Anatomical Sciences Journal | Iranian Society of Anatomical Sciences (original) (raw)

Papers by Anatomical Sciences Journal

Anatomical Sciences Journal, 2023

Introduction: This study surveys the results obtained from a missing person (for 40 years) from t... more Introduction: This study surveys the results obtained from a missing person (for 40 years) from the Iran-Iraq War in Majnoon Island. Case Report: Skeletal remains were examined by anthropometry. Parts of selected femur and tooth samples were sampled for genetic identification. DNA extraction from bone samples was performed using the QIAamp DNA Blood Mini Kit with a slight change. DNA was extracted using the Qiagen column, washing buffer, and bind-elute technology. Extracted DNA was quantitated by Quantifiler™ Trio DNA Quantification. According to DNA concentration, AmpFℓSTR Miniifiler PCR Amplification or AmpFℓSTR Identifiler PCR Amplification kits were used for genotyping. FTA cards were used to store and extract DNA samples from the person's family. Genetic profiles were prepared using the AmpFℓSTR Identifiler Direct PCR Amplification Kit. The genetic matching of sex chromosomes was investigated with Yfiler™ PCR Amplification and Investigator Argus X-12 QS kits. Genetic matching and kinship calculations were done using Familias and NoorGIS applications. Results: The radiographic and genetic examinations ultimately confirmed that the dead body matched the relevant family. Despite the challenges with DNA-degraded samples, a good genetic profile was obtained for genetic identification. Conclusion: Anthropometric examination, especially post-mortem evidence (e.g. radiography) and genetic examination confirmed that the dead body matched the relevant family.

Anatomical Sciences Journal, 2023

Introduction: Cryptorchidism is a congenital condition characterized by undescended testes, typic... more Introduction: Cryptorchidism is a congenital condition characterized by undescended testes, typically observed in infancy. We present an unusual case of bilateral undescended testes during anatomical dissection. Case Report: The cadaver, preserved using standard techniques, exhibited bilateral undescended testes with no apparent signs of testicular issues or malignancies. The left testis was situated near the superficial ring of the inguinal canal, while the right testis was located deeper within. Both testes displayed normal size and structure, with intact vas deferens and blood vessels. Clinical Implications: The etiology of adult-onset bilateral cryptorchidism remains unclear, emphasizing the importance of early diagnosis in living patients. Timely intervention is crucial, as undescended testes in adults can lead to infertility, increased cancer risk, and hormonal imbalances. This case underscores the significance of regular medical examinations and early management for cryptorchidism. Conclusion: This rare case highlights the necessity of considering cryptorchidism in adult patients, even in the absence of apparent symptoms or malignancies. The findings emphasize the importance of prompt diagnosis and intervention to mitigate potential complications. Further research into adult-onset cases is warranted to enhance clinical understanding and improve patient care.

Anatomical Sciences Journal, 2023

Introduction: The clinical anatomical knowledge of the brachial plexus of the upper limb and its ... more Introduction: The clinical anatomical knowledge of the brachial plexus of the upper limb and its variants is essential for many upper extremity surgical procedures following hand injuries. Case Report: An unreported anatomical variation was observed during training surgery of the right upper limb of a male cadaver. The musculocutaneous nerve originates in the lateral cord and extends outwards, passing beneath the coracobrachialis muscle before proceeding to its initial branch, leading to the biceps brachialis muscle. The abnormal origination of the musculocutaneous nerve in the cadaver was in the midpoint of the arm from the median nerve. A thin nerve branch also innervated the coracobrachialis muscle, originated in the lateral cord, and continued laterally. Conclusion: Since no accurate similarity was reported, we consider this variation unusual and useful, especially for surgical purposes.

Anatomical Sciences Journal, 2023

Introduction: Aging affects cardiac function and heart output. Regular exercise can improve heart... more Introduction: Aging affects cardiac function and heart output. Regular exercise can improve heart function in old age. This experimental study evaluated the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on cardiomyocyte autophagy and cardiac function. Methods: In this study, 24 older male Wistar rats (>20 months) were divided into three groups of Control, HIIT, and MICT. The animals in the control group received no training, while the HIIT and MICT groups performed high and moderate training intensities at different intervals. Aerobic power and training capacity (VO 2 max) were also assessed before the training. After eight weeks of training (5 days/week), two-dimensional echocardiography was used for the sonographic assessment of the heart, and the tissue samples of the left ventricle were dissected for assessing gene expression (PGC-1α and FOXO-3α). Data were analyzed using SPSS software, version 19 and presented using Mean±SD. P<0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: The expression of the PGC-1α gene significantly increased, while the FOXO-3α gene expression significantly decreased in the HIIT and MICT groups compared to the control animals (P<0.05). Left ventricle end-systolic dimension decreased (P<0.05), while the left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, ejection fraction, and fractional shortening increased (P<0.05) in the training groups compared to the control animals. These changes were also significant in the HIIT group compared to the MICT group (P<0.05) Conclusion: HIIT can reduce the expression of autophagy genes and improve cardiac function in aged heart more than MICT.

Anatomical Sciences Journal, 2023

Introduction: Aging is a physiological process that affects heart function. Training is known as ... more Introduction: Aging is a physiological process that affects heart function. Training is known as a factor accelerating heart output, especially in aged individuals. In the present experimental study, the authors aimed to evaluate how high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) affect autophagy, cardiac remodeling, and cardiac function.
Methods: Twenty-four male Wistar rats, approximately 20 months old, were divided into three groups of control, HIIT, and MICT. The training programs lasted for eight weeks. Aerobic power and training capacity were also assessed. Two-dimensional echocardiography was also applied to assess cardiac indices. At the end of the experiment, tissue sampling of cardiac tissue was applied, and gene expression was assessed using the qRT-PCR technique. Data were analyzed using SPSS software, version 19.
Results: After HIIT and MICT, no significant changes were detected regarding the animal weight. Also, mTORC1, Atg16, and Atg7 gene expression and ejection fraction (EF) and fractional shortening (FS) were accelerated in HIIT and MICT groups compared to control animals. Besides, the collagen type 3 (COLIII) gene expression, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD), and left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVESD) showed a significant increase (p<0.05) in HIIT and MICT animals than control.
Conclusion: Training can potentially improve cardiac output in older adults. Besides, HIIT seems more effective than MICT.

