Kate Fox | Arizona State University (original) (raw)

Papers by Kate Fox

Research paper thumbnail of Understanding Crime Victimization among Gang Members: A Test of Micro- and Macro-level Explanations

Research paper thumbnail of Assessing the Response to Legislation Mandating a School-Based Teen Dating Violence Policy in Texas

Research paper thumbnail of Disentangling Self-Control from Its Elements: A Bifactor Analysis

Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 2014

ABSTRACT Objectives Disentangle self-control from its elements and provide several new insights i... more ABSTRACT Objectives Disentangle self-control from its elements and provide several new insights into the self-control dimensionality debate including: the proportion explained variance in scale items attributed to self-control and its elements, the viability of using total and individual scores to measure self-control and its elements in observed variable analyses, and the unique effects of general (self-control) and specific (elements) latent factors on crime and victimization. Methods The current study utilizes bifactor measurement and structural equation models to address the research objectives. The sample consists of Florida jail inmates and self-control and its elements are measured with the Grasmick et al. scale. Results Results indicate the elements exist above and beyond the general factor of self-control, and that these specific factors collectively account for nearly one-third of the total proportion explained variance in the scale items. Findings from omega reliability analyses provide evidence supporting the use of a total score to measure self-control, but discouraging the use of subscales to measure the individual elements, when measurement error is not taken into account. Results from a bifactor structural equation model predicting crime and victimization reveal that the effects of three latent specific factors (temper, risk-seeking, and self-centeredness) are substantially larger than the effects of the general factor (self-control). Conclusions Bifactor methods placed self-control and the elements on equal conceptual footing and found both to explain variation in Grasmick et al. item responses and both to influence crime and victimization. Future work should examine the origins and stability of self-control vis-à-vis the individual elements.

Research paper thumbnail of Career Dimensions of Stalking Victimization and Perpetration

Justice Quarterly, 2009

Prior literature concerning stalking, particularly in the field of criminology, finds wide variat... more Prior literature concerning stalking, particularly in the field of criminology, finds wide variation in fundamental trends regarding stalking victimization and perpetration. There seems to be little consensus regarding when and how stalking is manifested. Furthermore, prior research to date has not addressed the etiology of stalking-related behaviors by applying principles from criminal career research, including participation, frequency, onset, and duration. The present study builds upon prior research by addressing trends in age of onset for stalking victimization and perpetration, the duration of stalking-related behaviors, and the relationship between those behaviors and other types of crime over the life course using primary data from a sample of young adults. Findings indicate that stalking victimization and perpetration share important career attribute similarities, and that self-reported history of intimate partner violence and sexual assault are strongly associated with stalking outcomes.

Research paper thumbnail of Protection Against Pursuit: A Conceptual and Empirical Comparison of Cyberstalking and Stalking Victimization Among a National Sample

Justice Quarterly, 2012

Cyberstalking is a relatively understudied area in criminology, with no consensus among scholars ... more Cyberstalking is a relatively understudied area in criminology, with no consensus among scholars as to whether it represents a modified form of stalking or whether it is an entirely new and emerging criminal phenomenon. Using data from the 2006 Supplemental Victimization Survey to the National Crime Victimization Survey, this study compares stalking and cyberstalking victims across several dimensions, including situational features of their experiences and self-protective behaviors. Results indicate that there are significant differences between stalking and cyberstalking victims, including their number of self-protective behaviors adopted, duration of contact with their stalker, financial costs of victimization, and perceived fear at onset. Perceived fear over time, the occurrence of a physical attack, and sex of the victim were all associated with a higher number of self-protective behaviors for cyberstalking victims compared to stalking victims, net of the effect of the control variables. Implications for stalking theory, research, and criminal justice policy are discussed.

Research paper thumbnail of Fear of Crime among Gang and Non-Gang Offenders: Comparing the Effects of Perpetration, Victimization, and Neighborhood Factors

Justice Quarterly, 2012

... DOI: 10.1080/07418825.2011.574642 Jodi Lane * & Kathleen A. Fox Available online: 18 May ... more ... DOI: 10.1080/07418825.2011.574642 Jodi Lane * & Kathleen A. Fox Available online: 18 May 2011. ...

