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Electrostatic precipitator on a continuous flow5 kg/h fluid bed pyrolysis reactor. Feedstock woo... more Electrostatic precipitator on a continuous flow5 kg/h fluid bed pyrolysis reactor. Feedstock wood and other wastes.

This is a wet walled Electrostatic precipitator collecting over 99wt% of the tar and water aerosols. The recirculation liquid is cooled Isopar V and the liquids are gravity separated. Voltage 15 kV.

Papers by Cordner Peacocke

Page 140. 7 Developing a Biochar Classification and Test Methods Stephen Joseph, Cordner Peacocke... more Page 140. 7 Developing a Biochar Classification and Test Methods Stephen Joseph, Cordner Peacocke, Johannes Lehmann and Paul Munroe Why do we need a classification system? Most products that are used in the agricul ...

Samples of Italian sorghum bagasse were dried and ground and then pyrolyzed in the Waterloo Fast ... more Samples of Italian sorghum bagasse were dried and ground and then pyrolyzed in the Waterloo Fast Pyrolysis bench scale reactor unit. Results were typical of agricultural grasses of this kind, and resembled those obtained from similar tests of sugar cane bagasse. A maximum liquid yield (dry feed basis) of 68% by weight of dry feed was achieved, with a corresponding char yield (ash included) of 16%. The high ash content of the bagasse (9.2%) gave a char with a very high ash content ({approx}50%), with calcium as the most abundant cation. Yields of hydroxyacetaldehyde were comparable to those obtained from softwoods. Deionized bagasse gave significant yields of anhydrosugars on pyrolysis. Sorghum bagasse appears to be a suitable feedstock, either for pyrolysis to yield an alternative fuel oil, or after pretreatment and pyrolysis, to yield a solution of fermentable sugars.

L'invention concerne un reacteur (12) de thermolyse ablatif comprenant un recipient de reacti... more L'invention concerne un reacteur (12) de thermolyse ablatif comprenant un recipient de reaction (20), une entree (14) situee a l'interieur dudit recipient de reaction (20) destine a recevoir des charges, et une sortie partant dudit recipient de reaction (20) destine a decharger le produit de thermolyse. Une surface ablative (20a) est deposee dans ledit recipient de reaction, laquelle definit le perimetre d'un cylindre, des dispositifs de chauffage (22) sont disposes de maniere a chauffer ladite surface ablative (20a) jusqu'a une temperature elevee. Ledit reacteur comprend, de plus, au moins une surface rotative (28), la ou lesdite(s) surface(s) rotatives (28) presentant un axe de rotation qui coincide avec l'axe longitudinal de chaque cylindre. Ladite surface rotative (28) est positionnee par rapport a ladite surface ablative (20a) de sorte que la charge est pressee entre une partie de ladite surface rotative (28) et ladite surface ablative (20a) et deplacee le l...

Progress in Thermochemical Biomass Conversion

Progress in Thermochemical Biomass Conversion

Energy & Fuels, 2012

ABSTRACT An alternative sustainable fuel, biomass-derived fast pyrolysis oil or "bio... more ABSTRACT An alternative sustainable fuel, biomass-derived fast pyrolysis oil or "bio-oil", is coming into the market in Europe. Fast pyrolysis pilot and demonstration plants for fuel applications producing tonnes of bio-oil are in operation, and commercial plants are under design. There will be increasingly larger amounts of bio-oil transportation on water and by land, leading to a need for further specifications and supporting documentation. The properties of bio-oil are different from conventional liquid fuels and, therefore, may need to overcome both technical and marketing hurdles for its acceptability in the fuels market. Multiple material safety data sheets (MSDSs) are currently being used by different producers, but there is a desire to update these as more information becomes available. In order to standardize bio-oil, quality specifications are being adopted. The first bio-oil burner fuel standard in ASTM D7544 was approved in 2010. CEN standardization has been initiated in Europe. In the EU, a new chemical regulation system REACH (Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals) exists. Registration under REACH has to be perfomed if bio-oil is produced or imported into the EU. In the USA and Canada, bio-oil has to be filed under the TSCA (US Toxic Substances Control Act) and DSL (Domestic Substance List), respectively. In this paper, the state of the art on standardization is discussed, and new data for the transportation guidelines is presented. The focus is on flammability and toxicity. ■ INTRODUCTION A relatively new fuel, biomass fast pyrolysis bio-oil, is coming into the market in Europe. The properties of bio-oil are dif-ferent from conventional liquid fuels and, therefore, may need to overcome both technical and marketing hurdles. The major difference is the high polarity of bio-oil which makes it immi-scible with mineral oils. Bio-oils are also acidic, unstable at high temperature or over prolonged storage periods of over 6 months, and are mainly nonvolatile components containing a large amount of chemically dissolved or emulsified water. 1,27 The properties (Table 1) of the bio-oils must be taken into account in the determination of fuel oil qualities and their application. To promote the acceptance of bio-oil as a fuel, the methodology should be as similar as possible to that for con-ventional fossil fuel oils and give industry acceptable values. The properties and behavior of bio-oil has to be known, and suitable analytical methods have to be available. Standard fuel oil analyses have been systematically tested with fast pyrolysis bio-oils. 1−5 Modifications to the standard test methods have been suggested, and some new methods have been provided. One new method has already been accepted as an ASTM standard. In order to standardize bio-oil quality in the market, specifications are being adopted. 6−9 For promoting the acceptance of bio-oil as a fuel, the methodology should be as similar to that for mineral oils as possible. The first bio-oil burner fuel standard (Table 2) has recently been approved in ASTM D7544. 9 In the EU, REACH (Registration, Evaluation and Author-isation of Chemicals), 10 the new EU chemicals regulation, requires that chemical substances on their own, in preparations, and those which are intentionally released from articles have to be registered to the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA).

