Larry Kimball | Appalachian State University (original) (raw)
Papers by Larry Kimball
I. INTRODUCTION H ISTORY came late to Lethbridge Pocket, on Mt. Moffatt's northern boundary, just... more I. INTRODUCTION H ISTORY came late to Lethbridge Pocket, on Mt. Moffatt's northern boundary, just over the crest of the Great Dividing Range, source of the extensive Maranoa, Warrego and Fitzroy river systems. Explorer Major Thomas Mitchell skirted the area to the westward in 1846, observing (Mitchell, 1848, 208) that the prospect towards the dominating, massive table-lands 'was very grand'; the name of Dean Buckland, geologist and antiquarian, was bestowed upon the loftiest table-land, at the foot of which Lethbridge Pocket lay concealed. Ludwig Leichhardt had passed to the northeast , a year previously, but he too preferred to avoid the rugged mountains, now termed the Carnarvon and Chesterton Ranges. Both the journals of Mitchell and Leichhardt testify, on many pages, to the abundant material traces of a populous aboriginal community in the region. Leichhardt commented (1847, 45) that 'appearances indicated that the commencement of the (Carnarvon) ranges was a favourite resort of the "blackfellows". The remains of recent repasts of mussels were strewed about the larger water-holes'. The mountainous region, which became Mt. Moffatt cattle station, was traversed first in the late 1870's, when the route across the ridge was located (Cameron, 1964, 372). The rugged Pocket was probably entered at the same time, perhaps by a member of the Lethbridge family, pioneers on Forest Vale station, 80 miles to the south. Patrick and James Kenniff shot the mounted policeman and his stationmanager deputy in Lethbridge Pocket on 30 March 1902; they had just been arrested on a charge of horse thieving. They cremated the bodies on a large, flat sandstone slab, and thereby created an Australian legal precedent. The Prosecution's inability to produce either a corpus delicti or an eye-witness did not prevent a verdict of guilty; and the sentence was upheld after appeal to the Queensland Supreme Court (R. v. Patrick and James Kenniff, Queensland State Reports, 1903, 17-44). These gun-toting cattle-duffers, cast in the Western mould, are to Queensland what the Ned Kelly gang is to Victoria. Contemporary emotions were stirred deeply by the murders, subsequent prolonged police hunt, trial, and ultimate Photographs and speculation provided incentive sufficient for myself and W. J. Breen to fly from Melbourne to Charleville, during the University August vacation, i960. We spent three arduous weeks in an aged, borrowed jeep, guided by amiable Reg. Orr; the total cost was almost £200, a large sum for those pioneering days in Australian archaeology. We dug trial soundings at The Tombs, then proceeded to Kenniff: such was the potential of these sites, that we settled in to dig without taking time to investigate reports of 'better' sites elsewhere. Time available was almost exhausted when we left Mt. Moffatt, but it sufficed for a brief examination of painted rock shelters on Emu Bends and Mt. Tabor stations. A brief account of this work is given below. There is little doubt that the Mt. Tabor region would repay intensive investigations. D.J.M. II. GEOGRAPHICAL SETTING General. Mt. Moffatt Station homestead is at 147 0 57' E, 25 0 01' S, 150 miles northeast of Charleville. The station is on the southwestern side of the Carnarvon Range, part of the Great Dividing Range of southern Queensland. Kenniff Cave is at 148 0 02' E, 24° 52' S, towards the head of the south branch of Meteor Creek, in an area known as Lethbridge Pocket. The cave is at an altitude of approximately 2,300 feet, and surrounding hills rise to about 3,000 feet. Kenniff Cave is 14 miles by track from the homestead, and across the divide. The Tombs site is 8 miles south of the homestead, on the road leading to Mitchell, the nearest town. It lies on Marlong Creek, at 147 0 52' E, 25 0 05' S, and altitude 1,900 feet. Many other caves occur in the area, including the Marlong Plains Cave, at 147 0 58' E, 24 0 53' S, near the headwaters of Marlong Creek, about 11 miles north of the homestead.
