Surajit Sarkar | JNGP - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Vol 4 Iss 1 by Surajit Sarkar

Fermentation is the oldest method of milk preservation. Dahi is considered the oldest Indian ferm... more Fermentation is the oldest method of milk preservation. Dahi
is considered the oldest Indian fermented milk product and is
equivalent to western yoghurt obtained by lactic fermentation
through the action of single or mixed strains of lactic acid bacteria
or by lactic fermentation accompanied by alcoholic fermentation
by yeast. Traditionally dahi was prepared at home and it is one of
the fastest growing milk product segments in India.

Papers by Surajit Sarkar

Nutrition & Food Science, 2014

Purpose – Breast milk is considered as the most ideal food for infants during infancy owing to it... more Purpose – Breast milk is considered as the most ideal food for infants during infancy owing to its diverse nutritional and therapeutic attributes. In the absence of breast milk, infants may be offered with cow's, buffalo's or goat's milk after modification to bring their composition nearer to human milk. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – Risks associated with prolonged and exclusive breast feeding or unmodified cow's, buffalo's or goat's milk have been highlighted. In the absence of human milk, the suitability of modified cow's, buffalo's or goat's milk as a supplementary food for infants is also justified. Findings – Breast milk is the most preferred food for infants owing to its numerous intrinsic therapeutic and nutritional attributes. Human milk is virtually impossible to mimic completely, and therefore, goat's milk is often preferred over cow's milk or buffalo's milk due to its better digestibil...

Journal of Nutritional Therapeutics, 2016

Preterm infants are particularly susceptible to abnormal colonization and are therefore prone to ... more Preterm infants are particularly susceptible to abnormal colonization and are therefore prone to systemic infections due to increased intestinal permeability to potentially pathogens. Abnormal pattern of colonization in pre-term infants may contribute to the pathogenesis of neonatal Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC), an acquired gastrointestinal (GI) disease associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Introduction of foods containing probiotic cultures may be advantageous as probiotics prevented gut colonization by abnormal flora. Endeavour has been made to explore the mechanism of gut colonization, suitability of breast milk for preterm infants, effect of administration of probiotics to preterm infants and its safety concerns. Human milk is also suitable for the management of premature infants but fortified breast milk may be a preferred choice and not the pooled pasteurized breast milk. Based upon Randomized Controlled Trials administration of probiotic in preterm infants with a birth weight >1000 g could be recommended due to significantly reduction in incidence of NEC and no systemic infections or serious adverse events was reported. Administration of probiotics in preterm neonates is recommended but further research is emerging for its routine application. Probiotic supplementation in preterm neonates exhibited good safety profile and did not show any side effects and can be recommended for preterm infants but not for extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants [1, 2].

International Journal of Food Science, Nutrition and Dietetics, 2020

International Journal of Microbiology & Advanced Immunology, 2016

International Journal of Food Science, Nutrition and Dietetics, 2016

An intense acceptance of functional foods due to consumer's demand, social attitudes, scientific ... more An intense acceptance of functional foods due to consumer's demand, social attitudes, scientific evidence of the human health benefits of a particular ingredient coupled with commercially driven interest to add value to existing foods have projected probiotics as a new way in the current era of self-care and complementary medicine. Diverse functional properties of probiotics led their incorporation into conventional, dietary supplements and medicinal foods and must be ingested in sufficient quantities to exert health benefits but are often present at lower levels as per the label claims. Worldwide regulations related to probiotics are incoherent and adoption of assay techniques are inconsistent, therefore establishment and reinforcement of a quality assurance program to ensure "Standard of Identity" for adopting the label "Probiotic" is emerging.

Journal of Nutritional Therapeutics, 2016

Preterm infants are particularly susceptible to abnormal colonization and are therefore prone to ... more Preterm infants are particularly susceptible to abnormal colonization and are therefore prone to systemic infections due to increased intestinal permeability to potentially pathogens. Abnormal pattern of colonization in pre-term infants may contribute to the pathogenesis of neonatal Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC), an acquired gastrointestinal (GI) disease associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Introduction of foods containing probiotic cultures may be advantageous as probiotics prevented gut colonization by abnormal flora. Endeavour has been made to explore the mechanism of gut colonization, suitability of breast milk for preterm infants, effect of administration of probiotics to preterm infants and its safety concerns. Human milk is also suitable for the management of premature infants but fortified breast milk may be a preferred choice and not the pooled pasteurized breast milk. Based upon Randomized Controlled Trials administration of probiotic in preterm infants with a birth weight >1000 g could be recommended due to significantly reduction in incidence of NEC and no systemic infections or serious adverse events was reported. Administration of probiotics in preterm neonates is recommended but further research is emerging for its routine application. Probiotic supplementation in preterm neonates exhibited good safety profile and did not show any side effects and can be recommended for preterm infants but not for extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants [1, 2].

