Dr. Saqib Riaz, Professor / Chairman, Department of Mass Communication | Allama Iqbal Open University (original) (raw)

Papers by Dr. Saqib Riaz, Professor / Chairman, Department of Mass Communication

In this paper an economic-psychological model of factors that influence individuals' intentions t... more In this paper an economic-psychological model of factors that influence individuals' intentions to go into business for themselves is developed and tested. According to this model the primary determinant of entrepreneurial intention is a person's conviction that starting and running one's own firm is a suitable alternative for him/her. This conviction is in its turn based on certain general attitudes and domain attitudes. The former refer to more general psychological dispositions whereas the latter specifically concern entrepreneurship and owner-managed firms. Attitudes are believed to act as mediators for influences of personal background factors. Apart from this "main chain" of causal influences, the individual's current situation (i.e., employment status) is expected to have an impact on both conviction and intentions. The importance of this type of situational influence has been highlighted by previous research. The model is tested on a large sample of 35-40 years old Swedish subjects. A mail questionnaire with multiple indicators of the concepts in the model was distributed to 300 subjects each in 6 different regions. A response rate of over 70 percent was obtained. The use of six separate samples allows for checking the stability of the results.

arXiv (Cornell University), Feb 25, 2023

This paper presents a novel method for myocardial infarction (MI) detection using lead II of elec... more This paper presents a novel method for myocardial infarction (MI) detection using lead II of electrocardiogram (ECG). Under our proposed method, we first clean the noisy ECG signals using db4 wavelet, followed by an R-peak detection algorithm to segment the ECG signals into beats. We then translate the ECG timeseries dataset to an equivalent dataset of gray-scale images using Gramian Angular Summation Field (GASF) and Gramian Angular Difference Field (GADF) operations. Subsequently, the gray-scale images are fed into a custom two-dimensional convolutional neural network (2D-CNN) which efficiently differentiates the ECG beats of the healthy subjects from the ECG beats of the subjects with MI. We train and test the performance of our proposed method on a public dataset, namely, Physikalisch Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) ECG dataset from Physionet. Our proposed approach achieves an average classification accuracy of 99.68%, 99.80%, 99.82%, and 99.84% under GASF dataset with noise and baseline wander, GADF dataset with noise and baseline wander, GASF dataset with noise and baseline wander removed, and GADF dataset with noise and baseline wander removed, respectively. Our proposed method is able to cope with additive noise and baseline wander, and does not require handcrafted features by a domain expert. Most importantly, this work opens the floor for innovation in wearable devices (e.g., smart watches, wrist bands etc.) to do accurate, real-time and early MI detection using a single-lead (lead II) ECG.

Global digital & print media review, Dec 30, 2021

Journal of social sciences & humanities, Jun 30, 2022

Present research study was aimed to examine the cross-national coverage and framing patterns abou... more Present research study was aimed to examine the cross-national coverage and framing patterns about Jamal Khashoggi's murder in international media through focusing on newspapers. Khashoggi; an internationally acclaimed US based Saudi journalist was brutally assassinated at Kingdom's consulate in Turkey which created the global outcry. As the issue was made headlines worldwide for several months, the media from USA, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and Turkey; the most substantially and politically involved countries presumably used certain framing patterns in their coverage. To find out the difference in coverage intensity and media frames, a content analysis based comparative study of US, Saudi and Turkish newspapers was conducted which is guided by the framing theory of Mass Communication. The results showed that the media from three selected countries dealt the same issue with significant differences in coverage and framing patterns. Conclusion based on the findings that such differences in cross-national coverage patterns were influenced by the respective state's ideology, interests, governance system, public narrative, or media settings. The study also explored some facts regarding freedom of expression and about journalists who have been targeted in reprisal of their professional work all over the world. The findings of the study elaborate that most of the newspapers used anti-Saudi frames in their coverage. So far as overall coverage is concerned Turkish and US papers provided a significant coverage to the issue while newspapers from Saudi Arabia provided least coverage to the issue as their media are highly state bound.