I. INTRODUCTION H ISTORY came late to Lethbridge Pocket, on Mt. Moffatt's northern boundary, just... more I. INTRODUCTION H ISTORY came late to Lethbridge Pocket, on Mt. Moffatt's northern boundary, just over the crest of the Great Dividing Range, source of the extensive Maranoa, Warrego and Fitzroy river systems. Explorer Major Thomas Mitchell skirted the area to the westward in 1846, observing (Mitchell, 1848, 208) that the prospect towards the dominating, massive table-lands 'was very grand'; the name of Dean Buckland, geologist and antiquarian, was bestowed upon the loftiest table-land, at the foot of which Lethbridge Pocket lay concealed. Ludwig Leichhardt had passed to the northeast , a year previously, but he too preferred to avoid the rugged mountains, now termed the Carnarvon and Chesterton Ranges. Both the journals of Mitchell and Leichhardt testify, on many pages, to the abundant material traces of a populous aboriginal community in the region. Leichhardt commented (1847, 45) that 'appearances indicated that the commencement of the (Carnarvon) ranges was a favourite resort of the "blackfellows". The remains of recent repasts of mussels were strewed about the larger water-holes'. The mountainous region, which became Mt. Moffatt cattle station, was traversed first in the late 1870's, when the route across the ridge was located (Cameron, 1964, 372). The rugged Pocket was probably entered at the same time, perhaps by a member of the Lethbridge family, pioneers on Forest Vale station, 80 miles to the south. Patrick and James Kenniff shot the mounted policeman and his stationmanager deputy in Lethbridge Pocket on 30 March 1902; they had just been arrested on a charge of horse thieving. They cremated the bodies on a large, flat sandstone slab, and thereby created an Australian legal precedent. The Prosecution's inability to produce either a corpus delicti or an eye-witness did not prevent a verdict of guilty; and the sentence was upheld after appeal to the Queensland Supreme Court (R. v. Patrick and James Kenniff, Queensland State Reports, 1903, 17-44). These gun-toting cattle-duffers, cast in the Western mould, are to Queensland what the Ned Kelly gang is to Victoria. Contemporary emotions were stirred deeply by the murders, subsequent prolonged police hunt, trial, and ultimate Photographs and speculation provided incentive sufficient for myself and W. J. Breen to fly from Melbourne to Charleville, during the University August vacation, i960. We spent three arduous weeks in an aged, borrowed jeep, guided by amiable Reg. Orr; the total cost was almost £200, a large sum for those pioneering days in Australian archaeology. We dug trial soundings at The Tombs, then proceeded to Kenniff: such was the potential of these sites, that we settled in to dig without taking time to investigate reports of 'better' sites elsewhere. Time available was almost exhausted when we left Mt. Moffatt, but it sufficed for a brief examination of painted rock shelters on Emu Bends and Mt. Tabor stations. A brief account of this work is given below. There is little doubt that the Mt. Tabor region would repay intensive investigations. D.J.M. II. GEOGRAPHICAL SETTING General. Mt. Moffatt Station homestead is at 147 0 57' E, 25 0 01' S, 150 miles northeast of Charleville. The station is on the southwestern side of the Carnarvon Range, part of the Great Dividing Range of southern Queensland. Kenniff Cave is at 148 0 02' E, 24° 52' S, towards the head of the south branch of Meteor Creek, in an area known as Lethbridge Pocket. The cave is at an altitude of approximately 2,300 feet, and surrounding hills rise to about 3,000 feet. Kenniff Cave is 14 miles by track from the homestead, and across the divide. The Tombs site is 8 miles south of the homestead, on the road leading to Mitchell, the nearest town. It lies on Marlong Creek, at 147 0 52' E, 25 0 05' S, and altitude 1,900 feet. Many other caves occur in the area, including the Marlong Plains Cave, at 147 0 58' E, 24 0 53' S, near the headwaters of Marlong Creek, about 11 miles north of the homestead.
