Dr. Mamonah Ambreen | Allama Iqbal Open University (original) (raw)

Papers by Dr. Mamonah Ambreen

Wah Academia Journal of Social Sciences, 2023

This paper deals with the research findings of an anthropological study about quail hunting and q... more This paper deals with the research findings of an anthropological study about quail hunting and quail fighting in Taunsa Sharif. The major objective of this research was to find the traditional tools and techniques being used for different types of quail hunting by the natives. There is a strong relationship between two of the activities. Through the quail hunting a flock of birds is captured and out of this the finest quails are selected for the fight on the basis of certain culturally defined criteria. There are seven traditional types of quail hunt that are being practiced. All types of hunts vary from each other because of different reasons, i.e., season of the hunt, usage of tools and techniques. The division of labor and party formation has a vital role in both quail hunt and fight. This paper is an attempt to explain the process, practices, tool and techniques of quail hunting. Besides this indigenous perspective about the start of quail fight and hunt are discussed. The data presented in this research paper were collected in Union Council Urban Tehsil Taunsa Sharif by utilizing anthropological research tools and techniques from August 2008 to January 2009.

UNIVERSITY OF WAH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES, 2022

The research article deals with the educational development in the context of educational policie... more The research article deals with the educational development in the context of educational policies and different initiatives for the promotion of enrollment in the primary schools. Parents’ perspectives along with community point of view regarding the utility of the formal education for economic and social development has been discussed in the study. With the passage of time number of OOSC is increasing. The policies along with different small-scale initiatives are not able to motivate parents for the enrollment of their children in formal educational system rather than sending them for non-formal technical skills for economic uplift. The major focus of the study is to analyze the view point of the parents regarding the government educational policies and their preferences regarding the educational institution selection. Social Leaning Theory and Human Capital Theory have been included to analyze the parental perception regarding the investment on their children’s education. In the present research study qualitative research methods were adopted. The study was explorative as well as applied in nature because the theories were validated and applied along with the primary data. The article has been extracted from the PhD thesis. The data presented in this paper were mainly collected through in-depth interviews by the parents and discussions with the community members. Theoretical analysis has been done with the help of primary data to make the study more comprehensive. The study highlighted the parental authority over the children’s educational choices influenced by the short term and immediate economic benefits. It was also found that the people with lesser economic resources invest less on the education of their children because bulk of the resources are utilized on kitchen and other utilities. Spending on children’s formal education is the long-term investment whereas informal-technical education is a short-term investment and brings the benefits early. Therefore, the people especially the poor population are motivated towards short-term investments and get the benefits in the form of economic uplift at household level. So, the informal-technical education is preferred and getting popular in the area. Society plays an important role in setting the parental behavior pattern. They are living in the society where everyone is enjoying almost the same socio-economic status. Learning from the surroundings majority of the parents prefer sending their children for informal-technical education to get some early returns. Study concluded that the Government has made so many policies for the promotion of enrollment at primary school level but due to lack of its utility, less jobs opportunities and abundance of literate job-less individuals, the parents are negatively influenced. Social setting of the area also forced the parents to invest on their children other than education. Market related skills must be added in the school syllabus. Job opportunities may be created for the educated youth.

Pakistan Journal of Social Research, 2022

Present research article deals with the policy making gaps, implementation of such policies for t... more Present research article deals with the policy making gaps, implementation of such policies for the promotion of primary education. The policies were identified and re-interpreted towards the existing policy issues after document analysis and in-depth interviews from the government officials and teaching staff. Various policies were present but number of out of school children were increasing as per annum demographic growth. Objective of the study was to identify the issues, ground based realities which create hinder in the promotion of education at the primary level. Various issues were included but those were not the only concerns which lessened educational development. The present research article was explorative and applied in nature which identify various issues in policy implementation level and ground facilities which were supporting factors for the promotion of educational development at primary school level. In-depth interviews were conducted from government officials, departments concerned with policymaking and its implementation e.g., NHCD, BECS and NEF. Both interview and document analysis techniques were used and included for the study. After the analysis of available educational policies, governmental departments' view point, and interventions for the promotion of education, it was found that the absence of the collaboration among various departments, lack of political will, poor communication among all the stakeholders, weak administration at national and provincial level, issues of governance were some of the major barriers. It was highlighted that lack of coordination among the government departments is the main reason of this less promotion.The study concluded that lack of documentation and identification of gaps were the major reasons of lesser enrollments in primary schools. Poor communication among various government departments, governance structure and the lack of political will discuss in detail with personal input of spokesperson which clearly states that financial gaps and irregularities were some of the major causes of educational policies' failure in Pakistan.

Pakistan Journal of Social Research, 2022

The data presented in this research paper entitled "Flea Market Economy Influencing Local Industr... more The data presented in this research paper entitled "Flea Market Economy Influencing Local Industry: System Analysis of Landa Bazaar in Pakistan" was researched using qualitative anthropological techniques. In this research 25 respondents 10 shopkeepers from the local market, 10 shopkeepers from Landa Bazar, and 5 customers were selected through purposive sampling. The locale for the study was based on multiple markets in Rawalpindi. The time scale of this research was 4 months. The main objective of this research was to study the economic impacts of the Landa bazaar (flea market) on the local economy. In the last decade, the use of secondhand clothing has been increased in Pakistan. The research shows that on temporary basis periphery countries are in an advantageous position as they are receiving high-quality products at cheaper rates and it is also creating a number of employment opportunities. But no one can deny the fact that over time the trade of secondhand clothing will put a negative impact on the local production of Pakistan as the local industries lack in providing compatible products at cheaper rates. Thus it can be said that the donation from the core will participate in the demolishing of the local industry of Pakistan. It is suggested that the government must quantify the number of job opportunities created by this trade and also predict the number of job losses in the domestic clothing industry due to an upsurge in demand for imported secondhand clothes, to facilitate the policymakers to develop their policies effectively.