Journal of Nutritional Health & Food Science

Purpose: Preterm infants are prone to systemic infections due to increased intestinal permeabilit... more Purpose: Preterm infants are prone to systemic infections due to increased intestinal permeability to potentially pathogens resulting from immature intestinal function, frequent use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, delay in initiating enteral feeding, infection control procedures and sterilization of milk. Very Low Birth Weight infants, particularly Extremely Low Birth Weight infants are at higher risk due to abnormal pattern of colonization, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of neonatal Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC). Dietary intervention through probiotic supplementation is widely adopted for the prophylaxis of NEC and nosocomial infections throughout the world. Design/Methodology/Approach: This review paper is based upon systematic review of randomized controlled trials, metaanalyses, research papers and books related to the short and longterm administration of single or mixed probiotic cultures for the prevention of NEC only in preterm infants. Clinical trials and cohort studies concerning manipulation of the intestinal microbiota in premature infants are also included. Evidence based data published in the English language retrieved from three databases Pub Med, Science Direct and Cochrane Reviews, published in The Cochrane Library from 2000-2016, using a combination of key words like necrotizing enterocolitis, probiotics and preterm infants have been considered. Findings: All probiotic strains are not equally efficacious for preventing NEC and application of probiotic combinations may be advantageous. Due to heterogeneity of probiotic formulations exclusive administration of probiotics in premature infants is not recommended and should be introduced along with breast milk as routine clinical practice for neonatal health care. Originality/Value: Probiotic foods have been found effective in modulating gastrointestinal flora to prevent NEC but safety aspects must be evaluated prior to consideration of probiotic therapy for preterm infants and neonates.

Journal of Nutritional Health & Food Science, Jun 29, 2018

Purpose: Preterm infants are prone to systemic infections due to increased intestinal permeabilit... more Purpose: Preterm infants are prone to systemic infections due to increased intestinal permeability to potentially pathogens resulting from immature intestinal function, frequent use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, delay in initiating enteral feeding, infection control procedures and sterilization of milk. Very Low Birth Weight infants, particularly Extremely Low Birth Weight infants are at higher risk due to abnormal pattern of colonization, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of neonatal Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC). Dietary intervention through probiotic supplementation is widely adopted for the prophylaxis of NEC and nosocomial infections throughout the world. Design/Methodology/Approach: This review paper is based upon systematic review of randomized controlled trials, metaanalyses, research papers and books related to the short and longterm administration of single or mixed probiotic cultures for the prevention of NEC only in preterm infants. Clinical trials and cohort studies concerning manipulation of the intestinal microbiota in premature infants are also included. Evidence based data published in the English language retrieved from three databases Pub Med, Science Direct and Cochrane Reviews, published in The Cochrane Library from 2000-2016, using a combination of key words like necrotizing enterocolitis, probiotics and preterm infants have been considered. Findings: All probiotic strains are not equally efficacious for preventing NEC and application of probiotic combinations may be advantageous. Due to heterogeneity of probiotic formulations exclusive administration of probiotics in premature infants is not recommended and should be introduced along with breast milk as routine clinical practice for neonatal health care. Originality/Value: Probiotic foods have been found effective in modulating gastrointestinal flora to prevent NEC but safety aspects must be evaluated prior to consideration of probiotic therapy for preterm infants and neonates.

British Food Journal, 2007

... is attributed to cow milk protein, eggs, peanuts, soy, tree nuts, fish, wheat (FAO, 1995), se... more ... is attributed to cow milk protein, eggs, peanuts, soy, tree nuts, fish, wheat (FAO, 1995), sesame seed and sulphite (CIFA, 2005). Though breast milk is considered as the best and safest form of nutrition for infants owing to its nutritional and therapeutic properties (Sarkar, 2004a, b ...