Indiana Magazine of History, Sep 1, 1989
Scientific Reports
Previous immunological studies in the eastern USA have failed to establish a direct connection be... more Previous immunological studies in the eastern USA have failed to establish a direct connection between Paleoamericans and extinct megafauna species. The lack of physical evidence for the presence of extinct megafauna begs the question, did early Paleoamericans regularly hunt or scavenge these animals, or were some megafauna already extinct? In this study of 120 Paleoamerican stone tools from across North and South Carolina, we investigate this question using crossover immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP). We find immunological support for the exploitation of extant and extinct megafauna, including Proboscidea, Equidae, and Bovidae (possibly Bison antiquus), on Clovis points and scrapers, as well as possible early Paleoamerican Haw River points. Post-Clovis points tested positive for Equidae and Bovidae but not Proboscidea. Microwear results are consistent with projectile usage, butchery, fresh- and dry hide scraping, the use of ochre-coated dry hides for hafting, and dry hide sheath wear. T...
A general model of the activities of flint provisioning, tool manufacture and tool use is employe... more A general model of the activities of flint provisioning, tool manufacture and tool use is employed that relates planning, mobility and assemblage formation. Microwear data from a sample of 172 Upper Perigordian tools from Level 7 of Le Flageolet I (Dordogne) are evaluated with this model. It is shown that there is definitely a relationship between tool design and function for the three typological groups of tools analyzed. The subdivision of Level 7 into early, middle, and late phases, permits the observation that during the early occupation phase, there is a greater use of weapons and butchery tools, and recycled burins. In the main phase, there are relatively more recycled end scrapers and points. During the late occupation phase, relatively more burins are used only for bone/antler working and end scrapers for butchery and hideworking. The partitioning of these data according to flint type reveals differences in terms of the design of tools, their function, and their recycling depending upon whether they are of the nonlocal Bergeraçois (brought from the previous camp), nonlocal flint procured during long-distance forays, or locally procured flint. Four kinds of planning are evidenced. First, the occupants of Level 7 brought with them finished tools and raw nodules of Bergeraçois flint. The tools used and discarded in the early occupation phase of this flint were weapons and burins. Second, well before the introduced Bergeraçois flint was completely used up, local flint was procured and manufactured into tools whose function related to the activities undertaken during that phase of the occupation. Third, tools of nonlocal flint procured during long-distance forays were made with the plan of a specific function in mind with no use of these tools in other activities. Fourth, during the late phase of occupation, backed points and tools of bone or antler were manufactured or repaired in order to "gear up" for activities anticipated at the next camp.
Raw data for the Lake Hole Cave [40JN159] vertebrate fauna dataset obtained from the Neotoma Pale... more Raw data for the Lake Hole Cave [40JN159] vertebrate fauna dataset obtained from the Neotoma Paleoecology Database.
The site structure of two Farly Archaic period assemblages i� defined through spatial analysis of... more The site structure of two Farly Archaic period assemblages i� defined through spatial analysis of artifact and facility distributions at the Rose Island site (40MR44) in the lower Little Tennessee River valley. These assemblages derive from well controlled excavation of deeply buried alluvial deposits attributable to Lecroy (c. 6100-6500 B.C.) and St. Albans (c. 6600-?CIX) B.C.) temporal units. Spitial JB,tterning is detected using multivariate statistical analysis of formal implement, instant tool, and debitage categories. The observed spatial patterns are interpreted through a com�ison with ex12cted spatial pitterns generated from an a priori model of hunter-gatherer residential camp activity structure. The results of the analysis allow the proposal of a general model of E9.rly Archaic residential camp site structure. The model identifies activity areas based upon densities and SJBtial relationships of artifact categories for an assemblage. The reconstructed activity structure des...