Pakistan Journal of Social Research , 2022

Present research article deals with the overall misrepresentation of Out of School Children in Pa... more Present research article deals with the overall misrepresentation of Out of School Children in Pakistan, because after the analysis of various educational national policies and the five-year educational plans it was observed that there was no particular space available for the children who were not present in the national data base. Due to various reasons so many communities living without national identity cards (NIC). In the research site various families were living without their identification of being the citizen of the country. It was hypothesized that if in capital territory various families were living without any particular identification than how many around the country would have been living under the same circumstances. This hypothetical consideration became the main theme of the present article. Objective of the study was to identify those primary school going age children who were still out of school. Most of them were wandering in the streets and some of them were working in vocational-workshops. Both of these segments were not included in the OOSC data bank. The scenario was hypothetically reproduced upon the nomadic and semi-nomadic communities, and those who were living in far-flung areas, including valleys, pastures, hilly and coastal areas. Movement of these communities reduced the possibility of their inclusion in main database for OOSC. The qualitative research paradigm was used for the present research article. The study was explorative and applied in nature which identified various issues of calculating OOSC and proposed solutions as coping mechanism. Data were collected from two different segments, one from existing educational policies and reports, and the other from native community, stakeholders who were working for the promotion of enrollment rate in primary schools. After the analysis of available educational policies related to OOSC it was found that no homework has ever been done before calculating the number of OOSC in Pakistan. So many modules and tools given by UIS, UNESCO, and UNICEF for the promotion of education at primary level were available, but none of them were ever incorporated in educational policy. The data about the children living under gray-line i.e., semi-visible and invisible were never been gathered which may arise question on the efficiency of the government educational database. Study concluded that if the government wants to publish actual numbers of OOSC which may be more than the existing number in Pakistan for the effective policies, it needs have to include the gray-line children and to make the policies more implementable. Children engaged in vocational-workshops and those who were never enrolled in schools may be included for effective policies.

Journal of Arts and Social Sciences, 2020

The present research article deals with the perspective of parents regarding the future of their ... more The present research article deals with the perspective of parents regarding the future of their out of school children and their concept of educational development. Qualitative research techniques which includes in-depth interviews, participant observation and FGDs were used for data collection. Bari Imam, near Quaid i Azam University Islamabad was the research site. Purposive sampling technique was used and only those parents were chosen who had out of school children. To understand the parents' perspective about out of school children, the concepts have been borrowed from Social Learning Theory, which has three major components e.g. observation, imitating and then modeling. Results of the study indicated that parents had serious reservations about the educational system of Pakistan and the future outcome of education. They preferred short-term to boost their household economy rather than a long term investment on their children's education which is necessary for the social as well as the personal development. Under the influence of social learning, parents imitating others started sending their children to acquire technical skills, which brought early monetary rewards. Study concluded that, parents were forced to send their children for earning rather than to the schools. Mainstream culture prevailing in the area was to send the children for vocational and technical trainings for rapid monetary benefits. In the current scenario the natives influenced each other which was positive in the context of money and rewards, but negative for the child's educational development.

Pakistan Journal of Distance & Online Learning, 2020

The objectives of this research were to find out implementation challenges of the educational pro... more The objectives of this research were to find out implementation challenges of the educational projects and policies, analyze if these policies address the issue of out of school children, and explore the parental preferences for their children's future and concerns about the educational facilities. Cultural audit approach was adopted for identification and analysis of gaps in policies and their implementation mechanism for the enhancement of school enrolment. Ethnographic research model was used to collect field data from the government officials including policy implementers, and the parents living in the suburban areas of Islamabad. In-depth interviews and focus group discussions were used to collect data. First eight Five-Year Plans and the last three educational policies were analyzed to find out the real issues at formulation and implementation levels. Almost 24 million children were out of school before completing primary level. The study concluded that a lot of resources were consumed while formulation of educational policies and plans. None of these Plans and Policies attained their desired goals. These policies were made without a proper knowledge of ground realities. There was always a gap between the policies makers and the implementers. Communication and coordination may be improved among the implementers so that the best results may be achieved.

Frontier Archaeologist, 2016

Anthropological research techniques were used to collect empirical data for this article. Field d... more Anthropological research techniques were used to collect empirical data for this article. Field data were collected in the Zandra village of district Ziarat in the province of Balochistan. In this article an effort has been made to understand the natives’ cultural beliefs and practices in reproductive health care. The main focus of this research was to understand the nature of development, internal and external factors responsible for the changes and its impact on natives’ lives. An effort has also been made to find out the reproductive health care systems working in the village which included both the traditional and modern medical systems. Initially the natives were using traditional methods of childbirth and postnatal care, but now, as their economic condition and literacy rate is increasing they are more inclined towards the modern methods including gynecologists and technologically advanced clinics. During the last 3 decades many changes have been witnessed. Awareness through media and the shift from subsistence to market economy has increased the use of allopathic modes and medicines due to which the natives have started opting for secondary sources of income. Besides, researcher’s endeavor to explore the shift from traditional to modern reproductive healthcare and the disparity between natives’ health related beliefs and practices, the impact of these changes has been analyzed in light of world system theory at micro level.

Application of innovative approaches has been a focus of study for many educational researchers a... more Application of innovative approaches has been a focus of study for many educational researchers and it ultimately helps to find the aspects that can be intervened to enhance the teacher's continuous professional development toward teaching learning process. A relationship has been reported between teacher educators and prospective teachers regarding the application of innovative approaches in pre service prospective teacher training. The variation in result reported by researchers regarding the use of innovative approaches in pre service teacher education reflects that the demographic variables might have an influential effect on the application of innovative approaches in pre service teacher education. The purpose of this study was to explore the application of innovative approaches in pre service teacher education in Pakistan. The participants of the study were 86 teacher educators of 11 government colleges for elementary teachers (GCETs). A questionnaire was developed for teacher educators on a five point lickert scale and reliability of the questionnaire was 0.870. The findings of the study show that there was no significant difference between male and female teacher educators regarding use of innovative approaches, i.e. computer assisted instruction, Multimedia, Micro teaching and other training aids at GCETs.

