Reynaldo ILETO | The Australian National University (original) (raw)

Books by Reynaldo ILETO

TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I: THE FILIPINO-AMERICAN WAR CHAPTER 1. A SHARED HISTORY OF WARS - The ... more TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART I: THE FILIPINO-AMERICAN WAR
CHAPTER 1. A SHARED HISTORY OF WARS - The Philippine Wars of George W. Bush 5 Forgetting the Filipino-American War; The Filipino-Japanese War; Liberation, Independence, History Wars; The Moro Wars
CHAPTER 2. THE REPUBLIC IN SOUTHERN TAGALOG - Municipal Rebels; The Banahaw Battalion; Norberto Mayo – Militar Ilustrado; Ladislao Masangcay – Jefe Local; “La Invación Americana”; The Guerrilla Regiments of Tiaong
CHAPTER 3. MOBILIZING "PEOPLE OF THE BARRIOS' - An Awit in a Time of War; Biblical Time, Historia, Nación; Filipinos; Americanos
CHAPTER 4. POBLACION POLITICS IN A TIME OF WAR - Mayor Pedro Cantos; A Failed Surrende; Inspector Herrera; Amigo Warfare; The Battle of Candelaria; Knowing the Enemy; Protected Zones or Concentration Camps?; Candelaria’s Trauma
CHAPTER 5. THE U.S. CONQUEST - “A Howling Wilderness”; Surrender, Redemption, Forgetting; The Cholera Invasion; War on Germs and Amigos; Sanitation and Resistance

PART II. MEMORY, HISTORY, AND POLITICS
CHAPTER 6. FATHER AND SON IN THE EMBRACE OF UNCLE SAM - The Father: From San Isidro to West Point; The Son: From Quezon City to Ithaca; Rocky Ileto’s America; A Filipino at West Point; “Enemies” and “Friends” Revisited; Some Ten Years Later . . . CHAPTER 7. FRIENDSHIP AND FORGETTING - Wars with Japan, and the United States; A Voice from the Forgotten War; History in the Second Republic; Revisiting the Filipino-American War; An Awit of the War with Japan; King Bernardo and the Colliding Rocks; Unfinished Revolution of 1942–1945?
CHAPTER 8. THE RETURN OF ANDRES BONIFACIO - Independence and the Question of Heroes; Revolt of the Masses, 1948; Katipunan in the Cold War; Bonifacio and Magsaysay
CHAPTER 9. HISTORY WARS: RIZAL IN 1956 - Ghost of Spain; Rizal as American-made Hero; Ghost of Japan; The Catholic Church between Empires

PART III. KNOWLEDGE AND PACIFICATION
CHAPTER 10. BENEVOLENT PACIFICATION - Manila Ilustrados, Rural Despots; Caciquism as a Philippine Problem; Writing the War into History; The Great Misunderstanding; “Humanitarian Dimension” of a War on Terror
CHAPTER 11. TUTELAGE AND ANARCHY - Compadre Colonialism; Patrons, Clients, and Puppets; Leaders, Factions, and Parties; An Anarchy of Families
CHAPTER 12. THE BOSS-MAYOR AND HIS CRITICS - “Cacique Democracy”; Bossism in the Philippines; Friar Abuses, Indio Complaints; Rural Ilustrados; Who Are Rizal’s Caciques?
APPENDIX - SA MGA KABATAANG FILIPINO (by Artemio Ricarte, 1942)
ENDNOTES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INDEX

Lecture 1: The Philippine Revolution of 1896 and U.S. Colonial Education; Lecture 2: Knowledge a... more Lecture 1: The Philippine Revolution of 1896 and U.S. Colonial Education;
Lecture 2: Knowledge and Pacification: The Philippine-American War;
Lecture 3: Orientalism and the Study of Philippine Politics

In 2005, a Japanese version of Reynaldo Ileto's Pasyon and Revolution: Popular Movements in the P... more In 2005, a Japanese version of Reynaldo Ileto's Pasyon and Revolution: Popular Movements in the Philippines 1840-1910, was published by Hosei University Press (Tokyo). This edition, introduced to Japanese readers by Yoshiko Nagano of Kanagawa University, incorporates minor revisions, re-translations of some Tagalog texts, and an entirely new preface by the author. The uploaded file is the original, unpublished, version of the preface.