Anatomical Sciences Journal, 2023

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes is the most common type of diabetes characterized by insulin resist... more Introduction: Type 2 diabetes is the most common type of diabetes characterized by insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction. The speed of wound healing is very important in the healing process. Research shows that the use of natural products and traditional medicine methods in treating many diseases and wounds has spread worldwide. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the histopathological effectiveness of Pistacia atlantica extract (Beneh) in improving the experimental model of diabetic wounds. Methods: This study was conducted on 48 BALB/c mice. To induce type 2 diabetes, the animals received a high-fat diet for two weeks, and then a single dose of 30 mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally. The wound was created by an excisional wound splinting model and biopsy punch. Glucose level was measured with a glucometer, and insulin level was measured using an ELISA kit. Histopathological examination was also done using hematoxylin/eosin staining and Masson trichrome staining. Results: The macroscopic study showed that the wound size was reduced in both P. atlantica extract and silver sulfadiazine groups compared to the wound control group. The results of hematoxylin and eosin staining also showed a reduction in inflammation in the wound area in the treatment groups. The re-epithelialization occurred well in both treatment groups. However, its speed was higher in the P. atlantica-treated group than in the silver sulfadiazine group. Masson's trichrome staining results showed the collagen fibers in the P. atlantica group have a more regular arrangement than silver and wound control groups. The results of the serum analysis also showed that the gum extract of P. atlantica reduced the production of NO and MPO in the treatment groups compared to the control group. Conclusion: The results of our study showed that the use of P. atlantica extract topically in the diabetic wound area can improve the rate of closure and re-epithelialization in the diabetic wound by reducing inflammation.

Anatomical Sciences Journal, 2022

Introduction: Cancer is one of the most prevalent causes of death worldwide. In terms of global m... more Introduction: Cancer is one of the most prevalent causes of death worldwide. In terms of global mortality, colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most prevalent cancer form. Typically, the initial step in treating colon cancer is surgery to remove tumors. A referral for further treatments like chemotherapy and radiation therapy could also be made. However, because of medication resistance and a lack of focused treatments, it is constantly necessary to create new cancer therapy methods. This investigation examined the impact of the oncolytic coxsackievirus A21 (CVA21) on a mouse model of colorectal cancer. Methods: Thirty BALB/c mice were divided into three equal groups randomly. 5×10 6 CT-26 cells, a colonic carcinoma cell line, were injected into the left flank of each animal to simulate colorectal cancer. Group A was treated with PBS once the palpable tumor was discovered (18 days later), group B was treated with the oncolytic CVA21 (10 6 TCID50/mL, twice at one-week intervals), and group C was treated with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), 50 mg/kg, twice at one-week interval. The mice were euthanized ten days after the final injection, and the spleens were removed and examined under sterile circumstances to determine the lymphocyte proliferation index, LDH, NO, IL-4, IL-10, IFN-γ, and TGFβ production levels. A significant P˂0.05 level was considered in all evaluations. Results: The current study's findings showed that when compared to the control group, treatment with CVA21 increased NO (30.5±4.10 µM), LDH (58.18±4.61 %), and IFN-γ (44.82±3.72 pg/mL) levels and significantly decreased the secretion of IL-4 (30.07±3.34 pg/ mL), IL-10 (62.11±5.69 pg/mL), and TGF-β (56.66±6.88 pg/mL). Conclusion: The CVA21 treatment for colorectal cancer appears to have some potential benefits. In other words, the study's findings demonstrated that using oncolytic viruses also activates the innate immune system by raising levels of nitric oxide and the acquired immune system. The favorable benefits of the combination may also be attributable to immunological divergence in the current study from antiinflammatory cytokines (such as IL-4, IL-10, and TGF-β) to pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IFN-γ.

Anatomical Sciences Journal, 2022

Introduction: In the last decades, magnetic nanoparticles have been considered and are being stud... more Introduction: In the last decades, magnetic nanoparticles have been considered and are being studied for employment in tumor therapy and imaging. Also, alongside their utilization in the role of MRI contrast factors, investigations of targeting tumor cells with biomolecules like anticancer drugs, antibodies, and siRNA, the utility of magnetic nanoparticles is evaluated. This preliminary work aimed to investigate the effects of iron oxide NPs on embryo growth and development with an emphasis on brain morphology and teratogenic effects. Methods: After recognizing the air sac with candling, one hundred sixty fertile eggs of the Ross 308 broiler strains were divided into 8 groups (n=20). Group 1 (control) received 0.3 mL serum normal. Groups 2, 3, and 4 received iron oxide nanoparticles as maghemite with doses of 100, 250, and 500 ppm, respectively. Groups 5, 6, 7, and 8 received iron oxide NPs as magnetite with doses of 100, 250, 500, and 2500 ppm, respectively. Twenty days after injections, death day, chicken, brain, liver, heart, bursa of Fabricius, and spleen weights and teratogenic samples were recorded, and brain tissues from all chickens were collected for histological evaluations. Results: The results demonstrated that iron oxide NPs had teratogenic effects such as the lack of formation of abdominal wall muscles and exposing the heart out of the thorax. Also, alterations were observed in the weight ratio of the liver, spleen, and bursa of Fabricius in experimental groups compared to the control group. In the microscopic assessment of the brain tissue, hyperemia, neuronophagia, edema around vessels, necrosis, and vacuolation of neurons were noticeable. Conclusion: It can be concluded that iron oxide NPs affect the growth and development of embryos and can cross the BBB and penetrate the brain tissue by affecting brain morphology.

Anatomical Sciences Journal, 2022

in COVID-19 cases was due to the increased inflammatory cytokines and cytokine storm. As mesenchy... more in COVID-19 cases was due to the increased inflammatory cytokines and cytokine storm. As mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess immunomodulatory properties, this study assessed the therapeutic effects of placental MSC-derived extracellular vesicles on the inflammation and pulmonary injury caused by COVID-19. Methods: The study was carried out in phases I (safety study, 101 patients) and II (efficacy study, 80 patients) in a randomized, double-blind study at four hospital centers from April 2021 to August 2021. In addition to standard treatments, 15 mL of normal saline solution containing 15×10 9 vesicles was injected intravenously for five consecutive days.

