Elango L | Anna University (original) (raw)

Books by Elango L

Virtual water (VW) is defined as the water required in the production of goods. The objective of ... more Virtual water (VW) is defined as the water required in the production of goods. The objective of the study is to quantify the temporal variation in the virtual water trade in India from the year 2006-2016 through popular food and livestock products. Water management issues need to consider the VW trade since food production consumes large amount of water. The study was carried out using the data of exports and imports of food and livestock products of India as well as their VW consumption. Through the products considered in the study 496.9 Gm 3 and 237.2 Gm 3 of water is traded virtually in the form of exports and imports respectively during the period 2006 to 2016. The maximum export of VW were mainly through rice, maize and buffalo meat, while the imports were through cashews, pulses and wheat; rest of the food items contributing negligible amounts. This study will enable the water managers of the country to prioritize the export and import of products by considering the VW which will result in sustainable management of groundwater resources in India, which is already under threat due to climate change as well as degradation in quality due to geogenic and anthropogenic sources of contamination.

• A novel multispeed discrete Boltzmann model is developed for two-phase granular flows. • A phys... more • A novel multispeed discrete Boltzmann model is developed for two-phase granular flows. • A physically based formulation for the interphase drag force is considered. • A thorough validation of the model is performed.

Assessment of groundwater and surface water quality along a river is important as it directly aff... more Assessment of groundwater and surface water quality along a river is important as it directly affects the agricultural, industrial activities and population. The objective of the study is to assess the quality of the Cauvery river water and adjacent groundwater for drinking and irrigational purposes and to identify the infuence of geogenic and anthropogenic sources. Groundwater and surface water samples were collected along the course of the river at approximate intervals of 25 km. The samples were analysed for electrical conductivity, pH, sodium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, bicarbonate, chloride and sulphate. Sodium was identified as the dominant cation and bicarbonate was the dominant anion for both river water and groundwater. These values were compared with limits recommended by the Bureau of Indian Standards for drinking purposes. The total dissolved solids were found to exceed the permissible limits for drinking water in most of the groundwater samples, and it was below the permissible limits in river water samples. Most of the river water samples were found to be suitable as per the drinking water quality standards, but most of the groundwater samples were unsuitable based on the concentration of major ions. Irrigation water quality was also assessed based on magnesium hazard, residual sodium carbonate, sodium percentage, sodium adsorption ratio, permeability index and salinity hazard. Most of the river water samples collected were suitable for irrigation, whereas most of the groundwater samples collected were doubtful for irrigation based on residual sodium carbonate and sodium percentage. Drinking water and irrigation water quality indices were also computed to assess the characteristics of water. Groundwater quality in locations nearer to the confluence of tributaries and industrial areas was of poor quality, while both river water and groundwater near the coast were poor, both for drinking and irrigation purposes. Comparison of the dissolved load with other rivers of the world was also made, which reveals that the Cauvery River yields comparatively higher dissolved load per area than most of the rivers. The chemical load in the river is due to natural and anthropogenic sources. Therefore, it is necessary to enforce the existing norms for the discharge of treated effluents by industries and townships along the river so as to reduce the chemicals contributed by anthropogenic sources.

Contributions are included from each continent providing a review of water quality problems world... more Contributions are included from each continent providing a review of water quality problems worldwide, with articles describing
present regional/local freshwater quality status and highlighting research needs. How the situation may develop into the future,
given onFgoing changes in environment and society, is discussed. Questions addressed are: How to understand the behaviours of
changing hydrological systems and impacts on freshwater quality? How to effectively bring together theoretical and
experimental hydrology, and new measurement techniques to advance knowledge of water quality processes for the future?
How can the typical timescales of change be identified? How to estimate and predict the behaviours and patterns of freshwater
quality with uncertainty assessment to support risk evaluation?

