Bongjwa Kim | The Academy of Korean Studies (original) (raw)

Papers by Bongjwa Kim

한국문화, 2013

This paper deals with official edicts(傳令), which refers to directives issued by minor regional go... more This paper deals with official edicts(傳令), which refers to directives issued by minor regional government offices in Chinese characters and key contents summarized and translated into hangeul. In these document, the process of how the kings orders are communicated to the people is described in great detail, from the king ordering the translation and transmission of information to be communicated to the people and his directives passing through the central government offices such as the Office of the Royal Secretariat and the minor regional government offices of prefectures, boroughs, and counties where the directives are translated into hangeul and transmitted. And this custom continued without interruption even after the Gabo Reform of 1894 when the term official edict was changed to official announcement(告示) and all official announcements were written with a mixture of vernacular Korean and Chinese characters in that these official announcements were translated to contain only hangeul characters

Journal of the Institute of Bibliography, 2017

This study examines the compilation process of the wedding ceremony of Crown Prince Yi Cheok (李坧:... more This study examines the compilation process of the wedding ceremony of Crown Prince Yi Cheok (李坧: 純宗, 1874-1926) in 1882 after its contents and related documents are comparatively analyzed. This was the most magnificent wedding ceremony for a crown prince in Joseon history. And empirical analysis is possible because there are some extant records related to this felicitous event such as 58 check lists and the Transcribed Record of the Crown Prince's Wedding Ceremony (王世子嘉禮謄錄).
The organizational structure of the Superintendency for Royal Wedding is reflected in the Ritual Protocol of the Superintendency for the Crown Prince's Wedding Ceremony (王世子嘉禮都監儀軌) in that it consists of the protocol created by the supervisory agency and the one created by the three division offices. Each of these protocols is a kind of document file that outlines the procedures and results of each office's tasks, arranged by type. When each office completed the tasks it was assigned, it independently produced a "draft of transcribed records" (草謄錄), i.e., a draft of all documents related to the royal wedding arranged in chronological order, which were then collected and compiled by the Ritual Protocol Agency (儀軌廳) to use as the basis for publishing the ritual protocol of the crown prince's royal wedding. The extant Transcribed Record of the Crown Prince's Wedding Ceremony was produced by the Board of Rites for totally different purpose and contents than that of the Superintendency for Royal Wedding. At the time, seven copies of the ritual protocol were produced, and they can be broadly categorized into two groups: 1) a copy each to be stored at the Inner Royal Library and the Tutorial Office for the Crown Prince, and 2) a copy each to be kept by the Four History Archives at Jeongjoksan Mountain Fortress, Odaesan Mountain, Taebaeksan Mountain, and Jeoksangsan Mountain Fortress as well as a copy for the Ministry of Rites. As the ritual protocol for the crown prince, the copy stored at the Tutorial Office for the Crown Prince was produced only during the reign of King Gojong.

Korean Studies Quarterly, 2018

Through understanding the production background of Hangeul investiture letters that confer additi... more Through understanding the production background of Hangeul investiture letters that confer additional posthumous titles on the royalty of the Joseon Dynasty and by analyzing such letters’ physical characteristics, this research attempts to identify both their characteristics and their usage.
There are a total of four Hangeul investiture letters that confer additional posthumous titles on particular individuals of the Joseon Dynasty. Three of them were produced because King Gojong conferred additional posthumous titles on Queen Shinjeong, Queen Hyojeong, and Queen Cheolin on February 10, 1866. The other letter, written by the crown prince on February 11, 1890, confers a posthumous title on Queen Myeongseong.
In general, investiture letters were produced in Hangeul for three purposes: as court documents presented to the king, the queen, and royal consorts for their approval; as practice materials by which a designated court matron rehearsed reading the contents of funerary rituals; and as preservation materials for the court matron. All existing Hangeul investiture letters that confer additional posthumous titles are court documents presented to queens.

