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Papers by test api
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A-physical Metallurgy and Materials Science, 2007
In the present study, effects of notch shape and specimen thickness on drop-weight tear test (DWT... more In the present study, effects of notch shape and specimen thickness on drop-weight tear test (DWTT) properties of API X70 and X80 line-pipe steels fabricated by varying hot-rolling conditions were investigated. The DWTT was conducted on the rolled steels, and the results were discussed in comparison with the Charpy V-notch (CVN) impact test and crack-tip opening angle (CTOA) test data. The DWTT results indicated that the steels rolled in the singlephase region had the higher upper shelf energy (USE) than the steel rolled in the two-phase region, because their microstructures were composed of acicular ferrite (AF). The DWTT energy transition temperature (ETT) of the steel rolled in the two-phase region was the lowest, because it had a finer effective grain size and the lowest volume fraction of hard secondary phases. Chevron notch (CN) DWTT energy density did not increase much with increasing specimen thickness, whereas pressed notch (PN) DWTT energy density increased by 1 to 3 J/ mm 2 , because the total energy of the CN DWTT increased less than that of the PN DWTT due to the larger stress concentration at the CN. The ETT increased with increasing specimen thickness due to the increase in constraint state, and the ETT of the CN DWTT was slightly lower than that of PN DWTT. The measured CTOA showed better correlation with the DWTT propagation energy than with the CVN or DWTT total energy because it was related to the crack propagation speed. The value of sin (2CTOA) reliably showed a linearly proportional relation with the DWTT propagation energy density.
Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 2007
Low level impurities often reside in active pharmaceutical ingredients (API). Some of these impur... more Low level impurities often reside in active pharmaceutical ingredients (API). Some of these impurities are potentially genotoxic since reactive intermediates are used in the synthetic route for the production of API. Routine mutagenicity testing is conducted in support of clinical trials with the intent to identify genotoxic hazards associated with API. Depending on the amount of impurity present in the API tested, the potency of the impurities and the relative sensitivity of the Ames assay, it is possible that mutagenicity associated with the presence of genotoxic impurities could also be detected while testing API. Therefore, we evaluated published data and generated new information to understand the sensitivity of the Ames assay. Based on a literature survey of approximately 450 mutagens, it was estimated that 85% of mutagens are detected at concentrations of 250 lg/plate or less. Based on this estimate, most mutagens should be detected in an Ames assay testing API concentrations up to 5000 lg/plate if present at a 5% or greater concentration. Data from experiments where several direct and indirect-acting mutagens were spiked into representative API further support the literature-based evaluation. Some limitations of this approach, including toxicity of API and competing metabolism are discussed.
The modern test facility must be user friendly, versatile, and cost effective to build and operat... more The modern test facility must be user friendly, versatile, and cost effective to build and operate. The design philosophy of integrating used equipment into a computer controlled system, is discussed. This includes discussions on safety, technical, economic and data reliability concerns. The thought process and design philosophies of the modern rotating machine manufacturer when designing and building test facilities to test API and IEEE standards are discussed. Care has been taken to keep the subject matter as informative as possible for the potential user of such facilities without emphasizing theoretical technical details of interest only to the electrical machine designer
A total of 41 phenanthrene degraders were isolated from a former coal gasification site by using ... more A total of 41 phenanthrene degraders were isolated from a former coal gasification site by using Pseudomonas-selective Gould's S1 medium. All isolates were found to belong to the fluorescent Pseudomonas group and were subjected to characterization by phenotypic methods, including classical taxonomic tests, API 20NE, and Biolog GN, and the strains were further characterized by the genotypic method repetitive extragenic palindromic PCR (REP-PCR). By using classical tests, the population was found to consist of 38 strains belonging to P. fluorescens, 2 P. putida strains, and 1 Pseudomonas sp. Bacteria in phenograms from Biolog GN and REP-PCR data were divided into groups, which were in good agreement with classical test and API 20NE results. We found a nonfluorescent group of 22 bacteria inconsistent with any Pseudomonas sp. in Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. The group showed small differences in the genotypic test, indicating that all 22 isolates were not recent clones of the same isolate. Analyses of the nonfluorescent group indicated that it belonged to Pseudomonas, but the group could not be affiliated with P. fluorescens because of differences in DNA-DNA hybridization. Identifications using classical tests and API 20NE were found to correlate, but Biolog GN identifications after 24-h incubation resulted very often in the distantly related P. corrugata. The reproducibilities of individual tests of each phenotypic method were assessed, and low reproducibilities were mainly found to be associated with specific Biolog GN test wells. Classical tests and API 20NE proved to be the best for identification of isolates, whereas Biolog GN and REP-PCR were found to be the best tests for high resolution among these closely related isolates.
