Ephrem Shimelis | Addis Ababa University (original) (raw)

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Papers by Ephrem Shimelis

Research paper thumbnail of Isolation of Common Calves Diarrhoea Causing Bacterial and Protozoal Enteropathogen and Associated Risk Factors from the Dairy Farms in and Around Assela Town Arsi Zone, Oromia Regional State of Ethiopia

South Asian research journal of agriculture and fisheries, Oct 4, 2023

Calf morbidity and mortality resulted from diarrhea hinder the replacement of older cows by calve... more Calf morbidity and mortality resulted from diarrhea hinder the replacement of older cows by calves and lower economic benefit from the secretor in Ethiopia. Bacterial and Protozoal infectious disease were the main causes of calves' diarrhea in dairy farms. The aim of the current study was conducted to isolate calf's diarrhea causing Bacterial and Protozoal infection and asses the risk factors associated with it in and around the Assela town. Accordingly, 26 small, medium, and large-scale dairy farms were purposively selected for collection of faecal and serum samples and risk factors related information diarrhoeic calves. From 108 calves, 2 × 10 g of feces and 10 mL of jugular blood from each calf were collected. Bacterial culturing and serodiagnosis and protozoal microscopic examination were conducted. From 26 small, medium, and large dairy farms in the Assela region were investigated for the percentage of significant enteropathogens in diarrhoeal calves over six months. They contained proportions of E. coli, Eimeria, Cryptosporidium, Giardia and Salmonella Typhimurium of 55 (50.9%), 42 (38.9%), 23, 8 (7.4%) and 3'(2.8%), respectively. All risk factors assessed had equal impact on the occurrence of Enteropathogen hence there was no significant difference among them (P-value > 0.05). the high calf Diarrhea causing Enteropathogen rates established in this study together with the alarming predictors of calf morbidity entail attention by the concerning bodies on proper management and improved health care to reduce the incidence of Calves diarrhea.

Research paper thumbnail of Isolation of salmonella from goats slaughtered at export abattoirs in Bishoftu town

International journal of biology sciences, 2023

Research paper thumbnail of Occurrence, molecular characterization and antibiogram of water quality indicator bacteria in river water serving a water treatment plant

Science of The Total Environment, 2011

Background and Objectives: Klang River is a 120 km long extremely polluted river with 11 major tr... more Background and Objectives: Klang River is a 120 km long extremely polluted river with 11 major tributaries. The pollution is due to the areas where the water passes through. The aims of this research were to identify multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter aerogenes, phenotypically identify their resistance induced traits, and to determine the molecular characterisation of these strains. Methods: In this research, 30 water samples were collected from different sites along Klang River, their physical properties and biological oxygen demand were estimated. The gram negative multidrug resistant (MDR) strains were isolated, Hodge test, Double Disk Synergy Test and Disk Potentiation Test were done to identify the cause of their resistance induced traits, and plasmid DNA profiling was carried out. Results: One multidrug resistant (MDR) P. aeruginosa strain was isolated from the 30 samples, it was a non-carbapenemase and metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) producing strain. 9 E. aerogenes carbapenemase and MBL producing strains were identified, 6 of them were MDR, after extracting the bacteria plasmid DNA, it was confirmed that the bacteria were within the same range as that of control bacterium (marker). Conclusion: Multidrug resistant P. aeruginosa and E. aerogenes were present in the water samples and they had similarly sized DNA fragments to control bacterium.

Research paper thumbnail of Occurrence and risk factors associated with antimicrobial resistance of E. coli

International journal of bioscience and biochemistry, 2024

Research paper thumbnail of Production of Polyclonal Antibodies (IgY) Against Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Serotype: O, A and Sat-2) in Ethiopia by Using Layer Hens

