Danielle Wallace | Arizona State University (original) (raw)

Papers by Danielle Wallace

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

Background: Our objective was to examine the temporal relationship between COVID-19 infections am... more Background: Our objective was to examine the temporal relationship between COVID-19 infections among prison staff, incarcerated individuals, and the general population in the county where the prison is located among federal prisons in the United States. Methods: We employed population-standardized regressions with fixed effects for prisons to predict the number of active cases of COVID-19 among incarcerated persons using data from the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) for the months of March to December in 2020 for 63 prisons. Results: There is a significant relationship between the COVID-19 prevalence among staff, and through them, the larger community, and COVID-19 prevalence among incarcerated persons in the US federal prison system. When staff rates are low or at zero, COVID-19 incidence in the larger community continues to have an association with COVID-19 prevalence among incarcerated persons, suggesting possible pre-symptomatic and asymptomatic transmission by staff. Masking po...

Little is known about how investors purchasing foreclosures during the recent U.S. housing crisis... more Little is known about how investors purchasing foreclosures during the recent U.S. housing crisis are affecting neighborhood crime. While they may decrease crime by
reducing vacancies or bettering neighborhood conditions, they may increase it by escalating neighborhood turnover. Combining local police department data on calls for service with foreclosure, home sales, and sociodemographic data, this research uses longitudinal modeling to assess the relation between the purchasing of foreclosures by investors and calls for service in neighborhoods in Chandler, Arizona, a Phoenix
suburb where investors are renting former foreclosures. Neighborhoods where foreclosures were more often purchased by investors had more calls for service about
violent crime the following year.

Recent scholarship focuses on the role neighborhood context plays in reof- fending. These studies... more Recent scholarship focuses on the role neighborhood context plays in reof- fending. These studies lack an examination of how the size of the parolee population at the neighborhood-level impacts individual recidivism. We examine how the size and clustering of parolee populations within and across neighborhoods impacts individual-level recidivism. Using data from parolees returning to three Ohio cities from 2000 to 2009, we examine how concen- trations of parolees in neighborhoods and in the surrounding neighborhoods impact the likelihood of reoffending. We also examine whether parolee clus- tering conditions the relationship between neighborhood-level characteris- tics and recidivism. Results show concentrated reentry increases recidivism, while parolees in stable neighborhoods are less likely to recidivate. Also, the positive effect of parolee concentration is tempered when parolees return to stable neighborhoods. These findings suggest that augmenting resources available in neighborhoods saturated by parolees, as well as bolstering resi- dential stability in these same neighborhoods might reduce reoffending.

Objectives. Evidence indicates that foreign-born Latinos have a health advantage compared with U... more Objectives. Evidence indicates that foreign-born Latinos have a health advantage compared with US-born persons of the same socioeconomic status. An explanation for this paradox has remained elusive. We examined the extent to which this paradox exists for the prevalence of asthma and other respiratory conditions. We then explored the role of neighborhood social context in understanding any observed advantage. We invoked theories of social organization, collective efficacy, and the urban ethnic enclave.
Methods. We combined data form the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods Community Survey with 2 other data sources and used hierarchical generalized linear modeling techniques.
Results. We found a distinctly graded effect for asthma and other breathing problems among foreign-born Latinos, depending on community composition. Foreign-born Latinos embedded in a neighborhood that had a high percentage of foreign-born residents experienced a significantly lower prevalence of asthma and other breathing problems; those in communities that had a low percentage of foreign-born residents had the highest prevalence overall (even when compared with African Americans).
Conclusions. Foreign-born Latinos have a respiratory health advantage only in enclave-like settings. Contexts such as these may provide the cohesiveness critical for effective prevention. (Am J Public Health. 2007;97:919-925. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2005.071472)

Research examining the effect of neighborhoods on personal health has often focused on neighborho... more Research examining the effect of neighborhoods on personal health has often focused on neighborhood disorder, or visual cues in neighborhoods perceived as personally threaten- ing or noxious. Neighborhood disorderliness is thought to elevate individuals’ fear of crime, thereby negatively impacting personal and mental health. Unfortunately, the pathways between disorder, fear of crime, and health have yet to be established. This study examines the pathways between neighborhood disorder, fear of crime, and three health outcomes. Using the Community, Crime and Health Survey, this study employs structural equation modeling to examine how general (being afraid of walking alone) and offense-specific fear of crime (being afraid of specific crimes) mediate the relationship between individuals’ dis- order perceptions and self-rated health, depression and anxiety. Results show that fear of crime does mediate the relationship between disorder perceptions, self-rated health and depression, though the mediating pathways are weak. This study suggests that the disor- der-fear of crime-health nexus should be re-examined theoretically.