American Antiquity, 2016
Results of protein residue and lithic microwear analyses are reported for Paleoindian and Early A... more Results of protein residue and lithic microwear analyses are reported for Paleoindian and Early Archaic stone tools from a Carolina bay sand rim on the Aiken Plateau of South Carolina, USA. Protein residue analysis is performed using crossover Immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP), and indicates positive results for Bovidae, Cervidae, Galliformes, and Meleagris gallopavo. These results are complemented by a larger immunological study of 135 diagnostic hafted bifaces from South Carolina and Georgia. Among other species identified, bovid residue was found on multiple Paleoindian hafted bifaces, an Early Archaic hafted biface, and a Middle Archaic hafted biface. Results suggest continuity of species selection and availability across the Pleistocene/Holocene boundary and provide no support for the exploitation of extinct fauna. The data do provide compelling evidence for a demographic shift and/or regional extirpation of Bovidae possibly as late as the early mid-Holocene in the Southeast. In add...
Southeastern Archaeology, 2010
ABSTRACT Biltmore Mound, located on the Swannanoa River in Asheville, North Carolina, was constru... more ABSTRACT Biltmore Mound, located on the Swannanoa River in Asheville, North Carolina, was constructed over a Connestee phase habitation, the earliest evidence dating to about A.D. 300. Mound construction began sometime between A.D. 400 and 550, with the second to last mound stage constructed about A.D. 580-600. Because of the diverse contexts and the excellent preservation of faunal remains, we are able to provide some insights into Connestee ritualism at Biltmore Mound. The Biltmore Mound was a platform used to support large public structures for ritual and ceremonial activities. It was constructed of varying colored and textured soils from a variety of source areas that arguably had symbolic importance. The mound was primarily built out (rather than up) with several mantles that may have comprised a complete ritual cycle of mound construction.
Early and Middle Woodland Landscapes of the Southeast, 2013
Biltmore Mound, located on the Swannanoa River in Asheville, North Carolina, was constructed over... more Biltmore Mound, located on the Swannanoa River in Asheville, North Carolina, was constructed over a Connestee phase habitation, the earliest evidence dating to about A.D. 300. Mound construction began sometime between A.D. 400 and 550, with the second to last mound stage constructed about A.D. 580-600. Because of the diverse contexts and the excellent preservation of faunal remains, we are able to provide some insights into Connestee ritualism at Biltmore Mound. The Biltmore Mound was a platform used to support large public structures for ritual and ceremonial activities. It was constructed of varying colored and textured soils from a variety of source areas that arguably had symbolic importance. The mound was primarily built out (rather than up) with several mantles that may have comprised a complete ritual cycle of mound construction.
Scanning, 2011
Since durable technology emerged between 3.4 and 3.2 million years ago, stone tools served as a m... more Since durable technology emerged between 3.4 and 3.2 million years ago, stone tools served as a major material means that hominins used to survive. Determining how different lithic tools functioned is a principal question in human evolution. The main experimentally based approach to the functional study of lithic technology uses stereo and incident-light microscopy, and is known as the Keeley Method. Although this method has demonstrated success in linking the morphology of microwear traces on flint tools to the function of the tool, there is no agreed upon model of how these microwear polishes form. At the same time, the characterization of these polishes has been a largely qualitative process. Herein, we use the atomic force microscope (AFM) to scan microwear traces on Middle Palaeolithic (Mousterian) tools from Weasel Cave, Russia to show quantitative data and small scale features of microwear polishes interpreted (using the Keeley Method) as due to contact with meat, fresh hide, dry hide, bone, wood, and hafting. These results follow those of to the previous AFM study on the experimental tools, namely that the meat and dry hide polishes are the least developed polishes with smaller changes in roughness and that the bone polish and wood polishes are more highly developed polishes and exhibit larger changes in roughness.
Journal of Field Archaeology, 1989
Page 1. 47 Microwear Analysis in the Maya Lowlands: The Use of Functional Data in a Complex-Socie... more Page 1. 47 Microwear Analysis in the Maya Lowlands: The Use of Functional Data in a Complex-Society Setting Mark S. Aldenderfer Larry R. Kimball April Sievert Northwestern University Evanston, Illinois Microwea~ or use ...
