Prof. Dr. Nur Çetin | Ahi Evran University (original) (raw)

Papers by Prof. Dr. Nur Çetin

DergiPark (Istanbul University), May 12, 2023

Research Square (Research Square), Dec 13, 2022

Research Square (Research Square), Dec 13, 2022

Historical and Geographical Information about the Exploration of the Caspian Sea in Cartographic Materials, 2022

The article provides a brief overview of the historical and geographical data on the Caspian Sea ... more The article provides a brief overview of the historical and geographical data on the Caspian Sea and traces the change in the name of the sea at different stages of history. The study is based on the work of scientists from Russia, Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan. The purpose of the work was to reveal the reasons for the change of sea names and the history of the formation of the marine scientific map in connection with the expeditions organized by Peter the Great in the early 18th century. The authors analyzed historical research and made an attempt to systematize cartographic materials and data from antiquity, the Middle Ages and modern times. The history of the Caspian and its adjacent territories has been a subject of debate since the time of Greek logographers in the ancient world, and historical research of the Caspian Sea continues to the present day. Since ancient times, the Caspian coast has been inhabited by many peoples, becoming a crossroads for the interaction of various cultures; in the late Middle Ages, the Caspian Sea played an important role, being located along the world trade transit known as the Great Silk Road. In the new era, competition for control over the Caspian Sea between states intensified, but as a result of the militarypolitical actions of Peter I, the sea became a de facto geographical object of the Russian Empire, and then the Soviet Union. However, after the collapse of the USSR at the end of the 20th century, the Caspian Sea, which has a geographically convenient location and rich resources, reappeared on the historical arena as one of the most important geopolitical issues.

ULUSLARARASI UYUŞTURUCU TİCARETİNDE AFGANİSTAN’IN YERİ VE ROLÜ, 2022

Unable to provide stability, Afghanistan has become a failed state in the international system. O... more Unable to provide stability, Afghanistan has become a failed state in the international system. Opium cultivation and trade were supported due to the lack of political stability, lack of central authority, economic inadequacies, social injustice, foreign interventions and income injustice, especially during the Taliban era.
Most of the world's opium needs are obtained from Afghanistan. Afghanistan, which has a major role in opium trade and cultivation, is considered a regional threat with its trade routes and its current unstable
structure. In Afghanistan, which entered the restructuring process after the Taliban, it is necessary to support agriculture, create new workforce opportunities and ensure political stability in order to prevent
opium cultivation and trade.
In this study, the geopolitical importance of Afghanistan and the occupations it has experienced are discussed within the framework of the concept of a failed state in the axis of history and space, and the reasons for being a failed state and what needs to be done are discussed. Opium production, which was triggered by the fragmentation in the socio-cultural structure, foreign interventions and social inadequacies, was used as a financial resource. What happened during and after the Taliban period, the
state of war and the pursuit of finance, the lack of authority and control, corruption and state policies have made Afghanistan dependent on foreign aid, and has placed it in the first place in the world's opium
trade.

21. YÜZYILDA BÜTÜN BOYUTLARIYLA ÇİN HALK CUMHURİYETİ. 2. CİLT. Bölüm adı: ÇIN-KAZAKISTAN İLIŞKILERI: ÇOK BOYUTLU BIR ANALIZ, 2022

Kazakhstan, the largest state in Central Asia, is located between two global powers like China an... more Kazakhstan, the largest state in Central Asia, is located between two global powers like China and Russia. In addition to having rich natural resources, especially oil, gas and uranium, the fact that Kazakhstan is on the route of the One Belt initiative launched in 2013 shows the importance of the geopolitical position of the country for China. In the framework of multi-vector foreign policy, Kazakhstan is Russia’s closest partner in this region and a good partner of Western countries and the United States, while China is now Kazakhstan’s largest trading partner and investment source.
The announcement of the One Belt initiative in Astana, the capital of Kazakhstan, in 2013 shows that Kazakhstan is the crucial point for the realization of the One Belt initiative that will encompass the whole world and the importance China attaches to this country. It is the most economical, safe and efficient choice for China to provide the necessary resources, especially oil, uranium and natural gas, from rich Kazakhstan, for the energy resources that need increasing day by day for China’s stable growth.
The modern People’s Republic of China, which attaches great importance to its relations with Kazakhstan, which is a neighbour in terms of energy resources, national security (Xinjiang region) and national interests, has established diplomatic, political, economic, commercial, energy, security and cultural relations based on the principles of good neighbourliness and
friendship, which are always emphasized in bilateral relations.
This study will discuss the relations established between Kazakhstan and China after 1991. In this context, the interests of the country, diplomatic and political relations between the two countries, economic and commercial relations, relations on investments and energy, military
cooperation, culture and education relations, as well as problematic issues in bilateral relations, will be examined.

BULLETIN OF THE KARAGANDA UNIVERSITY, 2020

This article analyzes the sources related to the cultural heritage of Central Asian Turks mainly ... more This article analyzes the sources related to the cultural heritage of Central Asian Turks mainly from the 19th century. The main sources were collected and studied at the National Library of Uzbekistan, which is the most complete collection of materials on the cultural and historical heritage of Central Asian Turks. The most interesting information on the cultural heritage of Kazakhstan is available in the collection of documents and photographs like V.I. Mezhova’s «Collection of Turkestan», A.L. Kuhn’s «Album Turkestan» Archive Office of the Turkestan Governor-General; as well as a collection of «Turkestan region» of A.G. Serebrennikov.
The collection of Turkestan is the written source of the cultural heritage of Central Asian Turks in the 19th century. Leafing through the pages of the collection the volume after volume, we can restore the entire life of
the region in detail on the state of socio-economic development, the study of the productive forces, the rich resources to the study of the historical past, life, traditions, customs and character of the people who inhabited the region, the theatre of military events, conquests and liberation wars, as well as get acquainted with the research works.