Preface and Chapter 1 of Reynaldo C. Ileto, Magindanao 1860-1888: The Career of Datu Utto of Buay... more Preface and Chapter 1 of Reynaldo C. Ileto, Magindanao 1860-1888: The Career of Datu Utto of Buayan. Pasig City: Anvil Publishing Co., 2007.

Papers by Reynaldo ILETO

PART I: THE FILIPINO-AMERICAN WAR CHAPTER 1. A Shared History of Wars ... more PART I: THE FILIPINO-AMERICAN WAR

CHAPTER 1. A Shared History of Wars
The Philippine Wars of George W. Bush 5
Forgetting the Filipino-American War 9
The Filipino-Japanese War 11
Liberation, Independence, History Wars 12
The Moro Wars 14

CHAPTER 2. The Republic in Southern Tagalog
Municipal Rebels 21
The Banahaw Battalion 26
Norberto Mayo – Militar Ilustrado 28
Ladislao Masangcay – Jefe Local 30
“La Invación Americana” 33
The Guerrilla Regiments of Tiaong 37
CHAPTER 3. Mobilizing “People of the Barrios” 43
An Awit in a Time of War 47
Biblical Time, Historia, Nación 49
Filipinos 59
Americano 67

CHAPTER 4. Población Politics in a Time of War
Mayor Pedro Cantos 77
A Failed Surrender 80
Inspector Herrera 82
Amigo Warfare 84
The Battle of Candelaria 86
Knowing the Enemy 89
Protected Zones or Concentration Camps? 94
Candelaria’s Trauma 97

5 The U.S. Conquest
“A Howling Wilderness” 104
Surrender, Redemption, Forgetting 106
The Cholera Invasion 110
War on Germs and Amigos 114
Sanitation and Resistance 117

PART II. MEMORY, HISTORY, AND POLITICS

CHAPTER 6. Father and Son in the Embrace of Uncle Sam
The Father: From San Isidro to West Point 132
The Son: From Quezon City to Ithaca 137
Rocky Ileto’s America 141
A Filipino at West Point 143
“Enemies” and “Friends” Revisited 148
Some Ten Years Later . . . 158

CHAPTER 7. Friendship and Forgetting
Wars with Japan, and the United States 165
A Voice from the Forgotten War 167
History in the Second Republic 170
Revisiting the Filipino-American War 175
An Awit of the War with Japan 178
King Bernardo and the Colliding Rocks 181
Unfinished Revolution of 1942–1945? 195

CHAPTER 8. The Return of Andres Bonifacio
Independence and the Question of Heroes 205
Revolt of the Masses, 1948 212
Katipunan in the Cold War 215
Bonifacio and Magsaysay 219

CHAPTER 9 History Wars: Rizal in 1956
Ghost of Spain 226
Rizal as American-made Hero 229
Ghost of Japan 231
The Catholic Church between Empires 234

PART III. KNOWLEDGE AND PACIFICATION

CHAPTER 10. Benevolent Pacification
Manila Ilustrados, Rural Despots 245
Caciquism as a Philippine Problem 249
Writing the War into History 253
The Great Misunderstanding 257
“Humanitarian Dimension” of a War on Terror 261

CHAPTER 11. Tutelage and Anarchy
Compadre Colonialism 270
Patrons, Clients, and Puppets 272
Leaders, Factions, and Parties 275
An Anarchy of Families 282

CHAPTER 12. The Boss-Mayor and His Critics
“Cacique Democracy” 289
Bossism in the Philippines 294
Friar Abuses, Indio Complaints 299
Rural Ilustrados 302
Who Are Rizal’s Caciques? 306

APPENDIX: Sa mga Kabataang Filipino (by Artemio Ricarte, 1942)
Endnotes 319
Bibliography 347
Index 357

Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 2021

'1898' marks the birth of both the American empire and the Filipino nation when the U.S. Navy joi... more '1898' marks the birth of both the American empire and the Filipino nation when the U.S. Navy joined forces with Filipino revolutionists in ending Spain's rule. The alliance ended when the Americans refused to recognise the Filipino republic and forcibly occupied the islands. Hopkins situates both the 'coming of age' of America and the rise of a Filipino nationalist elite against a wider backdrop of imperial rivalries, economic transformations, and stages of globalisation in which the British Empire looms large. The essay builds on Hopkins's account of Spanish rule leading to the Revolution. In contrast to Cuba, the Philippine interior was left relatively untouched, controlled mainly through the friar-curates who lorded it over the town centres but not their peripheries. Following upon Hopkins's discussion of the three foundational nationalists-Jose Rizal, Andres Bonifacio, and Emilio Aguinaldotheir differences can be explained by the peculiarities of the Spanish colonial system and how each of them related to their society.

Southeast Asia and China: A Contest in Mutual Socialization, edited by Lowell Dittmer and Ngeow Chow Bing, 2017

This is the published version of the paper with the same title that I uploaded to Academia in 2016.

"I will leave it to the reader to discover what new insights the Talang Buhay provides concerning... more "I will leave it to the reader to discover what new insights the Talang Buhay provides concerning the events at Tejeros and the death of Bonifacio. My introductory comments are intended mainly to flag some key issues that might be missed, the most crucial being the wartime context of the political crisis. . . .Only by returning to first-hand sources such as this manuscript discovered by Elizabeth Angsioco and now being shared with the public, can we begin to effectively reassess a century’s worth of writings on Aguinaldo that have tended to picture him in a negative light. By no means does the Talang Buhay present us with a definitive account of the Aguinaldo-Bonifacio controversy. . . .But after reading through the Talang Buhay, in both Aguinaldo’s Tagalog and the English translation provided here, none but the most close-minded or partisan reader will continue to accept unquestioningly the Manichean portrayal of the main protagonists in [the movie] Heneral Luna."

The Adrián Cristóbal Lecture Series 2010-2017, 2018

The word “cacique” usually refers to a local strongman, boss, or warlord, and “democracy” denotes... more The word “cacique” usually refers to a local strongman, boss, or warlord, and “democracy” denotes the political system that has put such powerful figures in command of politics at the national level. A prototype of this politics first appeared in 1897 when Emilio Aguinaldo, the former mayor of Kawit, Cavite, took over the leadership of the revolution and then became president of the First Republic. Ever since the election of former Davao city mayor, Rodrigo Duterte, as president in 2016, the notion of "cacique democracy" has all but been confirmed in the eyes of most political observers. But what are the origins of this discourse? How did the term "cacique," originally from the Carribean, come to define Philippine politics, and what is wrong with its present use?

(Published version of a previously uploaded paper with the same title)

Historical Bulletin: The Research Journal of the Philippine Historical Association, 2018

"In this age of historical revisionism and the smashing of icons, we need not pull down the statu... more "In this age of historical revisionism and the smashing of icons, we need not pull down the statue of John Smail. He deserves an honored place in the chronicle of Southeast Asian historical writing. But the time has come to erect beside Smail the statuettes of Sartono, Agoncillo, Alatas, Tregonning, and more, with a separate marker hailing them as pioneers of writing history from the Southeast Asian point of view."

This paper was drafted as a plenary lecture for the international conference on “The Malay World: Connecting the Past and the Present,” sponsored by the Philippine Historical Association and held in Manila on 14-16 September 2017.

