anitha rajan | Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad (original) (raw)
Papers by anitha rajan
The ethanolic extract of Nigella sativa, Celastrus paniculatus and Cinnamomum tamala (ENCC) is us... more The ethanolic extract of Nigella sativa, Celastrus paniculatus and Cinnamomum tamala (ENCC) is used in this study to screen the anti diabetic activity in Alloxan induced diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced in rats using Alloxan 150 mg/kg i.p. The study was carried out for 21 days. The phytochemical screening showed the presence of flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids and phemolic compounds. The treatment with ENCC 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg effectively increased the body weight of diabetic rats when compared with disease control group. It was discovered that the blood glucose levels and HbA1c levels were reduced in ENCC 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg treated groups when compared with disease control group. It also reduced the biochemical parameters like Total cholesterol (TC), Triglycerides (TG), Low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL) and increased the high density lipoproteincholesterol (HDL) when compared with disease control group. Histopathlogical studies of pancreas was performed In disease control group, showed apoptosis of beta cells were as treatment with ENCC 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg showed mild hypertrophy of islets of pancreas and normal beta cells. Thus, the result suggests that ENCC possesses antibiabetic activity.
The cytochrome P450 isoenzymes are a super family of haemoproteins that are terminal oxidases of ... more The cytochrome P450 isoenzymes are a super family of haemoproteins that are terminal oxidases of mixed function oxidase system embedded primarily in the lipid bilayer of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of hepatocytes. They are so named because they are bound to membrane within a cell (cyto) and contain a haeme pigment (chrome P) that absorb light at a wavelength 450 nm when exposed to carbon monoxide. They are essential for metabolism of large number of endogenous and exogenous compounds. It has been estimated that 90% of human drug oxidation can be attributed to six main enzymes CYP 1A2, CYP 2C9, CYP 2C19, CYP 2D6, CYP 2E1 and CYP 3A4/5 with the two most significant enzymes being CYP 3A4 and CYP 2D6. Recently, the cytochrome isoenzymes have been shown to be important in the synthesis of steroid hormones, bile acids, arachidonic acid and in CNS function. Cytochrome P450 enzymes can be inhibited or induced by drugs, resulting in clinically significant drug-drug interactions that can c...
Advance Pharmaceutical Journal
Aim: This is a retrospective study which was carried out for a period of six months in orthopedic... more Aim: This is a retrospective study which was carried out for a period of six months in orthopedic inpatient department at Aster prime hospital, Hyderabad. Objective: The objectives of the study are to decrease the irrational use of drugs to the patients, decrease unnecessary drugs, usage of proper dosage and administration of the drugs and prevent adverse drug reactions in order to improve the quality of life of patients. Methodology: A total of 104 prescriptions of the patient treated with analgesics and antibiotics for post-operative pain management were collected and analyzed in the inpatient orthopedic department. The prescriptions were analyzed and categorized into varieties based on antibiotics and analgesics prescribed, demographic parameters, comorbid conditions, type of orthopedic diseases diagnosed, polypharmacy etc. Conclusion: The study presented the prescription trends of antibiotics and analgesics in orthopaedic department. This kind of study will help as a guideline t...
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research
Objective: The study is aimed to evaluate the antiparkinsonian effect of polyherbal formulation c... more Objective: The study is aimed to evaluate the antiparkinsonian effect of polyherbal formulation containing methanolic extract of Prunus amygdalus, Arachis hypogaea, and Citrullus lanatus (MEPAC) in chlorpromazine (CPZ)-induced Parkinson’s disease in Wistar albino rats. Methods: The antiparkinsonian activity of polyherbal formulation was studied in CPZ (3 mg/kg i.p.) induced Parkinson rat model. Rats were subjected to treatment with MEPAC and standard drug for a period of 21 days. The behavioral assessments, i.e., catalepsy and locomotor activity were assessed during the treatment period. Then animals were sacrificed, brains were isolated and homogenized for the estimation of biochemical parameters such as dopamine (DA), lipid peroxidation (LPO), glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Histopathology of the brains was also done. Results: The cataleptic score of MEPAC (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) treated rats was significantly reduced. On the other hand, there was improved in ...
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research
Endothelin (ET) is the most potent vasoconstrictor. It is secreted by the endothelial cells. At ... more Endothelin (ET) is the most potent vasoconstrictor. It is secreted by the endothelial cells. At low concentration, it acts as an agonist for endothelium-derived relaxing factors and thereby causes vasodilatation, and at higher concentration it acts as a potent vasoconstrictor. It is synthesized by proteolytic cleavage of preproendothelin to proendothelin by the action of metallopeptidases and chymase, which is further cleaved into mature form of ET by endothelin converting enzyme. There are four isoforms of ET, namely, ET-1, ET-2, ET-3, and ET-4. ET acts on 2 types of receptors. Binding of ET-1 to ETA receptor at the vascular smooth muscle cells induces vasoconstriction. It also produces vasoconstriction by acting on the ETB2 receptor of vascular smooth muscle cells but promotes vasodilatation at ETB1 receptor present on the endothelial cell.