Journal of history, 2020

The article examines one of the participants of the Alash Orda movement, Seidazim Kulmukhameduly ... more The article examines one of the participants of the Alash Orda movement, Seidazim Kulmukhameduly Kadyrbayev’s life, place of birth, student life, Social and political activities, specialization in the legal field and creative work in this area which seeks to create a national state in the early twentieth century. In addition, the article refers to Kadyrbayev’s translations into the legal sphere, Kadyrbayev’s contribution to the development of the Kazakh judicial system, criminal law and production. The researcher believes that in order to reveal the role of the Torgai lawyer and Kazakh intelligence Seidazim Kadyrbayev in the history of Kazakhstan and its activities on the way to creating a national state, it is necessary to study from the source point of view.
When writing the article, periodical materials, scientific literature materials, as well as archival documents that were not included in scientific circulation were compared with each other and used for scientific analysis.

II. Uluslararası Türk Halklarının Felsefi Mirası Sempozyumu, 2019

In 1991, Turkic people gained independence that led to enormous changes in Kazakh history. In Kaz... more In 1991, Turkic people gained independence that led to enormous changes in Kazakh history. In Kazakh history many issues were not discussed in details because ıt was censored by the Soviet Union, and were hidden in archives. But after the independence materials became available and discussions on these issues started. The historical researches conducted in Kazakhstan during the Soviet Union, were in accordance with the ideology of the Communist regime and mostly covered the history of the Communist Party and the history of the Soviet period that was written in terms of Marxist-Leninist view. For example, there was not mentioned exploitative politics towards Kazakh people during the Soviet Union. Kazakh national struggle against Russia's colonial policy was regarded as Bourgeois nationalist action, or the subject was left without any mention.

Like all nations that became independent after the abolition of Soviet Union censorship, Kazakhs began to revise and reassess their history. On the first place, the most difficult and painful period of the Turkic people, the XXth Century history began to be discussed. İn this period many losses were given, the national state was established and dispelled by the Soviet Government, the Turkish unity was tried to be destroyed.

Since the academic year 1989-1990, the course History of Kazakhstan has been included as a compulsory course in Kazakhstan schools. As a result of scientific research conducted in the first years of independent Kazakhstan, the history of Kazakh national struggle, the history of political social struggle in the early 20th century, history of formation of Kazakh intellectuals and development of Soviet power in Kazakhstan, liquidation of Kazakh intellectuals, old assessments of collectivisation issues have been re-considered from a new perspective.
For the development of national consciousness and state, it is necessary to reveal the facts by examining the contradictory and dark pages of history. Thus, correct information and historical truths will be delivered to future generations.
In this paper, Kazakh history studies and the struggle of the scientists during the Soviet Union will be discussed and the issue of rewriting the history of Kazakhstan through the “National Filter” will be scrutinized.

EAST-WEST DİALOGUE, Individual and Society through Ages, 2019

The Bolshevik Revolution and the establishment of the Soviet Union in Russia had influenced the h... more The Bolshevik Revolution and the establishment of the Soviet Union in Russia had influenced the history of Eurasia. Kazakhstan is one of the Central Asian countries influenced by the Soviet Revolution. Kazakhstan is situated in the heart of Eurasia and is neigbour to Russia. The main aim of the Soviet Union’s ideological and social policy was to dismantle all local people from their roots and create the "Homo Soveticus" based on Russian culture and language.
By this work I underline the main purpose of the important political and social reforms in Sovyet Kazakhstan was to influence and change the social texture, in terms of social, demographic and cultural changes will be discussed. The 20th century affected the ‘social plant’ of the Soviet Kazakhstan. In addition to the ‘social plant’, demographic and cultural changes in Kazakhstan were revealed during that period.

Siyasi, Sosyal ve Kültürel Yönleriyle Türkiye ve Rusya, 2019

With the collapse of the USSR in 1991, significant changes have been done in the foreign policy o... more With the collapse of the USSR in 1991, significant changes have been done in the foreign policy of the Russian Federation. Following the failure of the Atlantics line in its foreign policy, in 1993 with the Doctrine of the Near Environment, it attempted to boost its power in Eurasian region. Within the framework of this doctrine, it will be given priority its national security and started to closely follow all kind of developments in its immediate environment. The main purpose of the Russian Federation is to protect the borders of the country, ensure that any regional instability and increase its effectiveness in immediate surroundings, also including Central Asia.
During Putin period Russia, which began to regain the power used for monitored with security policies at the time to pick up again for “super power” in the way to becoming viewed as permanent target goal in the region of central Asia, which includes Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan. Central Asia, which is located in the south of Russia and in the center of Eurasia has oil and gas resources and the rising power to the east is China and the most unstable region Uighur area, which is bounded in the South with the unstable countries like Afghanistan and Eurasian continent flanking addition to being at the intersection of great powers like Russia, China, India and Iran has made this region one of the most strategic regions of the world. Central Asia is the buffer zone for Russia’s national security. It is so important for Russia in bilateral and multiple relationships, Russia’s Central Asian policy is shaped through national security.
This study will examine the role and importance of Central Asia in Russia’s national security policies through the National Security Concepts adopted by the Russian Federation since 1991.