Anatomical Sciences Journal, 2022

Introduction: The brachial artery runs at lower border of the teres major muscle as a continuatio... more Introduction: The brachial artery runs at lower border of the teres major muscle as a continuation of the third part of the axillary artery. It divided into radial and ulnar arteries at the neck of the radius. For surgeons performing operations on the upper extremity, clinical knowledge of the morphology of brachial arteries in the upper limb is important. This study aims to study the course, branching pattern, and termination of the brachial artery in human cadavers.

Anatomical Sciences Journal, 2022

Introduction: The brachial plexus is a network of nerves originating in the periclavicular region... more Introduction: The brachial plexus is a network of nerves originating in the periclavicular region and provides sensory and motor innervation to the upper extremity. The plexus is an important structure due to its anatomical location and vulnerability to damage. As such, surgeons need to be able to locate individual plexus segments or nerve branches when performing procedures. However, finding the sites of uniting and dividing points within the brachial plexus can prove challenging. Methods: Dissections were performed bilaterally on 30 formalin-fixed adult cadavers to expose the individual segments and branches of the brachial plexus. Subsequently, various measurements were taken. Measurements included the length of the roots, trunks, divisions, cords, and terminal branches (musculocutaneous, median, ulnar, radial, and axillary nerves). Results: The statistical test revealed the Mean±SD length of the middle and inferior trunk was 34.75±29.6 mm and 39.8±14.2 mm respectively. The Mean±SD of lateral cord was 47.75±14.98 mm, the posterior cord 45±13.20 mm, and the medial cord was 48.75±16.44 mm. The terminal branches were as follows: Musculocutaneous nerve 67±25.03 mm, median nerve 206.20±116 mm, ulnar nerve 219.70±29.70 mm, radial nerve 117.30±17 mm and axillary nerve 65.60±13.30 mm. Conclusion: A thorough understanding of all relevant anatomical landmarks is mandatory for any successful procedure. Common techniques, such as brachial plexus blocks, require detailed anatomical literature due to the complexity and variability of the plexus. Results from this study will add to the understanding of the anatomy of the brachial plexus and further assist clinicians in pre-and perioperative surgical planning.

Anatomical Sciences Journal, 2022

Neurulation, as the formation of the basis of the nervous system, is the earliest and crucial sta... more Neurulation, as the formation of the basis of the nervous system, is the earliest and crucial stage of embryonic development, affecting the development of other parts of the embryonic body. During neurulation, the neural plate is formed through morphological changes. At the end of this stage, the neural tube is established and the central nervous system could be formed in the future. Although this embryonic process occurs morphologically, the precise study of nervous system evolution can be considered by different gene mutations in rodent embryos. Genetic assessments of embryos can finally cause the accurate discovery of the role of genes in embryo development, the stages of nervous system development, and possible associated diseases. Explanation of new findings in the field of neurulation with emphasis on genetics can be helpful in future embryonic studies, abnormalities, and treatments. Thus, the study of neural plate formation can play an important role in increasing the insight of embryological researchers in this field. In this review article, we aimed to collect basic embryonic data in rodent neurulation to provide important information for more laboratory investigations in this field.

Anatomical Sciences Journal, 2022

Anatomical sciences are considered as the foundation of the medical education. Previously, the an... more Anatomical sciences are considered as the foundation of the medical education. Previously, the anatomy in medical educational environments was based on the lecture presentation and corpus dissection. Then, the newer protocols, such as teaching methods using human models, imaging, simulation, and internet-based webinars, were widely used in academic schools. In this era, the medical curriculums focused less on corpse dissection. Medical learning in the field of anatomy was basically based on the traditional approaches and presentation-based learning using the students under the teacher's supervision. The teacher, as the class manager, can design the curriculum contents using clinical applications along with knowledge assessment. This procedure can be achieved through planning for the future and the plans ensuring the persistent development of anatomy as a relevant clinical subject in any medical curriculum.

Anatomical Sciences journal, 2022

Introduction: Renal vasculature variations were normally found. Awareness of this variation was h... more Introduction: Renal vasculature variations were normally found. Awareness of this variation was helpful in many clinical field procedures during the routine dissection of the posterior abdominal wall of approximately a 67-year-old male formaldehyde cadaver.. Case Report: The left kidney presents with an arterial variation. An accessory renal artery was detected from the lateral aspect of the abdominal aorta at the level disc between L2 and L3, just above the origin of the inferior mesenteric artery on the left side. Conclusion: Knowledge of anatomical variation of the renal arteries has clinical significance in renal transplantation procedures and for interventions in angiography Article info:

Anatomical Sciences Journal, 2022

Introduction: Erythrocytes are highly specialized and the most abundant cell type in vertebrates'... more Introduction: Erythrocytes are highly specialized and the most abundant cell type in vertebrates' blood. Their primary function is the transportation of oxygen to tissues of the body via hemoglobin. Methods: The study was aimed at evaluating erythrocyte morphology in Clarias gariepinus (C. gariepinus), Bufo bufo (B. bufo), and Agama agama (A. agama) using different stains; Also, morphometric analysis of erythrocytes was evaluated in stains with the best affinity. The blood samples of C. gariepinus, B. bufo, and A. agama were collected using a syringe. Smears from each animal were made on glass slides and stained with Giemsa, Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), and methylene blue. Erythrocytes diameter was measured using a standardized ocular micrometer. The area and volume of the erythrocytes were calculated. Results: Erythrocyte's shapes range from spherical in C. gariepinus to oval in A. agama. Giemsa demonstrated C. gariepinus and B. bufo erythrocytes better than H&E and methylene blue stains, while H&E demonstrated erythrocytes of A. agama better than Giemsa and methylene blue. Erythrocyte's diameter, area, and volume of B. bufo were significantly higher (P<0.001) when compared with C. gariepinus and A. agama. Conclusion: Erythrocyte's shape, size, area, and volume vary in different species and could be used to study evolutionary trends. The variation in erythrocytes size is associated with chromosome number and genome size.