Research paper thumbnail of A Multi-Theoretical Framework to Assess Gendered Stalking Victimization: The Utility of Self-Control, Social Learning, and Control Balance Theories

Justice Quarterly, 2014

ABSTRACT Despite recent advancements in the criminological study of stalking, few theoretical tes... more ABSTRACT Despite recent advancements in the criminological study of stalking, few theoretical tests have been conducted to date to explain stalking victimization among men and women separately. The current study individually and simultaneously extends three criminological theories to the study of stalking victimization: self-control, social learning, and control balance theories. Among a sample of 2,766 university students, a series of models were estimated for men and women separately to assess each set of theoretical variables net of control variables. Results reveal consistent significant positive relationships between stalking victimization and low self-control for men; differential peer association (e.g. friends are stalking victims) for men and women; and several social learning variables for only women. However, the control imbalance variables do not explain stalking victimization among men or women, net of other theoretical and control variables. The utility of a multi-theoretical approach to future stalking victimization research is discussed.

Research paper thumbnail of Is Knowledge Power? The Effects of a Victimology Course on Victim Blaming

Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 2011

The current study examines the impact of a victimology course on students’ perceptions of the bla... more The current study examines the impact of a victimology course on students’ perceptions of the blameworthiness of crime victims and knowledge of victimization issues. Victim-blaming attitudes among college students enrolled in a victimology course were compared with students enrolled in other courses. Results from a pretest and posttest suggest that the victimology students were significantly less likely to blame victims and these students also gained significantly more knowledge over time compared with the students who did not enroll in the course. Results from the multivariate analysis indicate that less knowledge over time and a higher propensity to blame victims at the beginning of the semester predicted more victim-blaming attitudes on the posttest. Overall, the findings suggest that knowledge of victimology significantly affects students’ propensity to blame victims of crime.

Research paper thumbnail of Getting In (and Staying In) When Everyone Else Wants to Get Out: 10 Lessons Learned from Conducting Research with Inmates

Journal of Criminal Justice Education, 2011

... & Jodi Lane pages 304-327. ... Frazier, and Bishop 200215. Lane, J., Lanza‐Kaduce, L., Fr... more ... & Jodi Lane pages 304-327. ... Frazier, and Bishop 200215. Lane, J., Lanza‐Kaduce, L., Frazier, CE and Bishop, DM 2002. Adult versus juvenile sanctions: Voices of incarcerated youths. Crime & Delinquency , 48(3): 431–455. View all references; Poole and Regoli 198325. ...

Research paper thumbnail of Perceptions of gangs among prosecutors in an emerging gang city

Journal of Criminal Justice, 2010

ABSTRACT Gangs were a target of widespread political and social attention during the 1990s, and d... more ABSTRACT Gangs were a target of widespread political and social attention during the 1990s, and despite a short-lived lull in policy focus, gangs are recently receiving increased attention from policymakers. In spite of political concern about gangs, very little research had examined perceptions of gangs. By conducting face-to-face interviews with thirty of thirty-five county prosecutors, this study was among the first to examine prosecutors' perspectives of gangs in Gainesville, Florida, an area that could be considered an "emerging" gang city. Themes from the interviews were extracted and included prosecutorial perceptions of the: (1) definition and prevalence of gangs in Gainesville, Florida; (2) personal and social characteristics of gang members; (3) reasons people join gangs; and (4) best approaches to stop or eliminate gangs. The ways in which prosecutors' perspectives mirror prior research on gangs is highlighted.