020 722 111, faksi 020 722 4374 VTT, Abstract This publication is an updated version of a study o... more 020 722 111, faksi 020 722 4374 VTT, Abstract This publication is an updated version of a study on testing and modifying standard fuel oil analyses (Oasmaa et al. 1997, Oasmaa & Peacocke 2001). Additional data have been included to address the wide spectrum of properties that may be required in different applications and to assist in the design of process equipment and power generation systems. In addition, information on specifications and registration is provided. Physical property data on a range of pyrolysis liquids from published sources have been added to provide a more comprehensive guide for users. 4

Properties and fuel use of biomass-derived fast pyrolysis liquids A guide

This note is to define common terms and basic technology in biomass and wastes thermal conversion... more This note is to define common terms and basic technology in biomass and wastes thermal conversion. There are numerous reviews in the literature on the exact types and configurations of technologies available (e.g. 1). 1. Terminology; Pyrolysis, Gasification and Combustion When biomass is burnt completely (combusted) sufficient air is added to oxidise all of the combustible components. Thus: Combustion is the reaction of a material with air/O2 with the intent of completely oxidising it (> 1). (lambda) is defined as the exact air (O2)/fuel ratio required to completely oxidise the fuel. This is also known as the stoichiometric ratio. Gasification is the sub-stoichiometric conversion of a material into a gas, commonly referred to as ''producer gas' ' if the reaction is with air and "syngas " if the reaction is with O2. Steam is also sometimes added along with the oxidant to promote gasification, but steam may also be used in its own right to gasify a mat...

This publication is an updated version of a study on testing and modifying standard fuel oil anal... more This publication is an updated version of a study on testing and modifying standard fuel oil analyses (Oasmaa et al. 1997, Oasmaa & Peacocke 2001). Additional data have been included to address the wide spectrum of properties that may be required in different applications and to assist in the design of process equipment and power generation systems. In addition, information on specifications and registration is provided. Physical property data on a range of pyrolysis liquids from published sources have been added to provide a more comprehensive guide for users.

This publication is a revised and updated version of VTT Publication 306: Physical characterisati... more This publication is a revised and updated version of VTT Publication 306: Physical characterisation of biomass-based pyrolysis liquids, issued in 1997. The main purpose of the on-going study is to test the applicability of standard fuel oil methods developed for petroleum-based fuels to biomass-derived fast pyrolysis liquids. New methods have also been tested and further developed to extend the range of properties that may be accurately determined. The methods were tested for pyrolysis liquids derived from hardwood, softwood, forest residue and straw. Recommendations on transport, liquid handling and analyses are presented. In general, most of the standard methods for fuel oils can be used as such, but the accuracy of the analyses can be improved by minor modifications. Homogeneity of the liquids is a critical factor in the accurate analyses, and hence procedures for its verification are presented.

A 3 kg/h ablative pyrolysis reactor and a 1.5 kg/h fluid bed reactor were operated using pine woo... more A 3 kg/h ablative pyrolysis reactor and a 1.5 kg/h fluid bed reactor were operated using pine wood as the feedstock over a temperature range of 450–600°C. Mass balances and product analyses were performed and product comparisons made. A similar gas/vapour product residence time of around 1 s was used to reduce differences. Product yields followed the same general trends with a maximum organics liquid yield around 500–515°C for both reactors (59.4 wt% organics at 515°C and 1.19 s residence time in the fluid bed reactor and 62.1 wt% organics at 502°C and 1.1 s residence time for the ablative reactor]. Char yields increased for the fluid bed reactor above 515°C, and also in the ablative pyrolysis reactor. The volatile content of the char products were higher for the ablative, compared to the results for the fluid bed chars which showed a continual rapid decrease. Water yields were similar in the range of 11–16 wt%. Gas yields were markedly lower in the ablative pyrolysis reactor sugges...