MODERN TRENDS IN DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE: PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES, 2019

The article discusses the role of the language in the process of national development and its imp... more The article discusses the role of the language in the process of national
development and its importance as one of the crucial elements of soft power in world politics. The paper emphasizes that language is the most effective and sustainable method of influencing on national values. Also, usage of the language as a tool of soft power is illustrated with examples.

IDENTITY AND DIALOGUE IN THE ERA OF GLOBALIZATION, 2019

Turkic Republics of Central Asia and Azerbaijan gained independence as a result of collapse of th... more Turkic Republics of Central Asia and Azerbaijan gained independence as a result of collapse of the Soviet Union, on the political map along with Turkey and Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. Setting diplomatic relations with other countries and the integration with the world community, also the process of developing cooperation between Turkic states has been developed in parallel for the newly established states.
The cooperation of Turkish countries which are based on a common historical past and common Turkic culture is based on mutual respect and mutual benefits of all parties. In the current stage in the process of the Turkic integration Turkey and Kazakhstan are playing an active role in many areas. The first President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Nursultan Nazarbayev, who was the pioneer of many international Turkish cooperations, had closely followed and supported the establishment of these organizations. For this reason, Turkic leaders have identified Nazarbayev as a ―Elder Leader of the Turkic World‖ and acknowledged him as a spiritual leader. Within the framework of Turkic cooperation, in Ankara TURKSOY (International Organization of Turkic Culture) was established in 1990s. The aim of TURKSOY was to strengthen cultural ties and cooperation and to propagate the common Turkic values. Under the initiative of Nursultan Nazarbayev, Turkic Council (Cooperation Council of Turkic-Speaking States) and TURKPA (Parliamentary Assembly of Turkic Speaking Countries) have been established. The main purpose of these organizations is to expand and deepen the fields of cooperation between Turkic states.
In the early periods, if the cooperation between the Turkic countries was limited to the cultural area and the common Turkic heritage, the political, economic and regional issues are discussed in the recent period. The
Council of Elders, which operates under the Turkish Cooperation Council, Turkish Academy in Astana (Nursultan) and the Turkic Cultural Foundation based in Baku was established under the initiative of
Nazarbaev.
In this work, the role of the first President of Republic of Kazakhstan, Nursultan Nazarbayev, will be scrutinised in the context of development of cooperation between Turkic countries and strengthening the integration between Turkic states in the period of their independence

CENTRAL ASIA AND THE CAUCASUS Russian Edition, 2019

Россия и Китай стремятся поддерживать баланс в современном мире глобальных геополитических измене... more Россия и Китай стремятся поддерживать баланс в современном мире глобальных геополитических изменений. В статье рассматривается состояние энергетического сотрудничества между Российской Федерацией и Китайской Народной Республикой и даются прогнозы его развития с учетом изменений и рисков двусторонних политических и экономических отношений.
Подчеркивается, что в последнее время стороны достигли ряда масштабных и долгосрочных соглашений в энергетическом секторе. Это позволяет говорить о выходе России и Китая на качественно новый уровень энергетического сотрудничества и его стратегическом характере.
Целью статьи является прогнозирование энергетической политики России и влияния внутренних и внешних факторов на перспективы российско-китайского энергетического сотрудничества.

CENTRAL ASIA AND THE CAUCASUS, 2019

Amid global geopolitical chaos, Russia and China are resolved to preserve the global balance. The... more Amid global geopolitical chaos, Russia and China are resolved to preserve the global balance. The paper discusses the current stage of energy cooperation between the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China; it offers its forecasts in view of possible changes and the risks of bilateral political and economic relations and points out that in recent years the two countries have signed several large-scale and long-term contracts in the energy sector and, therefore, reached a qualitatively new strategic level of energy cooperation. The authors have posed themselves a task of discussing Russia's energy policy and the impact of external and internal factors on the prospects of its energy cooperation with China.

Journal of History , 2019

Of particular importance is the analysis of the situation around the hydrocarbon sphere, since oi... more Of particular importance is the analysis of the situation around the hydrocarbon sphere, since oil and gas as natural resources are absent in many countries of the world. For Kazakhstan, located in the center of Eurasia, the availability of oil and gas resources is an important factor not only in the economy, but also in foreign policy. After all, it is well known that oil-producing countries acquire great interest in the functioning of modern international geopolitics. Moreover, between major world players there is a struggle for influence on them. In these conditions, Kazakhstan, after gaining independence, seeks to pursue its own foreign policy course, taking into account the particularities of the struggle of the interests of the leading powers. The article discusses the diplomatic efforts undertaken by Kazakhstan to determine the borders of the Caspian with neighboring states and the issues of efficient use of Caspian oil and gas in the country’s energy sector. In this regard, we aim to carry out a historical analysis of the position of Kazakhstan in the development of its hydrocarbon industry since the end of the twentieth century. The scientific significance of the work lies in the fact that the policy of our state in the oil and gas region of the Caspian is considered as a specific historical topic.
The authors, based on a comparative historical analysis, as well as using the problem-chronological method, examine the history of the oil factor in politics.

