Rex Immanuel | Annamalai University (original) (raw)

Papers by Rex Immanuel

Crop research, Nov 15, 2022

Maize (Zea mays L.) becoming very popular cereal crop in India because of high production potenti... more Maize (Zea mays L.) becoming very popular cereal crop in India because of high production potential of hybrid varieties and it requires heavy doses of fertilizers. But the excessive and continuous use of chemical fertilizers has damaged the soil health, at the same time, the sole use of organic manure cannot compensate the produce obtained by inorganic application. Hence, it is important to reduce the usage of chemical fertilizers and supplementing the same through organic manures. Therefore, field experiment was conducted in Experimental Farm of Annamalai University during 2020 to evaluate the effect of different levels of inorganic fertilizers with different sources of organic manures on the growth, yield and nutrient uptake in hybrid maize. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with nine treatments viz., 100% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF), 100% RDF + Seaweed granules @ 20 kg/ha, 100% RDF + Pressmud granules @ 125 kg/ha, 100% RDF + Poultry manure @ 2.5 t/ha, 100% RDF + Urban waste compost @ 10 t/ha, 75% RDF + Seaweed granules @ 20 kg/ha, 75% RDF + Pressmud granules @ 125 kg/ha, 75% RDF + Poultry manure @ 2.5 t/ha, 75% RDF + Urban waste compost @ 10 t/ha and replicated thrice. The results revealed that plant height, leaf area index, dry matter production, grain and stover yield and benefit : cost ratio were favourably influenced by the application of 100% RDF+Poultry manure @ 2.5 t/ha. In nutrient status, uptake of nitrogen and phosphorus was found to be significantly higher with application of 100% RDF+Poultry manure @ 2.5 t/ha, whereas potassium uptake was higher under application of 100% RDF+Pressmud granules @ 125 kg/ha. Thus, for achieving higher productivity, integrated application of 100% RDF with poultry manure @ 2.5 t/ha may be preferred to the hybrid maize cultivating farmers.

The Pharma Innovation Journal, 2023

Rice is the Asia's economically and culturally most essential food crop and its production is sub... more Rice is the Asia's economically and culturally most essential food crop and its production is substantially improved by agro-techniques such as soil fertility, water use, and pest management. However, abiotic factors, especially soil moisture stress due to erratic rainfall the most important factors limiting rice productivity. Adoption of agronomic practices like foliar application of stress tolerance inducing substances is one of the best solutions for improving crop productivity. Field experiments were conducted at Annamalai University Experimental Farm, Tamil Nadu during "Kuruvai" and "Nanvarai" (Kharif and Rabi) seasons of 2021 and 2022 to study the effect of foliar application of stress tolerance inducing substances on the performance of rice under moisture stress condition. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) and was replicated thrice with 12 treatment combinations including RDF, KNO3, ZnSO4, salicylic acid / gibberellic acid / humic acid / PPFM. Growth parameters were significantly influenced by application of drought tolerance inducing substances under moisture stress condition. Among the treatments, Recommended dose fertilizer (120 kg N, 40 kg P2O5 and 40 kg K2O ha-1) + acute soil drying + KNO3 @ 2% and ZnSO4 @ 0.5% at panicle initiation and 15 days after 1 st spray + humic acid @ 0.2% at booting stage and 15 days after 1 st spray recorded highest growth parameters viz., plant height, number of tillers hill-1 , root volume and physiological parameters like leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR) and chlorophyll content index (CCI).

The Pharma Innovation Journal, 2023

Boosting the yield, improving soil health and maintaining human health are the three interlinked ... more Boosting the yield, improving soil health and maintaining human health are the three interlinked components of the sustainable triangle. There is increasing evidence that fertilizers alone cannot sustain crop yields for longer periods because crops hardly utilize 30 to 40 percent of the applied fertilizer nutrients and the rest is lost in to the ecosystems and degrading it. It can be minimized through integrated application of organic manures, NPK, foliar fertilization of zinc, DAP and NAA. Biofortification of legumes with zinc also alleviate malnutrition. Field experiments were carried out in a Farm at Chandirambadi in Vandavasi, Tiruvannamalai District in the NorthEastern agro-climatic zone of Tamil Nadu during Kharif and Rabi seasons of 2019 and 2020 to study the effect of INM practices on the growth, yield, and quality of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) in legume based intercropping system. The experiments were laid out in Randomized Block Design and were replicated thrice with seven treatment combinations viz., Control, 75/100/125% RDF + Vermicompost (5/4/3 t/ha) + Zn-EDTA Foliar Spray @ 0.5% to Groundnut and without or with DAP 2% & NAA 40 ppm Foliar Spray to Pigeonpea. The pooled data results revealed that significantly highest plant height (58.69 cm), LAI (4.28), No. of effective nodules/ plant (98.43), DMP (5814 Kg/ha) and CGR (14.65 g/m 2 /day), No. of pods/ plant (25.78), shelling percentage (73.02), pod yield (2087 kg/ha), kernel yield (1565 kg/ha), oil content (49.74%) and crude protein (26.38) for groundnut and the maximum plant height (216.62 cm), LAI (3.86), DMP (3790 kg/ha) and CGR (26.12 g/m 2 /day), pods/plant (208), number of seeds/pod (4.68), seed yield (658 kg/ha) for pigeonpea and the highest groundnut equivalent yield (1316 kg/ha) were observed under application of 100% RDF along with vermicompost @ 4 t/ha + Zn-EDTA Foliar Spray @ 0.5% to Groundnut + Foliar Spray to Pigeonpea (2% DAP & NAA 40 ppm). However, it was statistically on par with application of 75% RDF (12.75: 25.5: 40.5 kg N, P2O5 and K2O ha-1) along with Vermicompost (5 t ha-1) + Zn-EDTA Foliar Spray @ 0.5% to Groundnut + Foliar Spray to Pigeonpea (2% DAP & NAA 40 ppm). The highest Kernal Zn content of 51.65 mg/kg and B: C ratio of 3.5 were recorded in 75% RDF and its combinations treatment.

