measurement of ankle-brachial index (ABI) was done. The ankle-brachial index < 0.90 was considered equivalent to peripheral arterial disease. Results: The overall prevalence of PAD was 52.5%. The prevalence of symptomatic PAD was 28.7% whilst that of asymptomatic PAD was 71.3%. There were a number of associations with PAD which included, age (p < 0.05), sex (p < 0.05), and marital status (p < 0.05). The use of the ankle-brachial index in the detection of PAD was clearly more reliable than the clinical methods like history of intermittent claudication and absence or presence of pedal pulses. Conclusion: The prevalence of PAD is relatively high in diabetic subjects in the southwestern region of Nigeria. Notable is the fact that a higher proportion was asymptomatic. Also the use of ABI is of great value in the detection of PAD as evidenced by a clearly more objective assessment of PAD compared to both intermittent claudication and absent pedal pulses.

Menopause, Jun 20, 2023

Objectives There are limited data on the associated factors of circulating endogenous estradiol a... more Objectives There are limited data on the associated factors of circulating endogenous estradiol among Nigerian postmenopausal women. The main objective of this study is to assess the relationship between serum estradiol levels and some menstrual, clinical, and sociodemographic factors in postmenopausal women attending a family medicine clinic in Nigeria. Methods This was a hospital-based cross-sectional study involving 372 postmenopausal women. Sociodemographic, menstrual, and clinical data of the participants were collected, and their serum estradiol concentrations were assayed. The collected data were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 21 statistical software. A χ 2 test of association and logistic regression analysis were done to identify significant correlates of serum estradiol concentration among the participants. Results The mean ages at menarche and menopause among the participants were 15.6 and 48.1 years respectively. Approximately half of them (51.1%) were receiving chronic medical care for systemic hypertension and/or diabetes. The mean estradiol concentration of the participants in the study was 20.69 pg/mL. The participants' marital status and clinical presentation pattern (chronic vs others) were found to have statistically significant associations with their serum estradiol concentration; P = 0.048 and P = 0.001, respectively. Logistic regression analysis revealed that only the clinical presentation pattern had a significant relationship with serum estradiol concentration among the participants (P = 0.002). Conclusion Of all the studied factors, the only significant correlate of low serum estradiol concentration found in this study was chronic medical care presentation for hypertension and/or diabetes.

Journal of AIDS and HIV Research, Jul 31, 2013

This study involves a case-series of 3 elderly male patients with human immune deficiency virus (... more This study involves a case-series of 3 elderly male patients with human immune deficiency virus (HIV) infection managed between 2009 and 2010 at the antiretroviral clinic (ART) University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Nigeria. They were all within the age range of 73 to 100 years and had multiple sexual partners. They were also co-managed for hypertension, diabetes mellitus and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Baseline CD4 count was < 350 cell/mm 3 for all of them and their chemistry and haematology results were within normal ranges. Sputum acid fast bacilli (AFB) was also negative. They all had first-line anti retroviral (ARV) therapy and cotrimoxazole prophylaxis. Initially, adherence was perfect in all of them (≥ 95%) especially as their relatives who double as the treatment-partners ensured their regular intake of ARV and clinic attendance but later adherence became poor (< 80%) which was reflected in the fallen CD4 counts. Reasons for this include dementia and polypharmacy. One developed severe anaemia due to zidovudine (ZDV)-induced bone marrow suppression and was appropriately managed. Two of the three cases died < 2 years post-HIV diagnosis. Conclusively, geriatric HIV infection management entails multidisciplinary approach and a sound working knowledge of antiretroviral therapy with all the peculiar charateristics in the elderly.

PubMed, Dec 1, 2008

Objective: To determine the response on treatment-naïve HIV/AIDS patients to the Highly Active An... more Objective: To determine the response on treatment-naïve HIV/AIDS patients to the Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) in terms of CD4 Count and Weight gain over a period of 2 1/2 years. Methods: Patients with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) were recruited under the Federal Government Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) programme at the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital. The treatment regimen included Lamivudine, Starvudine and Nevirapine. The patients' responses were evaluated with respect to CD4 count and weight over the period of treatment. The diagnosis of HIV/AIDS was made on the basis of reactivity with two different ELISA reagents, and CD4 count was done with Dynal T4 Quant method. The weights (kg.) of the patients were taken at monthly visit. Results: The duration of treatment for the patients analysed ranged from 1 month to 14 months. Analysis of CD4 count was possible in 105 patients. The mean post treatment CD4 count and weight were significantly higher than the pre-treatment values (p < 0.001 and p < 1.01) respectively. There were significant positive correlations (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001) between increases in CD4 count and weight respectively, and duration of treatment. In eight (8) patients, CD4 Count reduced or remained the same in spite of treatment. Conclusion: The HAART regime is associated with increase in CD4 Count and weight gain. While increases in CD4 Count and weight correlated with duration of therapy, there was no correlation between CD4 Count increase and weight gain.