The focus of study was the application of innovative approaches in prospective teachers' educatio... more The focus of study was the application of innovative approaches in prospective teachers' education for many researchers. It helps the investigators to find the aspects that can be intervened to enhance the prospective teachers' professional development. A close relationship has been projected between male and female prospective teachers regarding the application of innovative approaches in their training. The variation in result reported by researchers about the use of innovative approaches in prospective teachers' education indicates that the urban and rural variables might have an influential effect on the application of innovative approaches in prospective teacher training. The purpose of this study was to find the application of innovative approaches in prospective teachers' education in Pakistan. The participants of the study were 941 prospective teachers of 11 government colleges for elementary teachers (GCETs). A questionnaire was developed for prospective teachers on a five point likert scale and three point scales according to the nature of the items. Reliability of questionnaire was 0.874. The findings

The relationship between the philosophy of Pakistan and religious beliefs Islam has been the only... more The relationship between the philosophy of Pakistan and religious beliefs Islam has been the only reason behind the development of the country. Islamic lessons and concepts provide the code of life for Muslims. The development of a viable and flourish community requires that Islamic knowledge is delivered to the public, particularly females who are the contractors of the community. Females have been definitely playing getting Islamic knowledge due to the recent Islamic knowledge motions specially targeted to attract women of towns that belong to educated, wealthy families. Institutions like Al Huda International, Minhajul Quran, and Mawrid are pulling in individuals from well versed classes incorporating specialists, designs, educators, and individuals from all kinds of different backgrounds. Huda International is one of the religious establishments, which have amalgamated old and new types of information, and have pulled in ladies from center and privileged societies of the urban populace. The goal of Huda, guided by the organizer and holder, Farhat Hashmi, is to teach ladies having a place with distinctive callings and teaching them about Islamic teachings and rehearses for the purpose that our social order may flourish and thrive.

The study was focused to determine the effect of gender on emotional intelligence and professiona... more The study was focused to determine the effect of gender on emotional intelligence and professional development in male and female secondary school teachers. The objectives of the study were, i) comparing male and female secondary school teachers on the variable of emotional intelligence ii) comparing male and female secondary school teachers on the variable of professional development. The research study was co-relational and comparative study with survey type. The factors of emotional intelligence that are closely related to the professional development of secondary school teachers have been explored through distributing and receiving back the filled questionnaires from the secondary school teachers working in Islamabad model school and colleges Islamabad (urban) district. The sample consisted of 200 secondary school teachers (100 male and 100 female teachers). The questionnaires were based on a five point Likert Scale. Two sets of questionnaires were prepared and used separately for male and female SSTs. There were few common items and few different. Once the data were selected, it was presented and tabulated. The data was analyzed using statistical tools, i.e. percentages, mean scores, standard deviations, correlation and t-test scores. The item total correlation and inter-scale correlation coefficients suggested that both scales and their sub-scales are also strongly and significantly correlated to each other at 0.01 levels of significance. Some major findings of the research study indicated that female secondary school teachers were more emotionally intelligent and professionally developed than male secondary school teachers. Both variables emotional intelligence and professional development seemed to correlate with gender significantly at 0.01 levels. High mean scores of female secondary school teachers indicated high level of emotional intelligence and professional development and low mean scores of male secondary school teachers indicated low level of emotional intelligence and professional development as compared to females.

This research paper mainly deals with the villagers’ perception about diseases which are commonly... more This research paper mainly deals with the villagers’ perception about diseases which are commonly found in the village. It also contains a discussion on the existing position regarding mode of treatment in the village. The research was conducted in Village Zandra, District Ziarat in the province of Balochistan. An effort has been made to find out the medical system working in the village which included both beliefs and perceptions related to health and illness and also the activities which natives have adopted or developed to maintain and restore their health. Initially the natives were using traditional and spiritual healing systems, but now, as their economic condition and literacy rate are improving they are more inclined towards the modern methods of treatment. During the last 3 decades few changes have been witnessed. Shift from subsistence to market economy has increased the use of allopathic medicines due to which the natives have started opting for secondary sources of income. This research paper would explore the application of world systems analysis to the health care systems. While discussing the relationship between the developed and underdeveloped countries on health related issues most of the writers have used the term political economy of health. This term refers to the analysis of health policy and the development, health service in a broader macro-economic and political context. This article will analyze these changes in light of world system theory at micro level. The data presented in this paper has been collected by using qualitative anthropological research techniques.

The government of Pakistan has made constitutional efforts to synthesize the importance and need ... more The government of Pakistan has made constitutional efforts to
synthesize the importance and need of free and compulsory
secondary education. The implementation of this provision is on the part of provincial and district level of government. The present research had been designed to study the perception of secondary school heads about the implications of the free and compulsory secondary Education as fundamental Right in Punjab. The research study was descriptive in nature for which a survey was conducted through questionnaire. The main objectives of the study comprised; 1) to review the existing facilities of the Secondary Education, 2) to identify the problems in implementing free and compulsory Secondary Education and then 3) to suggest possible measures for the successful implementations of free and compulsory Secondary Education. The population of the study was Heads of secondary schools. The sample of the research comprised 6.46% (361) heads of secondary school. Questionnaire was
developed for data collection from the above mentioned
respondent. Each questionnaire comprised 36 closed form
questions on three points rating scale with four multi option
questions and two open ended questions. The questionnaire was improved and validated by the nine experts in the research and education field and HEC approved PhD supervisor. The questionnaire was pilot tested on 9 heads of secondary schools of 3 districts. The questionnaire was administered and data was collected. The data was arranged, codified, entered in SPSS 22 software and then it was tabulated and analyzed. The study concluded that the implementation on Article 25th A of the constitution of Pakistan is a need of time. It is necessary for national economic development, upgrading living standers of citizens, get jobs and provide foundation for higher education. Furthermore research explores the serious problems i.e. poverty and illiteracy through education and for education. The government must work hard to bringing out of school children into schools, educational income support funds, strict legislation against child-labor, compel illiterate parents to investment in education for the future citizens, fill up the vacancy of professional subject specialists, allocation of resources to meet the financial, infrastructure and manpower gaps, good governance, optimal utilization of existing resources, and active, continuous monitoring and accountability system.

The present study was directed to explore the “Effectiveness of Web 2.0 Technologies in Distance ... more The present study was directed to explore the “Effectiveness of Web 2.0 Technologies in Distance Learning”. Web 2.0 skills had a significant positive outcome on the academic achievement of the learners so the talent development program should be underway for the planning of teachers as an expediter. Emergent internet based technologies promotes different types of interface and creates opportunities for new types of learning societies that sanctions learners around the sphere to study at their own pace. Technology is the backbone of distance education; computers, the internet and the World Wide Web are operative forms of emerging technologies. Today's ever changing technology includes synchronous and asynchronous communication to accelerate learning. The inclusive results of the study showed that this strategy increased average retentive of distance learners than the learners taught without web 2.0 technologies. The results of the study would be applicable in urban and rural distance learners in Pakistan, so with all of this isolation distance will reduce among learners and they can interact with each other at any suitable time.

