Yalemtsehay Debebe | Addis Ababa Science and Technology University (original) (raw)
Papers by Yalemtsehay Debebe
Journal of engineering, May 30, 2024
Te intensive use of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) herbicide has resulted in the presence... more Te intensive use of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) herbicide has resulted in the presence of its residues in the environment, which leads to contamination of surface and groundwater. In this study, a fxed-bed column experiment was conducted for the removal of 2,4-D from an aqueous solution using termite mound soil (TMS). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) techniques were used to characterize the adsorbent. Te efect of signifcant variables, such as the initial 2,4-D concentration (50 mg/L and 75 mg/L), fow rate (2.5 ml/min and 5 ml/min), solution pH (2, 4, and 6), and bed height (3, 6, and 9 cm), on the breakthrough characteristics of the adsorption system was assessed. In addition, the Tomas and Yoon-Nelson models were applied to predict the breakthrough curves and to determine the characteristic parameters of the column that are useful for process design. Te fndings showed that at a lower pH (2), a lower fow rate (2.5 ml/min), a lower 2,4-D concentration (50 mg/L), a higher bed depth (9 cm), and 840 min breakthrough time, a higher removal percentage (80.2%) of 2,4-D was achieved. Te experimental data were in good agreement with the Tomas and Yoon-Nelson models. For the Yoon-Nelson model, the rate constant increased with an increase in the fow rate, initial ion concentration, and bed height. Te time required for a 50% breakthrough decreased with an increase in the fow rate, bed height, and initial ion concentration. For the Tomas model, the rate constant increased with an increase in the fow rate but decreased with an increase in bed height and initial concentration. Overall, the study showed that termite mound soil in a fxed-bed column adsorption system presents an excellent potential for removing 2,4-D from aqueous solutions.
Journal of Engineering, 2024
Te intensive use of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) herbicide has resulted in the presence... more Te intensive use of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) herbicide has resulted in the presence of its residues in the environment, which leads to contamination of surface and groundwater. In this study, a fxed-bed column experiment was conducted for the removal of 2,4-D from an aqueous solution using termite mound soil (TMS). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) techniques were used to characterize the adsorbent. Te efect of signifcant variables, such as the initial 2,4-D concentration (50 mg/L and 75 mg/L), fow rate (2.5 ml/min and 5 ml/min), solution pH (2, 4, and 6), and bed height (3, 6, and 9 cm), on the breakthrough characteristics of the adsorption system was assessed. In addition, the Tomas and Yoon-Nelson models were applied to predict the breakthrough curves and to determine the characteristic parameters of the column that are useful for process design. Te fndings showed that at a lower pH (2), a lower fow rate (2.5 ml/min), a lower 2,4-D concentration (50 mg/L), a higher bed depth (9 cm), and 840 min breakthrough time, a higher removal percentage (80.2%) of 2,4-D was achieved. Te experimental data were in good agreement with the Tomas and Yoon-Nelson models. For the Yoon-Nelson model, the rate constant increased with an increase in the fow rate, initial ion concentration, and bed height. Te time required for a 50% breakthrough decreased with an increase in the fow rate, bed height, and initial ion concentration. For the Tomas model, the rate constant increased with an increase in the fow rate but decreased with an increase in bed height and initial concentration. Overall, the study showed that termite mound soil in a fxed-bed column adsorption system presents an excellent potential for removing 2,4-D from aqueous solutions.
Opast, 2023
Natural and human-induced climate change could have major adverse consequences for the world's ec... more Natural and human-induced climate change could have major adverse consequences for the world's ecosystems and societies. It is caused by the emission of greenhouse gases, which trap long wave radiation in the upper atmosphere and thus raise atmospheric temperatures as well as produce other changes in the climate system. In order to minimize these negative impacts, different strategies are suggested, among which the two major ones are adaptation and mitigation. The review was based on secondary data obtained through various sources such as textbooks, journals, conference papers, and published and unpublished materials, with an emphasis on mitigation, which is intended to either reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases from sources that are warming our planet or increase the various ways through which greenhouse gases can be removed from the atmosphere. To this end, concepts of sources and sinks were defined and major sources and sinks with possible ways to decrease emissions from sources and enhance sinks were reviewed. Furthermore, various mitigation technologies were examined sector by sector. Finally, as a case study, climate change mitigation in the energy and agriculture sectors in Ethiopia were also reviewed.
Water
The extensive use of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) pesticide leads to the contamination ... more The extensive use of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) pesticide leads to the contamination of surfaces and groundwater. In this respect, it is critical to develop an inexpensive and environmentally friendly adsorbent for 2,4-D-laden agricultural leachate. In the current study, termite mound soil (TMS) from Ethiopia was used as an adsorbent in a batch mode aimed at the removal of 2,4-D from an aqueous solution. The TMS was characterized using Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The effects of various operating parameters such as pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, and initial concentration were investigated. In addition, the optimization process and interaction effect were studied using response surface methodology (RSM). A high 2,4-D removal percentage (89.6%) was achieved for a 2,4-D initial concentration of 50.25 mg/L at pH 2, an adsorb...