International Journal of Environment and Climate Change

Field experiments were conducted during the Kharif and rabi season of 2021 in the farmer’s field ... more Field experiments were conducted during the Kharif and rabi season of 2021 in the farmer’s field of Perampattu Village, Tirupattur Taluk & District, TN, India to study the effect of K and S management in groundnut. The soil of the experiment field belongs to sandy clay loam, available nitrogen (133.4 kg ha-1), phosphorus (16.8 kg ha-1), potassium (113.1 kg ha-1), and sulfur (4.80 mg kg-1), respectively. The experiments were laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with eight treatments viz., T1-Control, T2–RDF (Blanket Recommendation as 25:50:75 kg NPK ha-1), T3- RDF + Add 0.25% of K through MOP (Foliar Application), T4– RDF + Add 0.5% of K through MOP (Foliar Application), T5– RDF + Add 0.25% of K through SOP (Foliar Application), T6– RDF + Add 0.5% of K through SOP (Foliar Application), T7– RDF + Add 0.25% of K through KNO3 (Foliar Application), T8– RDF + Add 0.5% of K through KNO3 (Foliar Application) and replicated thrice. Higher yield of groundnut in Kharif & rabi 3103 Kg ha-1...

Crop Research

The newly released high yielding cotton cultivars are higher boll retention rate than conventiona... more The newly released high yielding cotton cultivars are higher boll retention rate than conventional cultivars that have higher overall nutrient demand during the flowering and boll development stages. Therefore, this field experiment was conducted at during summer, 2020 at Annamalai University experimental farm, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India, 608 002 to ascertain the impact of foliar application of essential nutrients and biofertilizers on growth and yield of cotton. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with twelve treatments of foliar application macro and micro-nutrients with and without Pink pigmented facultative methylotrophic bacteria (PPFM) and replicated thrice. Foliar application of macro, micronutrients and PPFM registered the increased values of growth characters, yield attributes and yield of hybrid cotton. Among the foliar application practice tested, foliar application of 2% urea + 1% PPFM at flowerin...

Journal of emerging technologies and innovative research, Oct 1, 2017

Field investigations were carried out during kharif season at Experimental farm, Department of Ag... more Field investigations were carried out during kharif season at Experimental farm, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, to study the effect of different sulphur sources on growth and growth characters of Sunflower variety (Co-4). The experiment was laid out in randomized block design and replicated thrice. The experiment consisted of nine treatments viz., T1Control (No sulphur only NPK as DAP and MOP), T2-20 kg sulphur ha -1 through Ammonium sulphate, T3 -20kg Sulphur ha -1 through single Super phosphate, T420kg Sulphur ha -1 through Gypsum, T5 -20kg Sulphur ha -1 through Elemental sulphur, T6-40kg Sulphur ha -1 through Ammonium sulphate, T7 -40kg sulphur ha -1 through Single super phosphate, T8-40kg Sulphur ha -1 through Gypsum, T9 -40kg Sulphur ha through Elemental sulphur. The results of the experiments revealed that application of 40 kg Sulphur ha through Ammonium sulphate (T6) significantly influenced the growth attributes in sunfl...

Indian journal of forestry, 2010

Coastal agroecosystems are usually characterized by saline sandy soils with low fertility and cro... more Coastal agroecosystems are usually characterized by saline sandy soils with low fertility and crop productivity. An integrated approach with the inclusion of silviculture with crop cultivation is important to maintaining the soil fertility and crop productivity. Agrisilvicultural System is one of the alternative land use systems by which both woody perennials and agricultural crops are grown simultaneously in degraded lands. Hence an agrisilvicultural study was initiated to determine the effect of tree species on the yield of inter crops at Portnova region of Tamil Nadu. Four woody perennials were established during October 2003 and five field crops were raised in the interspaces of trees during 2003 to 2005 in split plot design. Grain yield of all crop components were affected by trees. Among the woody perennials, the maximum tree growth was observed in Eucalyptus tereticornis. followed by Casuarina equisetifolia Anacardium occidentale and Moringa oleifera. Grain production was found to be the best from the interspaces of Moringa oleifera and Anacardium occidentale. The cause might be due to less light interception of canopies due to wider spacing of trees and able to extract less amount of moisture from the rhizosphere zone of crop components. The lowest yields of field crops were obtained in association with Eucalyptus tereticornis due to more moisture absorption by this tree.

Date of Receiving-02-11-2020; Date of Acceptance-12-01-2021) The present studies were undertaken ... more Date of Receiving-02-11-2020; Date of Acceptance-12-01-2021) The present studies were undertaken to investigate the cultural, morphological and pathogenicity characters of Sclerotium rolfsii. Maximum per cent disease incidence was recorded in Nadiyappattu followed by Sivapuri, Kammapuram, Killai, Kurinjipadi, Parangipettai, Chathiram and Puthuchathiram in the decreasing order of merit of Cuddalore district, Tamil Nadu. The native isolates of S. rolfsii were isolated from the respective locations and designated as (SR1 to SR9). All the isolated showed variations with respect to colony character, mycelial growth, no of sclerotia, colour of sclerotia, shape and arrangement of sclerotia. Among the nine isolates of S. rolfsii collected from different groundnut growing areas of Cuddalore district, the isolate (SR5) collected from Nadiyappattu was found to be more virulent and recorded the maximum incidence followed by SR8 collected from Sivapuri. Maximum susceptibility was recorded when t...

