Cristina Boboc | The Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies (original) (raw)
Papers by Cristina Boboc
New Trends in Sustainable Business and Consumption
The objective of this paper is to demonstrate that an effective strategy to combat illicit trade ... more The objective of this paper is to demonstrate that an effective strategy to combat illicit trade in tobacco products (ITTP) in EU countries is one targeted on groups of countries, based on international and intersectoral cooperation, involving actors from government, education, civil society and the media. A basic statistical analysis was performed and regression models for panel data were used to identify the effects of changes in price and non-price factors in ITTP along with other control variables. In general, improving regulatory quality and education all over the EU will decrease the level of ITTP. However, the observation that the relationship between the proportion of people at risk of poverty and social exclusion and counterfeit and contraband consumption varies according to the existence of a border with a non-EU country, emphasizes the need for a tailored approach to combating ITTP. The first important result of this study is that improvements in quality of regulations, in education for all EU countries and reducing the poverty and social exclusion in New EU countries lead to decreases in illicit tobacco consumption. The second one is that increasing prices of tobacco products leads to increases in consumption of illicit tobacco products when the maximum gap between prices in EU countries and neighboring countries remains constant. We didn't find in our estimated models, significant negative dependency between WAP and illicit trade, meaning that the other factors are more important for decreasing the consumption of illicit tobacco products. Another important result is that decreasing the differences in prices of tobacco products in EU countries compared to neighboring countries lead to decreases in illicit tobacco consumption only in association with the reduction of poverty and social exclusion. The study also emphasizes the positive consequences of a holistic approach of all tobacco control measures.
This paper investigates the dynamics associated with inequality in EU member states. The variatio... more This paper investigates the dynamics associated with inequality in EU member states. The variation of the Gini coefficient is analyzed from different perspectives: economic growth, certain macroeconomic variables, socio-demographic environment and historical, political and cultural environment. The use of the panel data regression model allows country specific effects control, the results showing that in the context of European convergence, the historical, political, cultural and socio-demographic factors have the greatest impact in terms of income distribution. Starting from the complex analysis of the evolution of inequalities in the last half century and from the experts' opinions regarding the relationship between the last two crises (from 2008 and the current pandemic), we notice important changes, there is a paradigm shift. The paper proposes a new approach to the economic growth paradigm, based on reversing the dynamics of income inequality in the 21st century and outlines our own vision on support policies to mitigate rising inequalities, in the context of designing a robust resilience strategy and sustainable post-pandemic development.
Revista Română de Statistică, 2018
The Romanian foreign trade was significantly changed after 1990. The privatization, economic rest... more The Romanian foreign trade was significantly changed after 1990. The privatization, economic restructuring and EU accession had an impact not only on the size and foreign trade diversity but also on the structure and commerce routes. Moreover, Romania's Integration in the European Union on January 1st, 2007, eliminates the trade barriers between member countries, increasing the trade relations within the region and facilitating the expansion of intra-industry trade. This paper aims to analyze the level and structure of foreign trade in Romania after 1989 by analyzing the dependency and the stability indicators. The Grubel Lloyd index is computed by type of ownership of firm's capital and specific activity of companies – export of high-tech products, inward processing transactions, etc. The main conclusion is that Romania should keep a right balance between dependency on EU single market and developing trade relations with other non-EU countries where it can have either an ex...
Revista Română de Statistică, 2018
In Romania, in the recent years, privatization, economic restructuring, diversifying and business... more In Romania, in the recent years, privatization, economic restructuring, diversifying and business modernization were not accompanied by a special policy on job quality improvement or on improving/modernising working conditions. There is a general legislative framework providing a threshold for working conditions, but a lot of jobs and occupational groups are exposed to multiple vulnerabilities, i.e. about 10% of the employees working more than 8 hours a day. In contrast with economic restructuring efforts, foreign direct investments and high technology transfers, employment quality have not changed substantially, in some cases the vulnerability level being even higher. The main contribution of our paper is to identify the most vulnerable occupations in Romania by using the available national indicators. Using Principal Component Analysis, we identify two main sources of vulnerability in employment: one related to working time and the other employment's attributes i.e. the level ...