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
Climate change is one of the most complex problems of our time presenting unique challenges for s... more Climate change is one of the most complex problems of our time presenting unique challenges for societies. Climate change impacts bring serious damages especially in developing countries and is making the resources of the countries more vulnerable. Vulnerability assessments can play a vital role in the designing of appropriate adaptation and mitigation policies targeted towards climate change and its impacts on human systems and natural systems. The review was based on secondary data obtained through various sources such as textbooks, journals, conference papers, published and unpublished materials with emphasizes on concepts and definitions of vulnerability, vulnerability analysis methods, conceptual approaches, and vulnerable human and natural systems to climate change. To this end climate change adaptation mechanisms in Ethiopia were reviewed. Moreover, different vulnerability and vulnerability analysis sector wise were also reviewed. Finally, as a case study, climate change vulnerability analysis in Agricultural and water Sectors in Ethiopia were also reviewed.
Agricultural Research & Technology: Open Access Journal, 2019
The problems of land degradation is increasing throughout the world due to the generalized use of... more The problems of land degradation is increasing throughout the world due to the generalized use of empirical approaches to select and apply soil and water conservation (SWC) practices. The design of SWC structures considers the extent of erosion, cause of erosion and suitability of land. The study was carried out in three selected districts (Sekoru, Gomma, and Manna) of the Jimma Zone, South Western Ethiopia, with the objective of evaluating technical standards of implemented soil and water conservation technologies. A total of 270 household heads were selected for the study using, 90 households from each district. Data were collected through a semi-structured questionnaire; focus group discussion and measurements of implemented structures. In addition, secondary data were used and analyzed with the help of SPSS version 16 and rational formulas for SWC design. The result of this study revealed SWC embankment and channel dimensions implemented didn't follow the standards given. These dimensions were found less than the standard given while greater than the standard in some areas. Percentage of area lost per hectare due to the structure also depends on the structure dimensions. Live fence, bund stabilization grasses and shrubs were common biological measures in the area. Sekoru and Mana districts perform well by structural maintenance than Gomma district. Lack of training, extension service, lack of farm tools and skilled manpower are the major problems during SCW structures implementation. Therefore, the study suggests training and continuous follow up during and after implementation should be given by government and non-governmental organization.
PLOS ONE, 2021
This study was conducted in Somodo Watershed to investigate the land-use practices and its effect... more This study was conducted in Somodo Watershed to investigate the land-use practices and its effect on species diversity and selected soil properties. Field observation was carried out to identify existing land-use practices following a transect line. A total of 20 plots (10 × 10) m2 were sampled from plots exhibiting different land-use practices found in the watershed in order to evaluate species richness and diversity. Soil samples were also collected from each plot. The soil samples were analyzed following standard laboratory procedures. The result of the analysis showed that there was a significant difference (p<0.05) in species diversity and richness among different land-use practices. Coffea arabica was dominant in homestead gardens and natural forests while Grevillea robusta showed had maximum richness in plantations and farm forests in the Watershed. Furthermore, home garden agroforestry practice was significantly (p<0.05) affected soil pH compared to other land-use syst...
OALib, 2018
Soil erosion is an important cause of land degradation and consequent to soil fertility which red... more Soil erosion is an important cause of land degradation and consequent to soil fertility which reduces land productivity and production. This problem aggravates in developing countries like Ethiopia. To minimize this challenge, soil and water conservation with proper design is the first choice. The aim of this study was to assess the adoption and effect of Vetiver grass on soil erosion in Somodo watershed. Community mobilization was used to implement Vetiver grass on farm lands as bund stabilization and grass strip. Accordingly, more than 45 km (20%) of the watershed was covered by Vetiver grass on soil bund as bund stabilizing measure. The hedge was fully established within two years and formed averagely 36 cm raised terrace. The result of the study showed that within two years period about 36 cm soil was accumulated above the hedgerow. From mean annual soil deposition and average bulk density of the watershed, the mean annual soil loss was recorded 20.88 ton ha −1 •year −1 in the absence of Vetiver hedge row as erosion barrier. In addition, field slope was reduced on average by 2.5% due to soil accumulated above Vetiver hedgerow. And phosphorus availability was found higher on the above hedgerow than below the hedge row while, exchangeable acidity was found less above the hedgerow than below the Vetiver hedgerow in the watershed which implies soil fertility improvement. The study recommends Vetiver hedgerow as an immediate mitigation measure for soil erosion on hill slopes and farm lands which can be implemented through community mobilization. Further study on how the Vetiver hedgerow improves phosphorus availability and decreases exchangeable acidity is also highly recommended.