This study “Cultural Barriers to Girls Education” shows local perception of parents regarding the... more This study “Cultural Barriers to Girls Education” shows local perception of parents regarding their daughters’ education. In spite of the fact that the people are aware of the importance of literacy, there is a gender gap. People are still reluctant to send their daughters to the schools. There are certain cultural barriers to girls’ education which helps to maintain the status quo. The pardah has been a major barrier for the girls’ education since a long time. The other barriers include division of labour, male decision makers, nonparticipation in economic activities, temporary family membership, and inheritance. Fathers belonging to different classes and age groups have their own reasons for not sending their daughters to school. The group of fathers aging more than 60 years was more concerned about pardah whereas the group between 20 to 40 years had economic reasons. Mothers have slightly different opinion about female education. They have their own reasons for not sending their daughters to school. The pattern of change among males and females was almost similar. In younger groups, both of them were more concerned for economic reasons. So with the passage of time the reasons have been shifted from pardah to economy which includes nonparticipation in economic activities, investment on temporary family member and the inheritance.This research was conducted in Villag Dasuha District Faisalabad.Qualitative anthropological techniques were used to collect empirical data.

This paper deals with research findings regarding traditional and modern biomedical healthcare sy... more This paper deals with research findings regarding traditional and modern biomedical healthcare systems prevailing in the Village Zandra, District Ziarat in the province of Balochistan. An effort has been made to find out the medical system working in the village which included both beliefs and perceptions related to health and illness and also the activities which natives have adopted or developed to maintain and restore their health. Initially the natives were using traditional and spiritual healing systems, but now, as their economic condition and literacy rate are improving, they are more inclined towards the modern methods of treatment. During the last 3 decades, few changes have been witnessed. Shift from subsistence to market economy has increased the use of allopathic medicines due to the fact that the natives have started opting for secondary sources of income. Besides, researcher endeavored to explore the shift from traditional to modern healthcare and the disparity between natives' health related beliefs and practices. The impact of these changes has been analyzed in light of world system theory at micro level. The data presented in this paper have been collected by using qualitative anthropological research techniques.

The present research was conducted in Zandra village of Ziarat district in the province of Baloch... more The present research was conducted in Zandra village of Ziarat district in the province of Balochistan. Anthropological research techniques were used to collect empirical data. In this article, an effort has been made to understand the natives' cultural beliefs and practices in health care sector. The main focus of this research was to understand the nature of development, internal and external factors responsible for the changes and the actual beneficiaries of the development. An effort has also been made to find out the health care systems working in the village which included both faith healing and allopathic medicines. Initially the natives were using traditional and spiritual healing systems, but now as their economic condition and literacy rate are increasing, they are more inclined towards the modern methods of treatment. During the last 3 decades, many changes have been witnessed. Awareness through media and shift from subsistence to market economy have increased the use of allopathic medicines due to the fact that the natives have started opting for secondary sources of income. Besides, researcher's endeavor to explore the shift from traditional to modern healthcare and the disparity between natives' health related beliefs and practices, the impact of which has been analyzed in light of world system theory at micro level.

This article intends to understand the cultural perception of development and its impact in healt... more This article intends to understand the cultural perception of development and its impact in health sector in the province of Balochistan, Pakistan. The main focus of this study was to understand the nature of development, internal and external factors responsible for the changes and the actual beneficiaries of the development. The research was conducted in Zandra village of district Ziarat in the province of Balochistan. An effort has been made to find out the health care systems working in the village which included both beliefs and perceptions related to health and illness and also the activities which natives have adopted or developed to maintain and restore their health. Initially the natives were using traditional and spiritual healing systems but now as their economic condition and literacy rate is increasing they are more inclined towards the modern methods of treatment. During the last 3 decades many changes have been witnessed. Awareness through media and shift from subsistence to market economy has increased the use of allopathic medicines due to which the natives have started opting for secondary sources of income. Besides, researcher endeavoured to explore the shift from traditional to modern healthcare and the disparity between natives' health related beliefs and practices, the impact of these changes has been analyzed in light of world system theory at micro level. Anthropological research techniques were used to collect data.

This research paper focuses on the research findings regarding health belief systems, faith heali... more This research paper focuses on the research findings regarding health belief systems, faith healing and modern biomedical healthcare systems prevailing in the Village Zandra, District Ziarat in the province of Balochistan. An effort has been made to find out the health care systems working in the village which included both beliefs and perceptions related to health and illness and also the activities which natives have adopted or developed to maintain and restore their health. Initially the natives were using traditional and spiritual healing systems but now as their economic condition and literacy rate is increasing they are more inclined towards the modern methods of treatment. During the last 3 decades many changes have been witnessed. Awareness through media and shift from subsistence to market economy has increased the use of allopathic medicines due to which the natives have started opting for secondary sources of income. Besides, researcher's endeavor to explore the shift from traditional to modern healthcare and the disparity between natives' health related beliefs and practices, the impact of these changes has been analyzed in light of world system theory at micro level. The data presented in this paper has been collected by using qualitative anthropological research techniques.

Wah Academia Journal of Social Sciences, 2023

This paper deals with the research findings of an anthropological study about quail hunting and q... more This paper deals with the research findings of an anthropological study about quail hunting and quail fighting in Taunsa Sharif. The major objective of this research was to find the traditional tools and techniques being used for different types of quail hunting by the natives. There is a strong relationship between two of the activities. Through the quail hunting a flock of birds is captured and out of this the finest quails are selected for the fight on the basis of certain culturally defined criteria. There are seven traditional types of quail hunt that are being practiced. All types of hunts vary from each other because of different reasons, i.e., season of the hunt, usage of tools and techniques. The division of labor and party formation has a vital role in both quail hunt and fight. This paper is an attempt to explain the process, practices, tool and techniques of quail hunting. Besides this indigenous perspective about the start of quail fight and hunt are discussed. The data presented in this research paper were collected in Union Council Urban Tehsil Taunsa Sharif by utilizing anthropological research tools and techniques from August 2008 to January 2009.