Innovations in Agriculture, 1970

Field experiments were conducted in the degraded coastal agro ecosystem with different land manag... more Field experiments were conducted in the degraded coastal agro ecosystem with different land management methods and ameliorative amendments such as to boost the growth of identified MPT’s in degraded soil. The field experiment were laid out in split plot design and consisted of 16 treatment combinations with four land management treatment in the main plots (M1-pit method, M2-trench method , M3-mound method and M4-Auger hole method) and four ameliorative treatment in sub plots (S1-FYM @ 12.5 t ha-1 + Gypsum @ 200 kg ha-1+ ZnsO4 @ 25 kg ha-1 + Azospirillum @ 2kg ha-1+ Phosphobacteria @ 2 kg ha-1, S2- Pressmud @ 15 t ha-1+ Gypsum @ 200 kg ha-1+ ZnsO4 @ 25 kg ha-1+ Azospirillum @ 2kg ha-1 + Phosphobacteria @ 2 kg ha-1, S3– Composted coir pith @ 10 t ha-1 + Gypsum @ 200 kg ha-1 + ZnsO4 @ 25 kg ha-1 + Azospirillum @ 2 kg ha-1+Phosphobacteria @ 2 kg ha-1 and S4- no amendments). The treatment was replicated three times for the identified MPT’s of Pongamia pinnata Based on the results of p...

International Journal of PharmTech Research, 2009

A list of 88 medicinally important plants distribut ed in 81 genera belonging to 43 families, era... more A list of 88 medicinally important plants distribut ed in 81 genera belonging to 43 families, eradicate d due to intensive agricultural practices and considered as problem plants or declared weeds, that are occurred in the agroecosystem of north eastern coastal Tamil Nadu is presented. Its p rotection and sharing of benefits in human health c are has been under debate at both the global and domestic level for de ca s. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the subject of weeds as a source of medicine, to create awareness about the protection and conservation of biological resources, sustainable use and to promote the social and economic welfare of the farming community.

Field investigations were formulated at Annamalai University Experimental Farm, Annamalainagar du... more Field investigations were formulated at Annamalai University Experimental Farm, Annamalainagar during Thaladi (Sep. to Jan.) and Navarai seasons (Jan. to Apr.) to find out the effect of spacing and integrated nitrogen management on the grain yield and economics of direct spot seeded rice in coastal regions. Different treatments consisting of spacing and integrated use of organic and inorganic fertilization significantly influenced the yield and economics of rice. Among the treatments, the crop raised by adopting 30 × 30 cm spacing along with integrated application of 50 per cent N via., Albizia lebbeck green leaf manure and remaining with 50 per cent N via., urea recorded the maximum LAI (5.97), productive tillers m (375.23), number of filled grains panicle (114.67), grain yield (6954 kg ha) and B: C ratio (3.47) for medium duration crop. However for short duration crop, rice planted by adopting 25 × 25 cm spacing along with integrated application of 50 per cent N via., Albizia lebb...

PLANT ARCHIVES, 2021

The present studies were undertaken to investigate the effect of fungal and bacterial biocontrol ... more The present studies were undertaken to investigate the effect of fungal and bacterial biocontrol agents against stem rot of groundnut. The result of the dual culture technique indicated that Trichoderma isolates inhibited the growth of S. rolfsii. Among the isolate T. viride (Tv1 ) produced maximum reduction of mycelial growth. This was followed by the isolates T. harziaum and T. virens which restricted the mycelial growth when compared to control. Among the isolates T. viride (Tv1 ) at a conc. of 10, 20, 30 and 40 per cent conc. showed an increase in the inhibition of the mycelia growth recording 22.15, 15.27, 8.75 and 0.00 mm respectively. The next best in antagonist was T. harzianum. Among the Pseudomonas fluorescens isolates, PfI3 produced maximum reduction of mycelial growth accounting for 74.97 per cent reduction over control. Also, a general increase in the conc. of the Antagonistic culture filtrate showed an increase in the inhibition of the mycelial growth of the test patho...

Field experiments were conducted at Annamalai University Experimental Farm, Department of Agronom... more Field experiments were conducted at Annamalai University Experimental Farm, Department of Agronomy, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar during Thaladi and Navarai seasons, to optimize the agronomic strategies for plant growth dynamics of wet spot seeded rice in the coastal agroecosystem of Northern Tamil Nadu. The treatments comprised of four agroforestry tree green leaf manure integrated with N management viz., T1: control (RDN), T2 50 per cent N via., Pongamia pinnata and 50 per cent N via., inorganic fertilizer, T3: 50 per cent N via., Albizia lebbeck and 50 per cent N via., inorganic fertilizer and T4: 50 per cent N via., Azadirachta indica and 50 per cent N via., inorganic fertilizer. Discernible variations in growth parameters of rice due to integrated N management were found in both the seasons over control. Integrated application of 50 per cent N via., Albizia lebbeck and remaining 50 per cent N via., inorganic fertilizer recorded significantly highest average plant height...