Research paper thumbnail of Look who's stalking: Obsessive pursuit and attachment theory

Journal of Criminal Justice, 2010

Few criminological theories have been applied to the study of stalking perpetration, and even few... more Few criminological theories have been applied to the study of stalking perpetration, and even fewer address the presence of underlying psychological mechanisms. Attachment theory describes the ways in which an individual with a chaotic family environment in childhood may develop feelings of insecurity that may lead to increased aggression and violent behavior in adolescence and adulthood. In this study, a

Research paper thumbnail of Is stalking a learned phenomenon? An empirical test of social learning theory

Journal of Criminal Justice, 2011

We examine the extent to which components of social learning theory (i.e., definitions, different... more We examine the extent to which components of social learning theory (i.e., definitions, differential reinforcement, and differential association/modeling) predict stalking victimization and perpetration using survey data from a large sample of college students. Methods: Among a sample of 2,766 college students, logistic regression models were estimated to analyze the relationships between social learning theory and stalking perpetration and victimization. Results: Results suggest that victimization and perpetration are functions of social learning. The findings also indicated that females were significantly more likely to be both stalking victims and perpetrators. Conclusions: Regarding stalking perpetration and victimization, our results suggest that there may be responses, attitudes, and behaviors that are learned, modified, or reinforced primarily through interaction with peers. Overall, social learning theory concepts appear to be important predictors of stalking perpetration and victimization that help to develop theoretical explanations for stalking.

Research paper thumbnail of Do perceptions of neighborhood disorganization predict crime or victimization? An examination of gang member versus non-gang member jail inmates

Journal of Criminal Justice, 2010

... Similarly, quantitative studies have also examined the gang phenomena ( [Delisi et al., 2009]... more ... Similarly, quantitative studies have also examined the gang phenomena ( [Delisi et al., 2009] , [Esbensen and Winfree, 1998] and [Thornberry et al ... begun to document and study prison gangs ( [Camp and Camp, 1985] , [Decker, 2003] , [Gaes et al., 2002] , [Ralph and Marquart ...

Research paper thumbnail of Testing the relative importance of contemporaneous offenses: The impacts of fear of sexual assault versus fear of physical harm among men and women

Journal of Criminal Justice, 2012

The current study tests the shadow of sexual assault hypothesis and extends recent research by ex... more The current study tests the shadow of sexual assault hypothesis and extends recent research by examining whether the fear of physical harm or the fear of sexual.

Research paper thumbnail of Selection for Some, Facilitation for Others? Self-Control Theory and the Gang–Violence Relationship

Deviant Behavior, 2013

ABSTRACT Although self-control theory has been thought to be entirely consistent with the gang se... more ABSTRACT Although self-control theory has been thought to be entirely consistent with the gang selection model, key theoretical predictions of the general theory imply gang selection effects for those with lower self-control and gang facilitation effects for those with higher self-control. This new hypothesis is tested among a large sample of jail inmates. Results indicate that self-control did not render the gang–violence relationship spurious for the sample as a whole. Gang membership had a significantly greater impact on violent crime among those with very high self-control, but there were still statistically significant gang facilitation effects for the other three self-control groups.

Research paper thumbnail of Fear of Property, Violent, and Gang Crime

Criminal Justice and Behavior, 2013

The current study examines the impact of perceived risk and fear of sexual assault on male and fe... more The current study examines the impact of perceived risk and fear of sexual assault on male and female offenders’ fear of (a) property crime, (b) violent crime, and (c) gang crime. Results indicate that perceived risk of victimization and fear of sexual assault are significantly associated with fear of property, violent, and gang crime among the full sample and among both men and women. Confirming results of prior research, perceived risk of victimization is a stronger predictor of property, violent, and gang fear among men. Fear of sexual assault emerged as a stronger predictor of fear of property, violent, and gang crime among women, confirming Ferraro’s shadow of sexual assault thesis.

Research paper thumbnail of Assessing Stalking Behaviors in a Control Balance Theory Framework

Criminal Justice and Behavior, 2013

Tittle’s control balance theory is a modern exemplar of theoretical integration premised on the r... more Tittle’s control balance theory is a modern exemplar of theoretical integration premised on the ratio of perceived control exerted versus control subjected, which predicts the probability of deviant acts. Although the theory offers promise for contextualizing both perpetration and victimization, relatively few empirical tests have been conducted to date. This study describes stalking as a crime representing a unique manifestation of power dynamics and perceived control imbalances for both offenders and victims. Using a large college student sample, we assess the empirical associations between control balance and stalking perpetration and victimization outcomes, including gender-specific models, featuring several different operationalizations of the control balance ratio. Results suggest partial support for the theory, demonstrating that control surpluses are associated with stalking perpetration among men, while control deficits are associated with stalking perpetration and victimiz...