Objectives: To examine possible effects of housing foreclosure on neighbor- hood levels of crime ... more Objectives: To examine possible effects of housing foreclosure on neighbor- hood levels of crime and to assess temporal lags in the impact of foreclosure on neighborhood levels of crime. Methods: Longitudinal data from Glendale, Arizona, a city at the epicenter of the nation’s foreclosure problem. The authors rely on four data sources: (1) foreclosure data, (2) computer- aided dispatch (CAD)/police records management system (RMS) data, (3) U.S. census and census estimate data, and (4) land use data. Results: Foreclo- sure has a short-term impact, typically no more than 3 months, on total crime, property crime, and violent crime, and no more than 4 months for drug crime. Conclusions: Foreclosures do not have a long-term effect on crime in general, and have different, though modest effects on different types of crime. The relationship between foreclosure and crime is not linear in nature but rather is characterized by a temporal, short-term flux in crime.

Objectives The present study examines how individuals’ sanction risk perceptions are shaped by ne... more Objectives The present study examines how individuals’ sanction risk perceptions are shaped by neighborhood context.
Methods Using structural equation modeling on data from waves 6 and 7 of the National Youth Survey, we assess the direct and indirect relationships between adverse neighbor- hood conditions and two dimensions of sanction risk perceptions: the certainty of pun- ishment and perceived shame. In addition, the role of shame as a mediator between neighborhood context and certainty of punishment is also investigated.
Results The results indicate that adverse neighborhood conditions indirectly affect both forms of sanction risk perceptions, and additional results show that perceived shame fully mediates the effect of neighborhood conditions on perceptions of the certainty of punishment.
Conclusions The perceptual deterrence/rational choice perspective will need to be revised to accommodate more explicitly the role of neighborhood context in shaping sanction risk perceptions.

Objectives. The objectives of this study were to examine whether an increasing number of foreclos... more Objectives. The objectives of this study were to examine whether an increasing
number of foreclosures in a neighborhood subsequently increase disorder and whether
the temporal relationship between foreclosures and disorder is different before and
during the housing crisis. Methods. We employ longitudinal data to examine the
impact of foreclosure on crime in Glendale, Arizona, a city at the epicenter of the
nation’s foreclosure problem. We rely on three data sources: (1) foreclosure data, (2)
Computer-Aided Dispatch/Police Records Management System data, and (3) U.S.
Census and census estimate data. Results. Our findings suggest that foreclosures do
have a short-term, four-month effect on overall disorder and social disorder; however,
that relationship only holds during the months preceding the housing crisis. During
the housing crisis, there is no effect of foreclosures on disorder. Conclusions. Our
results suggest that instead of the long-standing negative impact that foreclosures
have on disorder in communities, their negative effect is short lived and limited.
Thus, foreclosures during the housing crisis do not signal disorder and decay as
expected. A number of communities across the country have enacted prevention,
enforcement, and reuse policies and programs aimed at foreclosure for the purpose
of reducing disorder and subsequent crime; our results suggest that some of these
policies and programs require substantial resources and might not have their desired
impact.

Background: Studies show that ex-prisoners often experience more health problems than the general... more Background: Studies show that ex-prisoners often experience more health problems than the general population;
unfortunately, these issues follow them upon their release from prison. As such, it is possible re-entry rates signal
the need for neighborhood-based health care organizations (HCOs). We ask: are incarceration and re-entry rates
associated with the availability of HCOs?.
Methods: MethodsUsing 2008 Central Business Pattern data, 2008 prison admissions and release data, and 2000
and 2010 census data, we test whether prison admission and release rates impact the availability of HCOs net of
neighborhood characteristics in Arkansas using Logit-Poisson hurdle models with county fixed effects.
Results: We find that the incarceration and re-entry rates – together known as coercive mobility – are related to
whether a neighborhood has one or more HCOs, but not to the number of HCOs in a neighborhood.
Conclusion: Future public policies should aim to locate health care organizations in areas where there is significant
churning of individuals in and out of prison.

A growing body of literature considers the causes of variation in perceptions of disorder; thus f... more A growing body of literature considers the causes of variation in perceptions of disorder; thus far, few explanations are adequate. We ask: when exposed to the same environment,
do individuals homogenously report the presence of the same disorder cues? Using a dataset that cluster samples residents within city blocks and hierarchical logistic regression, we assess whether individuals residing within 1–2 blocks of each other report the same disorder cues. We find that (1) there is significant variation in reports, (2) individuals tend to
disagree on the presence of disorder, not its absence, and (3) that reporting various disorder cues has significant ties to an individual’s characteristics, their routine activities, and how attached they are to their neighborhood. How individuals report and interpret disorder seems to be dependent on the confluence of social, historical, economic, and place based
factors. Our results suggest revisiting the theorization of how individuals report on and interact with disorder.