Anatomical Sciences Journal, 2022

Introduction: The sutural bones and fontanelle of the skull display unique morphological characte... more Introduction: The sutural bones and fontanelle of the skull display unique morphological characters. Sutural bones are also called supernumerary bones, ossicles, or Wormian bones (WBs). These irregularities develop from the independent ossification centers present along the cranial sutures. They appear on periosteal and endosteal surfaces of the skull with variations in size, number, shape, and location. In the current study, we aimed to determine the morphological characteristics of sutural bones and their association with parietal emissary foramina. Methods: The current study was done on 128 dry human skulls by a convenient sampling method. The skulls were collected from the Department of Anatomy. Many characteristic features of Inca and Wormian bones like shape, number, size, and location were recorded, including abnormal parietal emissary foramen associated with the Wormian and Inca bone, respectively. Results: Out of 128 dry skulls, the Wormian bones were seen in 13.2% of skulls and the Inca bones in 5.4%. Incorporation of Wormian bones in the lambdoid suture was noted in 12.5% and the sagittal suture at 0.7%, respectively. The Wormian bones were found frequently on the left side (n=12) compared to the right side (n=5). The morphometry of the accessory bones showed quadrilateral as the most common shape (n=9, 37.5%), followed by triangular (n=4, 16.6%). Radiological examination of all 24 skulls with accessory bones showed a zigzag pattern of accessory suture lines. The prevalence of abnormal parietal emissary foramen (bilateral and unilateral absence associated with the Wormian bone was noted at 23.5%. The prevalence of abnormal parietal emissary foramen (unilateral absence and foramen on the sagittal suture) related to the Inca bone was reported at 71.4%. Conclusion: The presence of Wormian and Inca bones can be easily confused with fractures of the corresponding bony regions. The surgeons must know this to make a proper and accurate diagnosis. Knowledge of these bones benefits the clinician, radiologist, and neurosurgeon highly.

Anatomical Sciences Journal, 2022

Introduction: Rib anomalies include numerical and structural categories. This study investigates ... more Introduction: Rib anomalies include numerical and structural categories. This study investigates the costal abnormalities by computed tomography scan in an Iranian population Methods: In a retrospective study, 400 Chest CT scans (225 (56.2%) male, and 175 (43.8%) female) aging from 18 to 89 were investigated for one year (2020 to 2021). Images were carefully observed and various abnormalities such as cervical ribs, elongated C7 transverse processes, bridging ribs, and bifid ribs were reported. Results: Among 400 chest CT scans investigated for this study, 375 (93.7%) cases were normal and 25 (6.3%) cases were abnormal. Fourteen (8% of all the female patients) and eleven (4.9% of all the male patients) participants of abnormal cases were female, and male, respectively. Among abnormal cases, four cases of bilateral cervical ribs (total prevalence (TP)=1%), four cases of bilateral elongated C7 transverse process (TP=1%), four cases of bridging first and second ribs on the left side (TP=1%), twelve cases of bifid ribs on the left (TP=3%), and one uncommon male case were reported. Conclusion: Being aware of the common abnormalities of rib cage is helpful in differentiating the diagnosis and seeking for possible other accompanied diseases such as thoracic outlet or Gorlin syndrome. In this study, twenty five cases of abnormal rib morphology were reported.

Anatomical Sciences Journal, 2022

Introduction: Corpus callosum (CC), an intracranial organ, is located in the midline of the cereb... more Introduction: Corpus callosum (CC), an intracranial organ, is located in the midline of the cerebrum, communicating both the right and left hemispheres. CC undergoes morphological changes in Multiple Sclerosis (MS). The morphometrical changes of organs are directly associated with geographical regions; thus, this study aimed to investigate the morphological alteration of CC in patients with relapsing-remitting MS in Hamadan (Iran) in a retrospective study from April 2011 to April 2021. Methods: Following inclusion and exclusion criteria, 54 and 128 Brain MRI images of RRMS patients and healthy individuals were examined morphologically using PmsDICOMViewer software. Two main morphological indices of area (mm 2) and longitudinal (mm) parameters were examined in midsagittal sections of Brain MRI images, including the area of CC (ACC) and associated segments, length of CC (LCC), and height of CC (HCC). Finally, the data were analyzed by SPSS software, version 19. P<0.05 was considered significant, and data were presented as Mean±SEM. Results: Following MS onset, total ACC was decreased significantly (P<0.05) in MS patients than in control. Also, the area of rosterum/genu (ARG) and area of anterior half midbody of CC (AAMB) showed significant (P<0.05) incremental and decremental trends, respectively. In other indices, no significant differences were detected (P>0.05). Conclusion: Morphometrical measurements of CC are associated with MS. By assessing the anterior half of CC in brain MRI images (ARG and AAMB), the diagnosis of MS can occur. Thus, the investigation results can be proposed as criteria for radiological confirmation of MS disease.

Anatomical Sciences Journal, 2022

Introduction: Tebuconazole is a systemic fungicide whose toxicity has been reported in animals an... more Introduction: Tebuconazole is a systemic fungicide whose toxicity has been reported in animals and humans due to direct and indirect exposure. Our study aimed to assess the hepatotoxic effects of tebuconazole at subacute doses in rats. Methods: Tebuconazole was administered by oral gavage at doses of 6, 12, 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg daily. Serum levels of ALT, AST, and ALP were determined. Histopathological analysis was performed using liver sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Parameters such as cell inflammation, accumulation of lipid vacuoles, and hepatocyte necrosis were assessed. Results: The results showed that the serum levels of AST, ALT, and ALP enzymes elevated in all Tebuconazole doses compared to the control group. This elevation was statistically significant in the 50 and 100 mg/kg groups compared to the control group. Histopathological results revealed the increased necrosis and destruction of hepatocytes and accumulation of lipid vacuoles in the study groups compared to the control group. Conclusion: The study's results showed significant hepatotoxic effects at subacute doses of tebuconazole. These results are alarming in the widespread use of tebuconazole as a fungicide. It is recommended to take the necessary precautions, including wearing gloves or a mask.

Anatomical Sciences Journal, 2022

Introduction: Median Nerve (MN) originated from medial and lateral cords of Brachial Plexus and c... more Introduction: Median Nerve (MN) originated from medial and lateral cords of Brachial Plexus and can be affected by anatomical variations, which may lead to several diagnostic and therapeutic mistakes. This paper aimed to study MN variations investigated by cadaveric studies. Methods: This study is based on research in electronic databases. The full text of all relevant papers has been studied to extend our data. Results: variation of MN distribution in the palm, variation of MN innervation patterns, communication between MN and (Ulnar Nerve) UN and their branches in the forearm, communication between MN and UN and their components in the palm, variation in the course of MN are main MN variation categories containing several subgroups. However, communication between the third common digital nerve of MN and the fourth common digital nerve of UN is the most common MN variation at the distal of upper limbs. Conclusion: decompression of MN entrapped in the carpal tunnel can be considered the essential clinical challenge resulting from MN variations, especially variations including the third common digital nerve.