A field experiment was conducted at Annamalai University Experimental Farm, Department of Agronom... more A field experiment was conducted at Annamalai University Experimental Farm, Department of Agronomy, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar to study the effect of spatial arrangements and integrated use of green leaf manure with inorganic nutrition on soil fertility and microbial population of post harvest soil of wetland rice. The results revealed that the spatial arrangements and integrated nutrient management were significantly influenced the post harvest soil health and microbial population. Among the treatment combinations, spot seeding of rice at 30  30 cm spacing for Thaladi and 25  25 cm spacing for Navarai season under the integrated application of 50 per cent N via., Albizia lebbeck along with 50 per cent N via., inorganic fertilizer significantly improved the post harvest soil available N (268.51 and 244.56 kg ha), P2O5 (23.89 and 24.67 kg ha) and K2O (382.92 and 337.04 kg ha) during the Thaladi and Navarai seasons, respectively. The same trend was also recorded in the soi...

A field experiment was carried out at Experimental Farm, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Ta... more A field experiment was carried out at Experimental Farm, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu during summer season of 2014-15 (February to May) to study effects of soil and foliar applied micronutrients on yield and economics of irrigated sunflower. The trial includes 12 treatment combinations with recommend dose of fertilizer (RDF) with combinations of zinc and boron soil and foliar nutrition at various crop growth stages. The experiment revealed that 60 kg N, 90 kg P2O5 and 60 kg K2O ha -1 along with soil application of ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha and borax @ 5 kg ha and foliar application of ZnSO4 @ 0.5 per cent at star bud stage and borax @ 0.2 per cent at ray floret stage was the most favourable micronutrient management practice for obtaining maximum achene yield, oil yield and higher economic returns.

Plant Archives, 2021

The nutrient use efficiency of maize (Zea mays L.) due to NPK fertilization alone is low, while, ... more The nutrient use efficiency of maize (Zea mays L.) due to NPK fertilization alone is low, while, an integrated use of nutrients enhances the uptake and efficiencies of applied nutrients. A field study was carried out to test the effect of fertilizer NPK, microbial seed treatment and panchagavya on grain yield, nutrient uptake and use efficiencies of relay cropped maize during the summer season of 2018 in Annamalai University Experimental Farm, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu. Thirteen treatments comprised of 100, 75 and 50% of RDF in combination with and without seed treatment of microbial consortia and 3% panchagavya foliar spray at knee high and pre-tasseling stages. The maximum grain yield, NPK uptake, physiological efficiency, internal efficiency and unit area efficiency were registered with integrated application of 100% RDF (250:75:75 kg N, P2O5 and K2O/ha) along with seed treatment with microbial consortium and foliar application of panchagavya at knee high and pre-tasseling stage...

Field experiments were conducted at Annamalai University Experimental Farm, Department of Agronom... more Field experiments were conducted at Annamalai University Experimental Farm, Department of Agronomy, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamilnadu, India during Thaladi (Sep. to Jan.) and Navarai (Jan. to Apr.) seasons of 2013-14, to standardize the planting geometry for augmenting the growth traits and physiological dynamics of wet spot seeded rice. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design and replicated four times. The medium duration rice variety CO 43 was used as test variety. The experiment consisted of different planting geometry as T1: 25 25 cm, T2: 30 30 cm, and T3: 35 35 cm and T4: 40 40 cm, which were replicated four times. Two years experimental data revealed that planting at 30 30 cm spacing recorded the maximum growth parameters during Thaladi season. Whereas, in Navarai season planting at 25 25 cm registered the maximum growth characters viz., plant height, number of tillers, dry matter production, root length, root volume and physiological characters...

Crop research, Nov 15, 2022

Maize (Zea mays L.) becoming very popular cereal crop in India because of high production potenti... more Maize (Zea mays L.) becoming very popular cereal crop in India because of high production potential of hybrid varieties and it requires heavy doses of fertilizers. But the excessive and continuous use of chemical fertilizers has damaged the soil health, at the same time, the sole use of organic manure cannot compensate the produce obtained by inorganic application. Hence, it is important to reduce the usage of chemical fertilizers and supplementing the same through organic manures. Therefore, field experiment was conducted in Experimental Farm of Annamalai University during 2020 to evaluate the effect of different levels of inorganic fertilizers with different sources of organic manures on the growth, yield and nutrient uptake in hybrid maize. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with nine treatments viz., 100% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF), 100% RDF + Seaweed granules @ 20 kg/ha, 100% RDF + Pressmud granules @ 125 kg/ha, 100% RDF + Poultry manure @ 2.5 t/ha, 100% RDF + Urban waste compost @ 10 t/ha, 75% RDF + Seaweed granules @ 20 kg/ha, 75% RDF + Pressmud granules @ 125 kg/ha, 75% RDF + Poultry manure @ 2.5 t/ha, 75% RDF + Urban waste compost @ 10 t/ha and replicated thrice. The results revealed that plant height, leaf area index, dry matter production, grain and stover yield and benefit : cost ratio were favourably influenced by the application of 100% RDF+Poultry manure @ 2.5 t/ha. In nutrient status, uptake of nitrogen and phosphorus was found to be significantly higher with application of 100% RDF+Poultry manure @ 2.5 t/ha, whereas potassium uptake was higher under application of 100% RDF+Pressmud granules @ 125 kg/ha. Thus, for achieving higher productivity, integrated application of 100% RDF with poultry manure @ 2.5 t/ha may be preferred to the hybrid maize cultivating farmers.