There is a growing literature investigating how neighborhood organizations impact crime, although... more There is a growing literature investigating how neighborhood organizations impact crime, although recidivism or reoffending has been excluded from this discussion. Combining data on recidivism and organizational availability in Chicago with the 2000 Census and the 2007–2011 American Community Survey, this study models the effect of three types of organizations important for ex-prisoners (emergency assistance, employment, and education) and their changes on neighborhood-level recidivism from 2001 to 2006. Results show that changes in the availability of certain types of organizations impact recidivism. Non-trivial losses (losing two or more organizations) of educational organizations across years increase neighborhood recidivism. Also, disadvantage moderates the effect of non-trivial gains in organizations; specifically, in low-disadvantage neighborhoods, gains in employment organizations decrease recidivism. These results
suggest that ex-prisoners are exposed to variability in local organizational environments, and this variability has an impact on overall recidivism. Neighborhood-based policy aimed at lowering recidivism should not only work to increase these organizations in neighborhoods, but also work to stabilize their presence.

Adolescent peer groups with pro-drinking group norms are a well-established source of influence f... more Adolescent peer groups with pro-drinking group norms are a well-established source of influence for
alcohol initiation and use. However, classic experimental studies of social influence, namely ‘minority
influence’, clearly indicate social situations in which an individual can resist conforming to the group
norm. Using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (“Add Health”), a nationally representative
sample of adolescents, we find evidence that being a non-drinking adolescent does not
unilaterally put youth at risk for drinking onset when faced with a friendship network where the majority
of friends drink. Our results also show that a non-drinking adolescent with a majority of drinking
friends is significantly less likely to initiate alcohol abuse if he or she has a minority of non-drinking
friend(s). Furthermore, a drinking adolescent with a majority of friends who drink has a decreased
probability of continuing to drink and has overall lower levels of consumption if he or she has a minority
of friends who do not drink. Our findings recognize that adolescent in-group friendships are a mix of
behavioral profiles and can perhaps help adolescents continue or begin to abstain alcohol use even when
in a friendship group supportive of alcohol use.

“Neighborhood disorder” refers to how people perceive neighborhoods as unsafe and disorganized. H... more “Neighborhood disorder” refers to how people perceive neighborhoods as
unsafe and disorganized. However, certain disorder cues may indicate disorder
to some residents but not to others. There are many explanations for
disorder perception bias, though few have been tested. This article uses data
on 4,721 residents in 100 neighborhoods in Seattle to assess two explanations
for biases: neighborhood attachment and routine activities. Using fixedeffect
models, this article shows that neighborhood attachment and routine
activities provide additional insight into disorder perceptions. Hanging out
with teens and engaging in protective neighborhood activities, like watching
neighbors’ property, have a strong positive influence on disorder perceptions.
This study concludes by discussing alternative explanations for disorder perception
bias and their impact on disorder theory as a whole.

A significant number of prisoners experience mental health problems, and adequate social support ... more A significant number of prisoners experience mental health problems, and adequate
social support is one way that facilitates better mental health. Yet, by being
incarcerated, social support, particularly family support, is likely to be strained or
even negative. In this study, we examine whether familial support—either positive
or negative—in-prison and after release affects mental health outcomes post-release.
Using the Serious and Violent Offender Reentry Initiative (SVORI) dataset, we regress
post-release mental health on in-prison familial support, post-incarceration familial
support, and changes in familial support. We find that while in-prison family support
does not affect mental health, post-release familial support does. Also, experiencing
an increase in negative familial support is associated with lower post-incarceration
mental health. We conclude with a discussion of policies which may facilitate better
familial support environments.

Objectives. Given the recent rise of poverty in U.S. suburbs, this study asks: What poor neighbor... more Objectives. Given the recent rise of poverty in U.S. suburbs, this study asks: What poor neighborhoods are most disadvantageous, those in the city or those in the suburbs? Building on recent urban sociological work demonstrating the importance of neighborhood organizations for the poor, we are concerned with one aspect of disadvantage—the lack of availability of organizational resources oriented toward the poor. By breaking down organizations into those that promote mobility versus those that help individuals meet their daily subsistence needs, we seek to explore potential variations in the type of disadvantage that may exist.Methods. We test whether poor urban or suburban neighborhoods are more likely to be organizationally deprived by breaking down organizations into three types: hardship organizations, educational organizations, and employment organizations. We use data from the 2000 U.S. County Business Patterns and the 2000 U.S. Census and test neighborhood deprivation using logistic regression models.Results. We find that suburban poor neighborhoods are more likely to be organizationally deprived than are urban poor neighborhoods, especially with respect to organizations that promote upward mobility. Interesting racial and ethnic composition factors shape this more general finding.Conclusion. Our findings suggest that if a poor individual is to live in a poor neighborhood, with respect to access to organizational resources, he or she would be better off living in the central city. Suburban residence engenders isolation from organizations that will help meet one's daily needs and even more so from those offering opportunities for mobility.