I. INTRODUCTION H ISTORY came late to Lethbridge Pocket, on Mt. Moffatt's northern boundary, just... more I. INTRODUCTION H ISTORY came late to Lethbridge Pocket, on Mt. Moffatt's northern boundary, just over the crest of the Great Dividing Range, source of the extensive Maranoa, Warrego and Fitzroy river systems. Explorer Major Thomas Mitchell skirted the area to the westward in 1846, observing (Mitchell, 1848, 208) that the prospect towards the dominating, massive table-lands 'was very grand'; the name of Dean Buckland, geologist and antiquarian, was bestowed upon the loftiest table-land, at the foot of which Lethbridge Pocket lay concealed. Ludwig Leichhardt had passed to the northeast , a year previously, but he too preferred to avoid the rugged mountains, now termed the Carnarvon and Chesterton Ranges. Both the journals of Mitchell and Leichhardt testify, on many pages, to the abundant material traces of a populous aboriginal community in the region. Leichhardt commented (1847, 45) that 'appearances indicated that the commencement of the (Carnarvon) ranges was a favourite resort of the "blackfellows". The remains of recent repasts of mussels were strewed about the larger water-holes'. The mountainous region, which became Mt. Moffatt cattle station, was traversed first in the late 1870's, when the route across the ridge was located (Cameron, 1964, 372). The rugged Pocket was probably entered at the same time, perhaps by a member of the Lethbridge family, pioneers on Forest Vale station, 80 miles to the south. Patrick and James Kenniff shot the mounted policeman and his stationmanager deputy in Lethbridge Pocket on 30 March 1902; they had just been arrested on a charge of horse thieving. They cremated the bodies on a large, flat sandstone slab, and thereby created an Australian legal precedent. The Prosecution's inability to produce either a corpus delicti or an eye-witness did not prevent a verdict of guilty; and the sentence was upheld after appeal to the Queensland Supreme Court (R. v. Patrick and James Kenniff, Queensland State Reports, 1903, 17-44). These gun-toting cattle-duffers, cast in the Western mould, are to Queensland what the Ned Kelly gang is to Victoria. Contemporary emotions were stirred deeply by the murders, subsequent prolonged police hunt, trial, and ultimate Photographs and speculation provided incentive sufficient for myself and W. J. Breen to fly from Melbourne to Charleville, during the University August vacation, i960. We spent three arduous weeks in an aged, borrowed jeep, guided by amiable Reg. Orr; the total cost was almost £200, a large sum for those pioneering days in Australian archaeology. We dug trial soundings at The Tombs, then proceeded to Kenniff: such was the potential of these sites, that we settled in to dig without taking time to investigate reports of 'better' sites elsewhere. Time available was almost exhausted when we left Mt. Moffatt, but it sufficed for a brief examination of painted rock shelters on Emu Bends and Mt. Tabor stations. A brief account of this work is given below. There is little doubt that the Mt. Tabor region would repay intensive investigations. D.J.M. II. GEOGRAPHICAL SETTING General. Mt. Moffatt Station homestead is at 147 0 57' E, 25 0 01' S, 150 miles northeast of Charleville. The station is on the southwestern side of the Carnarvon Range, part of the Great Dividing Range of southern Queensland. Kenniff Cave is at 148 0 02' E, 24° 52' S, towards the head of the south branch of Meteor Creek, in an area known as Lethbridge Pocket. The cave is at an altitude of approximately 2,300 feet, and surrounding hills rise to about 3,000 feet. Kenniff Cave is 14 miles by track from the homestead, and across the divide. The Tombs site is 8 miles south of the homestead, on the road leading to Mitchell, the nearest town. It lies on Marlong Creek, at 147 0 52' E, 25 0 05' S, and altitude 1,900 feet. Many other caves occur in the area, including the Marlong Plains Cave, at 147 0 58' E, 24 0 53' S, near the headwaters of Marlong Creek, about 11 miles north of the homestead.