Research paper thumbnail of Understanding Gang Membership and Crime Victimization Among Jail Inmates

Crime & Delinquency, 2010

Although previous research has examined factors related to gang membership and offending, researc... more Although previous research has examined factors related to gang membership and offending, research on the relationship between gangs and victimization is limited. The present study builds on previous research and examines gang membership, victimization, and self-control among 2,414 jail inmates. Results from self-report surveys indicate that gang members are more likely than nonmembers to be victimized by property and personal crimes. Among nongang members, those with lower self-control are more likely to be victimized by property and personal crime. Among gang members, lower self-control is associated with personal crime victimization whereas higher self-control is related to property crime victimization. Overall, gang members are victimized more than nongang members, and self-control is an important factor for victimization among gang and nongang members.

Research paper thumbnail of Method behind the madness: An examination of stalking measurements

Aggression and Violent Behavior, 2011

Research paper thumbnail of A Gendered Lifestyle-Routine Activity Approach to Explaining Stalking Victimization in Canada

Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 2015

Research into stalking victimization has proliferated over the last two decades, but several rese... more Research into stalking victimization has proliferated over the last two decades, but several research questions related to victimization risk remain unanswered. Accordingly, the present study utilized a lifestyle-routine activity theoretical perspective to identify risk factors for victimization. Gender-based theoretical models also were estimated to assess the possible moderating effects of gender on the relationship between lifestyle-routine activity concepts and victimization risk. Based on an analysis of a representative sample of more than 15,000 residents of Canada from the Canadian General Social Survey (GSS), results suggested conditional support for lifestyle-routine activity theory and for the hypothesis that predictors of stalking victimization may be gender based.

Research paper thumbnail of Understanding Crime Victimization among Gang Members: A Test of Micro- and Macro-level Explanations

Research paper thumbnail of Assessing the Response to Legislation Mandating a School-Based Teen Dating Violence Policy in Texas

Research paper thumbnail of Disentangling Self-Control from Its Elements: A Bifactor Analysis

Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 2014

ABSTRACT Objectives Disentangle self-control from its elements and provide several new insights i... more ABSTRACT Objectives Disentangle self-control from its elements and provide several new insights into the self-control dimensionality debate including: the proportion explained variance in scale items attributed to self-control and its elements, the viability of using total and individual scores to measure self-control and its elements in observed variable analyses, and the unique effects of general (self-control) and specific (elements) latent factors on crime and victimization. Methods The current study utilizes bifactor measurement and structural equation models to address the research objectives. The sample consists of Florida jail inmates and self-control and its elements are measured with the Grasmick et al. scale. Results Results indicate the elements exist above and beyond the general factor of self-control, and that these specific factors collectively account for nearly one-third of the total proportion explained variance in the scale items. Findings from omega reliability analyses provide evidence supporting the use of a total score to measure self-control, but discouraging the use of subscales to measure the individual elements, when measurement error is not taken into account. Results from a bifactor structural equation model predicting crime and victimization reveal that the effects of three latent specific factors (temper, risk-seeking, and self-centeredness) are substantially larger than the effects of the general factor (self-control). Conclusions Bifactor methods placed self-control and the elements on equal conceptual footing and found both to explain variation in Grasmick et al. item responses and both to influence crime and victimization. Future work should examine the origins and stability of self-control vis-à-vis the individual elements.