Studies of Applied Economics, 2021
This study is devoted to assessing the interdependencies between health, education and wealth at ... more This study is devoted to assessing the interdependencies between health, education and wealth at the aggregate regional level of South Mediterranean Countries (SMC) for the purpose of strengthening transversal economic and social policies. It looks first, to the major contributions of the previous literature developed on this subject. Theoretical and empirical studies at micro and macroeconomic levels prove that there are causal relations between variables related to health, education and wealth. As long as only partial and limited evidence exists on these interdependencies for the SMC, the second part is an empirical analysis based on World Bank, United Nations and on composite international indices. The results show that large interdependencies appear to be consistently exhibited by the data. Also, in the Granger sense of causality, health and education have been revealed to have important effects in leading these economies. The results attained are likely contributions for the en...
The Romanian Journal of Economics, 2017
Social exclusion may manifest through spatial concentration of deprived population in communities... more Social exclusion may manifest through spatial concentration of deprived population in communities located in certain areas. The globalization has reshaped the social and spatial geography of cities which led to major implications for research on social exclusion. Thus, in any practical formulation of social inclusion policies, it is necessary to consider the idea that social exclusion is inherently spatial. By addressing the territorial dimension of social exclusion, some important theoretical issues about the interaction of the two concepts ("social" and "space") are analyzed. Based on theoretical-conceptual contributions developed recently, this paper analyzes this dimension of social exclusion.
, Abstract. The brain drain in the health sector attracted the interest of researchers during the... more , Abstract. The brain drain in the health sector attracted the interest of researchers during the last 20 years after the fall of the communist regime. In Romania this phenomenon didn’t represent a matter of concern until the accession to the EU, but nowadays the number of physicians going to work abroad increased substantially at the same time with the decrease of the number of practicing physicians. Therefore the effects of this phenomenon on the Romanian population health are even more dramatic. The main objective of this paper is to identify the main factors attracting Romanian physicians to emigrate in other EU countries. Regression analysis for panel data is used in order to identify the destination country effect and the significance of pull factors. The most important factors influencing physician’s emigration are: proportion of population with higher education, levels of unemployment among young people, health expenditure per capita in the destination countries compared to origin countries.
New Trends in Sustainable Business and Consumption, 2021
In a society facing a real technological revolution, tourism sector could not stay away from mode... more In a society facing a real technological revolution, tourism sector could not stay away from modern technique. Tourism entered the digital era with favorable results on profitability, competitiveness, and sustainability. The tourism sector has grown due to digitalization. People had access to viewing unknown locations and thus, the need arose to know new places. Obviously, access to more information is restricted by several factors in the development of society. In this paper, the impact of digitalization on tourism services is analyzed through panel data regression models, estimating the way in which the share of people who have planned their trips online depends on the level of economic development, education, and knowledge in using the Internet, on security and safety of ICT infrastructure. The data refer to 29 European countries, over a 9 year-time period (2010-2018). The fixed effects model proved to be the most efficient. At the same time, the existence of a significant country effect on the use of online tourist booking services was highlighted. Western European countries economically developed have a positive propensity for digitalization in tourism, while Eastern European countries, mainly former communist countries, with a lower level of economic development are less in favor of digitalization in tourism.
Proceedings of the International Conference on Applied Statistics, 2020
Under the impact of unfavourable demographic developments, some existing imbalances on the Romani... more Under the impact of unfavourable demographic developments, some existing imbalances on the Romanian labor market have worsened. Thus, in 2019 the labor force shortage was estimated to 300000 persons, while in the last ten years the number of vacancies has exceeded 60,000 places, more than double the level at the beginning of the period (2010). This phenomenon may have negative social and economic effects. In this context, the present paper aims at analysing the labor shortages in Romania, at identifying its main determinants and the most important social and economic consequences and recommends a series of measures to mitigate the negative effects of this phenomenon.