I. INTRODUCTION H ISTORY came late to Lethbridge Pocket, on Mt. Moffatt's northern boundary, just... more I. INTRODUCTION H ISTORY came late to Lethbridge Pocket, on Mt. Moffatt's northern boundary, just over the crest of the Great Dividing Range, source of the extensive Maranoa, Warrego and Fitzroy river systems. Explorer Major Thomas Mitchell skirted the area to the westward in 1846, observing (Mitchell, 1848, 208) that the prospect towards the dominating, massive table-lands 'was very grand'; the name of Dean Buckland, geologist and antiquarian, was bestowed upon the loftiest table-land, at the foot of which Lethbridge Pocket lay concealed. Ludwig Leichhardt had passed to the northeast , a year previously, but he too preferred to avoid the rugged mountains, now termed the Carnarvon and Chesterton Ranges. Both the journals of Mitchell and Leichhardt testify, on many pages, to the abundant material traces of a populous aboriginal community in the region. Leichhardt commented (1847, 45) that 'appearances indicated that the commencement of the (Carnarvon) ranges was a favourite resort of the "blackfellows". The remains of recent repasts of mussels were strewed about the larger water-holes'. The mountainous region, which became Mt. Moffatt cattle station, was traversed first in the late 1870's, when the route across the ridge was located (Cameron, 1964, 372). The rugged Pocket was probably entered at the same time, perhaps by a member of the Lethbridge family, pioneers on Forest Vale station, 80 miles to the south. Patrick and James Kenniff shot the mounted policeman and his stationmanager deputy in Lethbridge Pocket on 30 March 1902; they had just been arrested on a charge of horse thieving. They cremated the bodies on a large, flat sandstone slab, and thereby created an Australian legal precedent. The Prosecution's inability to produce either a corpus delicti or an eye-witness did not prevent a verdict of guilty; and the sentence was upheld after appeal to the Queensland Supreme Court (R. v. Patrick and James Kenniff, Queensland State Reports, 1903, 17-44). These gun-toting cattle-duffers, cast in the Western mould, are to Queensland what the Ned Kelly gang is to Victoria. Contemporary emotions were stirred deeply by the murders, subsequent prolonged police hunt, trial, and ultimate Photographs and speculation provided incentive sufficient for myself and W. J. Breen to fly from Melbourne to Charleville, during the University August vacation, i960. We spent three arduous weeks in an aged, borrowed jeep, guided by amiable Reg. Orr; the total cost was almost £200, a large sum for those pioneering days in Australian archaeology. We dug trial soundings at The Tombs, then proceeded to Kenniff: such was the potential of these sites, that we settled in to dig without taking time to investigate reports of 'better' sites elsewhere. Time available was almost exhausted when we left Mt. Moffatt, but it sufficed for a brief examination of painted rock shelters on Emu Bends and Mt. Tabor stations. A brief account of this work is given below. There is little doubt that the Mt. Tabor region would repay intensive investigations. D.J.M. II. GEOGRAPHICAL SETTING General. Mt. Moffatt Station homestead is at 147 0 57' E, 25 0 01' S, 150 miles northeast of Charleville. The station is on the southwestern side of the Carnarvon Range, part of the Great Dividing Range of southern Queensland. Kenniff Cave is at 148 0 02' E, 24° 52' S, towards the head of the south branch of Meteor Creek, in an area known as Lethbridge Pocket. The cave is at an altitude of approximately 2,300 feet, and surrounding hills rise to about 3,000 feet. Kenniff Cave is 14 miles by track from the homestead, and across the divide. The Tombs site is 8 miles south of the homestead, on the road leading to Mitchell, the nearest town. It lies on Marlong Creek, at 147 0 52' E, 25 0 05' S, and altitude 1,900 feet. Many other caves occur in the area, including the Marlong Plains Cave, at 147 0 58' E, 24 0 53' S, near the headwaters of Marlong Creek, about 11 miles north of the homestead.
