Predation defeats competition on the seafloor (original) (raw)

none 10.1666/07026.1 Cambridge University Press (CUP) Cambridge University Press 56 31374795 48518 2019050118590046615 10.1017 2019-05-01T15:15:35Z 2008-01-31T12:56:45Z 107 Paleobiology Paleobiology 0094-8373 1938-5331 2008 34 1 Predation defeats competition on the seafloor Steven M. Stanley … the snail, whose tender horns being hit Shrinks backward in his shelly cave with pain, And there, all smothered up, in shade doth sit, Long after fearing to creep forth again…. — William Shakespeare,Venus and Adonis (1593) For many decades, ecology textbooks presented classical competition theory without reservation. The central principle here is that two species sharing an essential resource that is in limited supply cannot coexist for long because the competitively superior species will eliminate the other one. The implication is that ecological communities should be characterized by division of resources among species, or niche partitioning. Thus, it is understandable that many paleontologists have continued to invoke concepts of competitive exclusion and niche partitioning in their studies of ancient guilds and communities. By now, however, there is a large body of neontological literature demonstrating that interspecific competition and resource partitioning play only a minor role in many ecological communities—especially benthic marine communities, which are the primary focus of the following discussion. Predation and physical disturbance inflict so much damage on biotas of the seafloor that populations of one species seldom monopolize a potentially limiting resource, except sporadically and locally. As a result, it is uncommon for any species to drive another to extinction through competitive exclusion—or even to force another species to drastically change its exploitation of any environmental resource throughout its geographic range. 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