Electrostatic precipitator on a continuous flow5 kg/h fluid bed pyrolysis reactor. Feedstock woo... more Electrostatic precipitator on a continuous flow5 kg/h fluid bed pyrolysis reactor. Feedstock wood and other wastes.

This is a wet walled Electrostatic precipitator collecting over 99wt% of the tar and water aerosols. The recirculation liquid is cooled Isopar V and the liquids are gravity separated. Voltage 15 kV.

Page 140. 7 Developing a Biochar Classification and Test Methods Stephen Joseph, Cordner Peacocke... more Page 140. 7 Developing a Biochar Classification and Test Methods Stephen Joseph, Cordner Peacocke, Johannes Lehmann and Paul Munroe Why do we need a classification system? Most products that are used in the agricul ...

Samples of Italian sorghum bagasse were dried and ground and then pyrolyzed in the Waterloo Fast ... more Samples of Italian sorghum bagasse were dried and ground and then pyrolyzed in the Waterloo Fast Pyrolysis bench scale reactor unit. Results were typical of agricultural grasses of this kind, and resembled those obtained from similar tests of sugar cane bagasse. A maximum liquid yield (dry feed basis) of 68% by weight of dry feed was achieved, with a corresponding char yield (ash included) of 16%. The high ash content of the bagasse (9.2%) gave a char with a very high ash content ({approx}50%), with calcium as the most abundant cation. Yields of hydroxyacetaldehyde were comparable to those obtained from softwoods. Deionized bagasse gave significant yields of anhydrosugars on pyrolysis. Sorghum bagasse appears to be a suitable feedstock, either for pyrolysis to yield an alternative fuel oil, or after pretreatment and pyrolysis, to yield a solution of fermentable sugars.

L'invention concerne un reacteur (12) de thermolyse ablatif comprenant un recipient de reacti... more L'invention concerne un reacteur (12) de thermolyse ablatif comprenant un recipient de reaction (20), une entree (14) situee a l'interieur dudit recipient de reaction (20) destine a recevoir des charges, et une sortie partant dudit recipient de reaction (20) destine a decharger le produit de thermolyse. Une surface ablative (20a) est deposee dans ledit recipient de reaction, laquelle definit le perimetre d'un cylindre, des dispositifs de chauffage (22) sont disposes de maniere a chauffer ladite surface ablative (20a) jusqu'a une temperature elevee. Ledit reacteur comprend, de plus, au moins une surface rotative (28), la ou lesdite(s) surface(s) rotatives (28) presentant un axe de rotation qui coincide avec l'axe longitudinal de chaque cylindre. Ladite surface rotative (28) est positionnee par rapport a ladite surface ablative (20a) de sorte que la charge est pressee entre une partie de ladite surface rotative (28) et ladite surface ablative (20a) et deplacee le l...

Progress in Thermochemical Biomass Conversion

Progress in Thermochemical Biomass Conversion

Energy & Fuels, 2012

ABSTRACT An alternative sustainable fuel, biomass-derived fast pyrolysis oil or "bio... more ABSTRACT An alternative sustainable fuel, biomass-derived fast pyrolysis oil or "bio-oil", is coming into the market in Europe. Fast pyrolysis pilot and demonstration plants for fuel applications producing tonnes of bio-oil are in operation, and commercial plants are under design. There will be increasingly larger amounts of bio-oil transportation on water and by land, leading to a need for further specifications and supporting documentation. The properties of bio-oil are different from conventional liquid fuels and, therefore, may need to overcome both technical and marketing hurdles for its acceptability in the fuels market. Multiple material safety data sheets (MSDSs) are currently being used by different producers, but there is a desire to update these as more information becomes available. In order to standardize bio-oil, quality specifications are being adopted. The first bio-oil burner fuel standard in ASTM D7544 was approved in 2010. CEN standardization has been initiated in Europe. In the EU, a new chemical regulation system REACH (Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals) exists. Registration under REACH has to be perfomed if bio-oil is produced or imported into the EU. In the USA and Canada, bio-oil has to be filed under the TSCA (US Toxic Substances Control Act) and DSL (Domestic Substance List), respectively. In this paper, the state of the art on standardization is discussed, and new data for the transportation guidelines is presented. The focus is on flammability and toxicity. ■ INTRODUCTION A relatively new fuel, biomass fast pyrolysis bio-oil, is coming into the market in Europe. The properties of bio-oil are dif-ferent from conventional liquid fuels and, therefore, may need to overcome both technical and marketing hurdles. The major difference is the high polarity of bio-oil which makes it immi-scible with mineral oils. Bio-oils are also acidic, unstable at high temperature or over prolonged storage periods of over 6 months, and are mainly nonvolatile components containing a large amount of chemically dissolved or emulsified water. 1,27 The properties (Table 1) of the bio-oils must be taken into account in the determination of fuel oil qualities and their application. To promote the acceptance of bio-oil as a fuel, the methodology should be as similar as possible to that for con-ventional fossil fuel oils and give industry acceptable values. The properties and behavior of bio-oil has to be known, and suitable analytical methods have to be available. Standard fuel oil analyses have been systematically tested with fast pyrolysis bio-oils. 1−5 Modifications to the standard test methods have been suggested, and some new methods have been provided. One new method has already been accepted as an ASTM standard. In order to standardize bio-oil quality in the market, specifications are being adopted. 6−9 For promoting the acceptance of bio-oil as a fuel, the methodology should be as similar to that for mineral oils as possible. The first bio-oil burner fuel standard (Table 2) has recently been approved in ASTM D7544. 9 In the EU, REACH (Registration, Evaluation and Author-isation of Chemicals), 10 the new EU chemicals regulation, requires that chemical substances on their own, in preparations, and those which are intentionally released from articles have to be registered to the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA).