Research paper thumbnail of Career Dimensions of Stalking Victimization and Perpetration

Justice Quarterly, 2009

Prior literature concerning stalking, particularly in the field of criminology, finds wide variat... more Prior literature concerning stalking, particularly in the field of criminology, finds wide variation in fundamental trends regarding stalking victimization and perpetration. There seems to be little consensus regarding when and how stalking is manifested. Furthermore, prior research to date has not addressed the etiology of stalking-related behaviors by applying principles from criminal career research, including participation, frequency, onset, and duration. The present study builds upon prior research by addressing trends in age of onset for stalking victimization and perpetration, the duration of stalking-related behaviors, and the relationship between those behaviors and other types of crime over the life course using primary data from a sample of young adults. Findings indicate that stalking victimization and perpetration share important career attribute similarities, and that self-reported history of intimate partner violence and sexual assault are strongly associated with stalking outcomes.

Research paper thumbnail of Protection Against Pursuit: A Conceptual and Empirical Comparison of Cyberstalking and Stalking Victimization Among a National Sample

Justice Quarterly, 2012

Cyberstalking is a relatively understudied area in criminology, with no consensus among scholars ... more Cyberstalking is a relatively understudied area in criminology, with no consensus among scholars as to whether it represents a modified form of stalking or whether it is an entirely new and emerging criminal phenomenon. Using data from the 2006 Supplemental Victimization Survey to the National Crime Victimization Survey, this study compares stalking and cyberstalking victims across several dimensions, including situational features of their experiences and self-protective behaviors. Results indicate that there are significant differences between stalking and cyberstalking victims, including their number of self-protective behaviors adopted, duration of contact with their stalker, financial costs of victimization, and perceived fear at onset. Perceived fear over time, the occurrence of a physical attack, and sex of the victim were all associated with a higher number of self-protective behaviors for cyberstalking victims compared to stalking victims, net of the effect of the control variables. Implications for stalking theory, research, and criminal justice policy are discussed.

Research paper thumbnail of Fear of Crime among Gang and Non-Gang Offenders: Comparing the Effects of Perpetration, Victimization, and Neighborhood Factors

Justice Quarterly, 2012

... DOI: 10.1080/07418825.2011.574642 Jodi Lane * & Kathleen A. Fox Available online: 18 May ... more ... DOI: 10.1080/07418825.2011.574642 Jodi Lane * & Kathleen A. Fox Available online: 18 May 2011. ...

Research paper thumbnail of A Multi-Theoretical Framework to Assess Gendered Stalking Victimization: The Utility of Self-Control, Social Learning, and Control Balance Theories

Justice Quarterly, 2014

ABSTRACT Despite recent advancements in the criminological study of stalking, few theoretical tes... more ABSTRACT Despite recent advancements in the criminological study of stalking, few theoretical tests have been conducted to date to explain stalking victimization among men and women separately. The current study individually and simultaneously extends three criminological theories to the study of stalking victimization: self-control, social learning, and control balance theories. Among a sample of 2,766 university students, a series of models were estimated for men and women separately to assess each set of theoretical variables net of control variables. Results reveal consistent significant positive relationships between stalking victimization and low self-control for men; differential peer association (e.g. friends are stalking victims) for men and women; and several social learning variables for only women. However, the control imbalance variables do not explain stalking victimization among men or women, net of other theoretical and control variables. The utility of a multi-theoretical approach to future stalking victimization research is discussed.

Research paper thumbnail of Is Knowledge Power? The Effects of a Victimology Course on Victim Blaming

Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 2011

The current study examines the impact of a victimology course on students’ perceptions of the bla... more The current study examines the impact of a victimology course on students’ perceptions of the blameworthiness of crime victims and knowledge of victimization issues. Victim-blaming attitudes among college students enrolled in a victimology course were compared with students enrolled in other courses. Results from a pretest and posttest suggest that the victimology students were significantly less likely to blame victims and these students also gained significantly more knowledge over time compared with the students who did not enroll in the course. Results from the multivariate analysis indicate that less knowledge over time and a higher propensity to blame victims at the beginning of the semester predicted more victim-blaming attitudes on the posttest. Overall, the findings suggest that knowledge of victimology significantly affects students’ propensity to blame victims of crime.