ACTA Pharmaceutica Sciencia, 2018
For a long period of time, biologics have been a major part of the pharmaceutical sector in provi... more For a long period of time, biologics have been a major part of the pharmaceutical sector in providing treatment for most complex diseases like cancer, Alzheimer's disease, etc. With their patent expiration, a wide scope of opportunities has been unleashed for their replication. For the low molecular weight biologics, generics are preferable and safe option, whereas the large sized biologics being inaccessible for their price have led to the introduction of a new genre of medicine, Biosimilar. Biosimilar is designed with the intent to treat a patient in the same way as an existing biologic therapy. They are not the exact replicas of their innovator drugs. They are derived protein having immunogenic reaction and risk of adverse events. Despite the hurdles, biosimilar offer promising beneficial and cost effective option, if allowed to be understood by physicians and patients.
Asian Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology
Micronutrients are an essential component of a healthy diet and are indispensable to the normal g... more Micronutrients are an essential component of a healthy diet and are indispensable to the normal growth, development and wellbeing of a human being. Micronutrient deficiencies, also known as 'Hidden hungers' currently affect more than 2 billion people worldwide, resulting in poor growth, impaired physical and mental development and increased rate of morbidity and mortality, thus having a long term effect on the progress of societies and nations. Food fortification, which involves adding micronutrients to food, is an effective method to combat this epidemic. Numerous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness and feasibility of such interventions and their potential to improve a populations' nutritional status. This article reviews the prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies with focus on Vitamin A, iron, iodine and folate deficiencies, fortification processes and successful examples of fortification interventions.
Indian Journal of Pharmacy Practice, Dec 15, 2017
Background: Polypharmacy and inappropriate prescriptions are prominent prescribing issues among g... more Background: Polypharmacy and inappropriate prescriptions are prominent prescribing issues among geriatric patients. Beer's criteria, Drug-Drug interaction of common OTC drugs and WHO essential drug lists have been developed to assist in the reduction of potentially inappropriate medications prescribed to geriatric patients. Objective: This study was carried out to find out the rational prescription of drugs in the geriatric patients and to also investigate Polypharmacy. Methodology: A retrospective study on rational drug prescribing pattern in geriatric patient was carried out using prescriptions issued to the geriatric patients, 65 years and above, attending the outpatient and inpatient department of various hospitals and clinics of Hyderabad. A total of 125 prescriptions were collected and analyzed by using Beer's Criteria. Results: In this study we observed that almost all prescriptions were with polypharmacy. Only 3% of drugs were prescribed on generic names and remaining all is on brand names. 11 (13.75%) prescriptions had one or more potentially inappropriate medicines from Beer's Criteria and in 9 (11.25%) prescriptions drug-drug interactions were ascertained according to drugdrug interactions of common OTC drugs. Conclusion: Prevalence of polypharmacy was high which is usually unavoidable in the geriatric patients. Extending clinical pharmacist services can significantly improve rational use of medicines in geriatric population.
Indian Journal Of Pharmaceutical Education And Research, 2014
The aim of the present work was to develop and evaluate matrix type transdermal therapeutic syste... more The aim of the present work was to develop and evaluate matrix type transdermal therapeutic system of zaleplon (ZLP) with different ratios of hydrophilic and hydrophobic polymeric combinations. Formulations A1, A2, A3 were composed of Eudragit RL100 (ERL) and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) in 1:3, 1:1, 3:1 ratios; A4, A5, A6 were composed of Eudragit RS100 (ERS) and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose in 1:3, 1:1, 3:1 ratios. All the six formulations carried 10mg of ZLP/patch area, 6% v/w of d-limonene, 15% v/w of propyleneglycol in methanol:dichloromethane (1:1). The physicochemical compatibility of the drug and the polymers was studied by infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. All the prepared formulations were subjected to physicochemical studies, in vitro release, ex vivo permeation studies through rat skin, skin irritation, stability and in vivo evaluation. The optimized formulation, A1 was found free of skin irritation and stable at accelerated stability conditions for 3 months. Locomotor activity and rotarod methods were used to study the in vivo performance. The administration of ZLP through patch resulted in sustained and continued action for 24h. Hence, it was concluded that ZLP can be formulated into the transdermal matrix type patch to sustain its release characteristics.