The Pharma Innovation Journal, 2023

Rice is the Asia's economically and culturally most essential food crop and its production is sub... more Rice is the Asia's economically and culturally most essential food crop and its production is substantially improved by agro-techniques such as soil fertility, water use, and pest management. However, abiotic factors, especially soil moisture stress due to erratic rainfall the most important factors limiting rice productivity. Adoption of agronomic practices like foliar application of stress tolerance inducing substances is one of the best solutions for improving crop productivity. Field experiments were conducted at Annamalai University Experimental Farm, Tamil Nadu during "Kuruvai" and "Nanvarai" (Kharif and Rabi) seasons of 2021 and 2022 to study the effect of foliar application of stress tolerance inducing substances on the performance of rice under moisture stress condition. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) and was replicated thrice with 12 treatment combinations including RDF, KNO3, ZnSO4, salicylic acid / gibberellic acid / humic acid / PPFM. Growth parameters were significantly influenced by application of drought tolerance inducing substances under moisture stress condition. Among the treatments, Recommended dose fertilizer (120 kg N, 40 kg P2O5 and 40 kg K2O ha-1) + acute soil drying + KNO3 @ 2% and ZnSO4 @ 0.5% at panicle initiation and 15 days after 1 st spray + humic acid @ 0.2% at booting stage and 15 days after 1 st spray recorded highest growth parameters viz., plant height, number of tillers hill-1 , root volume and physiological parameters like leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR) and chlorophyll content index (CCI).

The Pharma Innovation Journal, 2023

Boosting the yield, improving soil health and maintaining human health are the three interlinked ... more Boosting the yield, improving soil health and maintaining human health are the three interlinked components of the sustainable triangle. There is increasing evidence that fertilizers alone cannot sustain crop yields for longer periods because crops hardly utilize 30 to 40 percent of the applied fertilizer nutrients and the rest is lost in to the ecosystems and degrading it. It can be minimized through integrated application of organic manures, NPK, foliar fertilization of zinc, DAP and NAA. Biofortification of legumes with zinc also alleviate malnutrition. Field experiments were carried out in a Farm at Chandirambadi in Vandavasi, Tiruvannamalai District in the NorthEastern agro-climatic zone of Tamil Nadu during Kharif and Rabi seasons of 2019 and 2020 to study the effect of INM practices on the growth, yield, and quality of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) in legume based intercropping system. The experiments were laid out in Randomized Block Design and were replicated thrice with seven treatment combinations viz., Control, 75/100/125% RDF + Vermicompost (5/4/3 t/ha) + Zn-EDTA Foliar Spray @ 0.5% to Groundnut and without or with DAP 2% & NAA 40 ppm Foliar Spray to Pigeonpea. The pooled data results revealed that significantly highest plant height (58.69 cm), LAI (4.28), No. of effective nodules/ plant (98.43), DMP (5814 Kg/ha) and CGR (14.65 g/m 2 /day), No. of pods/ plant (25.78), shelling percentage (73.02), pod yield (2087 kg/ha), kernel yield (1565 kg/ha), oil content (49.74%) and crude protein (26.38) for groundnut and the maximum plant height (216.62 cm), LAI (3.86), DMP (3790 kg/ha) and CGR (26.12 g/m 2 /day), pods/plant (208), number of seeds/pod (4.68), seed yield (658 kg/ha) for pigeonpea and the highest groundnut equivalent yield (1316 kg/ha) were observed under application of 100% RDF along with vermicompost @ 4 t/ha + Zn-EDTA Foliar Spray @ 0.5% to Groundnut + Foliar Spray to Pigeonpea (2% DAP & NAA 40 ppm). However, it was statistically on par with application of 75% RDF (12.75: 25.5: 40.5 kg N, P2O5 and K2O ha-1) along with Vermicompost (5 t ha-1) + Zn-EDTA Foliar Spray @ 0.5% to Groundnut + Foliar Spray to Pigeonpea (2% DAP & NAA 40 ppm). The highest Kernal Zn content of 51.65 mg/kg and B: C ratio of 3.5 were recorded in 75% RDF and its combinations treatment.

International Journal of Environment and Climate Change

Field experiments were conducted during the Kharif and rabi season of 2021 in the farmer’s field ... more Field experiments were conducted during the Kharif and rabi season of 2021 in the farmer’s field of Perampattu Village, Tirupattur Taluk & District, TN, India to study the effect of K and S management in groundnut. The soil of the experiment field belongs to sandy clay loam, available nitrogen (133.4 kg ha-1), phosphorus (16.8 kg ha-1), potassium (113.1 kg ha-1), and sulfur (4.80 mg kg-1), respectively. The experiments were laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with eight treatments viz., T1-Control, T2–RDF (Blanket Recommendation as 25:50:75 kg NPK ha-1), T3- RDF + Add 0.25% of K through MOP (Foliar Application), T4– RDF + Add 0.5% of K through MOP (Foliar Application), T5– RDF + Add 0.25% of K through SOP (Foliar Application), T6– RDF + Add 0.5% of K through SOP (Foliar Application), T7– RDF + Add 0.25% of K through KNO3 (Foliar Application), T8– RDF + Add 0.5% of K through KNO3 (Foliar Application) and replicated thrice. Higher yield of groundnut in Kharif & rabi 3103 Kg ha-1...

Crop Research

The newly released high yielding cotton cultivars are higher boll retention rate than conventiona... more The newly released high yielding cotton cultivars are higher boll retention rate than conventional cultivars that have higher overall nutrient demand during the flowering and boll development stages. Therefore, this field experiment was conducted at during summer, 2020 at Annamalai University experimental farm, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India, 608 002 to ascertain the impact of foliar application of essential nutrients and biofertilizers on growth and yield of cotton. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with twelve treatments of foliar application macro and micro-nutrients with and without Pink pigmented facultative methylotrophic bacteria (PPFM) and replicated thrice. Foliar application of macro, micronutrients and PPFM registered the increased values of growth characters, yield attributes and yield of hybrid cotton. Among the foliar application practice tested, foliar application of 2% urea + 1% PPFM at flowerin...