Proceedings of the International Conference on Applied Statistics, 2019
Quality of life is a broad multidimensional concept that usually includes both objective and subj... more Quality of life is a broad multidimensional concept that usually includes both objective and subjective evaluations of positive and negative aspects of life. This paper analyzes the interdependencies between the nine dimensions of quality of life in EU countries, based on objective indicators according to EUROSTAT approach. The main objective of this paper is to identify some patterns among EU countries and some directions of improvement of quality of life in Romania by using correlation analysis, principal component analysis and cluster methods. There are identified three main dimensions of quality of life: Material dimension, Social dimension and Educational and environmental dimension. Moreover there are identified three clusters among EU countries: one with high levels of all dimensions, one with high levels of Material dimension but low levels of Social dimension and the third one with low levels of Material dimension and Educational and environmental dimension. Romania is incl...
Revue internationale du Travail, 2016
Resume La progression des formes de travail atypiques et l'augmentation du nombre d'emplo... more Resume La progression des formes de travail atypiques et l'augmentation du nombre d'emplois occupes au cours d'une vie professionnelle sont deux tendances marquantes de l'evolution du marche du travail en Europe. Apres un tour d'horizon des perspectives sur la question, dont celle de l'OIT, les auteurs s'appliquent a mesurer cette nouvelle «vulnerabilite au travail» en s'appuyant sur une analyse des correspondances multiples et des donnees de l'Enquete sociale europeenne de 2008. Ils proposent ainsi deux indicateurs inedits, un indice de la vulnerabilite liee a l'employeur et un indice de la vulnerabilite liee au poste, qui constituent pris ensemble un indice global de vulnerabilite au travail.
Applied Economics Letters, 2016
ABSTRACT Free Movement of people is a fundamental principle of the European Union (EU). In a cont... more ABSTRACT Free Movement of people is a fundamental principle of the European Union (EU). In a context of strong divergence in employment and working conditions among EU member states, migration can be seen as a way to increase employment opportunities but also to escape from poor working conditions at home. In this article, we focus on the possible influence of employment vulnerability by comparing its individual level among migrants and native workers in EU countries. We implement propensity score matching methods using data from the European Social Survey (2008) and indexes of employment vulnerability proposed by Bazillier et al. (2014). Overall, we show that migrants face the same level of employment vulnerability than natives, all other things being equal. But there are strong differences by skill-level. Low-skilled migrants have a lower level of vulnerability mainly because of a lower level of employer vulnerability while high-skilled migrants face a higher level of vulnerability, because of a higher level of job vulnerability.
Migration and Mobility of Medical Doctors
This is a contribution to the new economics of skilled labor emigration that focuses on the mobil... more This is a contribution to the new economics of skilled labor emigration that focuses on the mobility of physicians inside European Union from ECE countries. Economic models under risk neutrality and aversion are used. The findings show that the education could change significantly the results on the emigration benefices. Comparisons of theoretical and observed relative human capital per country averages are conducted and ensured the statistical validity of the model used. The empirical results based on the available data on emigration by Docquier and Marfouk (2008) but also by Bhargava, Docquier, and Moullan (2010) allowed further use of the model to understand the current trends in the emigration of physicians and the border between brain gain and brain drain. The countries included in the study all exhibited brain gain between 1991-2004. Each country is encouraged to anticipate the likely effects of this emigration on the economy with the increase of health demand, the domestic wa...
Migration and Mobility of Medical Doctors
The focus of this chapter is on the selection of the theoretical model to be used to capture the ... more The focus of this chapter is on the selection of the theoretical model to be used to capture the main features related to the migration decisions of medical doctors in the selected groups of countries (ECE, MENA, and EU). The selected model is consequently submitted to empirical tests, and this is shown in the following chapters of this section.
