Donna O Burnett | Auburn University (original) (raw)

Papers by Donna O Burnett

Research paper thumbnail of Perceptions of Dietetics Students Regarding College Weight Gain

Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Sep 1, 2020

Research paper thumbnail of The Effects of Momordica charantia on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Alzheimer’s Disease

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Feb 28, 2023

Research paper thumbnail of Enhancing Undergraduate Research Experience Through a Food Science Research Project

Journal of food science education, Nov 21, 2018

Research paper thumbnail of Evaluating Psychological Factors Related to Food and Weight Concerns: 10-Year Follow-up Study with US Registered Dietitian Nutritionists

Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Oct 1, 2019

Research paper thumbnail of Changes from 2008 to 2013 in US RD Interest and Preferred Format for Continuing Professional Education Related to Evaluating Psychological Factors Related to Food and Weight Concerns and Making Referrals

Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Oct 1, 2017

Research paper thumbnail of Barriers to Evaluating Psychological Factors Related to Food and Weight Concerns Reported by US Registered Dietitians

Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of COVID-19 and Food Security Risk in Alabama

Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of Perceptions of U.S. Registered Dietitian Nutritionists on Performance and Value of Certified Dietary Managers

Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 2020

Research paper thumbnail of Assessing the Effectiveness of ServSafe® Online: A Pilot Study

Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 2018

Research paper thumbnail of The Role of Diet and Dietary Patterns in Parkinson’s Disease

Nutrients

Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with diminished nutrition sta... more Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with diminished nutrition status and decreased quality of life. While the prevalence of PD is expected to increase, no preventative or curative therapy for PD exists at this time. Although nutrition and diet represent modifiable risk factors for reducing chronic disease risk, research on the impact of single nutrients on PD has yielded mixed results. As a result, this single-nutrient approach may be the driving force behind the inconsistency, and a holistic dietary approach may overcome this inconsistency by accounting for the interactions between nutrients. The following review aims to examine the impact of a generally healthy dietary pattern, the protein-restricted diet (PRD), the ketogenic diet (KD), the Mediterranean diet (MD), and the Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) diet on PD risk, progression, and severity. While most of the included studies support the role of diet and diet...

Research paper thumbnail of The Effects of Food Environment on Obesity in Children: A Systematic Review

Children

Childhood obesity is an epidemic connected with poor eating. According to the United States Depar... more Childhood obesity is an epidemic connected with poor eating. According to the United States Department of Agriculture’s Economic Research Service (USDA-ERS), food deserts are geographical locations in which residents have restricted or nonexistent access to healthful and quality food. Restricted access to healthy food is commonly associated with poor nutrition-related health outcomes, including obesity. This review aims to highlight the relationship between residing in a food desert or a similar environment on body mass index (BMI) in school-aged children in North America, predominantly in the Midwest region of the United States and Mexico. In this study, 17 articles were included from PubMed/Medline, Google Scholar, and Crossref. Most of these studies showed no association between the food environment and increased BMI. This discrepancy emphasizes the need for further research; the lack of access to healthful foods in food deserts is an issue that deserves additional attention.

Research paper thumbnail of Exploring typologies of appraisals, involvement, and distress in type 2 diabetes family members

Journal of Health Psychology

The present study conducted a latent profile analysis from a US national sample of 446 family mem... more The present study conducted a latent profile analysis from a US national sample of 446 family members to identify and predict unique clusters of family members’ PWD illness appraisals, involvement, and psychological distress. Time since diagnosis, diabetes adherence, the relationship with the PWD, age, gender, race/ethnicity, income, and economic pressure were included as predictors. Class membership was used to predict the family members’ own health behaviors (sleep quality, days of physical activity, and diet quality). Results revealed four distinct classes: Moderately Concerned, Involved, and Distressed (32.51%), Least Concerned, Distressed, and Involved (27.13%), Less Concerned and Distressed, Moderately Involved (23.77%), and Most Concerned, Involved, and Distressed (16.82%). The significant predictors and outcomes of class membership revealed interesting patterns in associations with class membership. Consequently, in addition to involving family members, health promotion and ...

