Anne Schneider - Profile on Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Anne Schneider
Since time immemorial, human societies have constructed differences between people like themselve... more Since time immemorial, human societies have constructed differences between people like themselves and the unfamiliar "others," who often are viewed with distrust, dislike, and even hatred. Primitive tribes all over the world have considered themselves people chosen by God(s), while others are not so privileged and, perhaps, are not really human beings. In First American languages, a number of indigenous peoples before the European conquest chose names for themselves meaning the people, implying that others were less than people. Similarly, although the roles were reversed, missionaries who accompanied the conquistadors in their mastery of the New World debated whether or not the Indians had souls. A fundamental notion of the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the Constitution is that all citizens are equal, albeit with citizenship closely circumscribed. Nevertheless, the notion of privileged classes was viewed with disdain, an outmoded custom of Great Britain and Continental Europe that the new nation forever intended to reject. America would have no aristocracy, no nobility, and no ruling class.There would be no standing army, with associated ranks affording civilian or military privileges, and there would be no overbearing bureaucracy, with officials trained for lifelong public service with public salaries.Viewed from a contemporary vantage point, the first constitution fell far short of its radically democratic ideals in that it restricted voting to white, male property owners, tolerated the inhumanity of human slavery, and engraved into law the idea that persons of African descent were to be counted as three-fifths of a white person. In spite of the many shortcomings of the early constitution, the principle of equality remained deeply ingrained in the American consciousness. Great progress was made in the nineteenth century in ending slavery, providing equal protection of the law as a constitutional right, and granting equal opportunity to some of the previously disadvantaged persons through policies such as the
Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education, 1998
This paper provides a framework to analyze the implicit or explicit behavioral theories found in ... more This paper provides a framework to analyze the implicit or explicit behavioral theories found in laws, regulations, and programs. The analysis focuses on policy tools or instruments and the underlying behavioral assumptions that guide their choice. We begin with the premise that public policy almost always attempts to get people to do things they otherwise would not have done, or it enables them to do things they might not have done otherwise. Policy tools are used to overcome impediments to policy-relevant actions. The five broad categories of tools we identify-authority, incentives, capacity-building, symbolic and hortatory, and learning-make different assumptions about how policy relevant behavior can be fostered. We contend that policy tools are essentially political phenomena, and that policy participation in the form of compliance, utilization, and other forms of "coproduction" is an important form of political behavior deserving of greater attention by political science.
Yale Law & Policy Review, 1986
One of the most dramatic changes in juvenile justice systems in the United States over the past t... more One of the most dramatic changes in juvenile justice systems in the United States over the past two decades has been the increased use of restitution as a sanction for juvenile offenders.' Restitution refers to actual repayment to the victim by the offender, or symbolic repayment in the form of community service work. In many communities, this change has been accompanied by a shift away from both treatment and punishment as guiding principles of the courts, and toward an emphasis on holding juveniles accountable to the victims of their crimes. Restitution, as it has come to be practiced in the juvenile courts of the United States, reflects a trend toward increased adherence to a "justice" philosophy yet retains the traditional emphasis on rehabilitation. Many advocates of restitution believe that holding juveniles accountable is more effective than either treatment or punishment in promoting rehabilitation and reducing recidivism. These beliefs have been supported by carefully controlled field research. 2 In spite of the initial promise of restitution, there are reasons to be concerned about its future role in juvenile justice and its continued effectiveness. This article will examine those reasons and con-*
alyses of 212 reports cf crim incidents from the 1974 'Portland, or gon, victimization survey, we... more alyses of 212 reports cf crim incidents from the 1974 'Portland, or gon, victimization survey, wer conducted. These were matched with official crime reports of the same incidents. The record cheek described and analyzed the following: differences bptven survey and police data; the frequency of "don't know" responses; patterns of telescoping grd their relation to'lictim characteristics; survey ineidents not found in police data; and implications regarding the utility of survey and police data and methods used to collect victimization survey information. Conclusions include: (1) Information obtained through victimization Surveys is sufficiently similar to that reported to police so that most crimes , are classified the same way by the two sources cf data; 12) The survey data contained higher estimates cf .the dollar loss from the crime: (3) The ,reliability of validity, of the survey data depended upon the type of information considered; 14) For most of 'toe types of information considered, accuracy or completeress did not decline as S function of the time lag between occurrence and interview; (5) The age of the victim was not related to the amount cr type cf error in the data. (Author)
Public Policy and the Social Construction of Deservedness
The social construction of group deservedness, governance and policy design
Policy Design
Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, Third Edition, 2015
Making distinctions: the social construction of target populations
Handbook of Critical Policy Studies
Ways of knowing: implications for public policy