The use of chickens as experimental animals in laboratory for polyclonal antibody (IgY) productio... more The use of chickens as experimental animals in laboratory for polyclonal antibody (IgY) production has increased in recent times, as its specificities to mammalian antigen, animal welfare (non-invasively extracted from egg yolk), high antibody per ml, very low cost and short turnover of production. The present study was aimed to produce IgY polyclonal antibody against the three Foot-and-Mouth disease viruses' serotypes (O, A and SAT2) in Ethiopia by immunization of laying hens with the locally inactivated the same serotypes of Foot-and-Mouth disease viruses. At day 14, 21 and 28 post immunization, the eggs and serum were collected and the IgY polyclonal antibodies were extracted from the chicken egg yolk by using Polyethylene Glycol (PEG 6000g) precipitation method. The presence of the IgY polyclonal antibodies against the selected Foot-and-Mouth disease viruses' serotypes were detected by the Prio-CHECK® FMDV NSP-ELISA kits), in which the mean percent

Research paper thumbnail of Isolation and antimicrobial sensitivity test of Salmonella isolates from selected intensive dairy farms in Bishoftu town, Central Ethiopia

Research paper thumbnail of Diagnostic Overview of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Viruse (FMDV)

Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the highly contagious diseases of domestic animals. Sensit... more Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the highly contagious diseases of domestic animals. Sensitive, specific, and quick detection of FMD virus antigens and antibodies is an essential corner stone diagnostic tool at each tier of control strategy. Continued development of molecular and genetic technologies combined with novel analytical techniques will benefit many areas of FMD research and understanding. Genome sequencing provides excellent insight into the evolutionary and epidemiological dynamics of such viruses. The advent of next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies enables evolutionary studies of the entire viral swarm. Sequencing technologies have advanced uses of viral genomic data; which helps to understand the global distribution and Trans-boundary movements of Foot-and-mouth virus disease. Also sequencing information can be used to understand antigenic change within virus strains; therefore, the aim of this review is to assess various diagnostic techniques including conventional and advanced techniques both from agent and host response sides. Among the agent side virus isolation, RT-PCR, antigen ELISA and immune-chromatography strips are commonly used diagnostic tests. Whereas from the host side: infrared thermo gram, antibody ELISA and Virus neutralization are some mentions. Owing to current technological advancement: DNA sequencing and microarray, expressing a luciferase reporter and quantitative proteomics were reviewed. Therefore, potential confirmatory diagnostic test should be in combination with each other.

Research paper thumbnail of Diagnostic Overview of Foot-And-Mouth Disease Viruse (FMDV)

South Asian Research Journal of Agriculture and Fisheries

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the highly contagious diseases of domestic animals. Sensit... more Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the highly contagious diseases of domestic animals. Sensitive, specific, and quick detection of FMD virus antigens and antibodies is an essential corner stone diagnostic tool at each tier of control strategy. Continued development of molecular and genetic technologies combined with novel analytical techniques will benefit many areas of FMD research and understanding. Genome sequencing provides excellent insight into the evolutionary and epidemiological dynamics of such viruses. The advent of next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies enables evolutionary studies of the entire viral swarm. Sequencing technologies have advanced uses of viral genomic data; which helps to understand the global distribution and Trans-boundary movements of Foot-and-mouth virus disease. Also sequencing information can be used to understand antigenic change within virus strains; therefore, the aim of this review is to assess various diagnostic techniques including co...

Research paper thumbnail of Isolation and Antimicrobial Sensitivity Testing of Escherichia coli from Fish Meat Retailing Shops of Mekelle City, Ethiopia

Momona Ethiopian Journal of Science, 2019

The present study was conducted for the period of six months, September, 2016 to February, 2017 s... more The present study was conducted for the period of six months, September, 2016 to February, 2017 so as to isolate and identify Escherichia (E.coli) from fresh fish samples collected from four different retailing shops in Mekelle city and determine the antibiotic resistance pattern of isolated bacteria. Isolation and identification of E.coli and antibiotic sensitivity test were performed following the standard microbiological techniques. The antibiotic resistance patterns of the E.coli isolates were tested against 6 different antibiotics, namely Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin, Gentamicin and Streptomycin. Accordingly, out of the total 96 fish samples collected and analyzed, 9(9.4%) were positive for E.coli following the primary and secondary biochemical test results. Out of the four fish meat retailing shops, the highest and statistically significant prevalence (P=0.001) of E.coli was recorded in shop III as 5(20.8%) followed by shop II as 4(16.7%).Furthermore, re...