Knowledge and Pacification: On the U.S. Conquest and the Writing of Philippine History, 2017

(Chapter 5 of Knowledge and Pacification, 2nd printing, 2017, 2020) "Over two years since Genera... more (Chapter 5 of Knowledge and Pacification, 2nd printing, 2017, 2020)

"Over two years since General Schwan had led his expedition to subjugate the southern Tagalog region, much of it was reduced to a wasteland. The rice stocks that could not be brought into the “protected zones” had been destroyed by the U.S. Cavalry; granaries and houses had been razed by the hundreds. The “protected zone,” moreover, was anything but that. Brian Linn, citing the work of Glenn May on the war in Batangas, estimates that “malnutrition, poor sanitary conditions, disease and demoralization may have cost as many as 11,000 Filipino lives and made the population susceptible to the cholera epidemic of 1902.” As we shall examine in detail later in this chapter, in April of that year the cholera had spread from Manila to the provinces, facilitated by the movements of U.S. troops. A looming epidemic coupled with a subsistence crisis meant that the resistance simply could not be sustained."

Paper read at the launch of Gloria Cano and Ana Delgado (eds.), De Tartessos a Manila: Siete Estu... more Paper read at the launch of Gloria Cano and Ana Delgado (eds.), De Tartessos a Manila: Siete Estudios Coloniales y Poscoloniales; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, 13 January 2009.

Soledad S. Reyes (ed.), Reading Horacio de la Costa, SJ: Views from the 21st Century (Ateneo University Press, 2017), 2017

When I began to revisit, in the late 1980s, the work of our pioneers in historical writing and re... more When I began to revisit, in the late 1980s, the work of our pioneers in historical writing and reread de la Costa’s Lenten lecture in a post-Cold War environment, I began to understand more fully the logic behind his proposed solutions to our perennially unfinished Revolution; how they actually made sense under certain conditions. I realized that de la Costa’s Lenten lecture, which troubled me then because I, too, had been mesmerized by Mao, was precisely the foil I needed in working out some of the knotty issues in my 1974 dissertation, “Pasion and the Interpretation of Change in Tagalog Society.” De la Costa, in a sense, made my work possible and hence is complicit in my “gentle critique” of Agoncillo’s Revolt of the Masses.

Published in Philippine Studies 30 (1982): 92-119, in response to Milagros C. Guerrero's "Underst... more Published in Philippine Studies 30 (1982): 92-119, in response to Milagros C. Guerrero's "Understanding Philippine Revolutionary Mentality," in Philippine Studies 29 (1981): 240-56. Dr. Guerrero was my colleague in the University of the Philippines' history department. Her original review essay is appended to this paper for reference.

"Milagros Guerrero’s lengthy review of my book Pasyon and Revolution: Popular Movements in the Philippines, 1840-1910, is bound to be a landmark in Philippine historiography. For not only is it about the book, but it promises to reveal much of what is involved in a “traditional” reading of the book. In fact, the past layers of my own thinking are inscribed in Guerrero’s review, and the present reply offers me an opportunity to discuss these “familiar” layers in relation to her particular criticisms." (p. 92)

On the surface it would seem that the JCU and UP history departments stood to each other as First... more On the surface it would seem that the JCU and UP history departments stood to each other as First World to Third World. When I was at JCU from 1986 to 1995, my department’s wealth and resources were manifested in an awesome thesis cabinet. Its stability was evidenced by the steady growth in staff and student numbers, research outputs, and profitable ventures under the leadership of Professor Dalton. What a difference this was from my tenure in the UP from 1977 to 1985, where history was a battleground of contending views about how the past works in the present. The ups-and-downs of funding and political shifts could be gleaned from the department’s messy and nondescript “thesis cabinet.” But, while this might reflect a certain lack of institutional and disciplinal maturity (as some have argued), it can also be thought of as another way in which history functions in the life of a nation.

Chapter 4 of Goh Beng-Lan (editor), Decentring & Diversifying Southeast Asian Studies: Perspectives from the Region. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2011

"The process of simultaneously being formed by and contesting the political, social, and cultural... more "The process of simultaneously being formed by and contesting the political, social, and cultural hegemony of Spain and the United States, and to a lesser extent Japan, has made most Filipino intellectuals keenly aware of the dilemmas in positing pure forms of the "Western" or the "indigenous", or the local versus the global. Filipinos, moreover, are not physically "fixed" themselves; their "nation" also travels to the nooks and crannies of the wider world they inhabit. The shifting locations — such as Spain, America, Japan, and Australia — from which they have voiced their political concerns, further complicates the identification of a domestic intellectual tradition. To some extent this pattern applies to my own career. Inspired by this forum's call to meditate on our personal intellectual trajectories as Southeast Asian scholars, I sketch in the pages that follow a narrative of my sojourns in the academic worlds of the Philippines, the United States, and Australia from roughly 1965 to 1995..."