There are several books on broad aspects of hydrogeology, groundwater hydrology and geohydrology,... more There are several books on broad aspects of hydrogeology, groundwater hydrology and geohydrology, which do not discuss in detail on the intrigues of hydraulic conductivity elaborately. However, this book on Hydraulic Conductivity presents comprehensive reviews of new measurements and numerical techniques for estimating hydraulic conductivity. This is achieved by the chapters written by various experts in this field of research into a number of clustered themes covering different aspects of hydraulic conductivity. The sections in the book are: Hydraulic conductivity and its importance, Hydraulic conductivity and plant systems, Determination by mathematical and laboratory methods, Determination by field techniques and Modelling and hydraulic conductivity. Each of these sections of the book includes chapters highlighting the salient aspects and most of these chapters explain the facts with the help of some case studies. Thus this book has a good mix of chapters dealing with various and vital aspects of hydraulic conductivity from various authors of different countries.

Interactions between groundwater and surface water are critical to ecological communities and to ... more Interactions between groundwater and surface water are critical to ecological communities and to resource management. Recent research has succeeded in identifying and understanding many underlying processes, such as the dynamics of flow, sediment transport, contaminant transport and chemical reactions in river beds and flood plains. Advances have been made through field, laboratory, and modelling investigations.

About The Book This book is a comprehensive study of the causes and effects of the Tsunami that ... more About The Book

This book is a comprehensive study of the causes and effects of the Tsunami that occurred on 26th December 2004. The department of Science and Technology got the studies done by various government agencies through their expert scientists in the field.

Population growth, urbanization and global climate change have increased urban and agricultural w... more Population growth, urbanization and global climate change have increased urban and agricultural water demands, stressing aquifer systems where groundwater is a source of water supply. The availability and utility of groundwater may further be threatened by factors stressing the quality of groundwater, such as industrial and domestic wastes and agricultural intensification. To address this issue, a symposium was organised by the IAHS International Commission on Groundwater (ICGW), supported by the International Associaton of Hydrologists (IAH) and by the IAHS International Commission on Water Quality (ICWQ), in Hyderabad, India, September 2009.

This manual describes the training process that emerged from the project and is for trainers who ... more This manual describes the training process that emerged from the project and is for trainers who are involved in the training of individuals who play a role in coastal management. These individuals may be:

• government officers from a range of departments with interests which overlap with the coastal zone,

• scientists involved in studying coastal resources with a view to informing coastalpolicy and management interventions,

• members of civil society organisations representing particular interest groups on the coast, and/or

• politicians who are involved in making decisions that impact on coastal resources and populations.

Mathematical modelling is one of most important tools that is widely used around the world for an... more Mathematical modelling is one of most important tools that is widely used around the world for answering many questions raised during the management of the groundwater resources. Models range from simple mathematical equations to complex computer generated models. Models are generally used to support remedial decisions where groundwater contamination exists above a prescribed action level. It is well known that modeling and simulation studies make a significant contribution to solving existing and emerging problems in science, engineering, economics, management, social and behavioral sciences. During the recent past, there have been widespread innovations in the application of these methodologies and tools in resolving many problems helping scientists, planners, administrators and decision makers. Realising the need for promoting the use of mathematical modelling in India, Department of Science and Technology, Government of India under the Earth System Science Division has initiated a programme to organize various types of inter-disciplinary and multi-institutional training activities in different parts of the country. One such training programme is organised at Anna University and this book was edited for this training programme.

an International Workshop on Modelling in Hydrogeology was planned and was readily supported by t... more an International Workshop on
Modelling in Hydrogeology was planned and was readily supported by the
UNESCO International Hydrological Programme (HIP). The contributions
included in this book are from the invited speakers of this workshop, who
are all experts and have been working in this area of research for more than a
decade. Thus this book is a contribution to IHP's Phase V, which is
implemented within the framework of Project 3 - Groundwater Resources
at Risk. The book includes almost all important aspects of modelling,
ranging from the basics to modelling of non aqueous phase liquid.
The various contributions included in this book are grouped under the
following five sections:
Groundwater Modelling: Data Requirements & Approach
Regional Groundwater Modelling
Groundwater Flow & Solute Transport Modelling
Solute Transport Modelling in Unsaturated Zone
Modelling Hydrocarbon Migration