One of the most salient evolutions of labour markets in Europe is the increasing number of atypic... more One of the most salient evolutions of labour markets in Europe is the increasing number of atypical job contracts (fixed-term contracts, temporary work) and an augmentation of job turnover. These phenomena weaken the relationship between employers and employees. The concept of employment vulnerability may be accurate to describe current evolutions. Our paper provides a set of new indicators of employment vulnerability for European countries. In the context of an important mobility of workers between European countries, emigration could be seen as a way of escaping from employment vulnerability in the country of origin. In this paper, we would like to test this hypothesis by comparing individual levels of employment vulnerability between migrants and native workers. We implement propensity score matching methods on the European Social Survey (2008). Overall, we show that migrants face the same level of employment vulnerability as natives, all other things being equal. But there are strong differences by skill-level. Low-skilled migrants have a lower level of vulnerability mainly because of a lower level of employer vulnerability. On contrary, high-skilled migrants face a higher level of vulnerability mainly explained by a higher job vulnerability.
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2012
In recent years, migration for work has become the most important component of Romanian migration... more In recent years, migration for work has become the most important component of Romanian migration. According to several studies are about two million Romanian workers abroad, around 10% of population. This paper is an overview of all possible trajectories for temporary migration from Romania to EU countries. By using data from National Employment Agency, we have identified for each emigration trajectory the vulnerabilities associated. During the crisis the most vulnerable migrants for work were low skilled legal workers from less developed EU countries. The less vulnerable were highly skilled migrants for work in health or IT sectors. On the other hand, the head hunters were stimulated during the crisis, becoming more aggressive and increasing workers vulnerability. The offer for highly qualified jobs were relatively modest in terms of provided benefits which has turned into an obvious advantage for employers and a major disadvantage for migrants for work on medium term.
Migration and Mobility of Medical Doctors
This is a contribution to the new economics of skilled labor emigration that focuses on the mobil... more This is a contribution to the new economics of skilled labor emigration that focuses on the mobility of medical doctors from Middle East and North African countries. The theoretical model under risk neutrality and aversion as suggested in chapter 9 is applied. The findings show that the relative expected benefits and the emigration rate have major effects on the net relative human medical capital that remains in the source country. The effects of relative wages in the destination and sending countries besides the yield of education are likely to change the emigration patterns. Comparisons of theoretical and observed relative human capital per country averages are conducted and the statistical validity of the model is ensured. The empirical results based on the available data by Docquier and Marfouk (2006) and Bhargava, Docquier, and Moullan (2010) allow further use of the model to understand the current trends in the emigration of medical doctors. These trends confirm the magnitude of relative wages besides the level of education and the attitude towards risk as determinants of the emigration of skilled labor. The countries included in the study all exhibited brain gain from 1991-2004, but two distinct groups of countries are identified. Each country is encouraged to anticipate the likely effects of this emigration on the economy with the increase of health demand, domestic wages, and the increase in education capacity for medical doctors.
The problems concerning the labor resources are actual guidelines in scientific research field an... more The problems concerning the labor resources are actual guidelines in scientific research field and in practical applicability; this domain has major implications on every economical-social structure. Labor force has an important place, together with the capital and the patrimony, in the production activity. Reducing the employment and the growth of the unemployment were declared within the Treaty of Amsterdam (1997)
Knowledge-Based Economic Policy Development in the Arab World
Local and regional development is an increasingly important issue for researchers and politicians... more Local and regional development is an increasingly important issue for researchers and politicians. The challenge of enhancing prosperity, improving wellbeing, and increasing living standards has become acute for localities and regions with developing economies. Moreover, questions about the implications of globalization for local and regional development in transition economies are of strong interest. The present chapter looks at how EEE countries have been developed at regional and local levels during the transition period and identifies some examples for Arab countries using a series of indicators and statistical methods.
Contemporary Economics, 2008
In the next decades, developed countries will experience dramatic changes in their demographic tr... more In the next decades, developed countries will experience dramatic changes in their demographic trends. The retirement of the wide baby-boom generations, the increase in life expectancy and the decline in fertility ratios are likely to modify the size and the age-structure of their populations. The expected population ageing in European countries will burden the pension systems, especially wherever the pay-as-you-go pillar is predominant. Recently, migration has received a widespread attention as a solution to expected population decline and ageing in these countries. The flow of (young) migrants to developed countries is perceived as a means to alleviate the financial burden of pension systems. The aim of this contribution is to clarify the issue of aging on labour and capital markets in a macroeconomic perspective. A special attention is given to the risk of imbalances in the financing of social protection in the context of demographic ageing.