In the face of what seem to be insurmountable differences on one issue after another such as immi... more In the face of what seem to be insurmountable differences on one issue after another such as immigration, global climate change, homeland security, and health care, confidence in conventional categories for capturing what is at stake and processes for negotiating agreement are eroding. Analytical formulations fail to adequately comprehend the entirety of differences that divide opposing parties and strategies for forging agreements fall short. The purpose of this paper is to explore what is meant by “ways of knowing” and how ways of knowing can assist in identifying the roots of contemporary conflict and difficulties in designing public policy that can produce effective action. We join numerous other scholars in moving beyond self interest as the fundamental motivator of political action, and beyond bounded rationality as the primary mode of reasoning. Ways of knowing is an inclusive and flexible concept that embraces many alternative formulations of political motivations and analysis styles. Advantages of this broadened conception include the possibility of more effective mechanisms for avoiding, transcending or bridging disagreements that threaten gridlock or that produce ineffective or damaging policies. To advance this argument, we first provide a practical description of what we mean by “ways of knowing,” as it might be applied to analysis of policy issues. We then explore the various attempts to understand the multiple dimensions in ways of knowing, drawing on a broad literature from philosophy, psychology, evolutionary theory, physics, cognitive psychology, and other fields. The next sections of the paper illustrate with a variety of specific examples how ways of knowing adapt to new circumstances, diffuse to gain prominence, and blend with others to
Policy Design
Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, Second Edition (Print Version), 2007
Journal of Criminal Justice, 1996
Quantitative decision models increasingly are replacing human judgment and discretion in criminal... more Quantitative decision models increasingly are replacing human judgment and discretion in criminal justice decision making. Some view this change positively, as they believe discretion is arbitrary and introduces race, class, gender, and other forms of bias into decisions. Others equate the spread of quantitative decision models with the "scientification" of administration and contend that it detracts from professionalism, democracy, and participatory administration. This study examines the implementation process and the role of risk/need assessment instruments for decisions about the proper level of supervision in parole and probation situations. The findings indicate a generally negative or, at best, neutral view toward the instruments, although they were seen as having some value for management and legitimation purposes. Paradoxically, the respondents found it hard to envision a system without them, and a slight majority believed the system was better off with the instruments than with discretionary decisions. One of the intriguing findings is that those who had more confidence in the value of the instruments also were more likely to believe they were personally effective in reducing recidivism, rehabilitating offenders, and reducing the crime rate. In this sense, the scientific status of the risk/need instruments lends perceptual rationality and legitimation to the work of the probation officers.
Social Construction (Continued): Response
The American Political Science Review, 1995
The Choice of Target Populations
Administration & Society, 1991
Public policy almost always seeks to change the behavior of one or more target populations who ar... more Public policy almost always seeks to change the behavior of one or more target populations who are ostensibly linked to the problems the policy is seeking to address. This paper argues that statutory designers and agency officials almost always have a choice from among several potential target groups, and that institutional factors often influence them to make inappropriate choices. Statutory designers, who it is assumed are sensitive to electoral conditions, will tend to oversubscribe some policies by identifying too many targets, including some who are not linked to policy objectives at all. Under other conditions, they will under subscribe, excluding some target groups who would contribute considerably to achievement of policy goals. The institutional conditions and incentives faced by agencies differ from those of elected officials. Therefore, they tend to target policies differently. Under some conditions, agencies will attempt to correct problems introduced by statutory design...
This guide is designed to assist programs in developing, expanding, or improving restitution acti... more This guide is designed to assist programs in developing, expanding, or improving restitution activities for juvenile offenders. The guide is divided into five major sections. Part I focuses on the most fundamental decisions for restitution programs: program philosophy and goals, organizational structure, location within the juvenile justice system, and target population for restitution programs. In part II, three models of restitution programs are identified. The Financial and Community Service Model is described in terms of the basic process of developing, implementing, and enforcing restitution orders, and includes information about employment components and liability issues. The Victim-Offender Mediation and Service Model and the Victim Financial Restitution Model are also described. Part III of this guide concerns program implementation and includes sample forms, a checklist for restitution programming that can be used to implement new programs or to diagnose the needs of existing programs, and suggestions for getting programs started. Program management information systems and continuing evaluation that serves the informational needs of the program are discussed in part IV. Part V contains various papers on resources available to restitution programs: summaries of research findings about the effect of restitution, a review of legal issues, a discussion of employment models, information about federal assistance for restitution, and a bibliography. (NRB)
ED166574 - Portland Forward Records Check of Crime Victims.