20.YÜZYIL BAŞLARINDAN GÜNÜMÜZE TÜRK DÜNYASI‘NDAKİ SİYASİ, İKTİSADİ VE KÜLTÜREL GELİŞMELER, 2019

Bolşevik İhtilali ile Sovyetler Birliği‘nin kurulması tüm dünya tarihini etkilemiş olup, XX. yüzy... more Bolşevik İhtilali ile Sovyetler Birliği‘nin kurulması tüm dünya tarihini etkilemiş olup, XX. yüzyıla damgasını vurmuştur. Bu süreçten doğal olarak en çok bünyesinde yer alan 15 Cumhuriyet etkilenmiştir. Orta Asya Türk Cumhuriyetlerinden ise, merkez Rusya‘ya en yakın ve büyük bir coğrafyaya sahip olan Kazakistan üzerindeki etkisi daha da şiddetli olmuştur. Bugünkü Kazakistan Cumhuriyeti‘nin ister ekonomik gelişmesi, ister demografik durumu ve dil meselesi bunu açıkça göstermektedir.
Türkçe, Rusça ve Kazakça yazılan kaynaklara dayanarak, Bolşevik İhtilalinden sonra II. Dünya savaşının sonuna kadar, dönemlere göre Sovyet Kazakistan‘da yapılan önemli siyasi ve ekonomik reformların (özel mülkiyetin kaldırılması, kolhozlaştırma siyaseti, Orta Asya‘nın ayrı
Cumhuriyetlere bölünmesi, kollektifleştirme politikası, beş yıllık ekonomik gelişme planlarının geliştirilmesi, sanayileştirme, II. Dünya savaşı döneminde Sovyetler Birliği‘nin batısında olan fabrikaların Kazakistan‘a taşınması vb.) amaçları, gerçekleştirme süreci ve Kazakistan için getirdiği neticeler ortaya konulacaktır.

VII. ULUSLARARASI KARADENİZ SEMPOZYUMU “TÜRK RUS İLİŞKİLERİ” BİLDİRİLER KİTABI, 2017

DergiPark (Istanbul University), May 12, 2023

Research Square (Research Square), Dec 13, 2022

Research Square (Research Square), Dec 13, 2022

Historical and Geographical Information about the Exploration of the Caspian Sea in Cartographic Materials, 2022

The article provides a brief overview of the historical and geographical data on the Caspian Sea ... more The article provides a brief overview of the historical and geographical data on the Caspian Sea and traces the change in the name of the sea at different stages of history. The study is based on the work of scientists from Russia, Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan. The purpose of the work was to reveal the reasons for the change of sea names and the history of the formation of the marine scientific map in connection with the expeditions organized by Peter the Great in the early 18th century. The authors analyzed historical research and made an attempt to systematize cartographic materials and data from antiquity, the Middle Ages and modern times. The history of the Caspian and its adjacent territories has been a subject of debate since the time of Greek logographers in the ancient world, and historical research of the Caspian Sea continues to the present day. Since ancient times, the Caspian coast has been inhabited by many peoples, becoming a crossroads for the interaction of various cultures; in the late Middle Ages, the Caspian Sea played an important role, being located along the world trade transit known as the Great Silk Road. In the new era, competition for control over the Caspian Sea between states intensified, but as a result of the militarypolitical actions of Peter I, the sea became a de facto geographical object of the Russian Empire, and then the Soviet Union. However, after the collapse of the USSR at the end of the 20th century, the Caspian Sea, which has a geographically convenient location and rich resources, reappeared on the historical arena as one of the most important geopolitical issues.

ULUSLARARASI UYUŞTURUCU TİCARETİNDE AFGANİSTAN’IN YERİ VE ROLÜ, 2022

Unable to provide stability, Afghanistan has become a failed state in the international system. O... more Unable to provide stability, Afghanistan has become a failed state in the international system. Opium cultivation and trade were supported due to the lack of political stability, lack of central authority, economic inadequacies, social injustice, foreign interventions and income injustice, especially during the Taliban era.
Most of the world's opium needs are obtained from Afghanistan. Afghanistan, which has a major role in opium trade and cultivation, is considered a regional threat with its trade routes and its current unstable
structure. In Afghanistan, which entered the restructuring process after the Taliban, it is necessary to support agriculture, create new workforce opportunities and ensure political stability in order to prevent
opium cultivation and trade.
In this study, the geopolitical importance of Afghanistan and the occupations it has experienced are discussed within the framework of the concept of a failed state in the axis of history and space, and the reasons for being a failed state and what needs to be done are discussed. Opium production, which was triggered by the fragmentation in the socio-cultural structure, foreign interventions and social inadequacies, was used as a financial resource. What happened during and after the Taliban period, the
state of war and the pursuit of finance, the lack of authority and control, corruption and state policies have made Afghanistan dependent on foreign aid, and has placed it in the first place in the world's opium
trade.