Papers by Elango L

Water

Ant-inspired metaheuristic algorithms known as ant colony optimization (ACO) offer an approach th... more Ant-inspired metaheuristic algorithms known as ant colony optimization (ACO) offer an approach that has the ability to solve complex problems in both discrete and continuous domains. ACOs have gained significant attention in the field of water resources management, since many problems in this domain are non-linear, complex, challenging and also demand reliable solutions. The aim of this study is to critically review the applications of ACO algorithms specifically in the field of hydrology and hydrogeology, which include areas such as reservoir operations, water distribution systems, coastal aquifer management, long-term groundwater monitoring, hydraulic parameter estimation, and urban drainage and storm network design. Research articles, peer-reviewed journal papers and conference papers on ACO were critically analyzed to identify the arguments and research findings to delineate the scope for future research and to identify the drawbacks of ACO. Implementation of ACO variants is als...

Environmental Science and Pollution Research

Rivers engage in carbon cycle by transporting the dissolved products of weathering of rocks to th... more Rivers engage in carbon cycle by transporting the dissolved products of weathering of rocks to the oceans, and this process is sensitive to the global climatic changes. The present study was carried out with an objective of estimating the spatial and temporal variation in carbon consumption due to rock weathering in Cauvery, which is a major non-perennial tropical river in the peninsular India. The samples of all the rock types of this river basin were collected and subjected to mineralogical analysis. The water samples from this river were collected three times a year from 2013 to 2017 at 28 locations and were analysed for pH, EC and major ions. The spatiotemporal variations in the chemistry of river water were used to understand the amount of carbon dioxide consumed by rock weathering. The contribution of weathering to dissolved load of the river was higher followed by the contribution of anthropogenic activities and rainfall. The contribution of silicate weathering is dominant during the high river flow, whereas during low flow time periods, the contribution of carbonate weathering is on par with silicate weathering. The carbon consumption due to weathering in the Cauvery river was higher when the flow was significant, and it was lower during summer months. It is also evident that the carbon consumption is high in the upper and middle regions of the basin due to the weathering of gneissic and granodiorite rocks. Thus, the carbon consumption and flux in this basin are dynamic, both spatially and temporally. The east flowing rivers draining through the peninsular India, which is mostly composed of massive rocks, also functions as carbon sink, thus benefitting the environment by reducing the excess CO2 in the atmosphere.

Minerals

The presence of uranium in groundwater is a cause of concern all over the world. In mineralized r... more The presence of uranium in groundwater is a cause of concern all over the world. In mineralized regions where elevated concentrations of uranium are possible in groundwater, mining activities can further degrade the water quality. Hence, it is essential to document the baseline uranium concentration in groundwater before the commencement of mining. This study was carried out with the objective of assessing the concentration of uranium in groundwater around a proposed uraninite mining site in the Gogi region, Karnataka, India. Gogi is a village in the Yadgir district of Karnataka where groundwater is the main source of water for domestic needs. The uranium mineralized zone in this region occurs along the major E-W trending Gogi-Kurlagere fault at a depth of about 150 m. Groundwater samples were collected every three months from January 2020 to October 2020 from 52 wells located in this area. The concentration of uranium in groundwater ranged from 1.5 ppb to 267 ppb. The USEPA and WHO...

About The Book This book is a comprehensive study of the causes and effects of the Tsunami that ... more About The Book

• government officers from a range of departments with interests which overlap with the coastal zone,

• scientists involved in studying coastal resources with a view to informing coastalpolicy and management interventions,

• members of civil society organisations representing particular interest groups on the coast, and/or

• politicians who are involved in making decisions that impact on coastal resources and populations.