Agricultural Research & Technology: Open Access Journal, 2019
The problems of land degradation is increasing throughout the world due to the generalized use of... more The problems of land degradation is increasing throughout the world due to the generalized use of empirical approaches to select and apply soil and water conservation (SWC) practices. The design of SWC structures considers the extent of erosion, cause of erosion and suitability of land. The study was carried out in three selected districts (Sekoru, Gomma, and Manna) of the Jimma Zone, South Western Ethiopia, with the objective of evaluating technical standards of implemented soil and water conservation technologies. A total of 270 household heads were selected for the study using, 90 households from each district. Data were collected through a semi-structured questionnaire; focus group discussion and measurements of implemented structures. In addition, secondary data were used and analyzed with the help of SPSS version 16 and rational formulas for SWC design. The result of this study revealed SWC embankment and channel dimensions implemented didn't follow the standards given. These dimensions were found less than the standard given while greater than the standard in some areas. Percentage of area lost per hectare due to the structure also depends on the structure dimensions. Live fence, bund stabilization grasses and shrubs were common biological measures in the area. Sekoru and Mana districts perform well by structural maintenance than Gomma district. Lack of training, extension service, lack of farm tools and skilled manpower are the major problems during SCW structures implementation. Therefore, the study suggests training and continuous follow up during and after implementation should be given by government and non-governmental organization.
Plant biomass is a major source of energy for rural households in Ethiopia. Nevertheless, the hea... more Plant biomass is a major source of energy for rural households in Ethiopia. Nevertheless, the heavy reliance on this form of energy is a threat to forest ecosystems and a root cause for accelerated land degradation. Due to the increasing scarcity of fuel wood resources, rural communities have shifted to utilization of crop residues which important resources for soil fertility improvement. Therefore, this study was focused on assessment of woody and non woody fuel biomass resources availability and the rate of consumption in the Somodo model watershed. A survey was conducted in the Somodo model watershed, using a semi-structured questionnaire and focus group discussions for primary data collection. The data was analyzed by using SPSS version 16. The household survey result shows that, the main source of energy in both improved fuel saving stove user and non-user were fuel wood, crop residue and coffee husk for cooking activities. With regard to annual energy consumption, the amount of energy consumed by improved stove non-user is twice higher than improved fuel saving stove user. In addition, the result indicates that both groups (improve fuel saving stove user and non-user) mainly got fuel wood from forest found around their home and from their own farmlands. Hence, the pressure on woody biomass in both groups implies the absence of electricity in the model watershed and this is one of the major factors of exploiting forest resources. As a result, forest resource degradation is the primary threats. Therefore, the study suggests that government and nongovernmental organizations should provide alternative energy sources that can simplify the pressure on the forest resources in the area. 1. INTRODUCTION Renewable energy can support countries to achieve their policy objective for affordable energy to expand electricity access and promote overall growth. As economies develop and become more complex, energy needs increase greatly. From supply point of view, biomass is a renewable energy source because its supplies or endowment are not limited. In the other words, As long as, we grow trees and crops, and waste will always exist. That's why biomass is defined as the term for all organic material that stems from plants. It is produced by green plants converting sunlight into plant material through photosynthesis and includes all organic wastes. Different studies verdict that biomass is the most common form of renewable energy, widely used in the third world countries. According to Kambewa and Chiwaula (2010) report, biomass services exclusive energy source for developing countries. Dunkerely (1981) also summarize in his research that biomass accounts a high proportion of gross national energy consumption at household level. In Ethiopia, Plant biomass fuel is a major source of energy for rural parts and it contributes about 95% of the country's total energy, of which woody biomass provides 82% (EFAP,1993). Though, the heavy reliance on biomass energy has become a threat to forest ecosystems and a major cause of land degradation (Kassahun et al., 2013). As fuel wood resources become scarce, Ethiopian rural communities are left with no alternative source of energy other than depending on locally available resources. According to FAO, in Ethiopia, the supplies of fuel wood are inadequate to meet the existing demand. In developing countries, about 10 million hectares of forest loss in each year as a result of fuel wood collection (FAO, 2010). Due to this reason, fuel wood scarcity and increasing firewood cost become a common phenomenon and crop residue and animal dung are being substituted for fuel wood. In the contrary, this substitution reduces the availability of valuable soil nutrients and hence reduces soil fertility, contributing to reduction of agricultural production (Bewket, 2003). The practice of using crop residue and cattle dung for fuel resource has potential for consequently affecting soil nutrient stocks. The extent to which such widespread use of biomass as fuel energy sources has affected the level of nutrient stocks in the watersheds of Ethiopia remains uncertain. Inefficiency in utilization of energy resources are the other huge problem in the country. The research work by Peter confirmed that traditional energy usage and cooking on open fire stove are contributing to high level of biomass resource extraction and consumption and leads to inefficient utilizations (Peter, 2002). The inefficient utilization use of biomass has directly linked to deforestation, indoor air pollution and decline in agricultural production. Therefore, the objective of this study is to assess the availability of woody and non woody fuel biomass resources, Utilization efficiency, transformation technologies and the rate of consumption in the Somodo model watershed southwestern Ethiopia.