The ethanolic extract of Nigella sativa, Celastrus paniculatus and Cinnamomum tamala (ENCC) is us... more The ethanolic extract of Nigella sativa, Celastrus paniculatus and Cinnamomum tamala (ENCC) is used in this study to screen the anti diabetic activity in Alloxan induced diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced in rats using Alloxan 150 mg/kg i.p. The study was carried out for 21 days. The phytochemical screening showed the presence of flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids and phemolic compounds. The treatment with ENCC 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg effectively increased the body weight of diabetic rats when compared with disease control group. It was discovered that the blood glucose levels and HbA1c levels were reduced in ENCC 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg treated groups when compared with disease control group. It also reduced the biochemical parameters like Total cholesterol (TC), Triglycerides (TG), Low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL) and increased the high density lipoproteincholesterol (HDL) when compared with disease control group. Histopathlogical studies of pancreas was performed In disease control group, showed apoptosis of beta cells were as treatment with ENCC 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg showed mild hypertrophy of islets of pancreas and normal beta cells. Thus, the result suggests that ENCC possesses antibiabetic activity.
The cytochrome P450 isoenzymes are a super family of haemoproteins that are terminal oxidases of ... more The cytochrome P450 isoenzymes are a super family of haemoproteins that are terminal oxidases of mixed function oxidase system embedded primarily in the lipid bilayer of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of hepatocytes. They are so named because they are bound to membrane within a cell (cyto) and contain a haeme pigment (chrome P) that absorb light at a wavelength 450 nm when exposed to carbon monoxide. They are essential for metabolism of large number of endogenous and exogenous compounds. It has been estimated that 90% of human drug oxidation can be attributed to six main enzymes CYP 1A2, CYP 2C9, CYP 2C19, CYP 2D6, CYP 2E1 and CYP 3A4/5 with the two most significant enzymes being CYP 3A4 and CYP 2D6. Recently, the cytochrome isoenzymes have been shown to be important in the synthesis of steroid hormones, bile acids, arachidonic acid and in CNS function. Cytochrome P450 enzymes can be inhibited or induced by drugs, resulting in clinically significant drug-drug interactions that can c...
Advance Pharmaceutical Journal
Aim: This is a retrospective study which was carried out for a period of six months in orthopedic... more Aim: This is a retrospective study which was carried out for a period of six months in orthopedic inpatient department at Aster prime hospital, Hyderabad. Objective: The objectives of the study are to decrease the irrational use of drugs to the patients, decrease unnecessary drugs, usage of proper dosage and administration of the drugs and prevent adverse drug reactions in order to improve the quality of life of patients. Methodology: A total of 104 prescriptions of the patient treated with analgesics and antibiotics for post-operative pain management were collected and analyzed in the inpatient orthopedic department. The prescriptions were analyzed and categorized into varieties based on antibiotics and analgesics prescribed, demographic parameters, comorbid conditions, type of orthopedic diseases diagnosed, polypharmacy etc. Conclusion: The study presented the prescription trends of antibiotics and analgesics in orthopaedic department. This kind of study will help as a guideline t...
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research
Objective: The study is aimed to evaluate the antiparkinsonian effect of polyherbal formulation c... more Objective: The study is aimed to evaluate the antiparkinsonian effect of polyherbal formulation containing methanolic extract of Prunus amygdalus, Arachis hypogaea, and Citrullus lanatus (MEPAC) in chlorpromazine (CPZ)-induced Parkinson’s disease in Wistar albino rats. Methods: The antiparkinsonian activity of polyherbal formulation was studied in CPZ (3 mg/kg i.p.) induced Parkinson rat model. Rats were subjected to treatment with MEPAC and standard drug for a period of 21 days. The behavioral assessments, i.e., catalepsy and locomotor activity were assessed during the treatment period. Then animals were sacrificed, brains were isolated and homogenized for the estimation of biochemical parameters such as dopamine (DA), lipid peroxidation (LPO), glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Histopathology of the brains was also done. Results: The cataleptic score of MEPAC (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) treated rats was significantly reduced. On the other hand, there was improved in ...
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research
Endothelin (ET) is the most potent vasoconstrictor. It is secreted by the endothelial cells. At ... more Endothelin (ET) is the most potent vasoconstrictor. It is secreted by the endothelial cells. At low concentration, it acts as an agonist for endothelium-derived relaxing factors and thereby causes vasodilatation, and at higher concentration it acts as a potent vasoconstrictor. It is synthesized by proteolytic cleavage of preproendothelin to proendothelin by the action of metallopeptidases and chymase, which is further cleaved into mature form of ET by endothelin converting enzyme. There are four isoforms of ET, namely, ET-1, ET-2, ET-3, and ET-4. ET acts on 2 types of receptors. Binding of ET-1 to ETA receptor at the vascular smooth muscle cells induces vasoconstriction. It also produces vasoconstriction by acting on the ETB2 receptor of vascular smooth muscle cells but promotes vasodilatation at ETB1 receptor present on the endothelial cell.