21. YÜZYILDA BÜTÜN BOYUTLARIYLA ÇİN HALK CUMHURİYETİ. 2. CİLT. Bölüm adı: ÇIN-KAZAKISTAN İLIŞKILERI: ÇOK BOYUTLU BIR ANALIZ, 2022

Kazakhstan, the largest state in Central Asia, is located between two global powers like China an... more Kazakhstan, the largest state in Central Asia, is located between two global powers like China and Russia. In addition to having rich natural resources, especially oil, gas and uranium, the fact that Kazakhstan is on the route of the One Belt initiative launched in 2013 shows the importance of the geopolitical position of the country for China. In the framework of multi-vector foreign policy, Kazakhstan is Russia’s closest partner in this region and a good partner of Western countries and the United States, while China is now Kazakhstan’s largest trading partner and investment source.
The announcement of the One Belt initiative in Astana, the capital of Kazakhstan, in 2013 shows that Kazakhstan is the crucial point for the realization of the One Belt initiative that will encompass the whole world and the importance China attaches to this country. It is the most economical, safe and efficient choice for China to provide the necessary resources, especially oil, uranium and natural gas, from rich Kazakhstan, for the energy resources that need increasing day by day for China’s stable growth.
The modern People’s Republic of China, which attaches great importance to its relations with Kazakhstan, which is a neighbour in terms of energy resources, national security (Xinjiang region) and national interests, has established diplomatic, political, economic, commercial, energy, security and cultural relations based on the principles of good neighbourliness and
friendship, which are always emphasized in bilateral relations.
This study will discuss the relations established between Kazakhstan and China after 1991. In this context, the interests of the country, diplomatic and political relations between the two countries, economic and commercial relations, relations on investments and energy, military
cooperation, culture and education relations, as well as problematic issues in bilateral relations, will be examined.

BULLETIN OF THE KARAGANDA UNIVERSITY, 2020

This article analyzes the sources related to the cultural heritage of Central Asian Turks mainly ... more This article analyzes the sources related to the cultural heritage of Central Asian Turks mainly from the 19th century. The main sources were collected and studied at the National Library of Uzbekistan, which is the most complete collection of materials on the cultural and historical heritage of Central Asian Turks. The most interesting information on the cultural heritage of Kazakhstan is available in the collection of documents and photographs like V.I. Mezhova’s «Collection of Turkestan», A.L. Kuhn’s «Album Turkestan» Archive Office of the Turkestan Governor-General; as well as a collection of «Turkestan region» of A.G. Serebrennikov.
The collection of Turkestan is the written source of the cultural heritage of Central Asian Turks in the 19th century. Leafing through the pages of the collection the volume after volume, we can restore the entire life of
the region in detail on the state of socio-economic development, the study of the productive forces, the rich resources to the study of the historical past, life, traditions, customs and character of the people who inhabited the region, the theatre of military events, conquests and liberation wars, as well as get acquainted with the research works.

Journal of history, 2020

The article examines one of the participants of the Alash Orda movement, Seidazim Kulmukhameduly ... more The article examines one of the participants of the Alash Orda movement, Seidazim Kulmukhameduly Kadyrbayev’s life, place of birth, student life, Social and political activities, specialization in the legal field and creative work in this area which seeks to create a national state in the early twentieth century. In addition, the article refers to Kadyrbayev’s translations into the legal sphere, Kadyrbayev’s contribution to the development of the Kazakh judicial system, criminal law and production. The researcher believes that in order to reveal the role of the Torgai lawyer and Kazakh intelligence Seidazim Kadyrbayev in the history of Kazakhstan and its activities on the way to creating a national state, it is necessary to study from the source point of view.
When writing the article, periodical materials, scientific literature materials, as well as archival documents that were not included in scientific circulation were compared with each other and used for scientific analysis.

II. Uluslararası Türk Halklarının Felsefi Mirası Sempozyumu, 2019

In 1991, Turkic people gained independence that led to enormous changes in Kazakh history. In Kaz... more In 1991, Turkic people gained independence that led to enormous changes in Kazakh history. In Kazakh history many issues were not discussed in details because ıt was censored by the Soviet Union, and were hidden in archives. But after the independence materials became available and discussions on these issues started. The historical researches conducted in Kazakhstan during the Soviet Union, were in accordance with the ideology of the Communist regime and mostly covered the history of the Communist Party and the history of the Soviet period that was written in terms of Marxist-Leninist view. For example, there was not mentioned exploitative politics towards Kazakh people during the Soviet Union. Kazakh national struggle against Russia's colonial policy was regarded as Bourgeois nationalist action, or the subject was left without any mention.

Like all nations that became independent after the abolition of Soviet Union censorship, Kazakhs began to revise and reassess their history. On the first place, the most difficult and painful period of the Turkic people, the XXth Century history began to be discussed. İn this period many losses were given, the national state was established and dispelled by the Soviet Government, the Turkish unity was tried to be destroyed.

Since the academic year 1989-1990, the course History of Kazakhstan has been included as a compulsory course in Kazakhstan schools. As a result of scientific research conducted in the first years of independent Kazakhstan, the history of Kazakh national struggle, the history of political social struggle in the early 20th century, history of formation of Kazakh intellectuals and development of Soviet power in Kazakhstan, liquidation of Kazakh intellectuals, old assessments of collectivisation issues have been re-considered from a new perspective.
For the development of national consciousness and state, it is necessary to reveal the facts by examining the contradictory and dark pages of history. Thus, correct information and historical truths will be delivered to future generations.
In this paper, Kazakh history studies and the struggle of the scientists during the Soviet Union will be discussed and the issue of rewriting the history of Kazakhstan through the “National Filter” will be scrutinized.