New Trends in Sustainable Business and Consumption
The objective of this paper is to demonstrate that an effective strategy to combat illicit trade ... more The objective of this paper is to demonstrate that an effective strategy to combat illicit trade in tobacco products (ITTP) in EU countries is one targeted on groups of countries, based on international and intersectoral cooperation, involving actors from government, education, civil society and the media. A basic statistical analysis was performed and regression models for panel data were used to identify the effects of changes in price and non-price factors in ITTP along with other control variables. In general, improving regulatory quality and education all over the EU will decrease the level of ITTP. However, the observation that the relationship between the proportion of people at risk of poverty and social exclusion and counterfeit and contraband consumption varies according to the existence of a border with a non-EU country, emphasizes the need for a tailored approach to combating ITTP. The first important result of this study is that improvements in quality of regulations, in education for all EU countries and reducing the poverty and social exclusion in New EU countries lead to decreases in illicit tobacco consumption. The second one is that increasing prices of tobacco products leads to increases in consumption of illicit tobacco products when the maximum gap between prices in EU countries and neighboring countries remains constant. We didn't find in our estimated models, significant negative dependency between WAP and illicit trade, meaning that the other factors are more important for decreasing the consumption of illicit tobacco products. Another important result is that decreasing the differences in prices of tobacco products in EU countries compared to neighboring countries lead to decreases in illicit tobacco consumption only in association with the reduction of poverty and social exclusion. The study also emphasizes the positive consequences of a holistic approach of all tobacco control measures.
This paper investigates the dynamics associated with inequality in EU member states. The variatio... more This paper investigates the dynamics associated with inequality in EU member states. The variation of the Gini coefficient is analyzed from different perspectives: economic growth, certain macroeconomic variables, socio-demographic environment and historical, political and cultural environment. The use of the panel data regression model allows country specific effects control, the results showing that in the context of European convergence, the historical, political, cultural and socio-demographic factors have the greatest impact in terms of income distribution. Starting from the complex analysis of the evolution of inequalities in the last half century and from the experts' opinions regarding the relationship between the last two crises (from 2008 and the current pandemic), we notice important changes, there is a paradigm shift. The paper proposes a new approach to the economic growth paradigm, based on reversing the dynamics of income inequality in the 21st century and outlines our own vision on support policies to mitigate rising inequalities, in the context of designing a robust resilience strategy and sustainable post-pandemic development.
Revista Română de Statistică, 2018
The Romanian foreign trade was significantly changed after 1990. The privatization, economic rest... more The Romanian foreign trade was significantly changed after 1990. The privatization, economic restructuring and EU accession had an impact not only on the size and foreign trade diversity but also on the structure and commerce routes. Moreover, Romania's Integration in the European Union on January 1st, 2007, eliminates the trade barriers between member countries, increasing the trade relations within the region and facilitating the expansion of intra-industry trade. This paper aims to analyze the level and structure of foreign trade in Romania after 1989 by analyzing the dependency and the stability indicators. The Grubel Lloyd index is computed by type of ownership of firm's capital and specific activity of companies – export of high-tech products, inward processing transactions, etc. The main conclusion is that Romania should keep a right balance between dependency on EU single market and developing trade relations with other non-EU countries where it can have either an ex...
Revista Română de Statistică, 2018
In Romania, in the recent years, privatization, economic restructuring, diversifying and business... more In Romania, in the recent years, privatization, economic restructuring, diversifying and business modernization were not accompanied by a special policy on job quality improvement or on improving/modernising working conditions. There is a general legislative framework providing a threshold for working conditions, but a lot of jobs and occupational groups are exposed to multiple vulnerabilities, i.e. about 10% of the employees working more than 8 hours a day. In contrast with economic restructuring efforts, foreign direct investments and high technology transfers, employment quality have not changed substantially, in some cases the vulnerability level being even higher. The main contribution of our paper is to identify the most vulnerable occupations in Romania by using the available national indicators. Using Principal Component Analysis, we identify two main sources of vulnerability in employment: one related to working time and the other employment's attributes i.e. the level ...