Anatomical Sciences Journal, 2023

Introduction: This study surveys the results obtained from a missing person (for 40 years) from t... more Introduction: This study surveys the results obtained from a missing person (for 40 years) from the Iran-Iraq War in Majnoon Island. Case Report: Skeletal remains were examined by anthropometry. Parts of selected femur and tooth samples were sampled for genetic identification. DNA extraction from bone samples was performed using the QIAamp DNA Blood Mini Kit with a slight change. DNA was extracted using the Qiagen column, washing buffer, and bind-elute technology. Extracted DNA was quantitated by Quantifiler™ Trio DNA Quantification. According to DNA concentration, AmpFℓSTR Miniifiler PCR Amplification or AmpFℓSTR Identifiler PCR Amplification kits were used for genotyping. FTA cards were used to store and extract DNA samples from the person's family. Genetic profiles were prepared using the AmpFℓSTR Identifiler Direct PCR Amplification Kit. The genetic matching of sex chromosomes was investigated with Yfiler™ PCR Amplification and Investigator Argus X-12 QS kits. Genetic matching and kinship calculations were done using Familias and NoorGIS applications. Results: The radiographic and genetic examinations ultimately confirmed that the dead body matched the relevant family. Despite the challenges with DNA-degraded samples, a good genetic profile was obtained for genetic identification. Conclusion: Anthropometric examination, especially post-mortem evidence (e.g. radiography) and genetic examination confirmed that the dead body matched the relevant family.

Anatomical Sciences Journal, 2023

Introduction: Cryptorchidism is a congenital condition characterized by undescended testes, typic... more Introduction: Cryptorchidism is a congenital condition characterized by undescended testes, typically observed in infancy. We present an unusual case of bilateral undescended testes during anatomical dissection. Case Report: The cadaver, preserved using standard techniques, exhibited bilateral undescended testes with no apparent signs of testicular issues or malignancies. The left testis was situated near the superficial ring of the inguinal canal, while the right testis was located deeper within. Both testes displayed normal size and structure, with intact vas deferens and blood vessels. Clinical Implications: The etiology of adult-onset bilateral cryptorchidism remains unclear, emphasizing the importance of early diagnosis in living patients. Timely intervention is crucial, as undescended testes in adults can lead to infertility, increased cancer risk, and hormonal imbalances. This case underscores the significance of regular medical examinations and early management for cryptorchidism. Conclusion: This rare case highlights the necessity of considering cryptorchidism in adult patients, even in the absence of apparent symptoms or malignancies. The findings emphasize the importance of prompt diagnosis and intervention to mitigate potential complications. Further research into adult-onset cases is warranted to enhance clinical understanding and improve patient care.

Anatomical Sciences Journal, 2023

Introduction: The clinical anatomical knowledge of the brachial plexus of the upper limb and its ... more Introduction: The clinical anatomical knowledge of the brachial plexus of the upper limb and its variants is essential for many upper extremity surgical procedures following hand injuries. Case Report: An unreported anatomical variation was observed during training surgery of the right upper limb of a male cadaver. The musculocutaneous nerve originates in the lateral cord and extends outwards, passing beneath the coracobrachialis muscle before proceeding to its initial branch, leading to the biceps brachialis muscle. The abnormal origination of the musculocutaneous nerve in the cadaver was in the midpoint of the arm from the median nerve. A thin nerve branch also innervated the coracobrachialis muscle, originated in the lateral cord, and continued laterally. Conclusion: Since no accurate similarity was reported, we consider this variation unusual and useful, especially for surgical purposes.

Anatomical Sciences Journal, 2023

Introduction: Aging affects cardiac function and heart output. Regular exercise can improve heart... more Introduction: Aging affects cardiac function and heart output. Regular exercise can improve heart function in old age. This experimental study evaluated the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on cardiomyocyte autophagy and cardiac function. Methods: In this study, 24 older male Wistar rats (>20 months) were divided into three groups of Control, HIIT, and MICT. The animals in the control group received no training, while the HIIT and MICT groups performed high and moderate training intensities at different intervals. Aerobic power and training capacity (VO 2 max) were also assessed before the training. After eight weeks of training (5 days/week), two-dimensional echocardiography was used for the sonographic assessment of the heart, and the tissue samples of the left ventricle were dissected for assessing gene expression (PGC-1α and FOXO-3α). Data were analyzed using SPSS software, version 19 and presented using Mean±SD. P<0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: The expression of the PGC-1α gene significantly increased, while the FOXO-3α gene expression significantly decreased in the HIIT and MICT groups compared to the control animals (P<0.05). Left ventricle end-systolic dimension decreased (P<0.05), while the left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, ejection fraction, and fractional shortening increased (P<0.05) in the training groups compared to the control animals. These changes were also significant in the HIIT group compared to the MICT group (P<0.05) Conclusion: HIIT can reduce the expression of autophagy genes and improve cardiac function in aged heart more than MICT.

Anatomical Sciences Journal, 2023

Introduction: Aging is a physiological process that affects heart function. Training is known as ... more Introduction: Aging is a physiological process that affects heart function. Training is known as a factor accelerating heart output, especially in aged individuals. In the present experimental study, the authors aimed to evaluate how high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) affect autophagy, cardiac remodeling, and cardiac function.
Methods: Twenty-four male Wistar rats, approximately 20 months old, were divided into three groups of control, HIIT, and MICT. The training programs lasted for eight weeks. Aerobic power and training capacity were also assessed. Two-dimensional echocardiography was also applied to assess cardiac indices. At the end of the experiment, tissue sampling of cardiac tissue was applied, and gene expression was assessed using the qRT-PCR technique. Data were analyzed using SPSS software, version 19.
Results: After HIIT and MICT, no significant changes were detected regarding the animal weight. Also, mTORC1, Atg16, and Atg7 gene expression and ejection fraction (EF) and fractional shortening (FS) were accelerated in HIIT and MICT groups compared to control animals. Besides, the collagen type 3 (COLIII) gene expression, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD), and left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVESD) showed a significant increase (p<0.05) in HIIT and MICT animals than control.
Conclusion: Training can potentially improve cardiac output in older adults. Besides, HIIT seems more effective than MICT.