Water Resources Update, 1998
The fundamental point to our argument is that public policy performs multiple roles in a democrac... more The fundamental point to our argument is that public policy performs multiple roles in a democracy, only one of which relates to the utilitarian purposes of effectiveness and efficiency that science and technology address. Ideally, the various roles of policy are appropriately ...
Since time immemorial, human societies have constructed differences between people like themselve... more Since time immemorial, human societies have constructed differences between people like themselves and the unfamiliar “others,” who often are viewed with distrust, dislike, and even hatred. Primitive tribes all over the world have considered themselves people chosen by God(s), while others are not so privileged and, perhaps, are not really human beings. In First American languages, a number of indigenous peoples before the European conquest chose names for themselves meaning the people, implying that others were less than people. Similarly, although the roles were reversed, missionaries who accompanied the conquistadors in their mastery of the New World debated whether or not the Indians had souls. A fundamental notion of the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the Constitution is that all citizens are equal, albeit with citizenship closely circumscribed. Nevertheless, the notion of privileged classes was viewed with disdain, an outmoded custom of Great B...
One of the most dramatic changes in juvenile justice systems in the United States over the past t... more One of the most dramatic changes in juvenile justice systems in the United States over the past two decades has been the increased use of restitution as a sanction for juvenile offenders.1 Restitution refers to actual repayment to the victim by the offender, or symbolic repayment in the form of community service work. In many communities, this change has been accompanied by a shift away from both treatment and punishment as guiding principles of the courts, and toward an emphasis on holding juveniles accountable to the victims of their crimes.
A Comparative Analysis of Juvenile Court Responses to Drug and Alcohol Offenses
Crime & Delinquency, 1988
The traditional rehabilitation-oriented juvenile justice system handled drug and alcohol users wi... more The traditional rehabilitation-oriented juvenile justice system handled drug and alcohol users with greater leniency than persons involved in any other kind of offense, including other status offenses. Shifts toward an accountability, “justice” orientation, such as that which occurred in Washington State, however, may be accompanied by increased sanctions for juveniles who commit these or other kinds of “victimless” offenses. I discuss pros and cons of three policy alternatives: continuing with the current system in which drug and alcohol use are categorized as misdemeanors, diverstiture of court jurisdiction, or diversion into the mental health system.
Since time immemorial, human societies have constructed differences between people like themselve... more Since time immemorial, human societies have constructed differences between people like themselves and the unfamiliar "others," who often are viewed with distrust, dislike, and even hatred. Primitive tribes all over the world have considered themselves people chosen by God(s), while others are not so privileged and, perhaps, are not really human beings. In First American languages, a number of indigenous peoples before the European conquest chose names for themselves meaning the people, implying that others were less than people. Similarly, although the roles were reversed, missionaries who accompanied the conquistadors in their mastery of the New World debated whether or not the Indians had souls. A fundamental notion of the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the Constitution is that all citizens are equal, albeit with citizenship closely circumscribed. Nevertheless, the notion of privileged classes was viewed with disdain, an outmoded custom of Great Britain and Continental Europe that the new nation forever intended to reject. America would have no aristocracy, no nobility, and no ruling class.There would be no standing army, with associated ranks affording civilian or military privileges, and there would be no overbearing bureaucracy, with officials trained for lifelong public service with public salaries.Viewed from a contemporary vantage point, the first constitution fell far short of its radically democratic ideals in that it restricted voting to white, male property owners, tolerated the inhumanity of human slavery, and engraved into law the idea that persons of African descent were to be counted as three-fifths of a white person. In spite of the many shortcomings of the early constitution, the principle of equality remained deeply ingrained in the American consciousness. Great progress was made in the nineteenth century in ending slavery, providing equal protection of the law as a constitutional right, and granting equal opportunity to some of the previously disadvantaged persons through policies such as the
Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education, 1998
This paper provides a framework to analyze the implicit or explicit behavioral theories found in ... more This paper provides a framework to analyze the implicit or explicit behavioral theories found in laws, regulations, and programs. The analysis focuses on policy tools or instruments and the underlying behavioral assumptions that guide their choice. We begin with the premise that public policy almost always attempts to get people to do things they otherwise would not have done, or it enables them to do things they might not have done otherwise. Policy tools are used to overcome impediments to policy-relevant actions. The five broad categories of tools we identify-authority, incentives, capacity-building, symbolic and hortatory, and learning-make different assumptions about how policy relevant behavior can be fostered. We contend that policy tools are essentially political phenomena, and that policy participation in the form of compliance, utilization, and other forms of "coproduction" is an important form of political behavior deserving of greater attention by political science.