Agricultural Research & Technology: Open Access Journal, 2019
Soil erosion is natural phenomena and is modified by biophysical environment comprising soil, cli... more Soil erosion is natural phenomena and is modified by biophysical environment comprising soil, climate, terrain, ground cover and their interactions. Due to different factors, it is difficult to make watershed management successful in all areas at one time. Because of this, prioritization of sub watershed is very important for soil conservation planning and implementation. In Somodo watershed more than five years different soil and water conservation technologies were implemented and satisfactory result was not recorded. In this aspect, it is important to consider further watershed management planning., This study therefore investigated soil erosion risk assessment using GIS and USLE model for soil and water conservation in Somodo watershed southwestern Ethiopia with the aim of estimating soil erosion rate and identify soil erosion hot pot areas through prioritization of sub watershed in Somodo watershed by the help of GIS based USLE model. Both primary and secondary data sources wer...
Watershed is not simply the hydrological unit but also socio- political and ecological entity whi... more Watershed is not simply the hydrological unit but also socio- political and ecological entity which plays crucial role in determining food, social, and economical security and provides life support services to rural people and its management through integrated participatory approach is useful strategies for reducing poverty, improving livelihood resilience and sustainability. Integrated and sustainable watershed management is an effective way to address complex water and land resource challenges and its implementation has not been successful in most countries including Ethiopia. Also there is no enough understanding on integrated watershed management in most parts of the country including South-Western part of Ethiopia. This paper mainly aimed to assess the suitability, acceptability and impact of participatory integrated watershed management at Somodo experimental watershed. Primary data was obtained through semi-structured questionnaires and group discussion with experimental grou...
Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare, 2016
The use of locally available, nutrient rich organic sources is an effective means for improving s... more The use of locally available, nutrient rich organic sources is an effective means for improving soil fertility and increasing crop yield in view of the escalating cost of inorganic fertilizers and low fertilizer use efficiency of crops in Ethiopia. This study was conducted in Sebeta Hawas Woreda with the objective of comparing the effectiveness of bio-slurry and inorganic fertilizer on soil properties, growth and yield of white cabbage. Laboratory analysis and field experiment were done on bio-slurry in liquid and composted form to determine the nutrient content and effect of bio-slurry and inorganic fertilizer on plant height, number of leaves, head yield and nutrient content of cabbage as well as physical and chemical properties of the soil. The maximum plant height (cm) was obtained from T6 (recommended dose of inorganic fertilizer (RDIF) + biogas slurry compost (BGSC) at (8ton/ha), while the lowest plant height (cm) was recorded in T1 (control). Cabbage plants treated with T7...
Soil erosion is natural phenomena and is modified by biophysical environment comprising soil, cli... more Soil erosion is natural phenomena and is modified by biophysical environment comprising soil, climate, terrain, ground cover and their interactions. Due to different factors, it is difficult to make watershed management successful in all areas at one time. Because of this, prioritization of sub watershed is very important for soil conservation planning and implementation. In Somodo watershed more than five years different soil and water conservation technologies were implemented and satisfactory result was not recorded. In this aspect, it is important to consider further watershed management planning., This study therefore investigated soil erosion risk assessment using GIS and USLE model for soil and water conservation in Somodo watershed southwestern Ethiopia with the aim of estimating soil erosion rate and identify soil erosion hot pot areas through prioritization of sub watershed in Somodo watershed by the help of GIS based USLE model. Both primary and secondary data sources wer...
This study was conducted in Sebeta Hawas Woreda with the objective of assessing socio-economic fe... more This study was conducted in Sebeta Hawas Woreda with the objective of assessing socio-economic feasibility and environmental contribution of bio-slurry. The questionnaire survey was conducted to obtain information on the family size, number of cattle, type of fertilizer used, the amount of money saved by biogas using households when replacing chemical fertilizer with bio-slurry, bio-slurry storage and management, household yield increment and perception of soil fertility improvement by using bio-slurry as organic fertilizer. Bio-slurry is environment friendly as mentioned by 92 % respondents and 80.8 percent of the bio-slurry users save 1000-2000 ETB per year and 19.2% save 2000-3000 ETB per year. Keywords: bio-slurry, fertilizer, environment
This study was conducted in Somodo Watershed to investigate the land-use practices and its effect... more This study was conducted in Somodo Watershed to investigate the land-use practices and its effect on species diversity and selected soil properties. Field observation was carried out to identify existing land-use practices following a transect line. A total of 20 plots (10 × 10) m 2 were sampled from plots exhibiting different land-use practices found in the watershed in order to evaluate species richness and diversity. Soil samples were also collected from each plot. The soil samples were analyzed following standard laboratory procedures. The result of the analysis showed that there was a significant difference (p<0.05) in species diversity and richness among different land-use practices. Coffea arabica was dominant in homestead gardens and natural forests while Grevillea robusta showed had maximum richness in plantations and farm forests in the Watershed. Furthermore, home garden agroforestry practice was significantly (p<0.05) affected soil pH compared to other land-use sys...