ABSTRACT The available data concerning rapid identification of fish bacteria via commercial pheno... more ABSTRACT The available data concerning rapid identification of fish bacteria via commercial phenotypic tests demonstrate that there is no agreement regarding the choice of the tests. However, API 20E, an identification system for Enterobacteriaceae and other non-fastidious Gram-negative rods developed for clinical specimens, seems to be increasingly used for the identification of fish pathogens. In this review, adaptation of API 20E for fish bacterial isolates and its distinctiveness for fish bacteria was assessed. Some strains are wrongly identified because they are not included in the database of API 20E system. API 20E reactions should be compared with the diagnostic schemes based on reactions in conventional phenotypic tests. Due to their significance for fish health and impact on the aquaculture, and because of the need for their rapid identification, some important fish bacteria should be included in the API 20E system, such as Yersinia ruckeri, Edwardsiella ictaluri, Vibrio anguillarum.
Automation of test design during the function testing phase is essential both to reduce the subst... more Automation of test design during the function testing phase is essential both to reduce the substantial cost of testing and to improve the delivered software reliability. We argue for a model based approach specifically designed from a test perspective to automate test design. We describe features of the Specification and Abstraction Language for Testing (SALT) environment which embodies this perspective. SALT allows testers to capture relationships among partitions of input and output variables for a function under test. The tester can also specify (potential) updates to context which result from the function invocation. This context enables the generation of sequences of function invocations with expected outputs. These test specifications along with a fault model, allow generation of an optimized set of test variations. We describe an example to illustrate SALT usage and report results of our pilot study using SALT
Medical Microbiology and Immunology, 1977
Two test-kits — API and Oxi Ferm tube — have been compared for accuracy in individual tests and f... more Two test-kits — API and Oxi Ferm tube — have been compared for accuracy in individual tests and for identification on the genus or species level with conventional biochemical tests on 154 oxidative-fermentative gram-negative rods. The two test systems were found to be reliable and permit identification of the clinically most significant oxidative-fermentative strains.
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A-physical Metallurgy and Materials Science, 2007
In the present study, effects of notch shape and specimen thickness on drop-weight tear test (DWT... more In the present study, effects of notch shape and specimen thickness on drop-weight tear test (DWTT) properties of API X70 and X80 line-pipe steels fabricated by varying hot-rolling conditions were investigated. The DWTT was conducted on the rolled steels, and the results were discussed in comparison with the Charpy V-notch (CVN) impact test and crack-tip opening angle (CTOA) test data. The DWTT results indicated that the steels rolled in the singlephase region had the higher upper shelf energy (USE) than the steel rolled in the two-phase region, because their microstructures were composed of acicular ferrite (AF). The DWTT energy transition temperature (ETT) of the steel rolled in the two-phase region was the lowest, because it had a finer effective grain size and the lowest volume fraction of hard secondary phases. Chevron notch (CN) DWTT energy density did not increase much with increasing specimen thickness, whereas pressed notch (PN) DWTT energy density increased by 1 to 3 J/ mm 2 , because the total energy of the CN DWTT increased less than that of the PN DWTT due to the larger stress concentration at the CN. The ETT increased with increasing specimen thickness due to the increase in constraint state, and the ETT of the CN DWTT was slightly lower than that of PN DWTT. The measured CTOA showed better correlation with the DWTT propagation energy than with the CVN or DWTT total energy because it was related to the crack propagation speed. The value of sin (2CTOA) reliably showed a linearly proportional relation with the DWTT propagation energy density.
Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 2007
Low level impurities often reside in active pharmaceutical ingredients (API). Some of these impur... more Low level impurities often reside in active pharmaceutical ingredients (API). Some of these impurities are potentially genotoxic since reactive intermediates are used in the synthetic route for the production of API. Routine mutagenicity testing is conducted in support of clinical trials with the intent to identify genotoxic hazards associated with API. Depending on the amount of impurity present in the API tested, the potency of the impurities and the relative sensitivity of the Ames assay, it is possible that mutagenicity associated with the presence of genotoxic impurities could also be detected while testing API. Therefore, we evaluated published data and generated new information to understand the sensitivity of the Ames assay. Based on a literature survey of approximately 450 mutagens, it was estimated that 85% of mutagens are detected at concentrations of 250 lg/plate or less. Based on this estimate, most mutagens should be detected in an Ames assay testing API concentrations up to 5000 lg/plate if present at a 5% or greater concentration. Data from experiments where several direct and indirect-acting mutagens were spiked into representative API further support the literature-based evaluation. Some limitations of this approach, including toxicity of API and competing metabolism are discussed.