Yale Law & Policy Review, 1986
One of the most dramatic changes in juvenile justice systems in the United States over the past t... more One of the most dramatic changes in juvenile justice systems in the United States over the past two decades has been the increased use of restitution as a sanction for juvenile offenders.' Restitution refers to actual repayment to the victim by the offender, or symbolic repayment in the form of community service work. In many communities, this change has been accompanied by a shift away from both treatment and punishment as guiding principles of the courts, and toward an emphasis on holding juveniles accountable to the victims of their crimes. Restitution, as it has come to be practiced in the juvenile courts of the United States, reflects a trend toward increased adherence to a "justice" philosophy yet retains the traditional emphasis on rehabilitation. Many advocates of restitution believe that holding juveniles accountable is more effective than either treatment or punishment in promoting rehabilitation and reducing recidivism. These beliefs have been supported by carefully controlled field research. 2 In spite of the initial promise of restitution, there are reasons to be concerned about its future role in juvenile justice and its continued effectiveness. This article will examine those reasons and con-*
alyses of 212 reports cf crim incidents from the 1974 'Portland, or gon, victimization survey, we... more alyses of 212 reports cf crim incidents from the 1974 'Portland, or gon, victimization survey, wer conducted. These were matched with official crime reports of the same incidents. The record cheek described and analyzed the following: differences bptven survey and police data; the frequency of "don't know" responses; patterns of telescoping grd their relation to'lictim characteristics; survey ineidents not found in police data; and implications regarding the utility of survey and police data and methods used to collect victimization survey information. Conclusions include: (1) Information obtained through victimization Surveys is sufficiently similar to that reported to police so that most crimes , are classified the same way by the two sources cf data; 12) The survey data contained higher estimates cf .the dollar loss from the crime: (3) The ,reliability of validity, of the survey data depended upon the type of information considered; 14) For most of 'toe types of information considered, accuracy or completeress did not decline as S function of the time lag between occurrence and interview; (5) The age of the victim was not related to the amount cr type cf error in the data. (Author)
Public Policy and the Social Construction of Deservedness
The social construction of group deservedness, governance and policy design
Policy Design
Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, Third Edition, 2015
Making distinctions: the social construction of target populations
Handbook of Critical Policy Studies
Ways of knowing: implications for public policy
In the face of what seem to be insurmountable differences on one issue after another such as immi... more In the face of what seem to be insurmountable differences on one issue after another such as immigration, global climate change, homeland security, and health care, confidence in conventional categories for capturing what is at stake and processes for negotiating agreement are eroding. Analytical formulations fail to adequately comprehend the entirety of differences that divide opposing parties and strategies for forging agreements fall short. The purpose of this paper is to explore what is meant by “ways of knowing” and how ways of knowing can assist in identifying the roots of contemporary conflict and difficulties in designing public policy that can produce effective action. We join numerous other scholars in moving beyond self interest as the fundamental motivator of political action, and beyond bounded rationality as the primary mode of reasoning. Ways of knowing is an inclusive and flexible concept that embraces many alternative formulations of political motivations and analysis styles. Advantages of this broadened conception include the possibility of more effective mechanisms for avoiding, transcending or bridging disagreements that threaten gridlock or that produce ineffective or damaging policies. To advance this argument, we first provide a practical description of what we mean by “ways of knowing,” as it might be applied to analysis of policy issues. We then explore the various attempts to understand the multiple dimensions in ways of knowing, drawing on a broad literature from philosophy, psychology, evolutionary theory, physics, cognitive psychology, and other fields. The next sections of the paper illustrate with a variety of specific examples how ways of knowing adapt to new circumstances, diffuse to gain prominence, and blend with others to
Policy Design
Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, Second Edition (Print Version), 2007
Journal of Criminal Justice, 1996
Quantitative decision models increasingly are replacing human judgment and discretion in criminal... more Quantitative decision models increasingly are replacing human judgment and discretion in criminal justice decision making. Some view this change positively, as they believe discretion is arbitrary and introduces race, class, gender, and other forms of bias into decisions. Others equate the spread of quantitative decision models with the "scientification" of administration and contend that it detracts from professionalism, democracy, and participatory administration. This study examines the implementation process and the role of risk/need assessment instruments for decisions about the proper level of supervision in parole and probation situations. The findings indicate a generally negative or, at best, neutral view toward the instruments, although they were seen as having some value for management and legitimation purposes. Paradoxically, the respondents found it hard to envision a system without them, and a slight majority believed the system was better off with the instruments than with discretionary decisions. One of the intriguing findings is that those who had more confidence in the value of the instruments also were more likely to believe they were personally effective in reducing recidivism, rehabilitating offenders, and reducing the crime rate. In this sense, the scientific status of the risk/need instruments lends perceptual rationality and legitimation to the work of the probation officers.