African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine, Oct 3, 2012

Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care, Jun 14, 2013

The study sought to describe the quality-of-life impairments in newly diagnosed HIV-infected adul... more The study sought to describe the quality-of-life impairments in newly diagnosed HIV-infected adult patients with cutaneous lesions. This was a hospital-based, cross-sectional, descriptive study of 160 newly diagnosed HIV-infected adult patients attending the HIV/AIDS clinic of University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital (UITH). Systemic random sampling technique was used in recruiting respondents for the study. The Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) was used to gauge the quality-of-life impairments. The study showed high prevalence of cutaneous lesions in HIV-infected patients. Majority of the respondents (83.7%) scored more than 10 in DLQI score. This signifies that the skin lesions had large negative effects on their quality of life. The assessment of the impact of dermatoses on patients' quality of life is important for clinical management. It is pertinent to detect patients at higher risk of experiencing worse quality of life in order to treat them holistically.

Journal of Menopausal Medicine

Objectives: Sexual activity tends to decline with age and is greatly impacted in postmenopausal w... more Objectives: Sexual activity tends to decline with age and is greatly impacted in postmenopausal women. This study aimed to describe the sexual activity pattern among postmenopausal Nigerian women and also detect socio-demographic and menopause-related predictors of their sexual activity. Methods: In this hospital-based cross-sectional study, 357 postmenopausal women between 45-60 years participated. Data was collected using the sexual activity questionnaire and a socio-demographic questionnaire developed by the authors. Results: The prevalence of sexual inactivity among the participants was 60%. This was attributed mainly to the unavailability of male partners (50.5%) and negative menopause-related sociocultural beliefs (23.8%). Among sexually active participants, 83.2% of them reported having pleasurable experiences and 53.8% of them reported no associated sexual discomfort. Only being in a marital relationship was found to be a statistically significant predictor of sexual activity among the participants (regression coefficient = 3.125, degree of freedom = 1, P < 0.0001). Conclusions: We reported a high prevalence of sexual inactivity among the participants; the most important reasons given were the unavailability of their husbands and the belief that sexual intercourse was taboo during the postmenopausal period. The study also provided positive evidence for the importance of marriage for sexual activity among the participants.

PLOS Global Public Health

Safe and effective vaccination remains the mainstay of control of COVID-19 because there is still... more Safe and effective vaccination remains the mainstay of control of COVID-19 because there is still no universally recommended treatment. This strategy is however being threatened by vaccine hesitancy and resistance due to fear of adverse events and safety concerns. It is, therefore, necessary to study post-vaccination adverse events (AE) in various populations and geographical areas. The objective of this study was to analyze the adverse events following COVID-19 vaccination in five major immunization centers of Kwara State Nigeria. A retrospective descriptive study of the adverse events following AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccination that were reported from five immunization centers of Kwara State, North-central Nigeria from March to July 2021 was carried out. Statistical Package for Social Science version 26 was used for analysis. Adverse event classification and severity were compared based on age, gender, and time to onset of adverse event and vaccine dose type using the Chi-square te...

The Pan African Medical Journal, 2022

Introduction domestic violence affects one in four families and has significant health consequenc... more Introduction domestic violence affects one in four families and has significant health consequences on sufferers. When it occurs among pregnant women, it can be associated with pregnancy-related complications. There is dearth of data on the association between certain family and clinical factors of pregnant women, and domestic violence in Nigeria. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and pattern of domestic violence and its association with certain clinical factors and family functioning of pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic at the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, North-Central Nigeria. Methods a total of 333 respondents were recruited for the cross-sectional study between June and August, 2017 using systematic sampling technique. Structured questionnaires were used to obtain information about domestic violence and family functioning among the study participants. Blood pressure, urinalysis and packed cell volume of respondents were obtained ...