Research paper thumbnail of Extraction, Purification and invitro Challenging of IgY of Commercial Chicken Eggs with the Newcastle Disease

Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research

The IgY immunoglobulin originated from chicken egg yolk plays a significant roles in diagnosis an... more The IgY immunoglobulin originated from chicken egg yolk plays a significant roles in diagnosis and vaccine production for viral, bacterial and assess the occurrence of parasites in animals, however, its usage as an alternative source to a mammalian antibody production that causing stress, scare, injure to serum collector and bleeding during blood collection, expensive price using mammals, and low antibody concentration in comparation with egg yolk; so that the using in medical and veterinary was limited. The aim of these experimental training was to extract, purify and in vitro challenging of IgY of commercial chicken eggs with the Newcastle disease in order to produce chicken egg yolk antibody against the Foot-and-Mouth disease in Ethiopia that may use for the development's diagnostic kits and vaccine production. From the six-chicken egg yolk purchased from supermarket, the IgY was extracted by polyethylene glycol (600mg), its protein concentration was measured by 280nm spectrophotometer and the resulted the protein content ranged from 2.45624 to 3.635 in mg/ ml. the purity of the extracted IgY were measured by 10%SDS-PAGE and the reactivity against the Newcastle disease were obtained at 19.72-39.53 and 60.53-67.57 kDa bands respectively representing light and heavy chains. The neutralization ability of the extracted IgY was also determined by hemagglutination inhibition test by using RBC collected from the chickens and the result revealed that the antibody titer of yolk was different significantly (P<0.05) in the collected eggs in which the range of HI-titers in Reciprocal of Log2 was 3 to 8. The experiment performed was given a promise that the chicken can be an alternative to the mammalian antibody production for developing diagnostic kit and vaccine production without causing the bleeding, stress and injured the animal from which serum can be collected.

Research paper thumbnail of Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistant Status of E. Coli in Commercial Chicken Eggs in Bishoftu, Shwa, Central Ethiopia

Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research

Research paper thumbnail of Prevalence of mastitis causing Streptococcus in selected farms in Bishoftu Town, East Shewa, Central Ethiopia

International Journal of Biology Sciences

Research paper thumbnail of Isolation of Common Calves Diarrhoea Causing Bacterial and Protozoal Enteropathogen and Associated Risk Factors from the Dairy Farms in and Around Assela Town Arsi Zone, Oromia Regional State of Ethiopia

South Asian research journal of agriculture and fisheries, Oct 4, 2023

Calf morbidity and mortality resulted from diarrhea hinder the replacement of older cows by calve... more Calf morbidity and mortality resulted from diarrhea hinder the replacement of older cows by calves and lower economic benefit from the secretor in Ethiopia. Bacterial and Protozoal infectious disease were the main causes of calves' diarrhea in dairy farms. The aim of the current study was conducted to isolate calf's diarrhea causing Bacterial and Protozoal infection and asses the risk factors associated with it in and around the Assela town. Accordingly, 26 small, medium, and large-scale dairy farms were purposively selected for collection of faecal and serum samples and risk factors related information diarrhoeic calves. From 108 calves, 2 × 10 g of feces and 10 mL of jugular blood from each calf were collected. Bacterial culturing and serodiagnosis and protozoal microscopic examination were conducted. From 26 small, medium, and large dairy farms in the Assela region were investigated for the percentage of significant enteropathogens in diarrhoeal calves over six months. They contained proportions of E. coli, Eimeria, Cryptosporidium, Giardia and Salmonella Typhimurium of 55 (50.9%), 42 (38.9%), 23, 8 (7.4%) and 3'(2.8%), respectively. All risk factors assessed had equal impact on the occurrence of Enteropathogen hence there was no significant difference among them (P-value > 0.05). the high calf Diarrhea causing Enteropathogen rates established in this study together with the alarming predictors of calf morbidity entail attention by the concerning bodies on proper management and improved health care to reduce the incidence of Calves diarrhea.