Research paper thumbnail of The Effects of Vitamin D on Metabolic Profiles in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Systematic Review

Hormone and Metabolic Research, 2020

This systematic review aims to evaluate all epidemiological evidence in the literature linking th... more This systematic review aims to evaluate all epidemiological evidence in the literature linking the effect of vitamin D supplementation to metabolic and hormonal functions in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. The literature search was performed with two databases, namely Medline/PubMed and Web of Science, until 20 May 2019 for both observational and experimental studies concerning relationships between vitamin D and polycystic ovary syndrome. A total of ten studies with randomized, double-blinded, and placebo-controlled trial design from 2008 to 2019 were selected for this review. The inclusion criteria were women 18–45 years of age with polycystic ovary syndrome and comparing the metabolic or endocrine parameters between placebo and vitamin D supplementation groups. A total of ten studies were selected for this review. We found that vitamin D supplementation had a significant effect on insulin metabolism, total serum testosterone, hirsutism, C-reactive protein, and total antioxi...

Research paper thumbnail of Spatial Analysis of Environmental Factors Related to Lyme Disease in Alabama by Means of NASA Earth Observation Systems

This slide presentation reviews the epidemiology of Lyme Disease that accounts for more than 95% ... more This slide presentation reviews the epidemiology of Lyme Disease that accounts for more than 95% or vector borne diseases in the United States. The history, symptoms and the life cycle of the tick, the transmitting agent of Lyme Disease, a map that shows the cases reported to the CDC between1990 and 2006 and the number of cases in Alabama by year from 1986 to 2007. A NASA project is described, the goals of which are to (1) Demonstrate the presence of the chain of infection of Lyme disease in Alabama (2) Identify areas with environmental factors that support tick population using NASA Earth Observation Systems data in selected areas of Alabama and (3) Increase community awareness of Lyme disease and recommend primary and secondary prevention strategies. The remote sensing methods included: Analyzed Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) and DigitalGlobe Quickbird satellite imagery from summer months and Performed image analyses in ER Mapper 7.1. Views ...

Research paper thumbnail of The Mediterranean Diet in the Stroke Belt: A Cross-sectional Study on Adherence and Perceived Knowledge, Barriers, and Benefits (P18-066-19)

Current Developments in Nutrition

Objectives The Mediterranean diet (MD) is recommended by the current Dietary Guidelines for Ameri... more Objectives The Mediterranean diet (MD) is recommended by the current Dietary Guidelines for Americans, yet little is known about the diet in the US, particularly in areas of high chronic disease. Thus, we investigated MD adherence and perceived benefits and barriers to consumption of the MD in the US Stroke Belt. Methods A survey containing 44 validated MD knowledge, barriers, and benefits (KBB) questions, a validated 14-question MD adherence screener, 7 questions based on the Precaution Adoption Model (stages of change), and 7 demographic/anthropometric questions was distributed systematically to US residents using Amazon Mechanical Turk. Responses from the Stroke Belt (SB; n = 304), California (CA; n = 489), and all other US states (OtherUS; n = 439) were obtained. The CA group served as the reference group. A linear model was used to assess KBB question scores in the groups (Model 1), adjusted for sex and age (Model 2), and all other demographic variables (Model 3). Multivariable...

Research paper thumbnail of The Effects of Vitamin D on Metabolic Profiles in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Systematic Review

Hormone and Metabolic Research

This systematic review aims to evaluate all epidemiological evidence in the literature linking th... more This systematic review aims to evaluate all epidemiological evidence in the literature linking the effect of vitamin D supplementation to metabolic and hormonal functions in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. The literature search was performed with two databases, namely Medline/PubMed and Web of Science, until 20 May 2019 for both observational and experimental studies concerning relationships between vitamin D and polycystic ovary syndrome. A total of ten studies with randomized, double-blinded, and placebo-controlled trial design from 2008 to 2019 were selected for this review. The inclusion criteria were women 18–45 years of age with polycystic ovary syndrome and comparing the metabolic or endocrine parameters between placebo and vitamin D supplementation groups. A total of ten studies were selected for this review. We found that vitamin D supplementation had a significant effect on insulin metabolism, total serum testosterone, hirsutism, C-reactive protein, and total antioxi...