Studies of Applied Economics, 2021
This study is devoted to assessing the interdependencies between health, education and wealth at ... more This study is devoted to assessing the interdependencies between health, education and wealth at the aggregate regional level of South Mediterranean Countries (SMC) for the purpose of strengthening transversal economic and social policies. It looks first, to the major contributions of the previous literature developed on this subject. Theoretical and empirical studies at micro and macroeconomic levels prove that there are causal relations between variables related to health, education and wealth. As long as only partial and limited evidence exists on these interdependencies for the SMC, the second part is an empirical analysis based on World Bank, United Nations and on composite international indices. The results show that large interdependencies appear to be consistently exhibited by the data. Also, in the Granger sense of causality, health and education have been revealed to have important effects in leading these economies. The results attained are likely contributions for the en...
The Romanian Journal of Economics, 2017
Social exclusion may manifest through spatial concentration of deprived population in communities... more Social exclusion may manifest through spatial concentration of deprived population in communities located in certain areas. The globalization has reshaped the social and spatial geography of cities which led to major implications for research on social exclusion. Thus, in any practical formulation of social inclusion policies, it is necessary to consider the idea that social exclusion is inherently spatial. By addressing the territorial dimension of social exclusion, some important theoretical issues about the interaction of the two concepts ("social" and "space") are analyzed. Based on theoretical-conceptual contributions developed recently, this paper analyzes this dimension of social exclusion.
, Abstract. The brain drain in the health sector attracted the interest of researchers during the... more , Abstract. The brain drain in the health sector attracted the interest of researchers during the last 20 years after the fall of the communist regime. In Romania this phenomenon didn’t represent a matter of concern until the accession to the EU, but nowadays the number of physicians going to work abroad increased substantially at the same time with the decrease of the number of practicing physicians. Therefore the effects of this phenomenon on the Romanian population health are even more dramatic. The main objective of this paper is to identify the main factors attracting Romanian physicians to emigrate in other EU countries. Regression analysis for panel data is used in order to identify the destination country effect and the significance of pull factors. The most important factors influencing physician’s emigration are: proportion of population with higher education, levels of unemployment among young people, health expenditure per capita in the destination countries compared to origin countries.
New Trends in Sustainable Business and Consumption, 2021
In a society facing a real technological revolution, tourism sector could not stay away from mode... more In a society facing a real technological revolution, tourism sector could not stay away from modern technique. Tourism entered the digital era with favorable results on profitability, competitiveness, and sustainability. The tourism sector has grown due to digitalization. People had access to viewing unknown locations and thus, the need arose to know new places. Obviously, access to more information is restricted by several factors in the development of society. In this paper, the impact of digitalization on tourism services is analyzed through panel data regression models, estimating the way in which the share of people who have planned their trips online depends on the level of economic development, education, and knowledge in using the Internet, on security and safety of ICT infrastructure. The data refer to 29 European countries, over a 9 year-time period (2010-2018). The fixed effects model proved to be the most efficient. At the same time, the existence of a significant country effect on the use of online tourist booking services was highlighted. Western European countries economically developed have a positive propensity for digitalization in tourism, while Eastern European countries, mainly former communist countries, with a lower level of economic development are less in favor of digitalization in tourism.
Proceedings of the International Conference on Applied Statistics, 2020
Under the impact of unfavourable demographic developments, some existing imbalances on the Romani... more Under the impact of unfavourable demographic developments, some existing imbalances on the Romanian labor market have worsened. Thus, in 2019 the labor force shortage was estimated to 300000 persons, while in the last ten years the number of vacancies has exceeded 60,000 places, more than double the level at the beginning of the period (2010). This phenomenon may have negative social and economic effects. In this context, the present paper aims at analysing the labor shortages in Romania, at identifying its main determinants and the most important social and economic consequences and recommends a series of measures to mitigate the negative effects of this phenomenon.