Global regional review, Dec 30, 2017

Power politics is a recurring feature of the Middle East keeping it continuously in a state of tr... more Power politics is a recurring feature of the Middle East keeping it continuously in a state of transformation since the Iranian revolution of 1979. The United States has declared energy security since the oil crises of 1970s. 9/11 and generated a ferocious US response for regime change. This transition has proven to be uncertain and full of risks with catastrophic consequences and resultant rise of non-state (NSA) actors like ISIS and ISIL. This article unveils the basic contours and prime motives behind formation of the IMA, its aims and objectives, and its efficacy in countering violent extremism with potential implications for Pakistan as a major stake holder. It also suggests a way forward for Pakistan to convert this into opportunity by mitigating challenges. As an academic narrative, all views and comments are the authors' own.

Global social sciences review, Dec 30, 2019

The aim of the study was to examine the the association between print media agenda and policy age... more The aim of the study was to examine the the association between print media agenda and policy agenda (State and NGOs) and its impact on the foreign policy of Pakistan with USA from 2015 till 2017 on categorized issues. Data is collected from DAWN and The News International of Pakistan. Quantitative research method was adopted and content of newspapers and policy documents (State and NGOs) was analyzed to find out the coverage, rank order, frame, slant and association between print media agenda and policy agenda (State and NGOs) regarding Pak-US relations' issues. Findings revealed that print media agenda and state policy agenda are associated (rs =+.362) having moderate positive association and print media agenda and nongovernment policy agenda are associated (rs=+.490) having moderate positive association. Hence, hypotheses are supported. Objective The objective of the study is: 1. To investigate the association of print media agenda and policy agenda on International relations policy of Pakistan on Pak-US relation's issues.

The Media-Government relationship is an area of great importance in the field of Media Studies an... more The Media-Government relationship is an area of great importance in the field of Media Studies and Mass Communication throughout the globe. A number of researches have been conducted in this regard. This book elaborates the situation of the media- government relationship in Pakistan. Most of the books on Journalism, Mass Communication and Media Studies deal with effects of media content on people and society but it is equally important to understand the influences that shape media content. Media, not only influence target audience, but they, themselves are influenced by a number of factors. Media content is influenced by the personal attitudes and orientations of media workers, professionalism, corporate policies, ownership patterns, the economic environment, advertisers, audiences, ideology and above all, the governments. This study investigates the influence of Government on print media content in Pakistan due to its advertising power and being the largest advertiser of the country. The book provides a detailed insight of the situation of media in Pakistan.

Fear of Islam and Muslims is an issue of great concern in almost the whole western world. Media o... more Fear of Islam and Muslims is an issue of great concern in almost the whole western world. Media of the advanced western countries portray Muslims as fanatic, irrational, primitive and dangerous. Because of the portrayal of the negative image of Islam and Muslims by the western media, hate against Muslims is being increased in America and European countries. Western media gives a highly negative image of Islam. The hostility of Western media towards Muslims encompasses racist, xenophobic and stereotypical elements. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the reasons and causes of Islamophobia in the western world and some possible solutions to spread the true picture of Islam. In-depth discourse analysis of western media has been done in addition to the literature review available on the subject. The issue is important worldwide because of its significance for the whole world, especially for the Muslim world.

This study was aimed to investigate the coverage patterns of leading Pakistani newspapers regardi... more This study was aimed to investigate the coverage patterns of leading Pakistani newspapers regarding Saudi-Iran conflict in the light of framing, agenda setting theory. Four leading and most widely circulated Urdu and English newspapers were taken for the content analysis. These newspapers were selected to measure the variables, frequency, themes, frames and slant. The results show that the leading newspapers provided a variety of frames to communicate comprehensive coverage to the Saudi-Iran conflict. No significant difference was found in the coverage patterns of Urdu and English newspaper. In terms of themes and frames these newspapers highlighted a wider range of topics regarding Saudi-Iran conflict.