Journal of emerging technologies and innovative research, Oct 1, 2017

Field investigations were carried out during kharif season at Experimental farm, Department of Ag... more Field investigations were carried out during kharif season at Experimental farm, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, to study the effect of different sulphur sources on growth and growth characters of Sunflower variety (Co-4). The experiment was laid out in randomized block design and replicated thrice. The experiment consisted of nine treatments viz., T1Control (No sulphur only NPK as DAP and MOP), T2-20 kg sulphur ha -1 through Ammonium sulphate, T3 -20kg Sulphur ha -1 through single Super phosphate, T420kg Sulphur ha -1 through Gypsum, T5 -20kg Sulphur ha -1 through Elemental sulphur, T6-40kg Sulphur ha -1 through Ammonium sulphate, T7 -40kg sulphur ha -1 through Single super phosphate, T8-40kg Sulphur ha -1 through Gypsum, T9 -40kg Sulphur ha through Elemental sulphur. The results of the experiments revealed that application of 40 kg Sulphur ha through Ammonium sulphate (T6) significantly influenced the growth attributes in sunfl...

Indian journal of forestry, 2010

Coastal agroecosystems are usually characterized by saline sandy soils with low fertility and cro... more Coastal agroecosystems are usually characterized by saline sandy soils with low fertility and crop productivity. An integrated approach with the inclusion of silviculture with crop cultivation is important to maintaining the soil fertility and crop productivity. Agrisilvicultural System is one of the alternative land use systems by which both woody perennials and agricultural crops are grown simultaneously in degraded lands. Hence an agrisilvicultural study was initiated to determine the effect of tree species on the yield of inter crops at Portnova region of Tamil Nadu. Four woody perennials were established during October 2003 and five field crops were raised in the interspaces of trees during 2003 to 2005 in split plot design. Grain yield of all crop components were affected by trees. Among the woody perennials, the maximum tree growth was observed in Eucalyptus tereticornis. followed by Casuarina equisetifolia Anacardium occidentale and Moringa oleifera. Grain production was found to be the best from the interspaces of Moringa oleifera and Anacardium occidentale. The cause might be due to less light interception of canopies due to wider spacing of trees and able to extract less amount of moisture from the rhizosphere zone of crop components. The lowest yields of field crops were obtained in association with Eucalyptus tereticornis due to more moisture absorption by this tree.

Date of Receiving-02-11-2020; Date of Acceptance-12-01-2021) The present studies were undertaken ... more Date of Receiving-02-11-2020; Date of Acceptance-12-01-2021) The present studies were undertaken to investigate the cultural, morphological and pathogenicity characters of Sclerotium rolfsii. Maximum per cent disease incidence was recorded in Nadiyappattu followed by Sivapuri, Kammapuram, Killai, Kurinjipadi, Parangipettai, Chathiram and Puthuchathiram in the decreasing order of merit of Cuddalore district, Tamil Nadu. The native isolates of S. rolfsii were isolated from the respective locations and designated as (SR1 to SR9). All the isolated showed variations with respect to colony character, mycelial growth, no of sclerotia, colour of sclerotia, shape and arrangement of sclerotia. Among the nine isolates of S. rolfsii collected from different groundnut growing areas of Cuddalore district, the isolate (SR5) collected from Nadiyappattu was found to be more virulent and recorded the maximum incidence followed by SR8 collected from Sivapuri. Maximum susceptibility was recorded when t...

Innovations in Agriculture, 1970

Field experiments were conducted in the degraded coastal agro ecosystem with different land manag... more Field experiments were conducted in the degraded coastal agro ecosystem with different land management methods and ameliorative amendments such as to boost the growth of identified MPT’s in degraded soil. The field experiment were laid out in split plot design and consisted of 16 treatment combinations with four land management treatment in the main plots (M1-pit method, M2-trench method , M3-mound method and M4-Auger hole method) and four ameliorative treatment in sub plots (S1-FYM @ 12.5 t ha-1 + Gypsum @ 200 kg ha-1+ ZnsO4 @ 25 kg ha-1 + Azospirillum @ 2kg ha-1+ Phosphobacteria @ 2 kg ha-1, S2- Pressmud @ 15 t ha-1+ Gypsum @ 200 kg ha-1+ ZnsO4 @ 25 kg ha-1+ Azospirillum @ 2kg ha-1 + Phosphobacteria @ 2 kg ha-1, S3– Composted coir pith @ 10 t ha-1 + Gypsum @ 200 kg ha-1 + ZnsO4 @ 25 kg ha-1 + Azospirillum @ 2 kg ha-1+Phosphobacteria @ 2 kg ha-1 and S4- no amendments). The treatment was replicated three times for the identified MPT’s of Pongamia pinnata Based on the results of p...

International Journal of PharmTech Research, 2009

A list of 88 medicinally important plants distribut ed in 81 genera belonging to 43 families, era... more A list of 88 medicinally important plants distribut ed in 81 genera belonging to 43 families, eradicate d due to intensive agricultural practices and considered as problem plants or declared weeds, that are occurred in the agroecosystem of north eastern coastal Tamil Nadu is presented. Its p rotection and sharing of benefits in human health c are has been under debate at both the global and domestic level for de ca s. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the subject of weeds as a source of medicine, to create awareness about the protection and conservation of biological resources, sustainable use and to promote the social and economic welfare of the farming community.