UNIVERSITY OF WAH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES, 2022

The research article deals with the educational development in the context of educational policie... more The research article deals with the educational development in the context of educational policies and different initiatives for the promotion of enrollment in the primary schools. Parents’ perspectives along with community point of view regarding the utility of the formal education for economic and social development has been discussed in the study. With the passage of time number of OOSC is increasing. The policies along with different small-scale initiatives are not able to motivate parents for the enrollment of their children in formal educational system rather than sending them for non-formal technical skills for economic uplift. The major focus of the study is to analyze the view point of the parents regarding the government educational policies and their preferences regarding the educational institution selection. Social Leaning Theory and Human Capital Theory have been included to analyze the parental perception regarding the investment on their children’s education. In the present research study qualitative research methods were adopted. The study was explorative as well as applied in nature because the theories were validated and applied along with the primary data. The article has been extracted from the PhD thesis. The data presented in this paper were mainly collected through in-depth interviews by the parents and discussions with the community members. Theoretical analysis has been done with the help of primary data to make the study more comprehensive. The study highlighted the parental authority over the children’s educational choices influenced by the short term and immediate economic benefits. It was also found that the people with lesser economic resources invest less on the education of their children because bulk of the resources are utilized on kitchen and other utilities. Spending on children’s formal education is the long-term investment whereas informal-technical education is a short-term investment and brings the benefits early. Therefore, the people especially the poor population are motivated towards short-term investments and get the benefits in the form of economic uplift at household level. So, the informal-technical education is preferred and getting popular in the area. Society plays an important role in setting the parental behavior pattern. They are living in the society where everyone is enjoying almost the same socio-economic status. Learning from the surroundings majority of the parents prefer sending their children for informal-technical education to get some early returns. Study concluded that the Government has made so many policies for the promotion of enrollment at primary school level but due to lack of its utility, less jobs opportunities and abundance of literate job-less individuals, the parents are negatively influenced. Social setting of the area also forced the parents to invest on their children other than education. Market related skills must be added in the school syllabus. Job opportunities may be created for the educated youth.

Pakistan Journal of Social Research, 2022

Present research article deals with the policy making gaps, implementation of such policies for t... more Present research article deals with the policy making gaps, implementation of such policies for the promotion of primary education. The policies were identified and re-interpreted towards the existing policy issues after document analysis and in-depth interviews from the government officials and teaching staff. Various policies were present but number of out of school children were increasing as per annum demographic growth. Objective of the study was to identify the issues, ground based realities which create hinder in the promotion of education at the primary level. Various issues were included but those were not the only concerns which lessened educational development. The present research article was explorative and applied in nature which identify various issues in policy implementation level and ground facilities which were supporting factors for the promotion of educational development at primary school level. In-depth interviews were conducted from government officials, departments concerned with policymaking and its implementation e.g., NHCD, BECS and NEF. Both interview and document analysis techniques were used and included for the study. After the analysis of available educational policies, governmental departments' view point, and interventions for the promotion of education, it was found that the absence of the collaboration among various departments, lack of political will, poor communication among all the stakeholders, weak administration at national and provincial level, issues of governance were some of the major barriers. It was highlighted that lack of coordination among the government departments is the main reason of this less promotion.The study concluded that lack of documentation and identification of gaps were the major reasons of lesser enrollments in primary schools. Poor communication among various government departments, governance structure and the lack of political will discuss in detail with personal input of spokesperson which clearly states that financial gaps and irregularities were some of the major causes of educational policies' failure in Pakistan.

Pakistan Journal of Social Research, 2022

The data presented in this research paper entitled "Flea Market Economy Influencing Local Industr... more The data presented in this research paper entitled "Flea Market Economy Influencing Local Industry: System Analysis of Landa Bazaar in Pakistan" was researched using qualitative anthropological techniques. In this research 25 respondents 10 shopkeepers from the local market, 10 shopkeepers from Landa Bazar, and 5 customers were selected through purposive sampling. The locale for the study was based on multiple markets in Rawalpindi. The time scale of this research was 4 months. The main objective of this research was to study the economic impacts of the Landa bazaar (flea market) on the local economy. In the last decade, the use of secondhand clothing has been increased in Pakistan. The research shows that on temporary basis periphery countries are in an advantageous position as they are receiving high-quality products at cheaper rates and it is also creating a number of employment opportunities. But no one can deny the fact that over time the trade of secondhand clothing will put a negative impact on the local production of Pakistan as the local industries lack in providing compatible products at cheaper rates. Thus it can be said that the donation from the core will participate in the demolishing of the local industry of Pakistan. It is suggested that the government must quantify the number of job opportunities created by this trade and also predict the number of job losses in the domestic clothing industry due to an upsurge in demand for imported secondhand clothes, to facilitate the policymakers to develop their policies effectively.

Pakistan Journal of Social Research , 2022

Present research article deals with the overall misrepresentation of Out of School Children in Pa... more Present research article deals with the overall misrepresentation of Out of School Children in Pakistan, because after the analysis of various educational national policies and the five-year educational plans it was observed that there was no particular space available for the children who were not present in the national data base. Due to various reasons so many communities living without national identity cards (NIC). In the research site various families were living without their identification of being the citizen of the country. It was hypothesized that if in capital territory various families were living without any particular identification than how many around the country would have been living under the same circumstances. This hypothetical consideration became the main theme of the present article. Objective of the study was to identify those primary school going age children who were still out of school. Most of them were wandering in the streets and some of them were working in vocational-workshops. Both of these segments were not included in the OOSC data bank. The scenario was hypothetically reproduced upon the nomadic and semi-nomadic communities, and those who were living in far-flung areas, including valleys, pastures, hilly and coastal areas. Movement of these communities reduced the possibility of their inclusion in main database for OOSC. The qualitative research paradigm was used for the present research article. The study was explorative and applied in nature which identified various issues of calculating OOSC and proposed solutions as coping mechanism. Data were collected from two different segments, one from existing educational policies and reports, and the other from native community, stakeholders who were working for the promotion of enrollment rate in primary schools. After the analysis of available educational policies related to OOSC it was found that no homework has ever been done before calculating the number of OOSC in Pakistan. So many modules and tools given by UIS, UNESCO, and UNICEF for the promotion of education at primary level were available, but none of them were ever incorporated in educational policy. The data about the children living under gray-line i.e., semi-visible and invisible were never been gathered which may arise question on the efficiency of the government educational database. Study concluded that if the government wants to publish actual numbers of OOSC which may be more than the existing number in Pakistan for the effective policies, it needs have to include the gray-line children and to make the policies more implementable. Children engaged in vocational-workshops and those who were never enrolled in schools may be included for effective policies.