Global regional review, Mar 31, 2019

The present study aimed to propose strategies for the effective implementation of Early Childhood... more The present study aimed to propose strategies for the effective implementation of Early Childhood Education Programme in government schools in Punjab. A sample of 300 heads of educational institutions was taken from the 36 districts of Punjab to evaluate this programme. A questionnaire was used to collect the opinion of the heads of educational institutions. The findings of the study show that physical facilities were provided by the government for the implementation of ECE programme in only 1000 schools in Punjab. The curriculum developed by the Federal Government is used for the development of the students. The heads of educational institutions and ECE teachers were provided training for effective implementation. The school council members/parents required to involve for the effective implementation of the ECE programme. The appointment of teachers on merits basis, having professional degree in Early Childhood Education is also required to make the ECE programme more effective and successful.

South Asian Studies, 2018

The paper through the lens of Security Dilemma, implores the international institutions in genera... more The paper through the lens of Security Dilemma, implores the international institutions in general and USA in concert with China in particular, to take the driving seat to forestall any eventuality of a nuclear catastrophe to take place in South Asian security architecture. The world is reminded that the Indian ploy of resorting to "Bilateralism", has neither borne any dividends in the past 70 years in thwarting the Security Dilemma, nor is likely to resolve any thing at their own any time soon, before it is too late.

We all are having pistures of the world in our minds. We have never seen a lot of places with our... more We all are having pistures of the world in our minds. We have never seen a lot of places with our eyes but even then we have their pictures in our minds. Of course, these pictures have been created by Media in our minds. Agenda Setting is one of the most important media theories of the present times. The concept of agenda setting took its name from the idea that the mass media have the ability to carry the salience of items on their news agendas and then transfer it to the public agenda. Agenda Setting theory of Media states that with the passage of time, media agennda becomes the public agenda. According to the agenda-setting theory, because of the fact of paying attention to some issues and neglecting and ignoring some others, the mass media will have an effect on public opinion. People will be inclined to know about those issues and things, which are highlighted by the mass media and they adopt the order of priority assigned to different issues. This book is based on the first ever research study coducted in Pakistan regarding the agenda setting role of Media.

Connectist istanbul university journal of communication sciences, Dec 31, 2021

The current study analyzes Inter-Media agenda setting between Twitter and Newspaper websites in t... more The current study analyzes Inter-Media agenda setting between Twitter and Newspaper websites in the political sphere. As a data collection method, keyword searches were used. Lexis-Nexis was used to collect data from newspaper websites, while Twitter APIs were used to collect data from social media. The study's goal is to put inter-media agenda-setting to the test by using a one-day time lag between Twitter and newspaper websites. The cross-lagged correlation and Rozelle-Campbell baseline are used to assess the significance of Twitter agenda influence on the contents of newspaper websites. Overall, the results show that there is synchronization between Twitter and newspaper websites when it comes to political coverage (Express Tribune r=0.843, The Nation r=0.734, and The News International r=0.828). These shards of evidence support the research study's hypothesis: "It is more likely that there is a bi-directional agenda setting sequence in the case of Pakistani political issues between social media and newspaper websites." It also suggests that social media and traditional media are becoming more integrated. According to the study, Twitter was also used to create a priming effect by activating "Ottoman Empire" nostalgia. In light of the study's findings, the integrated Inter-Media agenda setting model is proposed. This model integrates the agenda creation and accumulation processes. Keywords: Inter-media agenda setting, bi-directional inter-media agenda setting, integrated inter-media agenda setting model, inter-media priming and framing, synchronization of media agenda in digital age This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License Inter-Media Agenda Setting between Twitter and News-Websites: A Case Study of The Turkish President's...

Informacios Tarsadalom, Dec 31, 2021

This study aimed to investigate the influence of mass media and interpersonal communication chann... more This study aimed to investigate the influence of mass media and interpersonal communication channels in the adoption of preventive measures against the Covid-19 pandemic (coronavirus). The study hypothesises that higher exposure to media content increases interpersonal communication and increased interpersonal communication is positively associated with the adoption of preventive behaviour. To test this hypothesis, this study used a quantitative research technique employing a survey method. The results, when assessed through Pearson correlation, elaborated that there was a stronger association between media exposure and increased interpersonal communication and the adoption level of Covid prevention measures. The result of the thematic analysis revealed that interpersonal communication was an important contributor towards changing behaviour. Hence, the two-step flow of communication showed strong support for accepting the role of interpersonal communication alongside the mass media. This study findings provide insights to communicators and planners for devising different communication strategies for combating the pandemic.