Korean Studies Quarterly, 2015

The purpose of this paper is to understand the forms and functions of hangeul manuscripts that we... more The purpose of this paper is to understand the forms and functions of hangeul manuscripts that were produced for royal banquets in the late Joseon period, focusing on the wine offering rite held by Crown Prince Hyomyeong for the King Sunjo and Queen Sunwon on September 10, 1827. When Royal Protocol for the Court Feast at Hall of the Mother’s Good Fortune was compiled to record the wine offering rite, not only Chinese manuscripts but also hangeul manuscripts were produced. And potable record of ritual protocols for the rite written in hangeul are extant. In order to understand the production background of these hangeul manuscripts, this paper examined first the aspects of use of hanguel in royal household by means of review and classification on the procedures and all concerned of the ritual. In the following, this paper took a closer look at the form, content, function as well as the production background of each hangeul manuscript such as praise, lyric, explanation of the ritual, potable record of ritual protocol, and royal protocol. All of these manuscripts were made for women of royal household, and more specifically, manuscripts for Queen Sunwon and Crown Princess were praise, lyric, explanation of the ritual, and royal protocol; manuscripts for housewives of royal families were praise, lyric, and portable ceremony procedure. Even though the contents were equal, according to the user’s status materials, forms as well as the function were different according to the user’s status.

The Institue of Bibliography, 2016

This article focuses on the wedding ceremony of the crown prince in 1882 as a case study to inves... more This article focuses on the wedding ceremony of the crown prince in 1882 as a case study to investigate the production background and philological characteristics of the checklists stored at Jangseogak Archives.
Checklists, written as "balgi" (긔) in old Korean and "geon-gi" (件記) in Chinese, are a unique type of documentation in that they enumerate detailed descriptions of each and every thing or people on the list, a form rarely found in transcribed records (謄錄) or ritual protocols (儀軌).
An examination of the checklists on the 1882 wedding ceremony of Crown Prince Yi Cheok (李坧: 純宗, 1874-1926) reveals that most of the checklist contents contain specific descriptions of goods used and a list of court maids (內人) and eunuchs (內官) who were directly involved in each stage of the ceremony. It is interesting to note that more than one checklist was produced on the same subject matter in those days using Korean or Chinese notations, depending on the purpose and checklist drafters. In addition, there were several Chinese versions with notations in different characters.
The study of royal checklists is significant in revealing not only aspects of royal rituals but also the role of the people involved and the notations they actually used.

Korean Studies Quarterly, 2015

The purpose of this paper is to understand the forms and functions of hangeul manuscripts that we... more The purpose of this paper is to understand the forms and functions of hangeul manuscripts that were produced for royal banquets in the late Joseon period, focusing on the wine offering rite held by Crown Prince Hyomyeong for the King Sunjo and Queen Sunwon on September 10, 1827.
When Royal Protocol for the Court Feast at Hall of the Mother’s Good Fortune was compiled to record the wine offering rite, not only Chinese manuscripts but also hangeul manuscripts were produced. And potable record of ritual protocols for the rite written in hangeul are extant.
In order to understand the production background of these hangeul manuscripts, this paper examined first the aspects of use of hanguel in royal household by means of review and classification on the procedures and all concerned of the ritual. In the following, this paper took a closer look at the form, content, function as well as the production background of each hangeul manuscript such as praise, lyric, explanation of the ritual, potable record of ritual protocol, and royal protocol.
All of these manuscripts were made for women of royal household, and more specifically, manuscripts for Queen Sunwon and Crown Princess were praise, lyric, explanation of the ritual, and royal protocol; manuscripts for housewives of royal families were praise, lyric, and portable ceremony procedure. Even though the contents were equal, according to the user’s status materials, forms as well as the function were different according to the user’s status.

Korean Culture, 2013

This paper deals with official edicts(傳令), which refers to directives issued by minor regional go... more This paper deals with official edicts(傳令), which refers to directives issued by minor regional government offices in Chinese characters and key contents summarized and translated into han’geul. In these documents, the process of how the king's orders are communicated to the people is described in great detail, from the king ordering the translation and transmission of information to be communicated to the people and his directives passing through the central government offices such as the Office of the Royal Secretariat and the State Council as well as each of the provincial government offices down to the minor regional government offices of prefectures, boroughs, and counties where the directives are translated into han’geul and transmitted. And this custom continued without interruption even after the Gabo Reform of 1894 when the term “official edict” was changed to “official announcement(告示)” and all official announcements were written with a mixture of vernacular Korean and Chinese characters in that these official announcements were translated to contain only han’geul characters.