Indiana Magazine of History, Sep 1, 1989
Scientific Reports
Previous immunological studies in the eastern USA have failed to establish a direct connection be... more Previous immunological studies in the eastern USA have failed to establish a direct connection between Paleoamericans and extinct megafauna species. The lack of physical evidence for the presence of extinct megafauna begs the question, did early Paleoamericans regularly hunt or scavenge these animals, or were some megafauna already extinct? In this study of 120 Paleoamerican stone tools from across North and South Carolina, we investigate this question using crossover immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP). We find immunological support for the exploitation of extant and extinct megafauna, including Proboscidea, Equidae, and Bovidae (possibly Bison antiquus), on Clovis points and scrapers, as well as possible early Paleoamerican Haw River points. Post-Clovis points tested positive for Equidae and Bovidae but not Proboscidea. Microwear results are consistent with projectile usage, butchery, fresh- and dry hide scraping, the use of ochre-coated dry hides for hafting, and dry hide sheath wear. T...
A general model of the activities of flint provisioning, tool manufacture and tool use is employe... more A general model of the activities of flint provisioning, tool manufacture and tool use is employed that relates planning, mobility and assemblage formation. Microwear data from a sample of 172 Upper Perigordian tools from Level 7 of Le Flageolet I (Dordogne) are evaluated with this model. It is shown that there is definitely a relationship between tool design and function for the three typological groups of tools analyzed. The subdivision of Level 7 into early, middle, and late phases, permits the observation that during the early occupation phase, there is a greater use of weapons and butchery tools, and recycled burins. In the main phase, there are relatively more recycled end scrapers and points. During the late occupation phase, relatively more burins are used only for bone/antler working and end scrapers for butchery and hideworking. The partitioning of these data according to flint type reveals differences in terms of the design of tools, their function, and their recycling depending upon whether they are of the nonlocal Bergeraçois (brought from the previous camp), nonlocal flint procured during long-distance forays, or locally procured flint. Four kinds of planning are evidenced. First, the occupants of Level 7 brought with them finished tools and raw nodules of Bergeraçois flint. The tools used and discarded in the early occupation phase of this flint were weapons and burins. Second, well before the introduced Bergeraçois flint was completely used up, local flint was procured and manufactured into tools whose function related to the activities undertaken during that phase of the occupation. Third, tools of nonlocal flint procured during long-distance forays were made with the plan of a specific function in mind with no use of these tools in other activities. Fourth, during the late phase of occupation, backed points and tools of bone or antler were manufactured or repaired in order to "gear up" for activities anticipated at the next camp.
Raw data for the Lake Hole Cave [40JN159] vertebrate fauna dataset obtained from the Neotoma Pale... more Raw data for the Lake Hole Cave [40JN159] vertebrate fauna dataset obtained from the Neotoma Paleoecology Database.
The site structure of two Farly Archaic period assemblages i� defined through spatial analysis of... more The site structure of two Farly Archaic period assemblages i� defined through spatial analysis of artifact and facility distributions at the Rose Island site (40MR44) in the lower Little Tennessee River valley. These assemblages derive from well controlled excavation of deeply buried alluvial deposits attributable to Lecroy (c. 6100-6500 B.C.) and St. Albans (c. 6600-?CIX) B.C.) temporal units. Spitial JB,tterning is detected using multivariate statistical analysis of formal implement, instant tool, and debitage categories. The observed spatial patterns are interpreted through a com�ison with ex12cted spatial pitterns generated from an a priori model of hunter-gatherer residential camp activity structure. The results of the analysis allow the proposal of a general model of E9.rly Archaic residential camp site structure. The model identifies activity areas based upon densities and SJBtial relationships of artifact categories for an assemblage. The reconstructed activity structure des...