Abstract Many books on mass media research focus on the process through which the audience receiv... more Abstract Many books on mass media research focus on the process through which the audience receive mass media content or on the effects of content on people and society. However, it is equally important to understand the influences that shape content. This ...

Journal of peace, development & communication, Oct 11, 2021

The arrival of media either conventional or social media has provided a greater impetus to human ... more The arrival of media either conventional or social media has provided a greater impetus to human communication. This study attempts to explore social media usage among seminary students. The researcher accessed the students through the purposive sampling method. Out of 150 122 students (response rate of 81%) were able to fill in the questionnaire. Results indicate that majority of the respondents (95%) use Facebook, while usage of WhatsApp consisted of 109 students of the Madrasa. Usage of social media platforms like Imo and YouTube comprised of only 5 students. It was found that 41% of respondents used social media on daily basis. Furthermore, 9 percent of the respondents used social media more than ten hours a week. Findings also show that most of the respondents (69%) use social media for seeking information, 41% use it for entertainment, 56% use it for communicating with family and friends, 14% use it for publication of Islam (which is a shocking find though), and 49% respondents use social media for passing time.

Journal of peace, development & communication, Dec 31, 2021

The growing use of social media in contemporaneous conflicts and its penetration into modern warf... more The growing use of social media in contemporaneous conflicts and its penetration into modern warfare is a thing to be pondered. Social media has redefined social movements, collective actions, and empowered marginalized groups to have a say in international affairs. While there has been a large body of literature examining how the traditional media depicts conflicts and violent events, the role of social media in shaping conflicts has been overlooked. Consulting an extensive literature related to social media and contemporary conflicts, this study explored the pivotal role of social media in the escalation of recent civil uprisings and the consequences of digital activism on changing conflict dynamics. This study also analyzed the usage of social media by militant organizations and insurgent groups for their vested interests and validated the insurgent public sphere role of social media in shaping conflicts.

African and Asian Studies, Sep 4, 2017

The relations between the United States of America and Pakistan have a significant impact on the ... more The relations between the United States of America and Pakistan have a significant impact on the world's politics as well as in shaping the future of the globe. However, the relations between the two countries have been passing through a lot of ups and downs during the last seven decades. Media have a pivotal role in framing and shaping this 'love and hate' relationship. The purpose of this study was to investigate the coverage of the United States-Pakistan relations by the American newspapers because the media coverage shapes the public opinion. Two major newspapers of the United States were content analyzed for a period of one year with the help of Lexis and Nexis and the coverage of Pakistan was measured and analyzed qualitatively as well as quantitatively. The results of the study revealed that the American newspapers portrayed a highly negative image of Pakistan and most of the coverage about the bilateral relations was found as negative.

Coverage of the Issue of Judiciary Crisis in National Newspapers of Pakistan Dr. Saqib Riaz Abstr... more Coverage of the Issue of Judiciary Crisis in National Newspapers of Pakistan Dr. Saqib Riaz Abstract ... The then law minister Farooq Naik, said that the judiciary could not be restored unconstitutionally and, therefore, the best way forward was to introduce a constitutional package. ...

Journal of Cultural Studies, Oct 11, 2010

After about half a century of animosity and a few hesitant efforts at peace-making, Pakistan and ... more After about half a century of animosity and a few hesitant efforts at peace-making, Pakistan and India - two neighbours in a strained relationship, or more like two estranged siblings – chose the game of cricket in the spring of 2004, as a tool to initiate friendship between them. Five one-day matches were played in the Indo-Pak series from March 14 to April 17, 2004. The historic series raised expectations for the future relations of both countries. As the preparation of matches progressed, communication researchers of the two countries initiated an interesting area of study: the various emotions in varying degrees as exhibited on the faces of the nationals of both countries during cricket’s series. The emphasis was on recording, through content analysis, of major national dailies of the countries involved, the game’s ability to bring the two countries closer or otherwise.