Journal of Food Nutrition and Dietetics, 2016

Milk is an ideal medium for the growth and multiplication of diverse microorganisms resulting in ... more Milk is an ideal medium for the growth and multiplication of diverse microorganisms resulting in its early deterioration. Consumption of raw milk should be discouraged as numerous epidemiological outbreaks even death have been recorded. Microbiological quality of raw milk is resultant of various factors including health of the animal to handling and storage. Microbiological quality of pasteurized milk or other milk products is dependent on microbiological quality of raw milk therefore hygienic practices should be implemented at farm level for quality improvement. The various factors affecting the microbiological quality of raw milk and hygienic practices to be implemented at farm level for quality improvement have been highlighted. Poor microbiological quality of raw milk around the world is a resultant of various factors such as the health of the animal, extent of environmental contamination at the producing farm and storage conditions. Modification of payment policy, adoption of pre-milking hygienic practices, improvement in barn environment and better infrastructure/technical support have been suggested for improvement in the microbiological safety of raw milk. Adoption of pre-milking hygienic practices, improvement in barn environment and better infrastructure/technical may lead to an improvement in microbiological safety of raw milk.

health benefits of a particular ingredient coupled with commercially driven interest to add value... more health benefits of a particular ingredient coupled with commercially driven interest to add value to existing foods have projected
probiotics as a new way in the current era of self-care and complementary medicine. Diverse functional properties
of probiotics led their incorporation into conventional, dietary supplements and medicinal foods and must be ingested in
sufficient quantities to exert health benefits but are often present at lower levels as per the label claims.

Volume 9: Editorial 1 by Surajit Sarkar

SciDoc Publishers, 2020

Milk is the basic food for every class of human being for nutrition and health. It is also an ide... more Milk is the basic food for every class of human being for nutrition
and health. It is also an ideal medium for the growth and multiplication of diverse microorganisms resulting in its early deterioration. In order to extend its market reach, milk should have higher shelf-life. Under this condition, diverse non-thermal processing techniques such as high pressure processing, pulsed electric field, microfiltration, ultraviolet light or thermal processing techniques such as thermization, pasteurization or ultra high temperature (UHT) treatment or their combinations may be adopted for extending the shelf-life of raw milk.

Fermentation is the oldest method of milk preservation. Dahi is considered the oldest Indian ferm... more Fermentation is the oldest method of milk preservation. Dahi
is considered the oldest Indian fermented milk product and is
equivalent to western yoghurt obtained by lactic fermentation
through the action of single or mixed strains of lactic acid bacteria
or by lactic fermentation accompanied by alcoholic fermentation
by yeast. Traditionally dahi was prepared at home and it is one of
the fastest growing milk product segments in India.

Nutrition & Food Science, 2014

Purpose – Breast milk is considered as the most ideal food for infants during infancy owing to it... more Purpose – Breast milk is considered as the most ideal food for infants during infancy owing to its diverse nutritional and therapeutic attributes. In the absence of breast milk, infants may be offered with cow's, buffalo's or goat's milk after modification to bring their composition nearer to human milk. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – Risks associated with prolonged and exclusive breast feeding or unmodified cow's, buffalo's or goat's milk have been highlighted. In the absence of human milk, the suitability of modified cow's, buffalo's or goat's milk as a supplementary food for infants is also justified. Findings – Breast milk is the most preferred food for infants owing to its numerous intrinsic therapeutic and nutritional attributes. Human milk is virtually impossible to mimic completely, and therefore, goat's milk is often preferred over cow's milk or buffalo's milk due to its better digestibil...

Journal of Nutritional Therapeutics, 2016

Preterm infants are particularly susceptible to abnormal colonization and are therefore prone to ... more Preterm infants are particularly susceptible to abnormal colonization and are therefore prone to systemic infections due to increased intestinal permeability to potentially pathogens. Abnormal pattern of colonization in pre-term infants may contribute to the pathogenesis of neonatal Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC), an acquired gastrointestinal (GI) disease associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Introduction of foods containing probiotic cultures may be advantageous as probiotics prevented gut colonization by abnormal flora. Endeavour has been made to explore the mechanism of gut colonization, suitability of breast milk for preterm infants, effect of administration of probiotics to preterm infants and its safety concerns. Human milk is also suitable for the management of premature infants but fortified breast milk may be a preferred choice and not the pooled pasteurized breast milk. Based upon Randomized Controlled Trials administration of probiotic in preterm infants with a birth weight >1000 g could be recommended due to significantly reduction in incidence of NEC and no systemic infections or serious adverse events was reported. Administration of probiotics in preterm neonates is recommended but further research is emerging for its routine application. Probiotic supplementation in preterm neonates exhibited good safety profile and did not show any side effects and can be recommended for preterm infants but not for extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants [1, 2].