020 722 111, faksi 020 722 4374 VTT, Abstract This publication is an updated version of a study o... more 020 722 111, faksi 020 722 4374 VTT, Abstract This publication is an updated version of a study on testing and modifying standard fuel oil analyses (Oasmaa et al. 1997, Oasmaa & Peacocke 2001). Additional data have been included to address the wide spectrum of properties that may be required in different applications and to assist in the design of process equipment and power generation systems. In addition, information on specifications and registration is provided. Physical property data on a range of pyrolysis liquids from published sources have been added to provide a more comprehensive guide for users. 4

Properties and fuel use of biomass-derived fast pyrolysis liquids A guide

This note is to define common terms and basic technology in biomass and wastes thermal conversion... more This note is to define common terms and basic technology in biomass and wastes thermal conversion. There are numerous reviews in the literature on the exact types and configurations of technologies available (e.g. 1). 1. Terminology; Pyrolysis, Gasification and Combustion When biomass is burnt completely (combusted) sufficient air is added to oxidise all of the combustible components. Thus: Combustion is the reaction of a material with air/O2 with the intent of completely oxidising it (> 1). (lambda) is defined as the exact air (O2)/fuel ratio required to completely oxidise the fuel. This is also known as the stoichiometric ratio. Gasification is the sub-stoichiometric conversion of a material into a gas, commonly referred to as ''producer gas' ' if the reaction is with air and "syngas " if the reaction is with O2. Steam is also sometimes added along with the oxidant to promote gasification, but steam may also be used in its own right to gasify a mat...

This publication is an updated version of a study on testing and modifying standard fuel oil anal... more This publication is an updated version of a study on testing and modifying standard fuel oil analyses (Oasmaa et al. 1997, Oasmaa & Peacocke 2001). Additional data have been included to address the wide spectrum of properties that may be required in different applications and to assist in the design of process equipment and power generation systems. In addition, information on specifications and registration is provided. Physical property data on a range of pyrolysis liquids from published sources have been added to provide a more comprehensive guide for users.

This publication is a revised and updated version of VTT Publication 306: Physical characterisati... more This publication is a revised and updated version of VTT Publication 306: Physical characterisation of biomass-based pyrolysis liquids, issued in 1997. The main purpose of the on-going study is to test the applicability of standard fuel oil methods developed for petroleum-based fuels to biomass-derived fast pyrolysis liquids. New methods have also been tested and further developed to extend the range of properties that may be accurately determined. The methods were tested for pyrolysis liquids derived from hardwood, softwood, forest residue and straw. Recommendations on transport, liquid handling and analyses are presented. In general, most of the standard methods for fuel oils can be used as such, but the accuracy of the analyses can be improved by minor modifications. Homogeneity of the liquids is a critical factor in the accurate analyses, and hence procedures for its verification are presented.

A 3 kg/h ablative pyrolysis reactor and a 1.5 kg/h fluid bed reactor were operated using pine woo... more A 3 kg/h ablative pyrolysis reactor and a 1.5 kg/h fluid bed reactor were operated using pine wood as the feedstock over a temperature range of 450–600°C. Mass balances and product analyses were performed and product comparisons made. A similar gas/vapour product residence time of around 1 s was used to reduce differences. Product yields followed the same general trends with a maximum organics liquid yield around 500–515°C for both reactors (59.4 wt% organics at 515°C and 1.19 s residence time in the fluid bed reactor and 62.1 wt% organics at 502°C and 1.1 s residence time for the ablative reactor]. Char yields increased for the fluid bed reactor above 515°C, and also in the ablative pyrolysis reactor. The volatile content of the char products were higher for the ablative, compared to the results for the fluid bed chars which showed a continual rapid decrease. Water yields were similar in the range of 11–16 wt%. Gas yields were markedly lower in the ablative pyrolysis reactor sugges...