In this paper an economic-psychological model of factors that influence individuals' intentions t... more In this paper an economic-psychological model of factors that influence individuals' intentions to go into business for themselves is developed and tested. According to this model the primary determinant of entrepreneurial intention is a person's conviction that starting and running one's own firm is a suitable alternative for him/her. This conviction is in its turn based on certain general attitudes and domain attitudes. The former refer to more general psychological dispositions whereas the latter specifically concern entrepreneurship and owner-managed firms. Attitudes are believed to act as mediators for influences of personal background factors. Apart from this "main chain" of causal influences, the individual's current situation (i.e., employment status) is expected to have an impact on both conviction and intentions. The importance of this type of situational influence has been highlighted by previous research. The model is tested on a large sample of 35-40 years old Swedish subjects. A mail questionnaire with multiple indicators of the concepts in the model was distributed to 300 subjects each in 6 different regions. A response rate of over 70 percent was obtained. The use of six separate samples allows for checking the stability of the results.

arXiv (Cornell University), Feb 25, 2023

This paper presents a novel method for myocardial infarction (MI) detection using lead II of elec... more This paper presents a novel method for myocardial infarction (MI) detection using lead II of electrocardiogram (ECG). Under our proposed method, we first clean the noisy ECG signals using db4 wavelet, followed by an R-peak detection algorithm to segment the ECG signals into beats. We then translate the ECG timeseries dataset to an equivalent dataset of gray-scale images using Gramian Angular Summation Field (GASF) and Gramian Angular Difference Field (GADF) operations. Subsequently, the gray-scale images are fed into a custom two-dimensional convolutional neural network (2D-CNN) which efficiently differentiates the ECG beats of the healthy subjects from the ECG beats of the subjects with MI. We train and test the performance of our proposed method on a public dataset, namely, Physikalisch Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) ECG dataset from Physionet. Our proposed approach achieves an average classification accuracy of 99.68%, 99.80%, 99.82%, and 99.84% under GASF dataset with noise and baseline wander, GADF dataset with noise and baseline wander, GASF dataset with noise and baseline wander removed, and GADF dataset with noise and baseline wander removed, respectively. Our proposed method is able to cope with additive noise and baseline wander, and does not require handcrafted features by a domain expert. Most importantly, this work opens the floor for innovation in wearable devices (e.g., smart watches, wrist bands etc.) to do accurate, real-time and early MI detection using a single-lead (lead II) ECG.

Global digital & print media review, Dec 30, 2021

Journal of social sciences & humanities, Jun 30, 2022

Present research study was aimed to examine the cross-national coverage and framing patterns abou... more Present research study was aimed to examine the cross-national coverage and framing patterns about Jamal Khashoggi's murder in international media through focusing on newspapers. Khashoggi; an internationally acclaimed US based Saudi journalist was brutally assassinated at Kingdom's consulate in Turkey which created the global outcry. As the issue was made headlines worldwide for several months, the media from USA, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and Turkey; the most substantially and politically involved countries presumably used certain framing patterns in their coverage. To find out the difference in coverage intensity and media frames, a content analysis based comparative study of US, Saudi and Turkish newspapers was conducted which is guided by the framing theory of Mass Communication. The results showed that the media from three selected countries dealt the same issue with significant differences in coverage and framing patterns. Conclusion based on the findings that such differences in cross-national coverage patterns were influenced by the respective state's ideology, interests, governance system, public narrative, or media settings. The study also explored some facts regarding freedom of expression and about journalists who have been targeted in reprisal of their professional work all over the world. The findings of the study elaborate that most of the newspapers used anti-Saudi frames in their coverage. So far as overall coverage is concerned Turkish and US papers provided a significant coverage to the issue while newspapers from Saudi Arabia provided least coverage to the issue as their media are highly state bound.

Global regional review, Dec 30, 2017

Power politics is a recurring feature of the Middle East keeping it continuously in a state of tr... more Power politics is a recurring feature of the Middle East keeping it continuously in a state of transformation since the Iranian revolution of 1979. The United States has declared energy security since the oil crises of 1970s. 9/11 and generated a ferocious US response for regime change. This transition has proven to be uncertain and full of risks with catastrophic consequences and resultant rise of non-state (NSA) actors like ISIS and ISIL. This article unveils the basic contours and prime motives behind formation of the IMA, its aims and objectives, and its efficacy in countering violent extremism with potential implications for Pakistan as a major stake holder. It also suggests a way forward for Pakistan to convert this into opportunity by mitigating challenges. As an academic narrative, all views and comments are the authors' own.