EAST-WEST DİALOGUE, Individual and Society through Ages, 2019

The Bolshevik Revolution and the establishment of the Soviet Union in Russia had influenced the h... more The Bolshevik Revolution and the establishment of the Soviet Union in Russia had influenced the history of Eurasia. Kazakhstan is one of the Central Asian countries influenced by the Soviet Revolution. Kazakhstan is situated in the heart of Eurasia and is neigbour to Russia. The main aim of the Soviet Union’s ideological and social policy was to dismantle all local people from their roots and create the "Homo Soveticus" based on Russian culture and language.
By this work I underline the main purpose of the important political and social reforms in Sovyet Kazakhstan was to influence and change the social texture, in terms of social, demographic and cultural changes will be discussed. The 20th century affected the ‘social plant’ of the Soviet Kazakhstan. In addition to the ‘social plant’, demographic and cultural changes in Kazakhstan were revealed during that period.

Siyasi, Sosyal ve Kültürel Yönleriyle Türkiye ve Rusya, 2019

With the collapse of the USSR in 1991, significant changes have been done in the foreign policy o... more With the collapse of the USSR in 1991, significant changes have been done in the foreign policy of the Russian Federation. Following the failure of the Atlantics line in its foreign policy, in 1993 with the Doctrine of the Near Environment, it attempted to boost its power in Eurasian region. Within the framework of this doctrine, it will be given priority its national security and started to closely follow all kind of developments in its immediate environment. The main purpose of the Russian Federation is to protect the borders of the country, ensure that any regional instability and increase its effectiveness in immediate surroundings, also including Central Asia.
During Putin period Russia, which began to regain the power used for monitored with security policies at the time to pick up again for “super power” in the way to becoming viewed as permanent target goal in the region of central Asia, which includes Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan. Central Asia, which is located in the south of Russia and in the center of Eurasia has oil and gas resources and the rising power to the east is China and the most unstable region Uighur area, which is bounded in the South with the unstable countries like Afghanistan and Eurasian continent flanking addition to being at the intersection of great powers like Russia, China, India and Iran has made this region one of the most strategic regions of the world. Central Asia is the buffer zone for Russia’s national security. It is so important for Russia in bilateral and multiple relationships, Russia’s Central Asian policy is shaped through national security.
This study will examine the role and importance of Central Asia in Russia’s national security policies through the National Security Concepts adopted by the Russian Federation since 1991.

MODERN TRENDS IN DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE: PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES, 2019

The article discusses the role of the language in the process of national development and its imp... more The article discusses the role of the language in the process of national
development and its importance as one of the crucial elements of soft power in world politics. The paper emphasizes that language is the most effective and sustainable method of influencing on national values. Also, usage of the language as a tool of soft power is illustrated with examples.

IDENTITY AND DIALOGUE IN THE ERA OF GLOBALIZATION, 2019

Turkic Republics of Central Asia and Azerbaijan gained independence as a result of collapse of th... more Turkic Republics of Central Asia and Azerbaijan gained independence as a result of collapse of the Soviet Union, on the political map along with Turkey and Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. Setting diplomatic relations with other countries and the integration with the world community, also the process of developing cooperation between Turkic states has been developed in parallel for the newly established states.
The cooperation of Turkish countries which are based on a common historical past and common Turkic culture is based on mutual respect and mutual benefits of all parties. In the current stage in the process of the Turkic integration Turkey and Kazakhstan are playing an active role in many areas. The first President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Nursultan Nazarbayev, who was the pioneer of many international Turkish cooperations, had closely followed and supported the establishment of these organizations. For this reason, Turkic leaders have identified Nazarbayev as a ―Elder Leader of the Turkic World‖ and acknowledged him as a spiritual leader. Within the framework of Turkic cooperation, in Ankara TURKSOY (International Organization of Turkic Culture) was established in 1990s. The aim of TURKSOY was to strengthen cultural ties and cooperation and to propagate the common Turkic values. Under the initiative of Nursultan Nazarbayev, Turkic Council (Cooperation Council of Turkic-Speaking States) and TURKPA (Parliamentary Assembly of Turkic Speaking Countries) have been established. The main purpose of these organizations is to expand and deepen the fields of cooperation between Turkic states.
In the early periods, if the cooperation between the Turkic countries was limited to the cultural area and the common Turkic heritage, the political, economic and regional issues are discussed in the recent period. The
Council of Elders, which operates under the Turkish Cooperation Council, Turkish Academy in Astana (Nursultan) and the Turkic Cultural Foundation based in Baku was established under the initiative of
Nazarbaev.
In this work, the role of the first President of Republic of Kazakhstan, Nursultan Nazarbayev, will be scrutinised in the context of development of cooperation between Turkic countries and strengthening the integration between Turkic states in the period of their independence

CENTRAL ASIA AND THE CAUCASUS Russian Edition, 2019

Россия и Китай стремятся поддерживать баланс в современном мире глобальных геополитических измене... more Россия и Китай стремятся поддерживать баланс в современном мире глобальных геополитических изменений. В статье рассматривается состояние энергетического сотрудничества между Российской Федерацией и Китайской Народной Республикой и даются прогнозы его развития с учетом изменений и рисков двусторонних политических и экономических отношений.
Подчеркивается, что в последнее время стороны достигли ряда масштабных и долгосрочных соглашений в энергетическом секторе. Это позволяет говорить о выходе России и Китая на качественно новый уровень энергетического сотрудничества и его стратегическом характере.
Целью статьи является прогнозирование энергетической политики России и влияния внутренних и внешних факторов на перспективы российско-китайского энергетического сотрудничества.