Proceedings of the International Conference on Applied Statistics, 2019
Quality of life is a broad multidimensional concept that usually includes both objective and subj... more Quality of life is a broad multidimensional concept that usually includes both objective and subjective evaluations of positive and negative aspects of life. This paper analyzes the interdependencies between the nine dimensions of quality of life in EU countries, based on objective indicators according to EUROSTAT approach. The main objective of this paper is to identify some patterns among EU countries and some directions of improvement of quality of life in Romania by using correlation analysis, principal component analysis and cluster methods. There are identified three main dimensions of quality of life: Material dimension, Social dimension and Educational and environmental dimension. Moreover there are identified three clusters among EU countries: one with high levels of all dimensions, one with high levels of Material dimension but low levels of Social dimension and the third one with low levels of Material dimension and Educational and environmental dimension. Romania is incl...
Revue internationale du Travail, 2016
Resume La progression des formes de travail atypiques et l'augmentation du nombre d'emplo... more Resume La progression des formes de travail atypiques et l'augmentation du nombre d'emplois occupes au cours d'une vie professionnelle sont deux tendances marquantes de l'evolution du marche du travail en Europe. Apres un tour d'horizon des perspectives sur la question, dont celle de l'OIT, les auteurs s'appliquent a mesurer cette nouvelle «vulnerabilite au travail» en s'appuyant sur une analyse des correspondances multiples et des donnees de l'Enquete sociale europeenne de 2008. Ils proposent ainsi deux indicateurs inedits, un indice de la vulnerabilite liee a l'employeur et un indice de la vulnerabilite liee au poste, qui constituent pris ensemble un indice global de vulnerabilite au travail.
Applied Economics Letters, 2016
ABSTRACT Free Movement of people is a fundamental principle of the European Union (EU). In a cont... more ABSTRACT Free Movement of people is a fundamental principle of the European Union (EU). In a context of strong divergence in employment and working conditions among EU member states, migration can be seen as a way to increase employment opportunities but also to escape from poor working conditions at home. In this article, we focus on the possible influence of employment vulnerability by comparing its individual level among migrants and native workers in EU countries. We implement propensity score matching methods using data from the European Social Survey (2008) and indexes of employment vulnerability proposed by Bazillier et al. (2014). Overall, we show that migrants face the same level of employment vulnerability than natives, all other things being equal. But there are strong differences by skill-level. Low-skilled migrants have a lower level of vulnerability mainly because of a lower level of employer vulnerability while high-skilled migrants face a higher level of vulnerability, because of a higher level of job vulnerability.
Migration and Mobility of Medical Doctors
This is a contribution to the new economics of skilled labor emigration that focuses on the mobil... more This is a contribution to the new economics of skilled labor emigration that focuses on the mobility of physicians inside European Union from ECE countries. Economic models under risk neutrality and aversion are used. The findings show that the education could change significantly the results on the emigration benefices. Comparisons of theoretical and observed relative human capital per country averages are conducted and ensured the statistical validity of the model used. The empirical results based on the available data on emigration by Docquier and Marfouk (2008) but also by Bhargava, Docquier, and Moullan (2010) allowed further use of the model to understand the current trends in the emigration of physicians and the border between brain gain and brain drain. The countries included in the study all exhibited brain gain between 1991-2004. Each country is encouraged to anticipate the likely effects of this emigration on the economy with the increase of health demand, the domestic wa...
Migration and Mobility of Medical Doctors
The focus of this chapter is on the selection of the theoretical model to be used to capture the ... more The focus of this chapter is on the selection of the theoretical model to be used to capture the main features related to the migration decisions of medical doctors in the selected groups of countries (ECE, MENA, and EU). The selected model is consequently submitted to empirical tests, and this is shown in the following chapters of this section.
One of the most salient evolutions of labour markets in Europe is the increasing number of atypic... more One of the most salient evolutions of labour markets in Europe is the increasing number of atypical job contracts (fixed-term contracts, temporary work) and an augmentation of job turnover. These phenomena weaken the relationship between employers and employees. The concept of employment vulnerability may be accurate to describe current evolutions. Our paper provides a set of new indicators of employment vulnerability for European countries. In the context of an important mobility of workers between European countries, emigration could be seen as a way of escaping from employment vulnerability in the country of origin. In this paper, we would like to test this hypothesis by comparing individual levels of employment vulnerability between migrants and native workers. We implement propensity score matching methods on the European Social Survey (2008). Overall, we show that migrants face the same level of employment vulnerability as natives, all other things being equal. But there are strong differences by skill-level. Low-skilled migrants have a lower level of vulnerability mainly because of a lower level of employer vulnerability. On contrary, high-skilled migrants face a higher level of vulnerability mainly explained by a higher job vulnerability.