Key Words : Official Edict(傳令), Official Announcement(告示), Han’geul Translation, Han’geul Document, Transmission

한국문화, 2013

This paper deals with official edicts(傳令), which refers to directives issued by minor regional go... more This paper deals with official edicts(傳令), which refers to directives issued by minor regional government offices in Chinese characters and key contents summarized and translated into hangeul. In these document, the process of how the kings orders are communicated to the people is described in great detail, from the king ordering the translation and transmission of information to be communicated to the people and his directives passing through the central government offices such as the Office of the Royal Secretariat and the minor regional government offices of prefectures, boroughs, and counties where the directives are translated into hangeul and transmitted. And this custom continued without interruption even after the Gabo Reform of 1894 when the term official edict was changed to official announcement(告示) and all official announcements were written with a mixture of vernacular Korean and Chinese characters in that these official announcements were translated to contain only hangeul characters

Journal of the Institute of Bibliography, 2017

This study examines the compilation process of the wedding ceremony of Crown Prince Yi Cheok (李坧:... more This study examines the compilation process of the wedding ceremony of Crown Prince Yi Cheok (李坧: 純宗, 1874-1926) in 1882 after its contents and related documents are comparatively analyzed. This was the most magnificent wedding ceremony for a crown prince in Joseon history. And empirical analysis is possible because there are some extant records related to this felicitous event such as 58 check lists and the Transcribed Record of the Crown Prince's Wedding Ceremony (王世子嘉禮謄錄).
The organizational structure of the Superintendency for Royal Wedding is reflected in the Ritual Protocol of the Superintendency for the Crown Prince's Wedding Ceremony (王世子嘉禮都監儀軌) in that it consists of the protocol created by the supervisory agency and the one created by the three division offices. Each of these protocols is a kind of document file that outlines the procedures and results of each office's tasks, arranged by type. When each office completed the tasks it was assigned, it independently produced a "draft of transcribed records" (草謄錄), i.e., a draft of all documents related to the royal wedding arranged in chronological order, which were then collected and compiled by the Ritual Protocol Agency (儀軌廳) to use as the basis for publishing the ritual protocol of the crown prince's royal wedding. The extant Transcribed Record of the Crown Prince's Wedding Ceremony was produced by the Board of Rites for totally different purpose and contents than that of the Superintendency for Royal Wedding. At the time, seven copies of the ritual protocol were produced, and they can be broadly categorized into two groups: 1) a copy each to be stored at the Inner Royal Library and the Tutorial Office for the Crown Prince, and 2) a copy each to be kept by the Four History Archives at Jeongjoksan Mountain Fortress, Odaesan Mountain, Taebaeksan Mountain, and Jeoksangsan Mountain Fortress as well as a copy for the Ministry of Rites. As the ritual protocol for the crown prince, the copy stored at the Tutorial Office for the Crown Prince was produced only during the reign of King Gojong.

Korean Studies Quarterly, 2018

Through understanding the production background of Hangeul investiture letters that confer additi... more Through understanding the production background of Hangeul investiture letters that confer additional posthumous titles on the royalty of the Joseon Dynasty and by analyzing such letters’ physical characteristics, this research attempts to identify both their characteristics and their usage.
There are a total of four Hangeul investiture letters that confer additional posthumous titles on particular individuals of the Joseon Dynasty. Three of them were produced because King Gojong conferred additional posthumous titles on Queen Shinjeong, Queen Hyojeong, and Queen Cheolin on February 10, 1866. The other letter, written by the crown prince on February 11, 1890, confers a posthumous title on Queen Myeongseong.
In general, investiture letters were produced in Hangeul for three purposes: as court documents presented to the king, the queen, and royal consorts for their approval; as practice materials by which a designated court matron rehearsed reading the contents of funerary rituals; and as preservation materials for the court matron. All existing Hangeul investiture letters that confer additional posthumous titles are court documents presented to queens.