Water

Environmental Science and Pollution Research

Minerals

Understanding the interactions between river water and groundwater is crucial fo... more Understanding the interactions between river water and groundwater is crucial for the better management of water resource problems. The present study was carried out to assess the river water and groundwater interaction in parts of the lower Cauvery river basin. The samples were collected from river water and groundwater from May 2018 to August 2021, thrice in a year. The samples were analyzed for EC, pH, major, minor ions, trace elements, and isotopes. The hydrochemical facies shows that the water is of mixed Ca-Na-HCO3 type followed by Na-Cl type in both river water and groundwater. The dominance of cations in river and groundwater is of order Na>Ca>Mg>K whereas the dominance of anions in river water was in the order of Cl>HCO3 >SO4 whereas it was HCO3>Cl>SO4 in groundwater. The rock water interaction was the dominant geochemical process followed by the evaporation process in both river water and groundwater. The temporal variation of major ions between river water and groundwater in a few locations indicates that they follow a similar pattern, thus indicating their interrelationships. &#948;D and &#948;18 O isotopes shows that the river water and groundwater are in a mixing zone between recharge water and evaporation line during the wet season. During the dry season, few samples have been isotopically enriched due to the effect of evaporation, which indicates that the groundwater contributes to the river water. Therefore, it is evident that during the wet season, the river water recharges the groundwater zone and groundwater discharges into the river water during the dry season. Hence, this present study helps in better understanding of the river water and groundwater interaction through geochemical methods.Keywords: River water, groundwater, interaction & isotopes.

Proceedings of the 39th IAHR World Congress

Sustainability

Groundwater depletion is one of the most critical concerns for users and policymakers. Identifyin... more Groundwater depletion is one of the most critical concerns for users and policymakers. Identifying groundwater potential (low to high) helps properly plan the available groundwater resource. This study has used the possibilities of a geographical information system (GIS), remote sensing and, of course, field data to delineate the groundwater potential zones in the Chennai River Basin (CRB). Thematic layers generated for eleven controlling factors, such as geology, water level, drainage, soil, lineament, rainfall, land use, slope, aspect, geomorphology, and depth to bedrock, were brought into the GIS environment. Then, appropriate weightage was given to each layer using a multi-criteria decision-making technique, namely, the analytic hierarchical process (AHP). A groundwater potential map is generated using weighted overlay analysis, with the following five classes: very poor, poor, moderate, good, and very good. The results were comparable to the actual specific yield data from the ...

Environmental Earth Sciences

Sustainability, 2021

Groundwater recharge estimation is essential for sustainable water management and water supply sc... more Groundwater recharge estimation is essential for sustainable water management and water supply schemes. In this paper, we review groundwater recharge estimation techniques and identify the appropriate methods by considering India’s hydrological and climatic conditions. Significant components of recharge, factors affecting groundwater recharge, aquifer systems of India, and historical groundwater recharge estimation practices are reviewed. Currently used recharge estimation methods are assessed based on case studies. The most popular estimation methods are studied and compared based on their application in various regions. It is observed that the accuracy of the recharge estimates is largely influenced by false assumptions, the possibility of erroneous measurements, a potential lack of reliable data, and a variety of problems associated with parameter estimation. The suitability of different methods for a region is found to depend on time and space considerations, the objective of th...

Dissolved ions concentration in groundwater beyond the recommended limits is a major problem as t... more Dissolved ions concentration in groundwater beyond the recommended limits is a major problem as they make the water unsuitable for drinking purpose. Fluorine commonly found in certain rocks is released into groundwater due to the processes of rock–water interaction. This leads to increase in the concentration of fluoride in groundwater which is a major problem in several parts of the world including India. Presence of fluoride beyond the prescribed limits causes health problems to humans due to prolonged consumption of water, which is common in many parts of India. Dental and skeletal fluorosis is observed due to prolonged drinking of water with fluoride concentration above 1.5 mg/l. The objective of the study is to know how fluoride get released from the host rock and spot out suitable location for installing a dug well recharge system to decrease the fluoride concentration in groundwater. Several methodologies exist for in situ or exsitu removal of fluoride from groundwater. Exsit...