"Datu Utto's defeat in March 1887 did not spell the end of his career. His following remained by ... more "Datu Utto's defeat in March 1887 did not spell the end of his career. His following remained by and large intact; the territory upriver from Bakat was entirely under his control. This situation was recognized by Pastells when he visited the pagan tribes in the
headquarters of the Pulangi some time in mid-1887. He could feel the overpowering influence of the Buayan datu even in the remotest mountain settlement. In fact, he unexpectedly received a note from Utto assuring him that his missionary activities would in no way be obstructed. Painfully aware of the loss of Sarangani bay and Bakat, Datu Utto must have decided that the best course of action was to establish close relations with the Spanish and Magindanao establishment in Sa-Ilud. . . ."

"But the period from 1878 to 1884 appears to be one of inactivity only in a superficial sense. Th... more "But the period from 1878 to 1884 appears to be one of inactivity
only in a superficial sense. Through non-military means, the Spanish
establishment was busy attempting to subvert datu-slave
relationships and the alliance network. This is sometimes called a
policy of “attraction” to distinguish it from the policy of armed
conquest. If Father Juanmartí was suspicious of Datu Utto’s
motives, the latter, in turn, would have had grounds for distrusting
the Jesuit. For the missionaries were at the forefront of the drive
to win the population over to the Spanish side, paving the way for
more direct intervention in the future."

Using a variety of texts such as newspapers, photographs, paintings, travel narratives and cartoo... more Using a variety of texts such as newspapers, photographs, paintings, travel narratives and cartoons, [Elizabeth Holt] demonstrates how the American conquest was carried through at the level of discourse and representation during the early years of the last century. Western patriarchal, colonial, racial and sexual discourses were fields heavily laden with power through which the Philippines and its inhabitants were constituted and represented as a colony.

(NB. Born in 1937 in Ayr, North Queensland, Betty Holt was a librarian by training, who did a late PhD in History at James Cook University. This book is essentially her thesis, which initially was failed by an examiner but eventually earned her a doctorate in 1995. Betty's thesis was ahead of its time and has never been fully recognized by the academe. She passed away in Townsville, Australia, on 28 October 2019.)

"Revolutionary Routes is more than a family history across three generations. Author Angela Stuar... more "Revolutionary Routes is more than a family history across three generations. Author Angela Stuart Santiago has deftly woven together the memoirs, clippings, correspondence and other traces of her family's past into a microhistory that spans the late 19 th century up to the 1950s. While this book is rooted in the specific experiences of a family that lived in Tiaong and its adjoining towns in southwestern Tayabas (now Quezon) province, it also tells us much, from a ground-up perspective, about everyday life in the countryside under the shadow of successive imperial and national regimes. This book can also be read as a modern history of the Philippines."

PART I: THE FILIPINO-AMERICAN WAR CHAPTER 1. A Shared History of Wars ... more PART I: THE FILIPINO-AMERICAN WAR

5 The U.S. Conquest
“A Howling Wilderness” 104
Surrender, Redemption, Forgetting 106
The Cholera Invasion 110
War on Germs and Amigos 114
Sanitation and Resistance 117

PART II. MEMORY, HISTORY, AND POLITICS

CHAPTER 8. The Return of Andres Bonifacio
Independence and the Question of Heroes 205
Revolt of the Masses, 1948 212
Katipunan in the Cold War 215
Bonifacio and Magsaysay 219

CHAPTER 9 History Wars: Rizal in 1956
Ghost of Spain 226
Rizal as American-made Hero 229
Ghost of Japan 231
The Catholic Church between Empires 234