Journal of engineering, May 30, 2024
Te intensive use of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) herbicide has resulted in the presence... more Te intensive use of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) herbicide has resulted in the presence of its residues in the environment, which leads to contamination of surface and groundwater. In this study, a fxed-bed column experiment was conducted for the removal of 2,4-D from an aqueous solution using termite mound soil (TMS). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) techniques were used to characterize the adsorbent. Te efect of signifcant variables, such as the initial 2,4-D concentration (50 mg/L and 75 mg/L), fow rate (2.5 ml/min and 5 ml/min), solution pH (2, 4, and 6), and bed height (3, 6, and 9 cm), on the breakthrough characteristics of the adsorption system was assessed. In addition, the Tomas and Yoon-Nelson models were applied to predict the breakthrough curves and to determine the characteristic parameters of the column that are useful for process design. Te fndings showed that at a lower pH (2), a lower fow rate (2.5 ml/min), a lower 2,4-D concentration (50 mg/L), a higher bed depth (9 cm), and 840 min breakthrough time, a higher removal percentage (80.2%) of 2,4-D was achieved. Te experimental data were in good agreement with the Tomas and Yoon-Nelson models. For the Yoon-Nelson model, the rate constant increased with an increase in the fow rate, initial ion concentration, and bed height. Te time required for a 50% breakthrough decreased with an increase in the fow rate, bed height, and initial ion concentration. For the Tomas model, the rate constant increased with an increase in the fow rate but decreased with an increase in bed height and initial concentration. Overall, the study showed that termite mound soil in a fxed-bed column adsorption system presents an excellent potential for removing 2,4-D from aqueous solutions.
Journal of Engineering, 2024
Te intensive use of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) herbicide has resulted in the presence... more Te intensive use of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) herbicide has resulted in the presence of its residues in the environment, which leads to contamination of surface and groundwater. In this study, a fxed-bed column experiment was conducted for the removal of 2,4-D from an aqueous solution using termite mound soil (TMS). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) techniques were used to characterize the adsorbent. Te efect of signifcant variables, such as the initial 2,4-D concentration (50 mg/L and 75 mg/L), fow rate (2.5 ml/min and 5 ml/min), solution pH (2, 4, and 6), and bed height (3, 6, and 9 cm), on the breakthrough characteristics of the adsorption system was assessed. In addition, the Tomas and Yoon-Nelson models were applied to predict the breakthrough curves and to determine the characteristic parameters of the column that are useful for process design. Te fndings showed that at a lower pH (2), a lower fow rate (2.5 ml/min), a lower 2,4-D concentration (50 mg/L), a higher bed depth (9 cm), and 840 min breakthrough time, a higher removal percentage (80.2%) of 2,4-D was achieved. Te experimental data were in good agreement with the Tomas and Yoon-Nelson models. For the Yoon-Nelson model, the rate constant increased with an increase in the fow rate, initial ion concentration, and bed height. Te time required for a 50% breakthrough decreased with an increase in the fow rate, bed height, and initial ion concentration. For the Tomas model, the rate constant increased with an increase in the fow rate but decreased with an increase in bed height and initial concentration. Overall, the study showed that termite mound soil in a fxed-bed column adsorption system presents an excellent potential for removing 2,4-D from aqueous solutions.
Opast, 2023
Natural and human-induced climate change could have major adverse consequences for the world's ec... more Natural and human-induced climate change could have major adverse consequences for the world's ecosystems and societies. It is caused by the emission of greenhouse gases, which trap long wave radiation in the upper atmosphere and thus raise atmospheric temperatures as well as produce other changes in the climate system. In order to minimize these negative impacts, different strategies are suggested, among which the two major ones are adaptation and mitigation. The review was based on secondary data obtained through various sources such as textbooks, journals, conference papers, and published and unpublished materials, with an emphasis on mitigation, which is intended to either reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases from sources that are warming our planet or increase the various ways through which greenhouse gases can be removed from the atmosphere. To this end, concepts of sources and sinks were defined and major sources and sinks with possible ways to decrease emissions from sources and enhance sinks were reviewed. Furthermore, various mitigation technologies were examined sector by sector. Finally, as a case study, climate change mitigation in the energy and agriculture sectors in Ethiopia were also reviewed.
Water
The extensive use of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) pesticide leads to the contamination ... more The extensive use of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) pesticide leads to the contamination of surfaces and groundwater. In this respect, it is critical to develop an inexpensive and environmentally friendly adsorbent for 2,4-D-laden agricultural leachate. In the current study, termite mound soil (TMS) from Ethiopia was used as an adsorbent in a batch mode aimed at the removal of 2,4-D from an aqueous solution. The TMS was characterized using Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The effects of various operating parameters such as pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, and initial concentration were investigated. In addition, the optimization process and interaction effect were studied using response surface methodology (RSM). A high 2,4-D removal percentage (89.6%) was achieved for a 2,4-D initial concentration of 50.25 mg/L at pH 2, an adsorb...