The modern test facility must be user friendly, versatile, and cost effective to build and operat... more The modern test facility must be user friendly, versatile, and cost effective to build and operate. The design philosophy of integrating used equipment into a computer controlled system, is discussed. This includes discussions on safety, technical, economic and data reliability concerns. The thought process and design philosophies of the modern rotating machine manufacturer when designing and building test facilities to test API and IEEE standards are discussed. Care has been taken to keep the subject matter as informative as possible for the potential user of such facilities without emphasizing theoretical technical details of interest only to the electrical machine designer
A total of 41 phenanthrene degraders were isolated from a former coal gasification site by using ... more A total of 41 phenanthrene degraders were isolated from a former coal gasification site by using Pseudomonas-selective Gould's S1 medium. All isolates were found to belong to the fluorescent Pseudomonas group and were subjected to characterization by phenotypic methods, including classical taxonomic tests, API 20NE, and Biolog GN, and the strains were further characterized by the genotypic method repetitive extragenic palindromic PCR (REP-PCR). By using classical tests, the population was found to consist of 38 strains belonging to P. fluorescens, 2 P. putida strains, and 1 Pseudomonas sp. Bacteria in phenograms from Biolog GN and REP-PCR data were divided into groups, which were in good agreement with classical test and API 20NE results. We found a nonfluorescent group of 22 bacteria inconsistent with any Pseudomonas sp. in Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. The group showed small differences in the genotypic test, indicating that all 22 isolates were not recent clones of the same isolate. Analyses of the nonfluorescent group indicated that it belonged to Pseudomonas, but the group could not be affiliated with P. fluorescens because of differences in DNA-DNA hybridization. Identifications using classical tests and API 20NE were found to correlate, but Biolog GN identifications after 24-h incubation resulted very often in the distantly related P. corrugata. The reproducibilities of individual tests of each phenotypic method were assessed, and low reproducibilities were mainly found to be associated with specific Biolog GN test wells. Classical tests and API 20NE proved to be the best for identification of isolates, whereas Biolog GN and REP-PCR were found to be the best tests for high resolution among these closely related isolates.
ABSTRACT The available data concerning rapid identification of fish bacteria via commercial pheno... more ABSTRACT The available data concerning rapid identification of fish bacteria via commercial phenotypic tests demonstrate that there is no agreement regarding the choice of the tests. However, API 20E, an identification system for Enterobacteriaceae and other non-fastidious Gram-negative rods developed for clinical specimens, seems to be increasingly used for the identification of fish pathogens. In this review, adaptation of API 20E for fish bacterial isolates and its distinctiveness for fish bacteria was assessed. Some strains are wrongly identified because they are not included in the database of API 20E system. API 20E reactions should be compared with the diagnostic schemes based on reactions in conventional phenotypic tests. Due to their significance for fish health and impact on the aquaculture, and because of the need for their rapid identification, some important fish bacteria should be included in the API 20E system, such as Yersinia ruckeri, Edwardsiella ictaluri, Vibrio anguillarum.
Automation of test design during the function testing phase is essential both to reduce the subst... more Automation of test design during the function testing phase is essential both to reduce the substantial cost of testing and to improve the delivered software reliability. We argue for a model based approach specifically designed from a test perspective to automate test design. We describe features of the Specification and Abstraction Language for Testing (SALT) environment which embodies this perspective. SALT allows testers to capture relationships among partitions of input and output variables for a function under test. The tester can also specify (potential) updates to context which result from the function invocation. This context enables the generation of sequences of function invocations with expected outputs. These test specifications along with a fault model, allow generation of an optimized set of test variations. We describe an example to illustrate SALT usage and report results of our pilot study using SALT
Medical Microbiology and Immunology, 1977
Two test-kits — API and Oxi Ferm tube — have been compared for accuracy in individual tests and f... more Two test-kits — API and Oxi Ferm tube — have been compared for accuracy in individual tests and for identification on the genus or species level with conventional biochemical tests on 154 oxidative-fermentative gram-negative rods. The two test systems were found to be reliable and permit identification of the clinically most significant oxidative-fermentative strains.