Research paper thumbnail of Isolation of salmonella from goats slaughtered at export abattoirs in Bishoftu town

International journal of biology sciences, 2023

Research paper thumbnail of Occurrence, molecular characterization and antibiogram of water quality indicator bacteria in river water serving a water treatment plant

Science of The Total Environment, 2011

Background and Objectives: Klang River is a 120 km long extremely polluted river with 11 major tr... more Background and Objectives: Klang River is a 120 km long extremely polluted river with 11 major tributaries. The pollution is due to the areas where the water passes through. The aims of this research were to identify multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter aerogenes, phenotypically identify their resistance induced traits, and to determine the molecular characterisation of these strains. Methods: In this research, 30 water samples were collected from different sites along Klang River, their physical properties and biological oxygen demand were estimated. The gram negative multidrug resistant (MDR) strains were isolated, Hodge test, Double Disk Synergy Test and Disk Potentiation Test were done to identify the cause of their resistance induced traits, and plasmid DNA profiling was carried out. Results: One multidrug resistant (MDR) P. aeruginosa strain was isolated from the 30 samples, it was a non-carbapenemase and metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) producing strain. 9 E. aerogenes carbapenemase and MBL producing strains were identified, 6 of them were MDR, after extracting the bacteria plasmid DNA, it was confirmed that the bacteria were within the same range as that of control bacterium (marker). Conclusion: Multidrug resistant P. aeruginosa and E. aerogenes were present in the water samples and they had similarly sized DNA fragments to control bacterium.

Research paper thumbnail of Occurrence and risk factors associated with antimicrobial resistance of E. coli

International journal of bioscience and biochemistry, 2024

Research paper thumbnail of Production of Polyclonal Antibodies (IgY) Against Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Serotype: O, A and Sat-2) in Ethiopia by Using Layer Hens

The use of chickens as experimental animals in laboratory for polyclonal antibody (IgY) productio... more The use of chickens as experimental animals in laboratory for polyclonal antibody (IgY) production has increased in recent times, as its specificities to mammalian antigen, animal welfare (non-invasively extracted from egg yolk), high antibody per ml, very low cost and short turnover of production. The present study was aimed to produce IgY polyclonal antibody against the three Foot-and-Mouth disease viruses' serotypes (O, A and SAT2) in Ethiopia by immunization of laying hens with the locally inactivated the same serotypes of Foot-and-Mouth disease viruses. At day 14, 21 and 28 post immunization, the eggs and serum were collected and the IgY polyclonal antibodies were extracted from the chicken egg yolk by using Polyethylene Glycol (PEG 6000g) precipitation method. The presence of the IgY polyclonal antibodies against the selected Foot-and-Mouth disease viruses' serotypes were detected by the Prio-CHECK® FMDV NSP-ELISA kits), in which the mean percent

Research paper thumbnail of Isolation and antimicrobial sensitivity test of Salmonella isolates from selected intensive dairy farms in Bishoftu town, Central Ethiopia

Research paper thumbnail of Diagnostic Overview of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Viruse (FMDV)

Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the highly contagious diseases of domestic animals. Sensit... more Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the highly contagious diseases of domestic animals. Sensitive, specific, and quick detection of FMD virus antigens and antibodies is an essential corner stone diagnostic tool at each tier of control strategy. Continued development of molecular and genetic technologies combined with novel analytical techniques will benefit many areas of FMD research and understanding. Genome sequencing provides excellent insight into the evolutionary and epidemiological dynamics of such viruses. The advent of next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies enables evolutionary studies of the entire viral swarm. Sequencing technologies have advanced uses of viral genomic data; which helps to understand the global distribution and Trans-boundary movements of Foot-and-mouth virus disease. Also sequencing information can be used to understand antigenic change within virus strains; therefore, the aim of this review is to assess various diagnostic techniques including conventional and advanced techniques both from agent and host response sides. Among the agent side virus isolation, RT-PCR, antigen ELISA and immune-chromatography strips are commonly used diagnostic tests. Whereas from the host side: infrared thermo gram, antibody ELISA and Virus neutralization are some mentions. Owing to current technological advancement: DNA sequencing and microarray, expressing a luciferase reporter and quantitative proteomics were reviewed. Therefore, potential confirmatory diagnostic test should be in combination with each other.