Journal of Arts and Social Sciences, 2020

The present research article deals with the perspective of parents regarding the future of their ... more The present research article deals with the perspective of parents regarding the future of their out of school children and their concept of educational development. Qualitative research techniques which includes in-depth interviews, participant observation and FGDs were used for data collection. Bari Imam, near Quaid i Azam University Islamabad was the research site. Purposive sampling technique was used and only those parents were chosen who had out of school children. To understand the parents' perspective about out of school children, the concepts have been borrowed from Social Learning Theory, which has three major components e.g. observation, imitating and then modeling. Results of the study indicated that parents had serious reservations about the educational system of Pakistan and the future outcome of education. They preferred short-term to boost their household economy rather than a long term investment on their children's education which is necessary for the social as well as the personal development. Under the influence of social learning, parents imitating others started sending their children to acquire technical skills, which brought early monetary rewards. Study concluded that, parents were forced to send their children for earning rather than to the schools. Mainstream culture prevailing in the area was to send the children for vocational and technical trainings for rapid monetary benefits. In the current scenario the natives influenced each other which was positive in the context of money and rewards, but negative for the child's educational development.

Pakistan Journal of Distance & Online Learning, 2020

The objectives of this research were to find out implementation challenges of the educational pro... more The objectives of this research were to find out implementation challenges of the educational projects and policies, analyze if these policies address the issue of out of school children, and explore the parental preferences for their children's future and concerns about the educational facilities. Cultural audit approach was adopted for identification and analysis of gaps in policies and their implementation mechanism for the enhancement of school enrolment. Ethnographic research model was used to collect field data from the government officials including policy implementers, and the parents living in the suburban areas of Islamabad. In-depth interviews and focus group discussions were used to collect data. First eight Five-Year Plans and the last three educational policies were analyzed to find out the real issues at formulation and implementation levels. Almost 24 million children were out of school before completing primary level. The study concluded that a lot of resources were consumed while formulation of educational policies and plans. None of these Plans and Policies attained their desired goals. These policies were made without a proper knowledge of ground realities. There was always a gap between the policies makers and the implementers. Communication and coordination may be improved among the implementers so that the best results may be achieved.

Frontier Archaeologist, 2016

Anthropological research techniques were used to collect empirical data for this article. Field d... more Anthropological research techniques were used to collect empirical data for this article. Field data were collected in the Zandra village of district Ziarat in the province of Balochistan. In this article an effort has been made to understand the natives’ cultural beliefs and practices in reproductive health care. The main focus of this research was to understand the nature of development, internal and external factors responsible for the changes and its impact on natives’ lives. An effort has also been made to find out the reproductive health care systems working in the village which included both the traditional and modern medical systems. Initially the natives were using traditional methods of childbirth and postnatal care, but now, as their economic condition and literacy rate is increasing they are more inclined towards the modern methods including gynecologists and technologically advanced clinics. During the last 3 decades many changes have been witnessed. Awareness through media and the shift from subsistence to market economy has increased the use of allopathic modes and medicines due to which the natives have started opting for secondary sources of income. Besides, researcher’s endeavor to explore the shift from traditional to modern reproductive healthcare and the disparity between natives’ health related beliefs and practices, the impact of these changes has been analyzed in light of world system theory at micro level.

Application of innovative approaches has been a focus of study for many educational researchers a... more Application of innovative approaches has been a focus of study for many educational researchers and it ultimately helps to find the aspects that can be intervened to enhance the teacher's continuous professional development toward teaching learning process. A relationship has been reported between teacher educators and prospective teachers regarding the application of innovative approaches in pre service prospective teacher training. The variation in result reported by researchers regarding the use of innovative approaches in pre service teacher education reflects that the demographic variables might have an influential effect on the application of innovative approaches in pre service teacher education. The purpose of this study was to explore the application of innovative approaches in pre service teacher education in Pakistan. The participants of the study were 86 teacher educators of 11 government colleges for elementary teachers (GCETs). A questionnaire was developed for teacher educators on a five point lickert scale and reliability of the questionnaire was 0.870. The findings of the study show that there was no significant difference between male and female teacher educators regarding use of innovative approaches, i.e. computer assisted instruction, Multimedia, Micro teaching and other training aids at GCETs.

The focus of study was the application of innovative approaches in prospective teachers' educatio... more The focus of study was the application of innovative approaches in prospective teachers' education for many researchers. It helps the investigators to find the aspects that can be intervened to enhance the prospective teachers' professional development. A close relationship has been projected between male and female prospective teachers regarding the application of innovative approaches in their training. The variation in result reported by researchers about the use of innovative approaches in prospective teachers' education indicates that the urban and rural variables might have an influential effect on the application of innovative approaches in prospective teacher training. The purpose of this study was to find the application of innovative approaches in prospective teachers' education in Pakistan. The participants of the study were 941 prospective teachers of 11 government colleges for elementary teachers (GCETs). A questionnaire was developed for prospective teachers on a five point likert scale and three point scales according to the nature of the items. Reliability of questionnaire was 0.874. The findings

The relationship between the philosophy of Pakistan and religious beliefs Islam has been the only... more The relationship between the philosophy of Pakistan and religious beliefs Islam has been the only reason behind the development of the country. Islamic lessons and concepts provide the code of life for Muslims. The development of a viable and flourish community requires that Islamic knowledge is delivered to the public, particularly females who are the contractors of the community. Females have been definitely playing getting Islamic knowledge due to the recent Islamic knowledge motions specially targeted to attract women of towns that belong to educated, wealthy families. Institutions like Al Huda International, Minhajul Quran, and Mawrid are pulling in individuals from well versed classes incorporating specialists, designs, educators, and individuals from all kinds of different backgrounds. Huda International is one of the religious establishments, which have amalgamated old and new types of information, and have pulled in ladies from center and privileged societies of the urban populace. The goal of Huda, guided by the organizer and holder, Farhat Hashmi, is to teach ladies having a place with distinctive callings and teaching them about Islamic teachings and rehearses for the purpose that our social order may flourish and thrive.