Global social sciences review, Dec 30, 2019

The aim of the study was to examine the the association between print media agenda and policy age... more The aim of the study was to examine the the association between print media agenda and policy agenda (State and NGOs) and its impact on the foreign policy of Pakistan with USA from 2015 till 2017 on categorized issues. Data is collected from DAWN and The News International of Pakistan. Quantitative research method was adopted and content of newspapers and policy documents (State and NGOs) was analyzed to find out the coverage, rank order, frame, slant and association between print media agenda and policy agenda (State and NGOs) regarding Pak-US relations' issues. Findings revealed that print media agenda and state policy agenda are associated (rs =+.362) having moderate positive association and print media agenda and nongovernment policy agenda are associated (rs=+.490) having moderate positive association. Hence, hypotheses are supported. Objective The objective of the study is: 1. To investigate the association of print media agenda and policy agenda on International relations policy of Pakistan on Pak-US relation's issues.

The Media-Government relationship is an area of great importance in the field of Media Studies an... more The Media-Government relationship is an area of great importance in the field of Media Studies and Mass Communication throughout the globe. A number of researches have been conducted in this regard. This book elaborates the situation of the media- government relationship in Pakistan. Most of the books on Journalism, Mass Communication and Media Studies deal with effects of media content on people and society but it is equally important to understand the influences that shape media content. Media, not only influence target audience, but they, themselves are influenced by a number of factors. Media content is influenced by the personal attitudes and orientations of media workers, professionalism, corporate policies, ownership patterns, the economic environment, advertisers, audiences, ideology and above all, the governments. This study investigates the influence of Government on print media content in Pakistan due to its advertising power and being the largest advertiser of the country. The book provides a detailed insight of the situation of media in Pakistan.

Fear of Islam and Muslims is an issue of great concern in almost the whole western world. Media o... more Fear of Islam and Muslims is an issue of great concern in almost the whole western world. Media of the advanced western countries portray Muslims as fanatic, irrational, primitive and dangerous. Because of the portrayal of the negative image of Islam and Muslims by the western media, hate against Muslims is being increased in America and European countries. Western media gives a highly negative image of Islam. The hostility of Western media towards Muslims encompasses racist, xenophobic and stereotypical elements. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the reasons and causes of Islamophobia in the western world and some possible solutions to spread the true picture of Islam. In-depth discourse analysis of western media has been done in addition to the literature review available on the subject. The issue is important worldwide because of its significance for the whole world, especially for the Muslim world.

This study was aimed to investigate the coverage patterns of leading Pakistani newspapers regardi... more This study was aimed to investigate the coverage patterns of leading Pakistani newspapers regarding Saudi-Iran conflict in the light of framing, agenda setting theory. Four leading and most widely circulated Urdu and English newspapers were taken for the content analysis. These newspapers were selected to measure the variables, frequency, themes, frames and slant. The results show that the leading newspapers provided a variety of frames to communicate comprehensive coverage to the Saudi-Iran conflict. No significant difference was found in the coverage patterns of Urdu and English newspaper. In terms of themes and frames these newspapers highlighted a wider range of topics regarding Saudi-Iran conflict.

Global regional review, Mar 31, 2019

The present study aimed to propose strategies for the effective implementation of Early Childhood... more The present study aimed to propose strategies for the effective implementation of Early Childhood Education Programme in government schools in Punjab. A sample of 300 heads of educational institutions was taken from the 36 districts of Punjab to evaluate this programme. A questionnaire was used to collect the opinion of the heads of educational institutions. The findings of the study show that physical facilities were provided by the government for the implementation of ECE programme in only 1000 schools in Punjab. The curriculum developed by the Federal Government is used for the development of the students. The heads of educational institutions and ECE teachers were provided training for effective implementation. The school council members/parents required to involve for the effective implementation of the ECE programme. The appointment of teachers on merits basis, having professional degree in Early Childhood Education is also required to make the ECE programme more effective and successful.