Research paper thumbnail of Diagnostic Overview of Foot-And-Mouth Disease Viruse (FMDV)

South Asian Research Journal of Agriculture and Fisheries

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the highly contagious diseases of domestic animals. Sensit... more Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the highly contagious diseases of domestic animals. Sensitive, specific, and quick detection of FMD virus antigens and antibodies is an essential corner stone diagnostic tool at each tier of control strategy. Continued development of molecular and genetic technologies combined with novel analytical techniques will benefit many areas of FMD research and understanding. Genome sequencing provides excellent insight into the evolutionary and epidemiological dynamics of such viruses. The advent of next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies enables evolutionary studies of the entire viral swarm. Sequencing technologies have advanced uses of viral genomic data; which helps to understand the global distribution and Trans-boundary movements of Foot-and-mouth virus disease. Also sequencing information can be used to understand antigenic change within virus strains; therefore, the aim of this review is to assess various diagnostic techniques including co...

Research paper thumbnail of Isolation and Antimicrobial Sensitivity Testing of Escherichia coli from Fish Meat Retailing Shops of Mekelle City, Ethiopia

Momona Ethiopian Journal of Science, 2019

The present study was conducted for the period of six months, September, 2016 to February, 2017 s... more The present study was conducted for the period of six months, September, 2016 to February, 2017 so as to isolate and identify Escherichia (E.coli) from fresh fish samples collected from four different retailing shops in Mekelle city and determine the antibiotic resistance pattern of isolated bacteria. Isolation and identification of E.coli and antibiotic sensitivity test were performed following the standard microbiological techniques. The antibiotic resistance patterns of the E.coli isolates were tested against 6 different antibiotics, namely Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin, Gentamicin and Streptomycin. Accordingly, out of the total 96 fish samples collected and analyzed, 9(9.4%) were positive for E.coli following the primary and secondary biochemical test results. Out of the four fish meat retailing shops, the highest and statistically significant prevalence (P=0.001) of E.coli was recorded in shop III as 5(20.8%) followed by shop II as 4(16.7%).Furthermore, re...

Research paper thumbnail of Extraction, Purification and invitro Challenging of IgY of Commercial Chicken Eggs with the Newcastle Disease

Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research

The IgY immunoglobulin originated from chicken egg yolk plays a significant roles in diagnosis an... more The IgY immunoglobulin originated from chicken egg yolk plays a significant roles in diagnosis and vaccine production for viral, bacterial and assess the occurrence of parasites in animals, however, its usage as an alternative source to a mammalian antibody production that causing stress, scare, injure to serum collector and bleeding during blood collection, expensive price using mammals, and low antibody concentration in comparation with egg yolk; so that the using in medical and veterinary was limited. The aim of these experimental training was to extract, purify and in vitro challenging of IgY of commercial chicken eggs with the Newcastle disease in order to produce chicken egg yolk antibody against the Foot-and-Mouth disease in Ethiopia that may use for the development's diagnostic kits and vaccine production. From the six-chicken egg yolk purchased from supermarket, the IgY was extracted by polyethylene glycol (600mg), its protein concentration was measured by 280nm spectrophotometer and the resulted the protein content ranged from 2.45624 to 3.635 in mg/ ml. the purity of the extracted IgY were measured by 10%SDS-PAGE and the reactivity against the Newcastle disease were obtained at 19.72-39.53 and 60.53-67.57 kDa bands respectively representing light and heavy chains. The neutralization ability of the extracted IgY was also determined by hemagglutination inhibition test by using RBC collected from the chickens and the result revealed that the antibody titer of yolk was different significantly (P<0.05) in the collected eggs in which the range of HI-titers in Reciprocal of Log2 was 3 to 8. The experiment performed was given a promise that the chicken can be an alternative to the mammalian antibody production for developing diagnostic kit and vaccine production without causing the bleeding, stress and injured the animal from which serum can be collected.

Research paper thumbnail of Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistant Status of E. Coli in Commercial Chicken Eggs in Bishoftu, Shwa, Central Ethiopia

Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research

Research paper thumbnail of Prevalence of mastitis causing Streptococcus in selected farms in Bishoftu Town, East Shewa, Central Ethiopia

International Journal of Biology Sciences