Field investigations were formulated at Annamalai University Experimental Farm, Annamalainagar du... more Field investigations were formulated at Annamalai University Experimental Farm, Annamalainagar during Thaladi (Sep. to Jan.) and Navarai seasons (Jan. to Apr.) to find out the effect of spacing and integrated nitrogen management on the grain yield and economics of direct spot seeded rice in coastal regions. Different treatments consisting of spacing and integrated use of organic and inorganic fertilization significantly influenced the yield and economics of rice. Among the treatments, the crop raised by adopting 30 × 30 cm spacing along with integrated application of 50 per cent N via., Albizia lebbeck green leaf manure and remaining with 50 per cent N via., urea recorded the maximum LAI (5.97), productive tillers m (375.23), number of filled grains panicle (114.67), grain yield (6954 kg ha) and B: C ratio (3.47) for medium duration crop. However for short duration crop, rice planted by adopting 25 × 25 cm spacing along with integrated application of 50 per cent N via., Albizia lebb...

PLANT ARCHIVES, 2021

The present studies were undertaken to investigate the effect of fungal and bacterial biocontrol ... more The present studies were undertaken to investigate the effect of fungal and bacterial biocontrol agents against stem rot of groundnut. The result of the dual culture technique indicated that Trichoderma isolates inhibited the growth of S. rolfsii. Among the isolate T. viride (Tv1 ) produced maximum reduction of mycelial growth. This was followed by the isolates T. harziaum and T. virens which restricted the mycelial growth when compared to control. Among the isolates T. viride (Tv1 ) at a conc. of 10, 20, 30 and 40 per cent conc. showed an increase in the inhibition of the mycelia growth recording 22.15, 15.27, 8.75 and 0.00 mm respectively. The next best in antagonist was T. harzianum. Among the Pseudomonas fluorescens isolates, PfI3 produced maximum reduction of mycelial growth accounting for 74.97 per cent reduction over control. Also, a general increase in the conc. of the Antagonistic culture filtrate showed an increase in the inhibition of the mycelial growth of the test patho...

Field experiments were conducted at Annamalai University Experimental Farm, Department of Agronom... more Field experiments were conducted at Annamalai University Experimental Farm, Department of Agronomy, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar during Thaladi and Navarai seasons, to optimize the agronomic strategies for plant growth dynamics of wet spot seeded rice in the coastal agroecosystem of Northern Tamil Nadu. The treatments comprised of four agroforestry tree green leaf manure integrated with N management viz., T1: control (RDN), T2 50 per cent N via., Pongamia pinnata and 50 per cent N via., inorganic fertilizer, T3: 50 per cent N via., Albizia lebbeck and 50 per cent N via., inorganic fertilizer and T4: 50 per cent N via., Azadirachta indica and 50 per cent N via., inorganic fertilizer. Discernible variations in growth parameters of rice due to integrated N management were found in both the seasons over control. Integrated application of 50 per cent N via., Albizia lebbeck and remaining 50 per cent N via., inorganic fertilizer recorded significantly highest average plant height...

A field experiment was conducted at Annamalai University Experimental Farm, Department of Agronom... more A field experiment was conducted at Annamalai University Experimental Farm, Department of Agronomy, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar to study the effect of spatial arrangements and integrated use of green leaf manure with inorganic nutrition on soil fertility and microbial population of post harvest soil of wetland rice. The results revealed that the spatial arrangements and integrated nutrient management were significantly influenced the post harvest soil health and microbial population. Among the treatment combinations, spot seeding of rice at 30  30 cm spacing for Thaladi and 25  25 cm spacing for Navarai season under the integrated application of 50 per cent N via., Albizia lebbeck along with 50 per cent N via., inorganic fertilizer significantly improved the post harvest soil available N (268.51 and 244.56 kg ha), P2O5 (23.89 and 24.67 kg ha) and K2O (382.92 and 337.04 kg ha) during the Thaladi and Navarai seasons, respectively. The same trend was also recorded in the soi...

A field experiment was carried out at Experimental Farm, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Ta... more A field experiment was carried out at Experimental Farm, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu during summer season of 2014-15 (February to May) to study effects of soil and foliar applied micronutrients on yield and economics of irrigated sunflower. The trial includes 12 treatment combinations with recommend dose of fertilizer (RDF) with combinations of zinc and boron soil and foliar nutrition at various crop growth stages. The experiment revealed that 60 kg N, 90 kg P2O5 and 60 kg K2O ha -1 along with soil application of ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha and borax @ 5 kg ha and foliar application of ZnSO4 @ 0.5 per cent at star bud stage and borax @ 0.2 per cent at ray floret stage was the most favourable micronutrient management practice for obtaining maximum achene yield, oil yield and higher economic returns.

Plant Archives, 2021

The nutrient use efficiency of maize (Zea mays L.) due to NPK fertilization alone is low, while, ... more The nutrient use efficiency of maize (Zea mays L.) due to NPK fertilization alone is low, while, an integrated use of nutrients enhances the uptake and efficiencies of applied nutrients. A field study was carried out to test the effect of fertilizer NPK, microbial seed treatment and panchagavya on grain yield, nutrient uptake and use efficiencies of relay cropped maize during the summer season of 2018 in Annamalai University Experimental Farm, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu. Thirteen treatments comprised of 100, 75 and 50% of RDF in combination with and without seed treatment of microbial consortia and 3% panchagavya foliar spray at knee high and pre-tasseling stages. The maximum grain yield, NPK uptake, physiological efficiency, internal efficiency and unit area efficiency were registered with integrated application of 100% RDF (250:75:75 kg N, P2O5 and K2O/ha) along with seed treatment with microbial consortium and foliar application of panchagavya at knee high and pre-tasseling stage...