Anatomical Sciences Journal, 2023

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes is the most common type of diabetes characterized by insulin resist... more Introduction: Type 2 diabetes is the most common type of diabetes characterized by insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction. The speed of wound healing is very important in the healing process. Research shows that the use of natural products and traditional medicine methods in treating many diseases and wounds has spread worldwide. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the histopathological effectiveness of Pistacia atlantica extract (Beneh) in improving the experimental model of diabetic wounds. Methods: This study was conducted on 48 BALB/c mice. To induce type 2 diabetes, the animals received a high-fat diet for two weeks, and then a single dose of 30 mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally. The wound was created by an excisional wound splinting model and biopsy punch. Glucose level was measured with a glucometer, and insulin level was measured using an ELISA kit. Histopathological examination was also done using hematoxylin/eosin staining and Masson trichrome staining. Results: The macroscopic study showed that the wound size was reduced in both P. atlantica extract and silver sulfadiazine groups compared to the wound control group. The results of hematoxylin and eosin staining also showed a reduction in inflammation in the wound area in the treatment groups. The re-epithelialization occurred well in both treatment groups. However, its speed was higher in the P. atlantica-treated group than in the silver sulfadiazine group. Masson's trichrome staining results showed the collagen fibers in the P. atlantica group have a more regular arrangement than silver and wound control groups. The results of the serum analysis also showed that the gum extract of P. atlantica reduced the production of NO and MPO in the treatment groups compared to the control group. Conclusion: The results of our study showed that the use of P. atlantica extract topically in the diabetic wound area can improve the rate of closure and re-epithelialization in the diabetic wound by reducing inflammation.

Anatomical Sciences Journal, 2022

Introduction: Cancer is one of the most prevalent causes of death worldwide. In terms of global m... more Introduction: Cancer is one of the most prevalent causes of death worldwide. In terms of global mortality, colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most prevalent cancer form. Typically, the initial step in treating colon cancer is surgery to remove tumors. A referral for further treatments like chemotherapy and radiation therapy could also be made. However, because of medication resistance and a lack of focused treatments, it is constantly necessary to create new cancer therapy methods. This investigation examined the impact of the oncolytic coxsackievirus A21 (CVA21) on a mouse model of colorectal cancer. Methods: Thirty BALB/c mice were divided into three equal groups randomly. 5×10 6 CT-26 cells, a colonic carcinoma cell line, were injected into the left flank of each animal to simulate colorectal cancer. Group A was treated with PBS once the palpable tumor was discovered (18 days later), group B was treated with the oncolytic CVA21 (10 6 TCID50/mL, twice at one-week intervals), and group C was treated with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), 50 mg/kg, twice at one-week interval. The mice were euthanized ten days after the final injection, and the spleens were removed and examined under sterile circumstances to determine the lymphocyte proliferation index, LDH, NO, IL-4, IL-10, IFN-γ, and TGFβ production levels. A significant P˂0.05 level was considered in all evaluations. Results: The current study's findings showed that when compared to the control group, treatment with CVA21 increased NO (30.5±4.10 µM), LDH (58.18±4.61 %), and IFN-γ (44.82±3.72 pg/mL) levels and significantly decreased the secretion of IL-4 (30.07±3.34 pg/ mL), IL-10 (62.11±5.69 pg/mL), and TGF-β (56.66±6.88 pg/mL). Conclusion: The CVA21 treatment for colorectal cancer appears to have some potential benefits. In other words, the study's findings demonstrated that using oncolytic viruses also activates the innate immune system by raising levels of nitric oxide and the acquired immune system. The favorable benefits of the combination may also be attributable to immunological divergence in the current study from antiinflammatory cytokines (such as IL-4, IL-10, and TGF-β) to pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IFN-γ.

Anatomical Sciences Journal, 2022

Introduction: In the last decades, magnetic nanoparticles have been considered and are being stud... more Introduction: In the last decades, magnetic nanoparticles have been considered and are being studied for employment in tumor therapy and imaging. Also, alongside their utilization in the role of MRI contrast factors, investigations of targeting tumor cells with biomolecules like anticancer drugs, antibodies, and siRNA, the utility of magnetic nanoparticles is evaluated. This preliminary work aimed to investigate the effects of iron oxide NPs on embryo growth and development with an emphasis on brain morphology and teratogenic effects. Methods: After recognizing the air sac with candling, one hundred sixty fertile eggs of the Ross 308 broiler strains were divided into 8 groups (n=20). Group 1 (control) received 0.3 mL serum normal. Groups 2, 3, and 4 received iron oxide nanoparticles as maghemite with doses of 100, 250, and 500 ppm, respectively. Groups 5, 6, 7, and 8 received iron oxide NPs as magnetite with doses of 100, 250, 500, and 2500 ppm, respectively. Twenty days after injections, death day, chicken, brain, liver, heart, bursa of Fabricius, and spleen weights and teratogenic samples were recorded, and brain tissues from all chickens were collected for histological evaluations. Results: The results demonstrated that iron oxide NPs had teratogenic effects such as the lack of formation of abdominal wall muscles and exposing the heart out of the thorax. Also, alterations were observed in the weight ratio of the liver, spleen, and bursa of Fabricius in experimental groups compared to the control group. In the microscopic assessment of the brain tissue, hyperemia, neuronophagia, edema around vessels, necrosis, and vacuolation of neurons were noticeable. Conclusion: It can be concluded that iron oxide NPs affect the growth and development of embryos and can cross the BBB and penetrate the brain tissue by affecting brain morphology.

Anatomical Sciences Journal, 2022

in COVID-19 cases was due to the increased inflammatory cytokines and cytokine storm. As mesenchy... more in COVID-19 cases was due to the increased inflammatory cytokines and cytokine storm. As mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess immunomodulatory properties, this study assessed the therapeutic effects of placental MSC-derived extracellular vesicles on the inflammation and pulmonary injury caused by COVID-19. Methods: The study was carried out in phases I (safety study, 101 patients) and II (efficacy study, 80 patients) in a randomized, double-blind study at four hospital centers from April 2021 to August 2021. In addition to standard treatments, 15 mL of normal saline solution containing 15×10 9 vesicles was injected intravenously for five consecutive days.

Anatomical Sciences Journal, 2022

Introduction: The brachial artery runs at lower border of the teres major muscle as a continuatio... more Introduction: The brachial artery runs at lower border of the teres major muscle as a continuation of the third part of the axillary artery. It divided into radial and ulnar arteries at the neck of the radius. For surgeons performing operations on the upper extremity, clinical knowledge of the morphology of brachial arteries in the upper limb is important. This study aims to study the course, branching pattern, and termination of the brachial artery in human cadavers.