Water and Energy International, 2016

Impact of check dam across Arani River, located north of Chennai, India was assessed based on the... more Impact of check dam across Arani River, located north of Chennai, India was assessed based on the benefit acquired by the livelihood. Thirty eight persons were interviewed personally with a questioner divided into seven categories such as personal information, awareness about recharge structure, water quantity, water quality, agriculture and economic status. The results of the survey indicated that check dam at this location improved the livelihood of the people in this area. The respondents also suggested the need for maintenance of quality of water stored to prevent contamination of groundwater to obtain maximum benefit from this check dam.

International journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering, 2017

The study attempts to determine the chemical characters of detrital garnets provenance in the Cau... more The study attempts to determine the chemical characters of detrital garnets provenance in the Cauvery River Basin. The geochemical results reveal that the detrital garnets are derived from biotite schist, charnockite, and gneisses of intermediate felsic, moderate to strong weathered provenance. The end member composition of the garnets indicates almandine species that are metamorphosed in amphibolite to granulite facies P-T conditions. The angular outline of detrital garnet in the upstream and sub-rounded to rounded grains in the downstream attribute it’s transport from the upstream of the Cauvery River.

Chemosphere, 2017

This study investigates the concentration of trace elements in the groundwater of Tamiraparani ri... more This study investigates the concentration of trace elements in the groundwater of Tamiraparani river basin, South India. 124 groundwater samples were collected representing diverse landuse condition over the study area. The results reveal that the mean concentrations of Fe, Mn, Cu, Cr, Pb, Zn and Ni were 0.269, 0.02, 0.007, 0.007, 0.003, 0.066, and 0.004 ppm respectively. The decreasing trend of trace element content shows the following order: Fe > Zn > Mn > Cu > Cr > Ni > Pb. Significant positive correlation (p < 0.05) is found between most of the variables such as water level and Fe, Pb; EC and Ni; Fe and Pb; Mn and Pb; Cu and Zn, Ni; Cr and Pb; Zn and Ni. The studied trace elements are found below the international drinking water guidelines except Fe, Mn, and Pb. The Empirical Bayesian Kriging (EBK) model is used to interpolate the studied metal concentrations in the groundwater of the study area. A health risk assessment was carried out using exposure dose i...

Applied Water Science, 2016

Drinking water containing heavy metals above the maximum permissible limits cause potential risk ... more Drinking water containing heavy metals above the maximum permissible limits cause potential risk to human health. The aim of this study was to determine the groundwater suitability for drinking use based on heavy metal concentration and the associated human exposure risk in an intensively irrigated part of the Cauvery river basin, Tamil Nadu, India. Sixteen heavy metals analysed were in the order of dominance of chromium \ zinc \ copper \ cadmium \ cobalt \ iron \ aluminium \ nickel \ titanium \ zirconium \ boron \ silver \ manganese \ lead \ lithium \ silicon in groundwater. Chromium and zinc were within permissible limits of the Bureau of Indian Standards for drinking water quality, and silver, lead and nickel were above limits in all the groundwater samples. In less than 50 % of the groundwater samples, aluminium, boron, cadmium, copper, iron and manganese exceeded their individual permissible limits. Heavy metal pollution index based on 11 heavy metals indicated that groundwater quality of this area is poor-to-unsuitable. Non-carcinogenic risk for humans due to ingestion of groundwater through drinking water pathway was very high for infants, children and adults. Silver, lead, nickel, cadmium and manganese largely contributed to the health hazard. Sources of heavy metals were identified to be geological and from human activities, i.e., application of fertilizers in agricultural fields, seawater intrusion due to intensive pumping for agriculture and wastewater from industries. Groundwater and surface water in this area pose large threat due to high levels of heavy metals, and it is necessary to avoid this water for drinking due to potential risk of health hazard. This study also demonstrated the application of HPI and human exposure hazard index to study the groundwater quality based on heavy metals' concentration.