CENTRAL ASIA AND THE CAUCASUS, 2019

Amid global geopolitical chaos, Russia and China are resolved to preserve the global balance. The... more Amid global geopolitical chaos, Russia and China are resolved to preserve the global balance. The paper discusses the current stage of energy cooperation between the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China; it offers its forecasts in view of possible changes and the risks of bilateral political and economic relations and points out that in recent years the two countries have signed several large-scale and long-term contracts in the energy sector and, therefore, reached a qualitatively new strategic level of energy cooperation. The authors have posed themselves a task of discussing Russia's energy policy and the impact of external and internal factors on the prospects of its energy cooperation with China.

Journal of History , 2019

Of particular importance is the analysis of the situation around the hydrocarbon sphere, since oi... more Of particular importance is the analysis of the situation around the hydrocarbon sphere, since oil and gas as natural resources are absent in many countries of the world. For Kazakhstan, located in the center of Eurasia, the availability of oil and gas resources is an important factor not only in the economy, but also in foreign policy. After all, it is well known that oil-producing countries acquire great interest in the functioning of modern international geopolitics. Moreover, between major world players there is a struggle for influence on them. In these conditions, Kazakhstan, after gaining independence, seeks to pursue its own foreign policy course, taking into account the particularities of the struggle of the interests of the leading powers. The article discusses the diplomatic efforts undertaken by Kazakhstan to determine the borders of the Caspian with neighboring states and the issues of efficient use of Caspian oil and gas in the country’s energy sector. In this regard, we aim to carry out a historical analysis of the position of Kazakhstan in the development of its hydrocarbon industry since the end of the twentieth century. The scientific significance of the work lies in the fact that the policy of our state in the oil and gas region of the Caspian is considered as a specific historical topic.
The authors, based on a comparative historical analysis, as well as using the problem-chronological method, examine the history of the oil factor in politics.

20.YÜZYIL BAŞLARINDAN GÜNÜMÜZE TÜRK DÜNYASI‘NDAKİ SİYASİ, İKTİSADİ VE KÜLTÜREL GELİŞMELER, 2019

Bolşevik İhtilali ile Sovyetler Birliği‘nin kurulması tüm dünya tarihini etkilemiş olup, XX. yüzy... more Bolşevik İhtilali ile Sovyetler Birliği‘nin kurulması tüm dünya tarihini etkilemiş olup, XX. yüzyıla damgasını vurmuştur. Bu süreçten doğal olarak en çok bünyesinde yer alan 15 Cumhuriyet etkilenmiştir. Orta Asya Türk Cumhuriyetlerinden ise, merkez Rusya‘ya en yakın ve büyük bir coğrafyaya sahip olan Kazakistan üzerindeki etkisi daha da şiddetli olmuştur. Bugünkü Kazakistan Cumhuriyeti‘nin ister ekonomik gelişmesi, ister demografik durumu ve dil meselesi bunu açıkça göstermektedir.
Türkçe, Rusça ve Kazakça yazılan kaynaklara dayanarak, Bolşevik İhtilalinden sonra II. Dünya savaşının sonuna kadar, dönemlere göre Sovyet Kazakistan‘da yapılan önemli siyasi ve ekonomik reformların (özel mülkiyetin kaldırılması, kolhozlaştırma siyaseti, Orta Asya‘nın ayrı
Cumhuriyetlere bölünmesi, kollektifleştirme politikası, beş yıllık ekonomik gelişme planlarının geliştirilmesi, sanayileştirme, II. Dünya savaşı döneminde Sovyetler Birliği‘nin batısında olan fabrikaların Kazakistan‘a taşınması vb.) amaçları, gerçekleştirme süreci ve Kazakistan için getirdiği neticeler ortaya konulacaktır.

VII. ULUSLARARASI KARADENİZ SEMPOZYUMU “TÜRK RUS İLİŞKİLERİ” BİLDİRİLER KİTABI, 2017

Köklü Geçmişten Parlak Geleceğe Türkiye Kazakistan İlişkileri. Türkiye-Kazakistan İlişkilerinin 30. Yılı Anısına, 2022

1991 yılında bağımsızlığına kavuşan Kazakistan Cumhuriyeti’nin Türkiye Cumhuriyeti ile köklü geçm... more 1991 yılında bağımsızlığına kavuşan Kazakistan Cumhuriyeti’nin Türkiye Cumhuriyeti ile köklü geçmişe dayalı dostluk ve kardeşlik ilişkileri son 30 yıl içinde istikrarlı bir şekilde gelişmiş ve şu an en parlak dönemini yaşamaktadır. Ortak tarihimiz ve kültürümüzden güç alan, karşılıklı güven ve dayanışmaya dayanan ilişkilerimiz Yüksek Düzeyli Stratejik Ortaklık seviyesine yükselmiştir. Türkiye 16 Aralık 1991 tarihinde Kazakistan’ın bağımsızlığını ilk tanıyan ülke olmuş, o günden bu yana her daim yanında durmuş, Kazakistan’ın uluslararası arenada tanınması ve diğer ülkelerle ilişkilerinin kurulmasına rehberlik etmiştir. Cumhurbaşkanımız Sayın Recep
Tayyip Erdoğan’ın da ifade ettiği gibi “Türkiye ve Kazakistan, tarihî
İpek Yolu’nun yeniden canlandırılmasında merkezi konuma sahip
iki ülkedir.”