International Journal of Food Science, Nutrition and Dietetics, 2020

International Journal of Microbiology & Advanced Immunology, 2016

International Journal of Food Science, Nutrition and Dietetics, 2016

An intense acceptance of functional foods due to consumer's demand, social attitudes, scientific ... more An intense acceptance of functional foods due to consumer's demand, social attitudes, scientific evidence of the human health benefits of a particular ingredient coupled with commercially driven interest to add value to existing foods have projected probiotics as a new way in the current era of self-care and complementary medicine. Diverse functional properties of probiotics led their incorporation into conventional, dietary supplements and medicinal foods and must be ingested in sufficient quantities to exert health benefits but are often present at lower levels as per the label claims. Worldwide regulations related to probiotics are incoherent and adoption of assay techniques are inconsistent, therefore establishment and reinforcement of a quality assurance program to ensure "Standard of Identity" for adopting the label "Probiotic" is emerging.

Journal of Nutritional Therapeutics, 2016

Preterm infants are particularly susceptible to abnormal colonization and are therefore prone to ... more Preterm infants are particularly susceptible to abnormal colonization and are therefore prone to systemic infections due to increased intestinal permeability to potentially pathogens. Abnormal pattern of colonization in pre-term infants may contribute to the pathogenesis of neonatal Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC), an acquired gastrointestinal (GI) disease associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Introduction of foods containing probiotic cultures may be advantageous as probiotics prevented gut colonization by abnormal flora. Endeavour has been made to explore the mechanism of gut colonization, suitability of breast milk for preterm infants, effect of administration of probiotics to preterm infants and its safety concerns. Human milk is also suitable for the management of premature infants but fortified breast milk may be a preferred choice and not the pooled pasteurized breast milk. Based upon Randomized Controlled Trials administration of probiotic in preterm infants with a birth weight >1000 g could be recommended due to significantly reduction in incidence of NEC and no systemic infections or serious adverse events was reported. Administration of probiotics in preterm neonates is recommended but further research is emerging for its routine application. Probiotic supplementation in preterm neonates exhibited good safety profile and did not show any side effects and can be recommended for preterm infants but not for extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants [1, 2].

Journal of Nutritional Health & Food Science

Purpose: Preterm infants are prone to systemic infections due to increased intestinal permeabilit... more Purpose: Preterm infants are prone to systemic infections due to increased intestinal permeability to potentially pathogens resulting from immature intestinal function, frequent use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, delay in initiating enteral feeding, infection control procedures and sterilization of milk. Very Low Birth Weight infants, particularly Extremely Low Birth Weight infants are at higher risk due to abnormal pattern of colonization, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of neonatal Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC). Dietary intervention through probiotic supplementation is widely adopted for the prophylaxis of NEC and nosocomial infections throughout the world. Design/Methodology/Approach: This review paper is based upon systematic review of randomized controlled trials, metaanalyses, research papers and books related to the short and longterm administration of single or mixed probiotic cultures for the prevention of NEC only in preterm infants. Clinical trials and cohort studies concerning manipulation of the intestinal microbiota in premature infants are also included. Evidence based data published in the English language retrieved from three databases Pub Med, Science Direct and Cochrane Reviews, published in The Cochrane Library from 2000-2016, using a combination of key words like necrotizing enterocolitis, probiotics and preterm infants have been considered. Findings: All probiotic strains are not equally efficacious for preventing NEC and application of probiotic combinations may be advantageous. Due to heterogeneity of probiotic formulations exclusive administration of probiotics in premature infants is not recommended and should be introduced along with breast milk as routine clinical practice for neonatal health care. Originality/Value: Probiotic foods have been found effective in modulating gastrointestinal flora to prevent NEC but safety aspects must be evaluated prior to consideration of probiotic therapy for preterm infants and neonates.