South Asian Studies, 2018

The paper through the lens of Security Dilemma, implores the international institutions in genera... more The paper through the lens of Security Dilemma, implores the international institutions in general and USA in concert with China in particular, to take the driving seat to forestall any eventuality of a nuclear catastrophe to take place in South Asian security architecture. The world is reminded that the Indian ploy of resorting to "Bilateralism", has neither borne any dividends in the past 70 years in thwarting the Security Dilemma, nor is likely to resolve any thing at their own any time soon, before it is too late.

We all are having pistures of the world in our minds. We have never seen a lot of places with our... more We all are having pistures of the world in our minds. We have never seen a lot of places with our eyes but even then we have their pictures in our minds. Of course, these pictures have been created by Media in our minds. Agenda Setting is one of the most important media theories of the present times. The concept of agenda setting took its name from the idea that the mass media have the ability to carry the salience of items on their news agendas and then transfer it to the public agenda. Agenda Setting theory of Media states that with the passage of time, media agennda becomes the public agenda. According to the agenda-setting theory, because of the fact of paying attention to some issues and neglecting and ignoring some others, the mass media will have an effect on public opinion. People will be inclined to know about those issues and things, which are highlighted by the mass media and they adopt the order of priority assigned to different issues. This book is based on the first ever research study coducted in Pakistan regarding the agenda setting role of Media.

Connectist istanbul university journal of communication sciences, Dec 31, 2021

The current study analyzes Inter-Media agenda setting between Twitter and Newspaper websites in t... more The current study analyzes Inter-Media agenda setting between Twitter and Newspaper websites in the political sphere. As a data collection method, keyword searches were used. Lexis-Nexis was used to collect data from newspaper websites, while Twitter APIs were used to collect data from social media. The study's goal is to put inter-media agenda-setting to the test by using a one-day time lag between Twitter and newspaper websites. The cross-lagged correlation and Rozelle-Campbell baseline are used to assess the significance of Twitter agenda influence on the contents of newspaper websites. Overall, the results show that there is synchronization between Twitter and newspaper websites when it comes to political coverage (Express Tribune r=0.843, The Nation r=0.734, and The News International r=0.828). These shards of evidence support the research study's hypothesis: "It is more likely that there is a bi-directional agenda setting sequence in the case of Pakistani political issues between social media and newspaper websites." It also suggests that social media and traditional media are becoming more integrated. According to the study, Twitter was also used to create a priming effect by activating "Ottoman Empire" nostalgia. In light of the study's findings, the integrated Inter-Media agenda setting model is proposed. This model integrates the agenda creation and accumulation processes. Keywords: Inter-media agenda setting, bi-directional inter-media agenda setting, integrated inter-media agenda setting model, inter-media priming and framing, synchronization of media agenda in digital age This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License Inter-Media Agenda Setting between Twitter and News-Websites: A Case Study of The Turkish President's...

Informacios Tarsadalom, Dec 31, 2021

This study aimed to investigate the influence of mass media and interpersonal communication chann... more This study aimed to investigate the influence of mass media and interpersonal communication channels in the adoption of preventive measures against the Covid-19 pandemic (coronavirus). The study hypothesises that higher exposure to media content increases interpersonal communication and increased interpersonal communication is positively associated with the adoption of preventive behaviour. To test this hypothesis, this study used a quantitative research technique employing a survey method. The results, when assessed through Pearson correlation, elaborated that there was a stronger association between media exposure and increased interpersonal communication and the adoption level of Covid prevention measures. The result of the thematic analysis revealed that interpersonal communication was an important contributor towards changing behaviour. Hence, the two-step flow of communication showed strong support for accepting the role of interpersonal communication alongside the mass media. This study findings provide insights to communicators and planners for devising different communication strategies for combating the pandemic.

Abstract Many books on mass media research focus on the process through which the audience receiv... more Abstract Many books on mass media research focus on the process through which the audience receive mass media content or on the effects of content on people and society. However, it is equally important to understand the influences that shape content. This ...