Research paper thumbnail of Developing Valid and Reliable Online Survey Instruments Using Commercial Software Programs

Journal of Consumer Health On the Internet, 2009

... DONNA O. BURNETT University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USAOLIVIA W. KENDRICK U... more ... DONNA O. BURNETT University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USAOLIVIA W. KENDRICK University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA DAVID M. MACRINA University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA ...

Research paper thumbnail of Nutrition Knowledge of Collegiate Athletes in the United States and the Impact of Sports Dietitians on Related Outcomes: A Narrative Review

Nutrients

In the last decade, the number of full-time registered dietitians (RDs) serving intercollegiate a... more In the last decade, the number of full-time registered dietitians (RDs) serving intercollegiate athletes in the United States has more than quadrupled. However, many student athletes may be at increased risk of nutrition-related problems that impact physical and academic performance, which include inadequate macronutrients, inadequate micronutrients, and excessive macronutrients. This narrative review reports the current literature to date on nutrition-related knowledge in collegiate athletes and the impact of sports RDs on student athletes’ nutrition knowledge and behaviors. To date, only observational and quasi-experimental studies have been published with regard to changes in nutrition knowledge and behaviors in NCAA athletes. While these studies report benefits of the RD as a member of the interdisciplinary student athlete support team, more well-designed randomized control trials are warranted to determine benefits related to health outcomes and sport-specific performance outco...

Research paper thumbnail of Nutrition Knowledge of Collegiate Athletes in the United States and the Impact of Sports Dietitians on Related Outcomes: A Narrative Review

Nutrients

In the last decade, the number of full-time registered dietitians (RDs) serving intercollegiate a... more In the last decade, the number of full-time registered dietitians (RDs) serving intercollegiate athletes in the United States has more than quadrupled. However, many student athletes may be at increased risk of nutrition-related problems that impact physical and academic performance, which include inadequate macronutrients, inadequate micronutrients, and excessive macronutrients. This narrative review reports the current literature to date on nutrition-related knowledge in collegiate athletes and the impact of sports RDs on student athletes’ nutrition knowledge and behaviors. To date, only observational and quasi-experimental studies have been published with regard to changes in nutrition knowledge and behaviors in NCAA athletes. While these studies report benefits of the RD as a member of the interdisciplinary student athlete support team, more well-designed randomized control trials are warranted to determine benefits related to health outcomes and sport-specific performance outco...

Research paper thumbnail of The Mediterranean Diet in the Stroke Belt: A Cross-Sectional Study on Adherence and Perceived Knowledge, Barriers, and Benefits

Nutrients

The Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) is recommended by the current Dietary Guidelines for Americans, ... more The Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) is recommended by the current Dietary Guidelines for Americans, yet little is known about the perceived barriers and benefits to the diet in the U.S., particularly in the Stroke Belt (SB). Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine MedDiet adherence and perceived knowledge, benefits, and barriers to the MedDiet in the U.S. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 1447 participants in the U.S., and responses were sorted into geographic groups: the SB, California (CA), and all other US states (OtherUS). Linear models and multivariable linear regression analysis was used for data analysis. Convenience, sensory factors, and health were greater barriers to the MedDiet in the SB group, but not the OtherUS group (p < 0.05). Weight loss was considered a benefit of the MedDiet in the SB (p < 0.05), while price and familiarity were found to be less of a benefit (p < 0.05). Respondents with a bachelor’s degree or greater education had greater total...