Anatomical Sciences Journal, 2022

Introduction: The brachial plexus is a network of nerves originating in the periclavicular region... more Introduction: The brachial plexus is a network of nerves originating in the periclavicular region and provides sensory and motor innervation to the upper extremity. The plexus is an important structure due to its anatomical location and vulnerability to damage. As such, surgeons need to be able to locate individual plexus segments or nerve branches when performing procedures. However, finding the sites of uniting and dividing points within the brachial plexus can prove challenging. Methods: Dissections were performed bilaterally on 30 formalin-fixed adult cadavers to expose the individual segments and branches of the brachial plexus. Subsequently, various measurements were taken. Measurements included the length of the roots, trunks, divisions, cords, and terminal branches (musculocutaneous, median, ulnar, radial, and axillary nerves). Results: The statistical test revealed the Mean±SD length of the middle and inferior trunk was 34.75±29.6 mm and 39.8±14.2 mm respectively. The Mean±SD of lateral cord was 47.75±14.98 mm, the posterior cord 45±13.20 mm, and the medial cord was 48.75±16.44 mm. The terminal branches were as follows: Musculocutaneous nerve 67±25.03 mm, median nerve 206.20±116 mm, ulnar nerve 219.70±29.70 mm, radial nerve 117.30±17 mm and axillary nerve 65.60±13.30 mm. Conclusion: A thorough understanding of all relevant anatomical landmarks is mandatory for any successful procedure. Common techniques, such as brachial plexus blocks, require detailed anatomical literature due to the complexity and variability of the plexus. Results from this study will add to the understanding of the anatomy of the brachial plexus and further assist clinicians in pre-and perioperative surgical planning.

Anatomical Sciences Journal, 2022

Neurulation, as the formation of the basis of the nervous system, is the earliest and crucial sta... more Neurulation, as the formation of the basis of the nervous system, is the earliest and crucial stage of embryonic development, affecting the development of other parts of the embryonic body. During neurulation, the neural plate is formed through morphological changes. At the end of this stage, the neural tube is established and the central nervous system could be formed in the future. Although this embryonic process occurs morphologically, the precise study of nervous system evolution can be considered by different gene mutations in rodent embryos. Genetic assessments of embryos can finally cause the accurate discovery of the role of genes in embryo development, the stages of nervous system development, and possible associated diseases. Explanation of new findings in the field of neurulation with emphasis on genetics can be helpful in future embryonic studies, abnormalities, and treatments. Thus, the study of neural plate formation can play an important role in increasing the insight of embryological researchers in this field. In this review article, we aimed to collect basic embryonic data in rodent neurulation to provide important information for more laboratory investigations in this field.

Anatomical Sciences Journal, 2022

Anatomical sciences are considered as the foundation of the medical education. Previously, the an... more Anatomical sciences are considered as the foundation of the medical education. Previously, the anatomy in medical educational environments was based on the lecture presentation and corpus dissection. Then, the newer protocols, such as teaching methods using human models, imaging, simulation, and internet-based webinars, were widely used in academic schools. In this era, the medical curriculums focused less on corpse dissection. Medical learning in the field of anatomy was basically based on the traditional approaches and presentation-based learning using the students under the teacher's supervision. The teacher, as the class manager, can design the curriculum contents using clinical applications along with knowledge assessment. This procedure can be achieved through planning for the future and the plans ensuring the persistent development of anatomy as a relevant clinical subject in any medical curriculum.

Anatomical Sciences journal, 2022

Introduction: Renal vasculature variations were normally found. Awareness of this variation was h... more Introduction: Renal vasculature variations were normally found. Awareness of this variation was helpful in many clinical field procedures during the routine dissection of the posterior abdominal wall of approximately a 67-year-old male formaldehyde cadaver.. Case Report: The left kidney presents with an arterial variation. An accessory renal artery was detected from the lateral aspect of the abdominal aorta at the level disc between L2 and L3, just above the origin of the inferior mesenteric artery on the left side. Conclusion: Knowledge of anatomical variation of the renal arteries has clinical significance in renal transplantation procedures and for interventions in angiography Article info:

Anatomical Sciences Journal, 2022

Introduction: Erythrocytes are highly specialized and the most abundant cell type in vertebrates'... more Introduction: Erythrocytes are highly specialized and the most abundant cell type in vertebrates' blood. Their primary function is the transportation of oxygen to tissues of the body via hemoglobin. Methods: The study was aimed at evaluating erythrocyte morphology in Clarias gariepinus (C. gariepinus), Bufo bufo (B. bufo), and Agama agama (A. agama) using different stains; Also, morphometric analysis of erythrocytes was evaluated in stains with the best affinity. The blood samples of C. gariepinus, B. bufo, and A. agama were collected using a syringe. Smears from each animal were made on glass slides and stained with Giemsa, Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), and methylene blue. Erythrocytes diameter was measured using a standardized ocular micrometer. The area and volume of the erythrocytes were calculated. Results: Erythrocyte's shapes range from spherical in C. gariepinus to oval in A. agama. Giemsa demonstrated C. gariepinus and B. bufo erythrocytes better than H&E and methylene blue stains, while H&E demonstrated erythrocytes of A. agama better than Giemsa and methylene blue. Erythrocyte's diameter, area, and volume of B. bufo were significantly higher (P<0.001) when compared with C. gariepinus and A. agama. Conclusion: Erythrocyte's shape, size, area, and volume vary in different species and could be used to study evolutionary trends. The variation in erythrocytes size is associated with chromosome number and genome size.