Korean Studies Quarterly, 2015

The purpose of this paper is to understand the forms and functions of hangeul manuscripts that we... more The purpose of this paper is to understand the forms and functions of hangeul manuscripts that were produced for royal banquets in the late Joseon period, focusing on the wine offering rite held by Crown Prince Hyomyeong for the King Sunjo and Queen Sunwon on September 10, 1827. When Royal Protocol for the Court Feast at Hall of the Mother’s Good Fortune was compiled to record the wine offering rite, not only Chinese manuscripts but also hangeul manuscripts were produced. And potable record of ritual protocols for the rite written in hangeul are extant. In order to understand the production background of these hangeul manuscripts, this paper examined first the aspects of use of hanguel in royal household by means of review and classification on the procedures and all concerned of the ritual. In the following, this paper took a closer look at the form, content, function as well as the production background of each hangeul manuscript such as praise, lyric, explanation of the ritual, potable record of ritual protocol, and royal protocol. All of these manuscripts were made for women of royal household, and more specifically, manuscripts for Queen Sunwon and Crown Princess were praise, lyric, explanation of the ritual, and royal protocol; manuscripts for housewives of royal families were praise, lyric, and portable ceremony procedure. Even though the contents were equal, according to the user’s status materials, forms as well as the function were different according to the user’s status.

The Institue of Bibliography, 2016

This article focuses on the wedding ceremony of the crown prince in 1882 as a case study to inves... more This article focuses on the wedding ceremony of the crown prince in 1882 as a case study to investigate the production background and philological characteristics of the checklists stored at Jangseogak Archives.
Checklists, written as "balgi" (긔) in old Korean and "geon-gi" (件記) in Chinese, are a unique type of documentation in that they enumerate detailed descriptions of each and every thing or people on the list, a form rarely found in transcribed records (謄錄) or ritual protocols (儀軌).
An examination of the checklists on the 1882 wedding ceremony of Crown Prince Yi Cheok (李坧: 純宗, 1874-1926) reveals that most of the checklist contents contain specific descriptions of goods used and a list of court maids (內人) and eunuchs (內官) who were directly involved in each stage of the ceremony. It is interesting to note that more than one checklist was produced on the same subject matter in those days using Korean or Chinese notations, depending on the purpose and checklist drafters. In addition, there were several Chinese versions with notations in different characters.
The study of royal checklists is significant in revealing not only aspects of royal rituals but also the role of the people involved and the notations they actually used.

Korean Studies Quarterly, 2015

The purpose of this paper is to understand the forms and functions of hangeul manuscripts that we... more The purpose of this paper is to understand the forms and functions of hangeul manuscripts that were produced for royal banquets in the late Joseon period, focusing on the wine offering rite held by Crown Prince Hyomyeong for the King Sunjo and Queen Sunwon on September 10, 1827.
When Royal Protocol for the Court Feast at Hall of the Mother’s Good Fortune was compiled to record the wine offering rite, not only Chinese manuscripts but also hangeul manuscripts were produced. And potable record of ritual protocols for the rite written in hangeul are extant.
In order to understand the production background of these hangeul manuscripts, this paper examined first the aspects of use of hanguel in royal household by means of review and classification on the procedures and all concerned of the ritual. In the following, this paper took a closer look at the form, content, function as well as the production background of each hangeul manuscript such as praise, lyric, explanation of the ritual, potable record of ritual protocol, and royal protocol.
All of these manuscripts were made for women of royal household, and more specifically, manuscripts for Queen Sunwon and Crown Princess were praise, lyric, explanation of the ritual, and royal protocol; manuscripts for housewives of royal families were praise, lyric, and portable ceremony procedure. Even though the contents were equal, according to the user’s status materials, forms as well as the function were different according to the user’s status.

Korean Culture, 2013

This paper deals with official edicts(傳令), which refers to directives issued by minor regional go... more This paper deals with official edicts(傳令), which refers to directives issued by minor regional government offices in Chinese characters and key contents summarized and translated into han’geul. In these documents, the process of how the king's orders are communicated to the people is described in great detail, from the king ordering the translation and transmission of information to be communicated to the people and his directives passing through the central government offices such as the Office of the Royal Secretariat and the State Council as well as each of the provincial government offices down to the minor regional government offices of prefectures, boroughs, and counties where the directives are translated into han’geul and transmitted. And this custom continued without interruption even after the Gabo Reform of 1894 when the term “official edict” was changed to “official announcement(告示)” and all official announcements were written with a mixture of vernacular Korean and Chinese characters in that these official announcements were translated to contain only han’geul characters.

Key Words : Official Edict(傳令), Official Announcement(告示), Han’geul Translation, Han’geul Document, Transmission