American Antiquity, 2016
Results of protein residue and lithic microwear analyses are reported for Paleoindian and Early A... more Results of protein residue and lithic microwear analyses are reported for Paleoindian and Early Archaic stone tools from a Carolina bay sand rim on the Aiken Plateau of South Carolina, USA. Protein residue analysis is performed using crossover Immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP), and indicates positive results for Bovidae, Cervidae, Galliformes, and Meleagris gallopavo. These results are complemented by a larger immunological study of 135 diagnostic hafted bifaces from South Carolina and Georgia. Among other species identified, bovid residue was found on multiple Paleoindian hafted bifaces, an Early Archaic hafted biface, and a Middle Archaic hafted biface. Results suggest continuity of species selection and availability across the Pleistocene/Holocene boundary and provide no support for the exploitation of extinct fauna. The data do provide compelling evidence for a demographic shift and/or regional extirpation of Bovidae possibly as late as the early mid-Holocene in the Southeast. In add...
Southeastern Archaeology, 2010
ABSTRACT Biltmore Mound, located on the Swannanoa River in Asheville, North Carolina, was constru... more ABSTRACT Biltmore Mound, located on the Swannanoa River in Asheville, North Carolina, was constructed over a Connestee phase habitation, the earliest evidence dating to about A.D. 300. Mound construction began sometime between A.D. 400 and 550, with the second to last mound stage constructed about A.D. 580-600. Because of the diverse contexts and the excellent preservation of faunal remains, we are able to provide some insights into Connestee ritualism at Biltmore Mound. The Biltmore Mound was a platform used to support large public structures for ritual and ceremonial activities. It was constructed of varying colored and textured soils from a variety of source areas that arguably had symbolic importance. The mound was primarily built out (rather than up) with several mantles that may have comprised a complete ritual cycle of mound construction.
Early and Middle Woodland Landscapes of the Southeast, 2013
Biltmore Mound, located on the Swannanoa River in Asheville, North Carolina, was constructed over... more Biltmore Mound, located on the Swannanoa River in Asheville, North Carolina, was constructed over a Connestee phase habitation, the earliest evidence dating to about A.D. 300. Mound construction began sometime between A.D. 400 and 550, with the second to last mound stage constructed about A.D. 580-600. Because of the diverse contexts and the excellent preservation of faunal remains, we are able to provide some insights into Connestee ritualism at Biltmore Mound. The Biltmore Mound was a platform used to support large public structures for ritual and ceremonial activities. It was constructed of varying colored and textured soils from a variety of source areas that arguably had symbolic importance. The mound was primarily built out (rather than up) with several mantles that may have comprised a complete ritual cycle of mound construction.
Scanning, 2011
Since durable technology emerged between 3.4 and 3.2 million years ago, stone tools served as a m... more Since durable technology emerged between 3.4 and 3.2 million years ago, stone tools served as a major material means that hominins used to survive. Determining how different lithic tools functioned is a principal question in human evolution. The main experimentally based approach to the functional study of lithic technology uses stereo and incident-light microscopy, and is known as the Keeley Method. Although this method has demonstrated success in linking the morphology of microwear traces on flint tools to the function of the tool, there is no agreed upon model of how these microwear polishes form. At the same time, the characterization of these polishes has been a largely qualitative process. Herein, we use the atomic force microscope (AFM) to scan microwear traces on Middle Palaeolithic (Mousterian) tools from Weasel Cave, Russia to show quantitative data and small scale features of microwear polishes interpreted (using the Keeley Method) as due to contact with meat, fresh hide, dry hide, bone, wood, and hafting. These results follow those of to the previous AFM study on the experimental tools, namely that the meat and dry hide polishes are the least developed polishes with smaller changes in roughness and that the bone polish and wood polishes are more highly developed polishes and exhibit larger changes in roughness.
Journal of Field Archaeology, 1989
Page 1. 47 Microwear Analysis in the Maya Lowlands: The Use of Functional Data in a Complex-Socie... more Page 1. 47 Microwear Analysis in the Maya Lowlands: The Use of Functional Data in a Complex-Society Setting Mark S. Aldenderfer Larry R. Kimball April Sievert Northwestern University Evanston, Illinois Microwea~ or use ...