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
Climate change is one of the most complex problems of our time presenting unique challenges for s... more Climate change is one of the most complex problems of our time presenting unique challenges for societies. Climate change impacts bring serious damages especially in developing countries and is making the resources of the countries more vulnerable. Vulnerability assessments can play a vital role in the designing of appropriate adaptation and mitigation policies targeted towards climate change and its impacts on human systems and natural systems. The review was based on secondary data obtained through various sources such as textbooks, journals, conference papers, published and unpublished materials with emphasizes on concepts and definitions of vulnerability, vulnerability analysis methods, conceptual approaches, and vulnerable human and natural systems to climate change. To this end climate change adaptation mechanisms in Ethiopia were reviewed. Moreover, different vulnerability and vulnerability analysis sector wise were also reviewed. Finally, as a case study, climate change vulnerability analysis in Agricultural and water Sectors in Ethiopia were also reviewed.
Agricultural Research & Technology: Open Access Journal, 2019
The problems of land degradation is increasing throughout the world due to the generalized use of... more The problems of land degradation is increasing throughout the world due to the generalized use of empirical approaches to select and apply soil and water conservation (SWC) practices. The design of SWC structures considers the extent of erosion, cause of erosion and suitability of land. The study was carried out in three selected districts (Sekoru, Gomma, and Manna) of the Jimma Zone, South Western Ethiopia, with the objective of evaluating technical standards of implemented soil and water conservation technologies. A total of 270 household heads were selected for the study using, 90 households from each district. Data were collected through a semi-structured questionnaire; focus group discussion and measurements of implemented structures. In addition, secondary data were used and analyzed with the help of SPSS version 16 and rational formulas for SWC design. The result of this study revealed SWC embankment and channel dimensions implemented didn't follow the standards given. These dimensions were found less than the standard given while greater than the standard in some areas. Percentage of area lost per hectare due to the structure also depends on the structure dimensions. Live fence, bund stabilization grasses and shrubs were common biological measures in the area. Sekoru and Mana districts perform well by structural maintenance than Gomma district. Lack of training, extension service, lack of farm tools and skilled manpower are the major problems during SCW structures implementation. Therefore, the study suggests training and continuous follow up during and after implementation should be given by government and non-governmental organization.
PLOS ONE, 2021
This study was conducted in Somodo Watershed to investigate the land-use practices and its effect... more This study was conducted in Somodo Watershed to investigate the land-use practices and its effect on species diversity and selected soil properties. Field observation was carried out to identify existing land-use practices following a transect line. A total of 20 plots (10 × 10) m2 were sampled from plots exhibiting different land-use practices found in the watershed in order to evaluate species richness and diversity. Soil samples were also collected from each plot. The soil samples were analyzed following standard laboratory procedures. The result of the analysis showed that there was a significant difference (p<0.05) in species diversity and richness among different land-use practices. Coffea arabica was dominant in homestead gardens and natural forests while Grevillea robusta showed had maximum richness in plantations and farm forests in the Watershed. Furthermore, home garden agroforestry practice was significantly (p<0.05) affected soil pH compared to other land-use syst...
OALib, 2018
Soil erosion is an important cause of land degradation and consequent to soil fertility which red... more Soil erosion is an important cause of land degradation and consequent to soil fertility which reduces land productivity and production. This problem aggravates in developing countries like Ethiopia. To minimize this challenge, soil and water conservation with proper design is the first choice. The aim of this study was to assess the adoption and effect of Vetiver grass on soil erosion in Somodo watershed. Community mobilization was used to implement Vetiver grass on farm lands as bund stabilization and grass strip. Accordingly, more than 45 km (20%) of the watershed was covered by Vetiver grass on soil bund as bund stabilizing measure. The hedge was fully established within two years and formed averagely 36 cm raised terrace. The result of the study showed that within two years period about 36 cm soil was accumulated above the hedgerow. From mean annual soil deposition and average bulk density of the watershed, the mean annual soil loss was recorded 20.88 ton ha −1 •year −1 in the absence of Vetiver hedge row as erosion barrier. In addition, field slope was reduced on average by 2.5% due to soil accumulated above Vetiver hedgerow. And phosphorus availability was found higher on the above hedgerow than below the hedge row while, exchangeable acidity was found less above the hedgerow than below the Vetiver hedgerow in the watershed which implies soil fertility improvement. The study recommends Vetiver hedgerow as an immediate mitigation measure for soil erosion on hill slopes and farm lands which can be implemented through community mobilization. Further study on how the Vetiver hedgerow improves phosphorus availability and decreases exchangeable acidity is also highly recommended.