Journal of Nutritional Health & Food Science, Jun 29, 2018

Purpose: Preterm infants are prone to systemic infections due to increased intestinal permeabilit... more Purpose: Preterm infants are prone to systemic infections due to increased intestinal permeability to potentially pathogens resulting from immature intestinal function, frequent use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, delay in initiating enteral feeding, infection control procedures and sterilization of milk. Very Low Birth Weight infants, particularly Extremely Low Birth Weight infants are at higher risk due to abnormal pattern of colonization, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of neonatal Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC). Dietary intervention through probiotic supplementation is widely adopted for the prophylaxis of NEC and nosocomial infections throughout the world. Design/Methodology/Approach: This review paper is based upon systematic review of randomized controlled trials, metaanalyses, research papers and books related to the short and longterm administration of single or mixed probiotic cultures for the prevention of NEC only in preterm infants. Clinical trials and cohort studies concerning manipulation of the intestinal microbiota in premature infants are also included. Evidence based data published in the English language retrieved from three databases Pub Med, Science Direct and Cochrane Reviews, published in The Cochrane Library from 2000-2016, using a combination of key words like necrotizing enterocolitis, probiotics and preterm infants have been considered. Findings: All probiotic strains are not equally efficacious for preventing NEC and application of probiotic combinations may be advantageous. Due to heterogeneity of probiotic formulations exclusive administration of probiotics in premature infants is not recommended and should be introduced along with breast milk as routine clinical practice for neonatal health care. Originality/Value: Probiotic foods have been found effective in modulating gastrointestinal flora to prevent NEC but safety aspects must be evaluated prior to consideration of probiotic therapy for preterm infants and neonates.

British Food Journal, 2007

... is attributed to cow milk protein, eggs, peanuts, soy, tree nuts, fish, wheat (FAO, 1995), se... more ... is attributed to cow milk protein, eggs, peanuts, soy, tree nuts, fish, wheat (FAO, 1995), sesame seed and sulphite (CIFA, 2005). Though breast milk is considered as the best and safest form of nutrition for infants owing to its nutritional and therapeutic properties (Sarkar, 2004a, b ...

Journal of Food Nutrition and Dietetics, 2016

Milk is an ideal medium for the growth and multiplication of diverse microorganisms resulting in ... more Milk is an ideal medium for the growth and multiplication of diverse microorganisms resulting in its early deterioration. Consumption of raw milk should be discouraged as numerous epidemiological outbreaks even death have been recorded. Microbiological quality of raw milk is resultant of various factors including health of the animal to handling and storage. Microbiological quality of pasteurized milk or other milk products is dependent on microbiological quality of raw milk therefore hygienic practices should be implemented at farm level for quality improvement. The various factors affecting the microbiological quality of raw milk and hygienic practices to be implemented at farm level for quality improvement have been highlighted. Poor microbiological quality of raw milk around the world is a resultant of various factors such as the health of the animal, extent of environmental contamination at the producing farm and storage conditions. Modification of payment policy, adoption of pre-milking hygienic practices, improvement in barn environment and better infrastructure/technical support have been suggested for improvement in the microbiological safety of raw milk. Adoption of pre-milking hygienic practices, improvement in barn environment and better infrastructure/technical may lead to an improvement in microbiological safety of raw milk.

health benefits of a particular ingredient coupled with commercially driven interest to add value... more health benefits of a particular ingredient coupled with commercially driven interest to add value to existing foods have projected
probiotics as a new way in the current era of self-care and complementary medicine. Diverse functional properties
of probiotics led their incorporation into conventional, dietary supplements and medicinal foods and must be ingested in
sufficient quantities to exert health benefits but are often present at lower levels as per the label claims.

SciDoc Publishers, 2020

Milk is the basic food for every class of human being for nutrition and health. It is also an ide... more Milk is the basic food for every class of human being for nutrition
and health. It is also an ideal medium for the growth and multiplication of diverse microorganisms resulting in its early deterioration. In order to extend its market reach, milk should have higher shelf-life. Under this condition, diverse non-thermal processing techniques such as high pressure processing, pulsed electric field, microfiltration, ultraviolet light or thermal processing techniques such as thermization, pasteurization or ultra high temperature (UHT) treatment or their combinations may be adopted for extending the shelf-life of raw milk.