Journal of peace, development & communication, Oct 11, 2021

The arrival of media either conventional or social media has provided a greater impetus to human ... more The arrival of media either conventional or social media has provided a greater impetus to human communication. This study attempts to explore social media usage among seminary students. The researcher accessed the students through the purposive sampling method. Out of 150 122 students (response rate of 81%) were able to fill in the questionnaire. Results indicate that majority of the respondents (95%) use Facebook, while usage of WhatsApp consisted of 109 students of the Madrasa. Usage of social media platforms like Imo and YouTube comprised of only 5 students. It was found that 41% of respondents used social media on daily basis. Furthermore, 9 percent of the respondents used social media more than ten hours a week. Findings also show that most of the respondents (69%) use social media for seeking information, 41% use it for entertainment, 56% use it for communicating with family and friends, 14% use it for publication of Islam (which is a shocking find though), and 49% respondents use social media for passing time.

Journal of peace, development & communication, Dec 31, 2021

The growing use of social media in contemporaneous conflicts and its penetration into modern warf... more The growing use of social media in contemporaneous conflicts and its penetration into modern warfare is a thing to be pondered. Social media has redefined social movements, collective actions, and empowered marginalized groups to have a say in international affairs. While there has been a large body of literature examining how the traditional media depicts conflicts and violent events, the role of social media in shaping conflicts has been overlooked. Consulting an extensive literature related to social media and contemporary conflicts, this study explored the pivotal role of social media in the escalation of recent civil uprisings and the consequences of digital activism on changing conflict dynamics. This study also analyzed the usage of social media by militant organizations and insurgent groups for their vested interests and validated the insurgent public sphere role of social media in shaping conflicts.

African and Asian Studies, Sep 4, 2017

The relations between the United States of America and Pakistan have a significant impact on the ... more The relations between the United States of America and Pakistan have a significant impact on the world's politics as well as in shaping the future of the globe. However, the relations between the two countries have been passing through a lot of ups and downs during the last seven decades. Media have a pivotal role in framing and shaping this 'love and hate' relationship. The purpose of this study was to investigate the coverage of the United States-Pakistan relations by the American newspapers because the media coverage shapes the public opinion. Two major newspapers of the United States were content analyzed for a period of one year with the help of Lexis and Nexis and the coverage of Pakistan was measured and analyzed qualitatively as well as quantitatively. The results of the study revealed that the American newspapers portrayed a highly negative image of Pakistan and most of the coverage about the bilateral relations was found as negative.

Coverage of the Issue of Judiciary Crisis in National Newspapers of Pakistan Dr. Saqib Riaz Abstr... more Coverage of the Issue of Judiciary Crisis in National Newspapers of Pakistan Dr. Saqib Riaz Abstract ... The then law minister Farooq Naik, said that the judiciary could not be restored unconstitutionally and, therefore, the best way forward was to introduce a constitutional package. ...

Journal of Cultural Studies, Oct 11, 2010

After about half a century of animosity and a few hesitant efforts at peace-making, Pakistan and ... more After about half a century of animosity and a few hesitant efforts at peace-making, Pakistan and India - two neighbours in a strained relationship, or more like two estranged siblings – chose the game of cricket in the spring of 2004, as a tool to initiate friendship between them. Five one-day matches were played in the Indo-Pak series from March 14 to April 17, 2004. The historic series raised expectations for the future relations of both countries. As the preparation of matches progressed, communication researchers of the two countries initiated an interesting area of study: the various emotions in varying degrees as exhibited on the faces of the nationals of both countries during cricket’s series. The emphasis was on recording, through content analysis, of major national dailies of the countries involved, the game’s ability to bring the two countries closer or otherwise.

International Institute for Journalism Berlin Germany, 2010

The multitude of e-channels has put everybody just a keyboard away from producing content themse... more The multitude of e-channels has put everybody just a keyboard
away from producing content themselves. For people who formerly had no chance of being
heard, citizen journalism is a great opportunity for participation. Moreover, the individual cannot only comment on stories, she and he are providing resources and information
beyond the scope of the mainstream media. Especially in countries without a free press
bloggers, tweeters, photo and video journalists can give underrepresented and underprivileged groups a voice and add to the media diversity. They are beating their ways through
censorship and enable cross-border dialogue. As in Iran, as in Zimbabwe or in Kenya during their latest elections, they are making a real difference.