The study was focused to determine the effect of gender on emotional intelligence and professiona... more The study was focused to determine the effect of gender on emotional intelligence and professional development in male and female secondary school teachers. The objectives of the study were, i) comparing male and female secondary school teachers on the variable of emotional intelligence ii) comparing male and female secondary school teachers on the variable of professional development. The research study was co-relational and comparative study with survey type. The factors of emotional intelligence that are closely related to the professional development of secondary school teachers have been explored through distributing and receiving back the filled questionnaires from the secondary school teachers working in Islamabad model school and colleges Islamabad (urban) district. The sample consisted of 200 secondary school teachers (100 male and 100 female teachers). The questionnaires were based on a five point Likert Scale. Two sets of questionnaires were prepared and used separately for male and female SSTs. There were few common items and few different. Once the data were selected, it was presented and tabulated. The data was analyzed using statistical tools, i.e. percentages, mean scores, standard deviations, correlation and t-test scores. The item total correlation and inter-scale correlation coefficients suggested that both scales and their sub-scales are also strongly and significantly correlated to each other at 0.01 levels of significance. Some major findings of the research study indicated that female secondary school teachers were more emotionally intelligent and professionally developed than male secondary school teachers. Both variables emotional intelligence and professional development seemed to correlate with gender significantly at 0.01 levels. High mean scores of female secondary school teachers indicated high level of emotional intelligence and professional development and low mean scores of male secondary school teachers indicated low level of emotional intelligence and professional development as compared to females.

This research paper mainly deals with the villagers’ perception about diseases which are commonly... more This research paper mainly deals with the villagers’ perception about diseases which are commonly found in the village. It also contains a discussion on the existing position regarding mode of treatment in the village. The research was conducted in Village Zandra, District Ziarat in the province of Balochistan. An effort has been made to find out the medical system working in the village which included both beliefs and perceptions related to health and illness and also the activities which natives have adopted or developed to maintain and restore their health. Initially the natives were using traditional and spiritual healing systems, but now, as their economic condition and literacy rate are improving they are more inclined towards the modern methods of treatment. During the last 3 decades few changes have been witnessed. Shift from subsistence to market economy has increased the use of allopathic medicines due to which the natives have started opting for secondary sources of income. This research paper would explore the application of world systems analysis to the health care systems. While discussing the relationship between the developed and underdeveloped countries on health related issues most of the writers have used the term political economy of health. This term refers to the analysis of health policy and the development, health service in a broader macro-economic and political context. This article will analyze these changes in light of world system theory at micro level. The data presented in this paper has been collected by using qualitative anthropological research techniques.

The government of Pakistan has made constitutional efforts to synthesize the importance and need ... more The government of Pakistan has made constitutional efforts to
synthesize the importance and need of free and compulsory
secondary education. The implementation of this provision is on the part of provincial and district level of government. The present research had been designed to study the perception of secondary school heads about the implications of the free and compulsory secondary Education as fundamental Right in Punjab. The research study was descriptive in nature for which a survey was conducted through questionnaire. The main objectives of the study comprised; 1) to review the existing facilities of the Secondary Education, 2) to identify the problems in implementing free and compulsory Secondary Education and then 3) to suggest possible measures for the successful implementations of free and compulsory Secondary Education. The population of the study was Heads of secondary schools. The sample of the research comprised 6.46% (361) heads of secondary school. Questionnaire was
developed for data collection from the above mentioned
respondent. Each questionnaire comprised 36 closed form
questions on three points rating scale with four multi option
questions and two open ended questions. The questionnaire was improved and validated by the nine experts in the research and education field and HEC approved PhD supervisor. The questionnaire was pilot tested on 9 heads of secondary schools of 3 districts. The questionnaire was administered and data was collected. The data was arranged, codified, entered in SPSS 22 software and then it was tabulated and analyzed. The study concluded that the implementation on Article 25th A of the constitution of Pakistan is a need of time. It is necessary for national economic development, upgrading living standers of citizens, get jobs and provide foundation for higher education. Furthermore research explores the serious problems i.e. poverty and illiteracy through education and for education. The government must work hard to bringing out of school children into schools, educational income support funds, strict legislation against child-labor, compel illiterate parents to investment in education for the future citizens, fill up the vacancy of professional subject specialists, allocation of resources to meet the financial, infrastructure and manpower gaps, good governance, optimal utilization of existing resources, and active, continuous monitoring and accountability system.

The present study was directed to explore the “Effectiveness of Web 2.0 Technologies in Distance ... more The present study was directed to explore the “Effectiveness of Web 2.0 Technologies in Distance Learning”. Web 2.0 skills had a significant positive outcome on the academic achievement of the learners so the talent development program should be underway for the planning of teachers as an expediter. Emergent internet based technologies promotes different types of interface and creates opportunities for new types of learning societies that sanctions learners around the sphere to study at their own pace. Technology is the backbone of distance education; computers, the internet and the World Wide Web are operative forms of emerging technologies. Today's ever changing technology includes synchronous and asynchronous communication to accelerate learning. The inclusive results of the study showed that this strategy increased average retentive of distance learners than the learners taught without web 2.0 technologies. The results of the study would be applicable in urban and rural distance learners in Pakistan, so with all of this isolation distance will reduce among learners and they can interact with each other at any suitable time.