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2012
In recent years, migration for work has become the most important component of Romanian migration... more In recent years, migration for work has become the most important component of Romanian migration. According to several studies are about two million Romanian workers abroad, around 10% of population. This paper is an overview of all possible trajectories for temporary migration from Romania to EU countries. By using data from National Employment Agency, we have identified for each emigration trajectory the vulnerabilities associated. During the crisis the most vulnerable migrants for work were low skilled legal workers from less developed EU countries. The less vulnerable were highly skilled migrants for work in health or IT sectors. On the other hand, the head hunters were stimulated during the crisis, becoming more aggressive and increasing workers vulnerability. The offer for highly qualified jobs were relatively modest in terms of provided benefits which has turned into an obvious advantage for employers and a major disadvantage for migrants for work on medium term.
Migration and Mobility of Medical Doctors
This is a contribution to the new economics of skilled labor emigration that focuses on the mobil... more This is a contribution to the new economics of skilled labor emigration that focuses on the mobility of medical doctors from Middle East and North African countries. The theoretical model under risk neutrality and aversion as suggested in chapter 9 is applied. The findings show that the relative expected benefits and the emigration rate have major effects on the net relative human medical capital that remains in the source country. The effects of relative wages in the destination and sending countries besides the yield of education are likely to change the emigration patterns. Comparisons of theoretical and observed relative human capital per country averages are conducted and the statistical validity of the model is ensured. The empirical results based on the available data by Docquier and Marfouk (2006) and Bhargava, Docquier, and Moullan (2010) allow further use of the model to understand the current trends in the emigration of medical doctors. These trends confirm the magnitude of relative wages besides the level of education and the attitude towards risk as determinants of the emigration of skilled labor. The countries included in the study all exhibited brain gain from 1991-2004, but two distinct groups of countries are identified. Each country is encouraged to anticipate the likely effects of this emigration on the economy with the increase of health demand, domestic wages, and the increase in education capacity for medical doctors.
The problems concerning the labor resources are actual guidelines in scientific research field an... more The problems concerning the labor resources are actual guidelines in scientific research field and in practical applicability; this domain has major implications on every economical-social structure. Labor force has an important place, together with the capital and the patrimony, in the production activity. Reducing the employment and the growth of the unemployment were declared within the Treaty of Amsterdam (1997)
Knowledge-Based Economic Policy Development in the Arab World
Local and regional development is an increasingly important issue for researchers and politicians... more Local and regional development is an increasingly important issue for researchers and politicians. The challenge of enhancing prosperity, improving wellbeing, and increasing living standards has become acute for localities and regions with developing economies. Moreover, questions about the implications of globalization for local and regional development in transition economies are of strong interest. The present chapter looks at how EEE countries have been developed at regional and local levels during the transition period and identifies some examples for Arab countries using a series of indicators and statistical methods.
Contemporary Economics, 2008
In the next decades, developed countries will experience dramatic changes in their demographic tr... more In the next decades, developed countries will experience dramatic changes in their demographic trends. The retirement of the wide baby-boom generations, the increase in life expectancy and the decline in fertility ratios are likely to modify the size and the age-structure of their populations. The expected population ageing in European countries will burden the pension systems, especially wherever the pay-as-you-go pillar is predominant. Recently, migration has received a widespread attention as a solution to expected population decline and ageing in these countries. The flow of (young) migrants to developed countries is perceived as a means to alleviate the financial burden of pension systems. The aim of this contribution is to clarify the issue of aging on labour and capital markets in a macroeconomic perspective. A special attention is given to the risk of imbalances in the financing of social protection in the context of demographic ageing.