Social Construction (Continued): Response
The American Political Science Review, 1995
The Choice of Target Populations
Administration & Society, 1991
Public policy almost always seeks to change the behavior of one or more target populations who ar... more Public policy almost always seeks to change the behavior of one or more target populations who are ostensibly linked to the problems the policy is seeking to address. This paper argues that statutory designers and agency officials almost always have a choice from among several potential target groups, and that institutional factors often influence them to make inappropriate choices. Statutory designers, who it is assumed are sensitive to electoral conditions, will tend to oversubscribe some policies by identifying too many targets, including some who are not linked to policy objectives at all. Under other conditions, they will under subscribe, excluding some target groups who would contribute considerably to achievement of policy goals. The institutional conditions and incentives faced by agencies differ from those of elected officials. Therefore, they tend to target policies differently. Under some conditions, agencies will attempt to correct problems introduced by statutory design...
This guide is designed to assist programs in developing, expanding, or improving restitution acti... more This guide is designed to assist programs in developing, expanding, or improving restitution activities for juvenile offenders. The guide is divided into five major sections. Part I focuses on the most fundamental decisions for restitution programs: program philosophy and goals, organizational structure, location within the juvenile justice system, and target population for restitution programs. In part II, three models of restitution programs are identified. The Financial and Community Service Model is described in terms of the basic process of developing, implementing, and enforcing restitution orders, and includes information about employment components and liability issues. The Victim-Offender Mediation and Service Model and the Victim Financial Restitution Model are also described. Part III of this guide concerns program implementation and includes sample forms, a checklist for restitution programming that can be used to implement new programs or to diagnose the needs of existing programs, and suggestions for getting programs started. Program management information systems and continuing evaluation that serves the informational needs of the program are discussed in part IV. Part V contains various papers on resources available to restitution programs: summaries of research findings about the effect of restitution, a review of legal issues, a discussion of employment models, information about federal assistance for restitution, and a bibliography. (NRB)
ED166574 - Portland Forward Records Check of Crime Victims.
Water Resources Update, 1998
The fundamental point to our argument is that public policy performs multiple roles in a democrac... more The fundamental point to our argument is that public policy performs multiple roles in a democracy, only one of which relates to the utilitarian purposes of effectiveness and efficiency that science and technology address. Ideally, the various roles of policy are appropriately ...
Since time immemorial, human societies have constructed differences between people like themselve... more Since time immemorial, human societies have constructed differences between people like themselves and the unfamiliar “others,” who often are viewed with distrust, dislike, and even hatred. Primitive tribes all over the world have considered themselves people chosen by God(s), while others are not so privileged and, perhaps, are not really human beings. In First American languages, a number of indigenous peoples before the European conquest chose names for themselves meaning the people, implying that others were less than people. Similarly, although the roles were reversed, missionaries who accompanied the conquistadors in their mastery of the New World debated whether or not the Indians had souls. A fundamental notion of the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the Constitution is that all citizens are equal, albeit with citizenship closely circumscribed. Nevertheless, the notion of privileged classes was viewed with disdain, an outmoded custom of Great B...
One of the most dramatic changes in juvenile justice systems in the United States over the past t... more One of the most dramatic changes in juvenile justice systems in the United States over the past two decades has been the increased use of restitution as a sanction for juvenile offenders.1 Restitution refers to actual repayment to the victim by the offender, or symbolic repayment in the form of community service work. In many communities, this change has been accompanied by a shift away from both treatment and punishment as guiding principles of the courts, and toward an emphasis on holding juveniles accountable to the victims of their crimes.
A Comparative Analysis of Juvenile Court Responses to Drug and Alcohol Offenses
Crime & Delinquency, 1988
The traditional rehabilitation-oriented juvenile justice system handled drug and alcohol users wi... more The traditional rehabilitation-oriented juvenile justice system handled drug and alcohol users with greater leniency than persons involved in any other kind of offense, including other status offenses. Shifts toward an accountability, “justice” orientation, such as that which occurred in Washington State, however, may be accompanied by increased sanctions for juveniles who commit these or other kinds of “victimless” offenses. I discuss pros and cons of three policy alternatives: continuing with the current system in which drug and alcohol use are categorized as misdemeanors, diverstiture of court jurisdiction, or diversion into the mental health system.