National Academy Science Letters, 2013

An effort has been made to evaluate the groundwater quality in parts of Cuddalore district in Tam... more An effort has been made to evaluate the groundwater quality in parts of Cuddalore district in Tamil Nadu. This study observed an alkaline nature of water for all the samples throughout the year. Classification of water based on TDS shows that majority of the samples were permissible for drinking. A wide range of values for hardness were exhibited by the groundwaters. However, pre-monsoon samples were much harder than the postmonsoon samples. Two distinct water types were present in the study area, samples from coastal areas found to have Na-Cl and the upper reaches showed a Ca-HCO 3 type of water. Results suggest that the major processes controlling the groundwater chemistry are the seawater intrusion in the eastern coastal aquifers and the rock-water interaction in western part. Most of the samples exceeded the permissible limit of sodium percentage for irrigation purposes. Fluoride and nitrate concentration were below the permissible limits. Spatial distribution maps showed a clear gradation in the concentration of water quality parameters from the hilly terrains to the coastal areas. This study revealed that the groundwater quality at the eastern boundary of Cuddalore, Kurinjipetai, Parangipettai, Keerampalayam and Komaratchi Taluks were deteriorated by the seawater intrusion.

AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, Dec 1, 2011

Use of water for domestic, agricultural and industrial purpose depends on the desirable range of ... more Use of water for domestic, agricultural and industrial purpose depends on the desirable range of concentration of various ions. As the suitability of groundwater for different use depends on concentration of several ions, delineation of a region having groundwater of suitable quality relies on integrating the quality of groundwater with respect to each ion. This can be brought out with the aid of advanced tools such as GIS (geographical information system). This study was carried out with the objective of ...

IOSR Journal of Applied Geology and Geophysics, 2017

The geo-electrical techniques involving the VES and 2-D resistivity imaging was used in assessing... more The geo-electrical techniques involving the VES and 2-D resistivity imaging was used in assessing the groundwater quality of a coastal aquifer in Ogu-Bolo Local Government Area of Rivers State. This study used two Vertical Electrical Sounding data and three horizontal profiling data obtained using ABEM SAS 300B Terrameter. A computer modeling was used in processing the Data and partial curve matching was employed in the interpretation of the VES data. Five geoelectric layers of varying thicknesses, depth and resistivities were delineated. The fourth layer is where the best aquifer ranged from 41.70m to 42.90m at the various VES stations. The mean aquifer thickness, depth and resistivity value were calculated to be 23.74m, 42.30m and resistivity value of 3033.50 Ωm. The results of the interpretation of the two VES stations and the 2-D data have offered the opportunity of knowing the possible aquiferious zone within the study area. The results reveal that beyond the depth of 15.00m an aquifer system devoid of salt water intrusion will be possible.

Results of chemical and microbial analyses of water samples collected from wells, river and lake ... more Results of chemical and microbial analyses of water samples collected from wells, river and lake during December 2015 and April 2016 to assess the impact of an extreme flood event on 2nd December 2015 in Chennai, India

Pathogens isolated from the groundwater showed resistance to antibiotics, namely ceftriaxone, dox... more Pathogens isolated from the groundwater showed resistance to antibiotics, namely ceftriaxone, doxycycline and nalidixic acid. However, they were sensitive to chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, and tetracycline.

The first day of the conference and workshop was devoted to presentations by the experts, organis... more The first day of the conference and workshop was devoted to presentations by the experts, organised under four different themes to understand the problems pertaining to water issues. Each session was handled by two panelists, a chair person and a rapporteur. The panelists were chosen based on their field of expertise, consisting of an international expert and an Indian counterpart working together to arrive at a meaningful outcome and to encourage fruitful discussion. Around 60 experts, including 8 from France, Germany, Israel, Singapore, South Africa and South Korea have participated in the deliberations.