Agricultural Research & Technology: Open Access Journal, 2019
The problems of land degradation is increasing throughout the world due to the generalized use of... more The problems of land degradation is increasing throughout the world due to the generalized use of empirical approaches to select and apply soil and water conservation (SWC) practices. The design of SWC structures considers the extent of erosion, cause of erosion and suitability of land. The study was carried out in three selected districts (Sekoru, Gomma, and Manna) of the Jimma Zone, South Western Ethiopia, with the objective of evaluating technical standards of implemented soil and water conservation technologies. A total of 270 household heads were selected for the study using, 90 households from each district. Data were collected through a semi-structured questionnaire; focus group discussion and measurements of implemented structures. In addition, secondary data were used and analyzed with the help of SPSS version 16 and rational formulas for SWC design. The result of this study revealed SWC embankment and channel dimensions implemented didn't follow the standards given. These dimensions were found less than the standard given while greater than the standard in some areas. Percentage of area lost per hectare due to the structure also depends on the structure dimensions. Live fence, bund stabilization grasses and shrubs were common biological measures in the area. Sekoru and Mana districts perform well by structural maintenance than Gomma district. Lack of training, extension service, lack of farm tools and skilled manpower are the major problems during SCW structures implementation. Therefore, the study suggests training and continuous follow up during and after implementation should be given by government and non-governmental organization.
Plant biomass is a major source of energy for rural households in Ethiopia. Nevertheless, the hea... more Plant biomass is a major source of energy for rural households in Ethiopia. Nevertheless, the heavy reliance on this form of energy is a threat to forest ecosystems and a root cause for accelerated land degradation. Due to the increasing scarcity of fuel wood resources, rural communities have shifted to utilization of crop residues which important resources for soil fertility improvement. Therefore, this study was focused on assessment of woody and non woody fuel biomass resources availability and the rate of consumption in the Somodo model watershed. A survey was conducted in the Somodo model watershed, using a semi-structured questionnaire and focus group discussions for primary data collection. The data was analyzed by using SPSS version 16. The household survey result shows that, the main source of energy in both improved fuel saving stove user and non-user were fuel wood, crop residue and coffee husk for cooking activities. With regard to annual energy consumption, the amount of energy consumed by improved stove non-user is twice higher than improved fuel saving stove user. In addition, the result indicates that both groups (improve fuel saving stove user and non-user) mainly got fuel wood from forest found around their home and from their own farmlands. Hence, the pressure on woody biomass in both groups implies the absence of electricity in the model watershed and this is one of the major factors of exploiting forest resources. As a result, forest resource degradation is the primary threats. Therefore, the study suggests that government and nongovernmental organizations should provide alternative energy sources that can simplify the pressure on the forest resources in the area. 1. INTRODUCTION Renewable energy can support countries to achieve their policy objective for affordable energy to expand electricity access and promote overall growth. As economies develop and become more complex, energy needs increase greatly. From supply point of view, biomass is a renewable energy source because its supplies or endowment are not limited. In the other words, As long as, we grow trees and crops, and waste will always exist. That's why biomass is defined as the term for all organic material that stems from plants. It is produced by green plants converting sunlight into plant material through photosynthesis and includes all organic wastes. Different studies verdict that biomass is the most common form of renewable energy, widely used in the third world countries. According to Kambewa and Chiwaula (2010) report, biomass services exclusive energy source for developing countries. Dunkerely (1981) also summarize in his research that biomass accounts a high proportion of gross national energy consumption at household level. In Ethiopia, Plant biomass fuel is a major source of energy for rural parts and it contributes about 95% of the country's total energy, of which woody biomass provides 82% (EFAP,1993). Though, the heavy reliance on biomass energy has become a threat to forest ecosystems and a major cause of land degradation (Kassahun et al., 2013). As fuel wood resources become scarce, Ethiopian rural communities are left with no alternative source of energy other than depending on locally available resources. According to FAO, in Ethiopia, the supplies of fuel wood are inadequate to meet the existing demand. In developing countries, about 10 million hectares of forest loss in each year as a result of fuel wood collection (FAO, 2010). Due to this reason, fuel wood scarcity and increasing firewood cost become a common phenomenon and crop residue and animal dung are being substituted for fuel wood. In the contrary, this substitution reduces the availability of valuable soil nutrients and hence reduces soil fertility, contributing to reduction of agricultural production (Bewket, 2003). The practice of using crop residue and cattle dung for fuel resource has potential for consequently affecting soil nutrient stocks. The extent to which such widespread use of biomass as fuel energy sources has affected the level of nutrient stocks in the watersheds of Ethiopia remains uncertain. Inefficiency in utilization of energy resources are the other huge problem in the country. The research work by Peter confirmed that traditional energy usage and cooking on open fire stove are contributing to high level of biomass resource extraction and consumption and leads to inefficient utilizations (Peter, 2002). The inefficient utilization use of biomass has directly linked to deforestation, indoor air pollution and decline in agricultural production. Therefore, the objective of this study is to assess the availability of woody and non woody fuel biomass resources, Utilization efficiency, transformation technologies and the rate of consumption in the Somodo model watershed southwestern Ethiopia.