This study “Cultural Barriers to Girls Education” shows local perception of parents regarding the... more This study “Cultural Barriers to Girls Education” shows local perception of parents regarding their daughters’ education. In spite of the fact that the people are aware of the importance of literacy, there is a gender gap. People are still reluctant to send their daughters to the schools. There are certain cultural barriers to girls’ education which helps to maintain the status quo. The pardah has been a major barrier for the girls’ education since a long time. The other barriers include division of labour, male decision makers, nonparticipation in economic activities, temporary family membership, and inheritance. Fathers belonging to different classes and age groups have their own reasons for not sending their daughters to school. The group of fathers aging more than 60 years was more concerned about pardah whereas the group between 20 to 40 years had economic reasons. Mothers have slightly different opinion about female education. They have their own reasons for not sending their daughters to school. The pattern of change among males and females was almost similar. In younger groups, both of them were more concerned for economic reasons. So with the passage of time the reasons have been shifted from pardah to economy which includes nonparticipation in economic activities, investment on temporary family member and the inheritance.This research was conducted in Villag Dasuha District Faisalabad.Qualitative anthropological techniques were used to collect empirical data.

This paper deals with research findings regarding traditional and modern biomedical healthcare sy... more This paper deals with research findings regarding traditional and modern biomedical healthcare systems prevailing in the Village Zandra, District Ziarat in the province of Balochistan. An effort has been made to find out the medical system working in the village which included both beliefs and perceptions related to health and illness and also the activities which natives have adopted or developed to maintain and restore their health. Initially the natives were using traditional and spiritual healing systems, but now, as their economic condition and literacy rate are improving, they are more inclined towards the modern methods of treatment. During the last 3 decades, few changes have been witnessed. Shift from subsistence to market economy has increased the use of allopathic medicines due to the fact that the natives have started opting for secondary sources of income. Besides, researcher endeavored to explore the shift from traditional to modern healthcare and the disparity between natives' health related beliefs and practices. The impact of these changes has been analyzed in light of world system theory at micro level. The data presented in this paper have been collected by using qualitative anthropological research techniques.

The present research was conducted in Zandra village of Ziarat district in the province of Baloch... more The present research was conducted in Zandra village of Ziarat district in the province of Balochistan. Anthropological research techniques were used to collect empirical data. In this article, an effort has been made to understand the natives' cultural beliefs and practices in health care sector. The main focus of this research was to understand the nature of development, internal and external factors responsible for the changes and the actual beneficiaries of the development. An effort has also been made to find out the health care systems working in the village which included both faith healing and allopathic medicines. Initially the natives were using traditional and spiritual healing systems, but now as their economic condition and literacy rate are increasing, they are more inclined towards the modern methods of treatment. During the last 3 decades, many changes have been witnessed. Awareness through media and shift from subsistence to market economy have increased the use of allopathic medicines due to the fact that the natives have started opting for secondary sources of income. Besides, researcher's endeavor to explore the shift from traditional to modern healthcare and the disparity between natives' health related beliefs and practices, the impact of which has been analyzed in light of world system theory at micro level.

This article intends to understand the cultural perception of development and its impact in healt... more This article intends to understand the cultural perception of development and its impact in health sector in the province of Balochistan, Pakistan. The main focus of this study was to understand the nature of development, internal and external factors responsible for the changes and the actual beneficiaries of the development. The research was conducted in Zandra village of district Ziarat in the province of Balochistan. An effort has been made to find out the health care systems working in the village which included both beliefs and perceptions related to health and illness and also the activities which natives have adopted or developed to maintain and restore their health. Initially the natives were using traditional and spiritual healing systems but now as their economic condition and literacy rate is increasing they are more inclined towards the modern methods of treatment. During the last 3 decades many changes have been witnessed. Awareness through media and shift from subsistence to market economy has increased the use of allopathic medicines due to which the natives have started opting for secondary sources of income. Besides, researcher endeavoured to explore the shift from traditional to modern healthcare and the disparity between natives' health related beliefs and practices, the impact of these changes has been analyzed in light of world system theory at micro level. Anthropological research techniques were used to collect data.

This research paper focuses on the research findings regarding health belief systems, faith heali... more This research paper focuses on the research findings regarding health belief systems, faith healing and modern biomedical healthcare systems prevailing in the Village Zandra, District Ziarat in the province of Balochistan. An effort has been made to find out the health care systems working in the village which included both beliefs and perceptions related to health and illness and also the activities which natives have adopted or developed to maintain and restore their health. Initially the natives were using traditional and spiritual healing systems but now as their economic condition and literacy rate is increasing they are more inclined towards the modern methods of treatment. During the last 3 decades many changes have been witnessed. Awareness through media and shift from subsistence to market economy has increased the use of allopathic medicines due to which the natives have started opting for secondary sources of income. Besides, researcher's endeavor to explore the shift from traditional to modern healthcare and the disparity between natives' health related beliefs and practices, the impact of these changes has been analyzed in light of world system theory at micro level. The data presented in this paper has been collected by using qualitative anthropological research techniques.

This study “Cultural Factors Influencing Gender Literacy Level” shows local perception of parents... more This study “Cultural Factors Influencing Gender Literacy Level” shows local perception of parents regarding their daughters’ education. In spite of the fact that the people are aware of
the importance of literacy, there is gender gap. People are still reluctant to send their daughters to the schools. This study identifies the culture factors concerning gender gaps in
literacy. The focus of study is to find the actual reason of low participation rate of female education with reference to gender empowerment. The efforts have been made to find out the
culture perception of parents regarding their daughter’s education and gender discrimination between female and male children in access to literacy. This study may help to find out low participation rate with reference to gender empowerment. There is no financial benefits for parents to literate their daughters. The main focus of the study is to explore the actual cultural factors involved in low literacy of female with reference to gender. This research was conducted in Villag Dasuha District Faisalabad. Qualitative anthropological techniques were
used to collect empirical data.

The main focus of this study “Economic Empowerment of Women Influencing Family Structures” was to... more The main focus of this study “Economic Empowerment of Women Influencing Family Structures” was to show that economically empowered women performing both economic and domestic activities are unable to maintain proper balance between their routine works and relationship with their family members, which affects negatively on the family structures. Economically empowered women want relatively more power in their home than the other women. Most of them pay less attention towards the household works and start making or influencing the decisions, which often creates tension between the males of the family. An attempt has been made to find out that how women„s economic independence affects in assembling, strengthening and sharpening her attitudes and behaviour. This study also deals with the women‟s role within the family and “economic contribution” in the household economy. The woman in its various roles as mother, wife, daughter, grandmother, daughter-in-law helps in household affairs to boost the economy. This research was conducted in Villag Dasuha District Faisalabad. Qualitative anthropological techniques were used to collect empirical data.