Research paper thumbnail of Getting In (and Staying In) When Everyone Else Wants to Get Out: 10 Lessons Learned from Conducting Research with Inmates

Journal of Criminal Justice Education, 2011

... & Jodi Lane pages 304-327. ... Frazier, and Bishop 200215. Lane, J., Lanza‐Kaduce, L., Fr... more ... & Jodi Lane pages 304-327. ... Frazier, and Bishop 200215. Lane, J., Lanza‐Kaduce, L., Frazier, CE and Bishop, DM 2002. Adult versus juvenile sanctions: Voices of incarcerated youths. Crime & Delinquency , 48(3): 431–455. View all references; Poole and Regoli 198325. ...

Research paper thumbnail of Perceptions of gangs among prosecutors in an emerging gang city

Journal of Criminal Justice, 2010

ABSTRACT Gangs were a target of widespread political and social attention during the 1990s, and d... more ABSTRACT Gangs were a target of widespread political and social attention during the 1990s, and despite a short-lived lull in policy focus, gangs are recently receiving increased attention from policymakers. In spite of political concern about gangs, very little research had examined perceptions of gangs. By conducting face-to-face interviews with thirty of thirty-five county prosecutors, this study was among the first to examine prosecutors' perspectives of gangs in Gainesville, Florida, an area that could be considered an "emerging" gang city. Themes from the interviews were extracted and included prosecutorial perceptions of the: (1) definition and prevalence of gangs in Gainesville, Florida; (2) personal and social characteristics of gang members; (3) reasons people join gangs; and (4) best approaches to stop or eliminate gangs. The ways in which prosecutors' perspectives mirror prior research on gangs is highlighted.

Research paper thumbnail of Look who's stalking: Obsessive pursuit and attachment theory

Journal of Criminal Justice, 2010

Few criminological theories have been applied to the study of stalking perpetration, and even few... more Few criminological theories have been applied to the study of stalking perpetration, and even fewer address the presence of underlying psychological mechanisms. Attachment theory describes the ways in which an individual with a chaotic family environment in childhood may develop feelings of insecurity that may lead to increased aggression and violent behavior in adolescence and adulthood. In this study, a

Research paper thumbnail of Is stalking a learned phenomenon? An empirical test of social learning theory

Journal of Criminal Justice, 2011

We examine the extent to which components of social learning theory (i.e., definitions, different... more We examine the extent to which components of social learning theory (i.e., definitions, differential reinforcement, and differential association/modeling) predict stalking victimization and perpetration using survey data from a large sample of college students. Methods: Among a sample of 2,766 college students, logistic regression models were estimated to analyze the relationships between social learning theory and stalking perpetration and victimization. Results: Results suggest that victimization and perpetration are functions of social learning. The findings also indicated that females were significantly more likely to be both stalking victims and perpetrators. Conclusions: Regarding stalking perpetration and victimization, our results suggest that there may be responses, attitudes, and behaviors that are learned, modified, or reinforced primarily through interaction with peers. Overall, social learning theory concepts appear to be important predictors of stalking perpetration and victimization that help to develop theoretical explanations for stalking.

Research paper thumbnail of Do perceptions of neighborhood disorganization predict crime or victimization? An examination of gang member versus non-gang member jail inmates

Journal of Criminal Justice, 2010

... Similarly, quantitative studies have also examined the gang phenomena ( [Delisi et al., 2009]... more ... Similarly, quantitative studies have also examined the gang phenomena ( [Delisi et al., 2009] , [Esbensen and Winfree, 1998] and [Thornberry et al ... begun to document and study prison gangs ( [Camp and Camp, 1985] , [Decker, 2003] , [Gaes et al., 2002] , [Ralph and Marquart ...

Research paper thumbnail of Testing the relative importance of contemporaneous offenses: The impacts of fear of sexual assault versus fear of physical harm among men and women

Journal of Criminal Justice, 2012

The current study tests the shadow of sexual assault hypothesis and extends recent research by ex... more The current study tests the shadow of sexual assault hypothesis and extends recent research by examining whether the fear of physical harm or the fear of sexual.