Depressive symptoms in family practice clinics are often undetected, despite the fact they are as... more Depressive symptoms in family practice clinics are often undetected, despite the fact they are associated with sleep disorders. There is paucity of data on the association between depression and sleep disorders in a Nigerian family practice setting, hence the need for this study. This was a hospital based study. Systematic sampling method was used in recruiting the patients. The PHQ-9 was administered to the respondents to screen for depressive symptoms. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used to measure the quality and patterns of sleep in the respondents. One hundred and seventy eight (44.5%) out of the four hundred respondents were found to have one form of depression or other, out of which one hundred and seventy two (96.6%) had sleep disturbance, 39 (21.9%) stayed more than 60 minutes before falling asleep, 85 (47.7%) had poor subjective sleep quality, forty eight (36.9%) had taken medication (prescribed or over the counter) to assist in sleeping. These were statisti...

Annals of African Medical Research, 2020

Superficial fungal infections are common in the tropics particularly in the rural areas where chi... more Superficial fungal infections are common in the tropics particularly in the rural areas where children are predisposed. The causative organisms include dermatophytes, yeasts and non-dermatophyte moulds. To determine the prevalence and risk factors of superficial fungal infections among primary school pupils aged 5- 16 years in Oke-Oyi, Kwara State. A cross-sectional survey was carried out from April through July 2017 among 602 pupils aged 5-16 years in Oke-Oyi, Ilorin East Local Government Area of Kwara State. Out of the 602 pupils screened during the study, 180 pupils were suspected clinically to have superficial fungal infection and a total of 180 skin specimens were collected from the pupils. The prevalence of clinically suspected fungal infection was 29.9% (180/602), dermatophytes accounted for 16.7% (30/180), while non-dermatophyte moulds accounted for about half of the isolates, 51.7% (93/180). Some of the factors that were significantly associated with the risk of acquisition...

International Journal of Dream Research, 2014

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) infection can have negative effect in the lives of patients, hence ... more Background: Tuberculosis (TB) infection can have negative effect in the lives of patients, hence the need to carry out research to determine the extent of such impact. Depression prevalence is higher among patients with tuberculosis than the general population. Family support affects the outcome of many chronic diseases including tuberculosis. Hence, the study set out to determine the prevalence of depression and its relationship with family support among this group of people.Methods: A hospital based descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 180 adult patients with Tuberculosis attending University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital by systematic random sampling. Pretested interviewer administered structured and semistructured questionnaires were used to obtain information on socio- demographic characteristics, perceived family support and prevalence of depression. Data was analysed using SPSS version 21 and p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: T...

Background : It is a common axiom that HIV sero-positive patients experience more sleep disorders... more Background : It is a common axiom that HIV sero-positive patients experience more sleep disorders than the HIV sero-negative patients, but there is paucity of research to support this claim. Objective : The aim of this study was to compare sleep disorders among PLWHA on HAART with a matched HIV sero negative control group. Method : Using the Leslie Kish's Formula, 400 PLWHA attending HIV clinic and 400 sero-negative patients attending the Well Adult Clinic of Kwara state specialist Hospital were recruited for the study. The Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used to measure sleep disorder. Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated using the international classification. Classification of hypertension was according to the JNC 8. Results : The prevalence of sleeping disorder was 46.2% among PLWHA and 44.0% among the HIV sero-negative patients. 14.0% of PLWHA were underweight compared with 6.0% of HIV sero-negative patients. 16.5% of PLWHA had very bad subjective sleep quality, c...

Background information: Various studies across the world have shown that depression is of high pr... more Background information: Various studies across the world have shown that depression is of high prevalence among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), and that it has lots of adverse effects on them. Diagnosis of depression among this group of people is however still very low in sub-Sahara Africa, particularly at primary care level. This was what led to this local study which determined the prevalence and socio-demographic characteristics of depression among PLWHA seen by family physicians at University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital (UITH) in order to sensitize the primary care physicians on importance of depression among their patients with HIV-infection so as to improve the care they provide to them. Study design: The study was conducted as a descriptive cross-sectional hospital based study among 350 systematically randomly selected adults (18 years and above) HIV infected patients attending Family Medicine Lenti-viral clinic at UITH over a period of 6 months (October 2012- March 2013...