ACTA Pharmaceutica Sciencia, 2018
For a long period of time, biologics have been a major part of the pharmaceutical sector in provi... more For a long period of time, biologics have been a major part of the pharmaceutical sector in providing treatment for most complex diseases like cancer, Alzheimer's disease, etc. With their patent expiration, a wide scope of opportunities has been unleashed for their replication. For the low molecular weight biologics, generics are preferable and safe option, whereas the large sized biologics being inaccessible for their price have led to the introduction of a new genre of medicine, Biosimilar. Biosimilar is designed with the intent to treat a patient in the same way as an existing biologic therapy. They are not the exact replicas of their innovator drugs. They are derived protein having immunogenic reaction and risk of adverse events. Despite the hurdles, biosimilar offer promising beneficial and cost effective option, if allowed to be understood by physicians and patients.
Asian Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology
Micronutrients are an essential component of a healthy diet and are indispensable to the normal g... more Micronutrients are an essential component of a healthy diet and are indispensable to the normal growth, development and wellbeing of a human being. Micronutrient deficiencies, also known as 'Hidden hungers' currently affect more than 2 billion people worldwide, resulting in poor growth, impaired physical and mental development and increased rate of morbidity and mortality, thus having a long term effect on the progress of societies and nations. Food fortification, which involves adding micronutrients to food, is an effective method to combat this epidemic. Numerous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness and feasibility of such interventions and their potential to improve a populations' nutritional status. This article reviews the prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies with focus on Vitamin A, iron, iodine and folate deficiencies, fortification processes and successful examples of fortification interventions.
Indian Journal of Pharmacy Practice, Dec 15, 2017
Background: Polypharmacy and inappropriate prescriptions are prominent prescribing issues among g... more Background: Polypharmacy and inappropriate prescriptions are prominent prescribing issues among geriatric patients. Beer's criteria, Drug-Drug interaction of common OTC drugs and WHO essential drug lists have been developed to assist in the reduction of potentially inappropriate medications prescribed to geriatric patients. Objective: This study was carried out to find out the rational prescription of drugs in the geriatric patients and to also investigate Polypharmacy. Methodology: A retrospective study on rational drug prescribing pattern in geriatric patient was carried out using prescriptions issued to the geriatric patients, 65 years and above, attending the outpatient and inpatient department of various hospitals and clinics of Hyderabad. A total of 125 prescriptions were collected and analyzed by using Beer's Criteria. Results: In this study we observed that almost all prescriptions were with polypharmacy. Only 3% of drugs were prescribed on generic names and remaining all is on brand names. 11 (13.75%) prescriptions had one or more potentially inappropriate medicines from Beer's Criteria and in 9 (11.25%) prescriptions drug-drug interactions were ascertained according to drugdrug interactions of common OTC drugs. Conclusion: Prevalence of polypharmacy was high which is usually unavoidable in the geriatric patients. Extending clinical pharmacist services can significantly improve rational use of medicines in geriatric population.
Indian Journal Of Pharmaceutical Education And Research, 2014
The aim of the present work was to develop and evaluate matrix type transdermal therapeutic syste... more The aim of the present work was to develop and evaluate matrix type transdermal therapeutic system of zaleplon (ZLP) with different ratios of hydrophilic and hydrophobic polymeric combinations. Formulations A1, A2, A3 were composed of Eudragit RL100 (ERL) and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) in 1:3, 1:1, 3:1 ratios; A4, A5, A6 were composed of Eudragit RS100 (ERS) and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose in 1:3, 1:1, 3:1 ratios. All the six formulations carried 10mg of ZLP/patch area, 6% v/w of d-limonene, 15% v/w of propyleneglycol in methanol:dichloromethane (1:1). The physicochemical compatibility of the drug and the polymers was studied by infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. All the prepared formulations were subjected to physicochemical studies, in vitro release, ex vivo permeation studies through rat skin, skin irritation, stability and in vivo evaluation. The optimized formulation, A1 was found free of skin irritation and stable at accelerated stability conditions for 3 months. Locomotor activity and rotarod methods were used to study the in vivo performance. The administration of ZLP through patch resulted in sustained and continued action for 24h. Hence, it was concluded that ZLP can be formulated into the transdermal matrix type patch to sustain its release characteristics.