Research paper thumbnail of Selection for Some, Facilitation for Others? Self-Control Theory and the Gang–Violence Relationship

Deviant Behavior, 2013

ABSTRACT Although self-control theory has been thought to be entirely consistent with the gang se... more ABSTRACT Although self-control theory has been thought to be entirely consistent with the gang selection model, key theoretical predictions of the general theory imply gang selection effects for those with lower self-control and gang facilitation effects for those with higher self-control. This new hypothesis is tested among a large sample of jail inmates. Results indicate that self-control did not render the gang–violence relationship spurious for the sample as a whole. Gang membership had a significantly greater impact on violent crime among those with very high self-control, but there were still statistically significant gang facilitation effects for the other three self-control groups.

Research paper thumbnail of Fear of Property, Violent, and Gang Crime

Criminal Justice and Behavior, 2013

The current study examines the impact of perceived risk and fear of sexual assault on male and fe... more The current study examines the impact of perceived risk and fear of sexual assault on male and female offenders’ fear of (a) property crime, (b) violent crime, and (c) gang crime. Results indicate that perceived risk of victimization and fear of sexual assault are significantly associated with fear of property, violent, and gang crime among the full sample and among both men and women. Confirming results of prior research, perceived risk of victimization is a stronger predictor of property, violent, and gang fear among men. Fear of sexual assault emerged as a stronger predictor of fear of property, violent, and gang crime among women, confirming Ferraro’s shadow of sexual assault thesis.

Research paper thumbnail of Assessing Stalking Behaviors in a Control Balance Theory Framework

Criminal Justice and Behavior, 2013

Tittle’s control balance theory is a modern exemplar of theoretical integration premised on the r... more Tittle’s control balance theory is a modern exemplar of theoretical integration premised on the ratio of perceived control exerted versus control subjected, which predicts the probability of deviant acts. Although the theory offers promise for contextualizing both perpetration and victimization, relatively few empirical tests have been conducted to date. This study describes stalking as a crime representing a unique manifestation of power dynamics and perceived control imbalances for both offenders and victims. Using a large college student sample, we assess the empirical associations between control balance and stalking perpetration and victimization outcomes, including gender-specific models, featuring several different operationalizations of the control balance ratio. Results suggest partial support for the theory, demonstrating that control surpluses are associated with stalking perpetration among men, while control deficits are associated with stalking perpetration and victimiz...

Research paper thumbnail of Understanding Gang Membership and Crime Victimization Among Jail Inmates

Crime & Delinquency, 2010

Although previous research has examined factors related to gang membership and offending, researc... more Although previous research has examined factors related to gang membership and offending, research on the relationship between gangs and victimization is limited. The present study builds on previous research and examines gang membership, victimization, and self-control among 2,414 jail inmates. Results from self-report surveys indicate that gang members are more likely than nonmembers to be victimized by property and personal crimes. Among nongang members, those with lower self-control are more likely to be victimized by property and personal crime. Among gang members, lower self-control is associated with personal crime victimization whereas higher self-control is related to property crime victimization. Overall, gang members are victimized more than nongang members, and self-control is an important factor for victimization among gang and nongang members.

Research paper thumbnail of Method behind the madness: An examination of stalking measurements

Aggression and Violent Behavior, 2011

Research paper thumbnail of A Gendered Lifestyle-Routine Activity Approach to Explaining Stalking Victimization in Canada

Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 2015

Research into stalking victimization has proliferated over the last two decades, but several rese... more Research into stalking victimization has proliferated over the last two decades, but several research questions related to victimization risk remain unanswered. Accordingly, the present study utilized a lifestyle-routine activity theoretical perspective to identify risk factors for victimization. Gender-based theoretical models also were estimated to assess the possible moderating effects of gender on the relationship between lifestyle-routine activity concepts and victimization risk. Based on an analysis of a representative sample of more than 15,000 residents of Canada from the Canadian General Social Survey (GSS), results suggested conditional support for lifestyle-routine activity theory and for the hypothesis that predictors of stalking victimization may be gender based.