Objective: To explore the relationship between individuals' perceptions of specific neighborhood ... more Objective: To explore the relationship between individuals' perceptions of specific neighborhood disorder cues and their self-rated health and positive health behaviors. In addition, the relationship between changes in disorder cue perception and individuals' health and health behaviors is also investigated. Methods: Using a longitudinal representative sample of Illinois residents from Ross and Britt's 1995 and 1998 data, cluster corrected OLS regression and logit models were used to predict self-rated health, exercising, or walking. Variables measuring individuals' perceptions of specific disorder cues include abandoned buildings, graffiti, people hanging out, and vandalism. Changes in disorder perceptions of cues were measure by subtracting perceptions at time 1 (1995) from perceptions at time 2 (1998). The above four cues were used to create a scale representing individuals' overall level of disorder perceptions (α = 0.82). Individual controls included race, sex, age, marital status, income, education level, urbanicity, and having moved between surveys. Neighborhood controls include percent Black, percent in poverty, and percent of female-headed households within the neighborhood. Results: For each outcome (self-rated health, exercising, and walking), perceptions of specific disorder cues were more strongly related to the outcome than the overall disorder perception scale. Specifically, perceptions of abandoned buildings have a stronger, negative impact on self-rated health than the disorder perception scale. Perceptions of vandalism have a stronger, negative impact on exercising than the disorder perception scale. Finally, perceptions of graffiti have a stronger, positive impact on walking than the disorder perception scale. Generally, if individuals perceived less disorder over time, the negative impacts of disorder on their self-rated health, and likelihood of exercising and walking were moderated. However, perceptions of specific disorder cues and their changes elicited a stronger relationship with health and positive health behaviors than the overall disorder perception scale. Conclusions: Perceptions, in addition to changes in perceptions, of specific disorder cues, such as abandoned buildings and graffiti, were stronger predictors of self-rated health, likelihood of exercising and walking than the disorder perception scale. In addition, the relationship between graffiti perceptions and increased walking is potentially spurious. Neighborhoods where residents perceive high levels of graffiti may have higher rates of poverty, making public transportation and walking necessary. However, overall disorder perceptions (i.e., the disorder scale) should significantly influence likelihood of walking because poverty and disorder are positively correlated; these findings do not support that conclusion. Consequently, the causal paths between poverty, disorder, and walking warrants further research. In conclusion, these findings suggest that using an overall disorder scale may not be valid for all health outcomes. From a public policy perspective, exploring and addressing the specific disorder cues that influence individuals' various health conditions may be a more fruitful and less costly endeavor than trying to reduce all disorder in communities.

American Sociological Review, 2006

We draw on recent ethnographic work and developments in neighborhood theory in an effort to expla... more We draw on recent ethnographic work and developments in neighborhood theory in an effort to explain differences in mortality across neighborhoods during the July, 1995 Chicago heat wave. Using 1990 Census data, Illinois Department of Public Health mortality data, and data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods Community Survey and Systematic Social Observation, we employ hierarchical poisson models of neighborhood mortality counts to estimate and model excess 1995 death rates across neighborhoods during the heat wave. Independent of the age, race, and sex composition of Chicago neighborhoods, we find that concentrated affluence was negatively associated with excess heat wave death. Neighborhood commercial decline was positively associated with excess death rates and explains virtually all of the affluence effect. Where commercial decline was negligible, Chicago neighborhoods were largely protected from heat-related mortality. Inequality in the distribution of community-based resources has important implications for geographic differences in survival rates during heat waves, and potentially other disasters.

Justice Quarterly, 2012

Incarceration has been identified as a cause of poor health in current and formerly incarcerated ... more Incarceration has been identified as a cause of poor health in current and formerly incarcerated individuals. Given the high likelihood of being in poor health when exiting prison, it is plausible that health impacts recidivism. Furthermore, ex-prisoners cluster in disadvantaged neighborhoods that are unlikely to have decent health services. Currently, there is insufficient research to examine this relationship at an ecological level. In this study, we investigate the relationship between the availability of health care organizations (HCOs) and their changes over time with neighborhood level recidivism, and how these relationships may be moderated by neighborhood disadvantage. We determine that the effect of HCOs on recidivism is indeed moderated through disadvantage: as disadvantage increases, the negative effect of losing significant amounts of HCOs on recidivism accelerates. Our results suggest that while increasing HCOs in disadvantaged neighborhoods is important, keeping HCOs in place is equally important for moderating negative neighborhood level outcomes.

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

American Sociological Review, 2006

Justice Quarterly, 2012