KADIN VE AİLE, 2021

“Asırlar boyu toplumların sağlıklı dönüşümünde anahtar rol oynayan, temel değerlerin nesilden nes... more “Asırlar boyu toplumların sağlıklı dönüşümünde anahtar rol oynayan, temel değerlerin nesilden nesile aktarılması noktasında vazgeçilmez bir unsur olan aile ve onun ruhunu oluşturan kadın konusunu ele alıp inceleyen bu çalışma, özgün duruşuyla, değerlerimizin aktarılmasında aracı rolü yüksek bir potansiyel taşımaktadır. Tarihin her döneminde olduğu gibi bu döneminde de toplumların gelişmişliğinde en önemli gösterge, insani unsurların ve değerlerin göz ardı edilmemesidir. Tarihsel ve kültürel birikimimizin, bu gösterge noktasında sergilemiş olduğu yüksek nitelik, bizden sonraki nesillere de şevkle aktarılmaya devam ettiği sürece gelişerek dönüşen kültürümüzün her türlü olumsuz duruma yüksek mukavemet göstermesi kaçınılmazdır.
Fatma Bacı Kadın Çalışmaları Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezimiz tarafından gerçekleştirilen bu kitap projesi, tarihsel ve kültürel birikimimize katkı sağlayacak bir zihniyet oluşturma noktasında önemli bir adımdır. Kitabın bu yüksek nitelikli gaye ile oluşturulmuş içeriği; Türk-İslam tarihi ve kültüründe kadın ve ailenin vazgeçilmez yerine ilişkin katkıda bulunmasının yanı sıra kadının çalışma hayatındaki yeri ile toplumun güçlendirilmesinde oluşturduğu esası hassas bir şekilde dile getirmesi ile de dikkat çekicidir.”
Prof. Dr. Vatan KARAKAYA
Kırşehir Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Rektörü

KAZAKİSTAN: Tarih-Toplum-Ekonomi-Siyaset, 2021

THE CHANGING PERSPECTIVES AND 'NEW' GEOPOLITICS OF THE CAUCASUS IN THE 21ST CENTURY, 2021

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, three countries of the South Caucasus: Azerbai... more After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, three countries of the South Caucasus: Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia gained their independence. These countries had to cope with problem areas such as Nagorno-Karabakh, Abkhazia, South Ossetia, Ajaria, Samskhe-Javakheti (Meskhet-Javakheti), as well as consolidating their independence. Unsolved problems and claims between them determined the dynamics of the relations be established between these three countries. At the same time, the Caucasus has always been the region which has taken great powers’ interests. Because of these interests, solving problems has always been a great matter. Traditionally, the Caucasus is a region where the interests of the various regional and global powers’, such as Russia, the USA, Iran, the EU, Turkey, Israel, in recent times China, and military-political power centres’ interests' clash. At the beginning of the 21st century, geopolitical conflicts increased during the struggle for the re-determination of the spheres of influence and the control of the world's natural resources. Especially when we consider the turbulence in the Middle East, the importance of the South Caucasus increases even more. The last Nagorno-Karabakh war, happened in 2020, has once again demonstrated this.

The Changing Perspectives of Central Asia in the 21st Century, 2020

Central Asian States’ Relations with Turkey (1991-2020)

СТАМБҰЛДАҒЫ ТҮРКІСТАН ТЕККЕЛЕРІ, 2017

СТАМБҰЛДАҒЫ ТҮРКІСТАН ТЕККЕЛЕРІ: атажұрт пен анажұрт арасындағы рухани көпірлер

Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık, 2021

“Asırlar boyu toplumların sağlıklı dönüşümünde anahtar rol oynayan, temel değerlerin nesilden nes... more “Asırlar boyu toplumların sağlıklı dönüşümünde anahtar rol oynayan, temel değerlerin nesilden nesile aktarılması noktasında vazgeçilmez bir unsur olan aile ve onun ruhunu oluşturan kadın konusunu ele alıp inceleyen bu çalışma, özgün duruşuyla, değerlerimizin aktarılmasında aracı rolü yüksek bir potansiyel taşımaktadır. Tarihin her döneminde olduğu gibi bu döneminde de toplumların gelişmişliğinde en önemli gösterge, insani unsurların ve değerlerin göz ardı edilmemesidir. Tarihsel ve kültürel birikimimizin, bu gösterge noktasında sergilemiş olduğu yüksek nitelik, bizden sonraki nesillere de şevkle aktarılmaya devam ettiği sürece gelişerek dönüşen kültürümüzün her türlü olumsuz duruma yüksek mukavemet göstermesi kaçınılmazdır.
Fatma Bacı Kadın Çalışmaları Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezimiz tarafından gerçekleştirilen bu kitap projesi, tarihsel ve kültürel birikimimize katkı sağlayacak bir zihniyet oluşturma noktasında önemli bir adımdır. Kitabın bu yüksek nitelikli gaye ile oluşturulmuş içeriği; Türk-İslam tarihi ve kültüründe kadın ve ailenin vazgeçilmez yerine ilişkin katkıda bulunmasının yanı sıra kadının çalışma hayatındaki yeri ile toplumun güçlendirilmesinde oluşturduğu esası hassas bir şekilde dile getirmesi ile de dikkat çekicidir.”
Prof. Dr. Vatan KARAKAYA
Kırşehir Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Rektörü