PART III. KNOWLEDGE AND PACIFICATION

CHAPTER 11. Tutelage and Anarchy
Compadre Colonialism 270
Patrons, Clients, and Puppets 272
Leaders, Factions, and Parties 275
An Anarchy of Families 282

CHAPTER 12. The Boss-Mayor and His Critics
“Cacique Democracy” 289
Bossism in the Philippines 294
Friar Abuses, Indio Complaints 299
Rural Ilustrados 302
Who Are Rizal’s Caciques? 306

APPENDIX: Sa mga Kabataang Filipino (by Artemio Ricarte, 1942)
Endnotes 319
Bibliography 347
Index 357

Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 2021

Southeast Asia and China: A Contest in Mutual Socialization, edited by Lowell Dittmer and Ngeow Chow Bing, 2017

This is the published version of the paper with the same title that I uploaded to Academia in 2016.

The Adrián Cristóbal Lecture Series 2010-2017, 2018

(Published version of a previously uploaded paper with the same title)

Historical Bulletin: The Research Journal of the Philippine Historical Association, 2018

Knowledge and Pacification: On the U.S. Conquest and the Writing of Philippine History, 2017

(Chapter 5 of Knowledge and Pacification, 2nd printing, 2017, 2020) "Over two years since Genera... more (Chapter 5 of Knowledge and Pacification, 2nd printing, 2017, 2020)

Soledad S. Reyes (ed.), Reading Horacio de la Costa, SJ: Views from the 21st Century (Ateneo University Press, 2017), 2017

Chapter 4 of Goh Beng-Lan (editor), Decentring & Diversifying Southeast Asian Studies: Perspectives from the Region. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2011

"The Adrián E. Cristobal Lecture Series 2010-2017," Manila, 2018

Pre-publication version of a chapter in The Adrián E. Cristobal Lecture Series 2010-2017 (Manila,... more Pre-publication version of a chapter in The Adrián E. Cristobal Lecture Series 2010-2017 (Manila, 2018), which features the AEC Lectures of Gémino H. Abad (2011), Virgilio S. Almario (2012), Resil Mojares (2013), Reynaldo Ileto (2014), Marites Danguilan Vitug (2016), and Alfred Yuson (2017)

In this essay, published in an obscure magazine on the first anniversary of EDSA 1, I reflect on ... more In this essay, published in an obscure magazine on the first anniversary of EDSA 1, I reflect on the historical baggage that accompanied the emergence of "Yellow" politics and its rivals. "The moments in Philippine history when the masses did take things seriously and acted in unison are few and widely spaced. The death of Ninoy and its aftermath, Marcos's downfall, was one such moment. Cory Aquino's task has been to ensure that the intensity of that event lingers on as long us possible." In the wake of EDSA Day 2018, I cannot help but conclude that the event has long lost the power it once had. How can history help us understand this turn of events?

This essay--my first "journal" publication--was written in early 1966 while I was a third-year un... more This essay--my first "journal" publication--was written in early 1966 while I was a third-year undergraduate student at the Ateneo de Manila. It reflects my late and rather impulsive shift from Engineering to the Humanities, from tinkering with radio receivers and transmitters to reflecting on technology's impact on society and human communications in the pre-internet era.

"The unification of most of the Magindanao world demanded an ideology that could transcend the n... more "The unification of most of the Magindanao world demanded
an ideology that could transcend the notion of personal alliances.
Such an ideology was provided by Islam. The impetus for its revival
in Magindanao came from Sulu and the Muslim world beyond. Its
effect was to impress upon the Magindanaos the existence of a
brotherhood of men transcending the ranchería. The image of Datu
Utto became transformed from merely that of a powerful chief to
the symbol of Magindanao’s integrity as a segment of Dar-ul-Islam.
The organization of the sultanate of Buayan was strengthened. To
those who joined and fought in battle, religion brought a vision of
Heaven, the attainment of which was linked to the struggle against
foreign, Christian domination." (p. 75)