Field experiments were conducted at Annamalai University Experimental Farm, Department of Agronom... more Field experiments were conducted at Annamalai University Experimental Farm, Department of Agronomy, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamilnadu, India during Thaladi (Sep. to Jan.) and Navarai (Jan. to Apr.) seasons of 2013-14, to standardize the planting geometry for augmenting the growth traits and physiological dynamics of wet spot seeded rice. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design and replicated four times. The medium duration rice variety CO 43 was used as test variety. The experiment consisted of different planting geometry as T1: 25 25 cm, T2: 30 30 cm, and T3: 35 35 cm and T4: 40 40 cm, which were replicated four times. Two years experimental data revealed that planting at 30 30 cm spacing recorded the maximum growth parameters during Thaladi season. Whereas, in Navarai season planting at 25 25 cm registered the maximum growth characters viz., plant height, number of tillers, dry matter production, root length, root volume and physiological characters...

Proceedings IPI - OUAT - IPNI International Symposium, Bhubaneswar , 2009

The intensive agricultural practices aggravate soil degradation. The degradation is brought about... more The intensive agricultural practices aggravate soil degradation. The
degradation is brought about by loss of organic matter and nutrients which
consequently results in soil salinity and, nutrient imbalance which leads to low crop yields.

SSPH, 2023

Climate change is a long-term shift in temperature and weather patterns, caused by human activiti... more Climate change is a long-term shift in temperature and weather patterns, caused by human activities, especially the burning of fossil fuels. The IPCC’s recent report, found that human emissions of heat-trapping gases have already warmed the climate by nearly 1.1oC, since 1750. The global average temperature is expected to reach or exceed 1.5oC within the next few decades. International frameworks and agreements, such as the Sustainable Development Goals, the Paris Agreement, etc. are trying to halt the ill-effects of climate change. Cutting emissions, adapting to climate impacts and financing the required adjustments are needed in the present situation. Global countries are committing to net zero emissions by 2050, emissions must be cut in half by 2030 to keep warming below 1.5°C. Achieving these targets will require huge declines in the use of coal, oil and gas, and over two-thirds of today’s proven reserves of fossil fuels need to be kept in the ground by 2050 in order to prevent catastrophic levels of climate change. The book ‘Climate Change’, presents a cogent view of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and their recent large and often irreversible changes in ecosystems. The recent up-to-date international and national policies, and adaptation and mitigation strategies to fight against climate change have been revealed in a simple way.

ARAM BOOK HOUSE, 2022

The Annamalai University is a Public State University spread across 950 acres in Annamalai Nagar,... more The Annamalai University is a Public State University spread across 950 acres in Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, and offers higher education courses with 10 Faculties. About one million students would have walked out from this campus during the past 90 years, establishing the glory of the University.
Trees contribute a significant role in sustaining life on the planet Earth. Billions of people depend on trees for their food, fodder for livestock, fuel, medicine, wood, non-wood products and shade. It facilitates soil and water conservation, carbon sequestration and balancing the biodiversity. Tree biodiversity is a significant fundamental characteristic to keep ecosystems stable and to make efficient use of available resources. Trees are the ultimate keystone species, and a variety of insects, pollinators and wildlife depend on specific types of trees to survive.
The diversity of trees in Annamalai University campus is devoted to education, research and demonstration in order to better understanding of surrounding ecosystems and sustainable management of natural resources. These can serve as an essential component for obtaining clean air and conservation of species along with enjoying the aesthetic prospects.
The book ‘Trees in Annamalai University Campus: an Illustrative Compendium’ provides systematic knowledge on trees. The core objective of this book is to document the diversity of tree species present in the University campus. This book can serve as a ready-reckoner for identifying tree species in the locality.
This book can be used to meet current teaching, research and public-oriented needs. It is an invaluable evolving record for present and future generations of undergraduate and postgraduate students, research scholars in agriculture, horticulture, botany, forestry, environmental science, other allied sciences and public-policymakers.
The authors would greatly welcome feedback and critical comments from legendary readers, researchers and students who use this illustrative compendium for their references.

Aram Book House, 2022

The Annamalai University is a Public State University spread across 950 acres in Annamalai Nagar,... more The Annamalai University is a Public State University spread across 950 acres in Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, and offers higher education courses with 10 Faculties. About one million students would have walked out from this campus during the past 90 years, establishing the glory of the University.
Trees contribute a significant role in sustaining life on the planet Earth. Billions of people depend on trees for their food, fodder for livestock, fuel, medicine, wood, non-wood products and shade. It facilitates soil and water conservation, carbon sequestration and balancing the biodiversity. Tree biodiversity is a significant fundamental characteristic to keep ecosystems stable and to make efficient use of available resources. Trees are the ultimate keystone species, and a variety of insects, pollinators and wildlife depend on specific types of trees to survive.
The diversity of trees in Annamalai University campus is devoted to education, research and demonstration in order to better understanding of surrounding ecosystems and sustainable management of natural resources. These can serve as an essential component for obtaining clean air and conservation of species along with enjoying the aesthetic prospects.
The book ‘Trees in Annamalai University Campus: an Illustrative Compendium’ provides systematic knowledge on trees. The core objective of this book is to document the diversity of tree species present in the University campus. This book can serve as a ready-reckoner for identifying tree species in the locality.
This book can be used to meet current teaching, research and public-oriented needs. It is an invaluable evolving record for present and future generations of undergraduate and postgraduate students, research scholars in agriculture, horticulture, botany, forestry, environmental science, other allied sciences and public-policymakers.
The authors would greatly welcome feedback and critical comments from legendary readers, researchers and students who use this illustrative compendium for their references.