Agricultural Research & Technology: Open Access Journal, 2019
Soil erosion is natural phenomena and is modified by biophysical environment comprising soil, cli... more Soil erosion is natural phenomena and is modified by biophysical environment comprising soil, climate, terrain, ground cover and their interactions. Due to different factors, it is difficult to make watershed management successful in all areas at one time. Because of this, prioritization of sub watershed is very important for soil conservation planning and implementation. In Somodo watershed more than five years different soil and water conservation technologies were implemented and satisfactory result was not recorded. In this aspect, it is important to consider further watershed management planning., This study therefore investigated soil erosion risk assessment using GIS and USLE model for soil and water conservation in Somodo watershed southwestern Ethiopia with the aim of estimating soil erosion rate and identify soil erosion hot pot areas through prioritization of sub watershed in Somodo watershed by the help of GIS based USLE model. Both primary and secondary data sources wer...
Watershed is not simply the hydrological unit but also socio- political and ecological entity whi... more Watershed is not simply the hydrological unit but also socio- political and ecological entity which plays crucial role in determining food, social, and economical security and provides life support services to rural people and its management through integrated participatory approach is useful strategies for reducing poverty, improving livelihood resilience and sustainability. Integrated and sustainable watershed management is an effective way to address complex water and land resource challenges and its implementation has not been successful in most countries including Ethiopia. Also there is no enough understanding on integrated watershed management in most parts of the country including South-Western part of Ethiopia. This paper mainly aimed to assess the suitability, acceptability and impact of participatory integrated watershed management at Somodo experimental watershed. Primary data was obtained through semi-structured questionnaires and group discussion with experimental grou...
Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare, 2016
The use of locally available, nutrient rich organic sources is an effective means for improving s... more The use of locally available, nutrient rich organic sources is an effective means for improving soil fertility and increasing crop yield in view of the escalating cost of inorganic fertilizers and low fertilizer use efficiency of crops in Ethiopia. This study was conducted in Sebeta Hawas Woreda with the objective of comparing the effectiveness of bio-slurry and inorganic fertilizer on soil properties, growth and yield of white cabbage. Laboratory analysis and field experiment were done on bio-slurry in liquid and composted form to determine the nutrient content and effect of bio-slurry and inorganic fertilizer on plant height, number of leaves, head yield and nutrient content of cabbage as well as physical and chemical properties of the soil. The maximum plant height (cm) was obtained from T6 (recommended dose of inorganic fertilizer (RDIF) + biogas slurry compost (BGSC) at (8ton/ha), while the lowest plant height (cm) was recorded in T1 (control). Cabbage plants treated with T7...
Soil erosion is natural phenomena and is modified by biophysical environment comprising soil, cli... more Soil erosion is natural phenomena and is modified by biophysical environment comprising soil, climate, terrain, ground cover and their interactions. Due to different factors, it is difficult to make watershed management successful in all areas at one time. Because of this, prioritization of sub watershed is very important for soil conservation planning and implementation. In Somodo watershed more than five years different soil and water conservation technologies were implemented and satisfactory result was not recorded. In this aspect, it is important to consider further watershed management planning., This study therefore investigated soil erosion risk assessment using GIS and USLE model for soil and water conservation in Somodo watershed southwestern Ethiopia with the aim of estimating soil erosion rate and identify soil erosion hot pot areas through prioritization of sub watershed in Somodo watershed by the help of GIS based USLE model. Both primary and secondary data sources wer...
This study was conducted in Sebeta Hawas Woreda with the objective of assessing socio-economic fe... more This study was conducted in Sebeta Hawas Woreda with the objective of assessing socio-economic feasibility and environmental contribution of bio-slurry. The questionnaire survey was conducted to obtain information on the family size, number of cattle, type of fertilizer used, the amount of money saved by biogas using households when replacing chemical fertilizer with bio-slurry, bio-slurry storage and management, household yield increment and perception of soil fertility improvement by using bio-slurry as organic fertilizer. Bio-slurry is environment friendly as mentioned by 92 % respondents and 80.8 percent of the bio-slurry users save 1000-2000 ETB per year and 19.2% save 2000-3000 ETB per year. Keywords: bio-slurry, fertilizer, environment
This study was conducted in Somodo Watershed to investigate the land-use practices and its effect... more This study was conducted in Somodo Watershed to investigate the land-use practices and its effect on species diversity and selected soil properties. Field observation was carried out to identify existing land-use practices following a transect line. A total of 20 plots (10 × 10) m 2 were sampled from plots exhibiting different land-use practices found in the watershed in order to evaluate species richness and diversity. Soil samples were also collected from each plot. The soil samples were analyzed following standard laboratory procedures. The result of the analysis showed that there was a significant difference (p<0.05) in species diversity and richness among different land-use practices. Coffea arabica was dominant in homestead gardens and natural forests while Grevillea robusta showed had maximum richness in plantations and farm forests in the Watershed. Furthermore, home garden agroforestry practice was significantly (p<0.05) affected soil pH compared to other land-use sys...