Anatomical Sciences Journal, 2022

Introduction: The sutural bones and fontanelle of the skull display unique morphological characte... more Introduction: The sutural bones and fontanelle of the skull display unique morphological characters. Sutural bones are also called supernumerary bones, ossicles, or Wormian bones (WBs). These irregularities develop from the independent ossification centers present along the cranial sutures. They appear on periosteal and endosteal surfaces of the skull with variations in size, number, shape, and location. In the current study, we aimed to determine the morphological characteristics of sutural bones and their association with parietal emissary foramina. Methods: The current study was done on 128 dry human skulls by a convenient sampling method. The skulls were collected from the Department of Anatomy. Many characteristic features of Inca and Wormian bones like shape, number, size, and location were recorded, including abnormal parietal emissary foramen associated with the Wormian and Inca bone, respectively. Results: Out of 128 dry skulls, the Wormian bones were seen in 13.2% of skulls and the Inca bones in 5.4%. Incorporation of Wormian bones in the lambdoid suture was noted in 12.5% and the sagittal suture at 0.7%, respectively. The Wormian bones were found frequently on the left side (n=12) compared to the right side (n=5). The morphometry of the accessory bones showed quadrilateral as the most common shape (n=9, 37.5%), followed by triangular (n=4, 16.6%). Radiological examination of all 24 skulls with accessory bones showed a zigzag pattern of accessory suture lines. The prevalence of abnormal parietal emissary foramen (bilateral and unilateral absence associated with the Wormian bone was noted at 23.5%. The prevalence of abnormal parietal emissary foramen (unilateral absence and foramen on the sagittal suture) related to the Inca bone was reported at 71.4%. Conclusion: The presence of Wormian and Inca bones can be easily confused with fractures of the corresponding bony regions. The surgeons must know this to make a proper and accurate diagnosis. Knowledge of these bones benefits the clinician, radiologist, and neurosurgeon highly.

Anatomical Sciences Journal, 2022

Introduction: Rib anomalies include numerical and structural categories. This study investigates ... more Introduction: Rib anomalies include numerical and structural categories. This study investigates the costal abnormalities by computed tomography scan in an Iranian population Methods: In a retrospective study, 400 Chest CT scans (225 (56.2%) male, and 175 (43.8%) female) aging from 18 to 89 were investigated for one year (2020 to 2021). Images were carefully observed and various abnormalities such as cervical ribs, elongated C7 transverse processes, bridging ribs, and bifid ribs were reported. Results: Among 400 chest CT scans investigated for this study, 375 (93.7%) cases were normal and 25 (6.3%) cases were abnormal. Fourteen (8% of all the female patients) and eleven (4.9% of all the male patients) participants of abnormal cases were female, and male, respectively. Among abnormal cases, four cases of bilateral cervical ribs (total prevalence (TP)=1%), four cases of bilateral elongated C7 transverse process (TP=1%), four cases of bridging first and second ribs on the left side (TP=1%), twelve cases of bifid ribs on the left (TP=3%), and one uncommon male case were reported. Conclusion: Being aware of the common abnormalities of rib cage is helpful in differentiating the diagnosis and seeking for possible other accompanied diseases such as thoracic outlet or Gorlin syndrome. In this study, twenty five cases of abnormal rib morphology were reported.

Anatomical Sciences Journal, 2022

Introduction: Corpus callosum (CC), an intracranial organ, is located in the midline of the cereb... more Introduction: Corpus callosum (CC), an intracranial organ, is located in the midline of the cerebrum, communicating both the right and left hemispheres. CC undergoes morphological changes in Multiple Sclerosis (MS). The morphometrical changes of organs are directly associated with geographical regions; thus, this study aimed to investigate the morphological alteration of CC in patients with relapsing-remitting MS in Hamadan (Iran) in a retrospective study from April 2011 to April 2021. Methods: Following inclusion and exclusion criteria, 54 and 128 Brain MRI images of RRMS patients and healthy individuals were examined morphologically using PmsDICOMViewer software. Two main morphological indices of area (mm 2) and longitudinal (mm) parameters were examined in midsagittal sections of Brain MRI images, including the area of CC (ACC) and associated segments, length of CC (LCC), and height of CC (HCC). Finally, the data were analyzed by SPSS software, version 19. P<0.05 was considered significant, and data were presented as Mean±SEM. Results: Following MS onset, total ACC was decreased significantly (P<0.05) in MS patients than in control. Also, the area of rosterum/genu (ARG) and area of anterior half midbody of CC (AAMB) showed significant (P<0.05) incremental and decremental trends, respectively. In other indices, no significant differences were detected (P>0.05). Conclusion: Morphometrical measurements of CC are associated with MS. By assessing the anterior half of CC in brain MRI images (ARG and AAMB), the diagnosis of MS can occur. Thus, the investigation results can be proposed as criteria for radiological confirmation of MS disease.

Anatomical Sciences Journal, 2022

Introduction: Tebuconazole is a systemic fungicide whose toxicity has been reported in animals an... more Introduction: Tebuconazole is a systemic fungicide whose toxicity has been reported in animals and humans due to direct and indirect exposure. Our study aimed to assess the hepatotoxic effects of tebuconazole at subacute doses in rats. Methods: Tebuconazole was administered by oral gavage at doses of 6, 12, 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg daily. Serum levels of ALT, AST, and ALP were determined. Histopathological analysis was performed using liver sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Parameters such as cell inflammation, accumulation of lipid vacuoles, and hepatocyte necrosis were assessed. Results: The results showed that the serum levels of AST, ALT, and ALP enzymes elevated in all Tebuconazole doses compared to the control group. This elevation was statistically significant in the 50 and 100 mg/kg groups compared to the control group. Histopathological results revealed the increased necrosis and destruction of hepatocytes and accumulation of lipid vacuoles in the study groups compared to the control group. Conclusion: The study's results showed significant hepatotoxic effects at subacute doses of tebuconazole. These results are alarming in the widespread use of tebuconazole as a fungicide. It is recommended to take the necessary precautions, including wearing gloves or a mask.

Anatomical Sciences Journal, 2022

Introduction: Median Nerve (MN) originated from medial and lateral cords of Brachial Plexus and c... more Introduction: Median Nerve (MN) originated from medial and lateral cords of Brachial Plexus and can be affected by anatomical variations, which may lead to several diagnostic and therapeutic mistakes. This paper aimed to study MN variations investigated by cadaveric studies. Methods: This study is based on research in electronic databases. The full text of all relevant papers has been studied to extend our data. Results: variation of MN distribution in the palm, variation of MN innervation patterns, communication between MN and (Ulnar Nerve) UN and their branches in the forearm, communication between MN and UN and their components in the palm, variation in the course of MN are main MN variation categories containing several subgroups. However, communication between the third common digital nerve of MN and the fourth common digital nerve of UN is the most common MN variation at the distal of upper limbs. Conclusion: decompression of MN entrapped in the carpal tunnel can be considered the essential clinical challenge resulting from MN variations, especially variations including the third common digital nerve.