Research paper thumbnail of Perceptions of Dietetics Students Regarding College Weight Gain

Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Sep 1, 2020

Research paper thumbnail of The Effects of Momordica charantia on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Alzheimer’s Disease

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Feb 28, 2023

Research paper thumbnail of Enhancing Undergraduate Research Experience Through a Food Science Research Project

Journal of food science education, Nov 21, 2018

Research paper thumbnail of Evaluating Psychological Factors Related to Food and Weight Concerns: 10-Year Follow-up Study with US Registered Dietitian Nutritionists

Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Oct 1, 2019

Research paper thumbnail of Changes from 2008 to 2013 in US RD Interest and Preferred Format for Continuing Professional Education Related to Evaluating Psychological Factors Related to Food and Weight Concerns and Making Referrals

Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Oct 1, 2017

Research paper thumbnail of Barriers to Evaluating Psychological Factors Related to Food and Weight Concerns Reported by US Registered Dietitians

Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of COVID-19 and Food Security Risk in Alabama

Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of Perceptions of U.S. Registered Dietitian Nutritionists on Performance and Value of Certified Dietary Managers

Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 2020

Research paper thumbnail of Assessing the Effectiveness of ServSafe® Online: A Pilot Study

Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 2018

Research paper thumbnail of The Role of Diet and Dietary Patterns in Parkinson’s Disease

Nutrients

Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with diminished nutrition sta... more Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with diminished nutrition status and decreased quality of life. While the prevalence of PD is expected to increase, no preventative or curative therapy for PD exists at this time. Although nutrition and diet represent modifiable risk factors for reducing chronic disease risk, research on the impact of single nutrients on PD has yielded mixed results. As a result, this single-nutrient approach may be the driving force behind the inconsistency, and a holistic dietary approach may overcome this inconsistency by accounting for the interactions between nutrients. The following review aims to examine the impact of a generally healthy dietary pattern, the protein-restricted diet (PRD), the ketogenic diet (KD), the Mediterranean diet (MD), and the Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) diet on PD risk, progression, and severity. While most of the included studies support the role of diet and diet...

Research paper thumbnail of The Effects of Food Environment on Obesity in Children: A Systematic Review

Children

Childhood obesity is an epidemic connected with poor eating. According to the United States Depar... more Childhood obesity is an epidemic connected with poor eating. According to the United States Department of Agriculture’s Economic Research Service (USDA-ERS), food deserts are geographical locations in which residents have restricted or nonexistent access to healthful and quality food. Restricted access to healthy food is commonly associated with poor nutrition-related health outcomes, including obesity. This review aims to highlight the relationship between residing in a food desert or a similar environment on body mass index (BMI) in school-aged children in North America, predominantly in the Midwest region of the United States and Mexico. In this study, 17 articles were included from PubMed/Medline, Google Scholar, and Crossref. Most of these studies showed no association between the food environment and increased BMI. This discrepancy emphasizes the need for further research; the lack of access to healthful foods in food deserts is an issue that deserves additional attention.

Research paper thumbnail of Exploring typologies of appraisals, involvement, and distress in type 2 diabetes family members

Journal of Health Psychology

The present study conducted a latent profile analysis from a US national sample of 446 family mem... more The present study conducted a latent profile analysis from a US national sample of 446 family members to identify and predict unique clusters of family members’ PWD illness appraisals, involvement, and psychological distress. Time since diagnosis, diabetes adherence, the relationship with the PWD, age, gender, race/ethnicity, income, and economic pressure were included as predictors. Class membership was used to predict the family members’ own health behaviors (sleep quality, days of physical activity, and diet quality). Results revealed four distinct classes: Moderately Concerned, Involved, and Distressed (32.51%), Least Concerned, Distressed, and Involved (27.13%), Less Concerned and Distressed, Moderately Involved (23.77%), and Most Concerned, Involved, and Distressed (16.82%). The significant predictors and outcomes of class membership revealed interesting patterns in associations with class membership. Consequently, in addition to involving family members, health promotion and ...

Research paper thumbnail of The Effects of Vitamin D on Metabolic Profiles in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Systematic Review

Hormone and Metabolic Research, 2020

This systematic review aims to evaluate all epidemiological evidence in the literature linking th... more This systematic review aims to evaluate all epidemiological evidence in the literature linking the effect of vitamin D supplementation to metabolic and hormonal functions in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. The literature search was performed with two databases, namely Medline/PubMed and Web of Science, until 20 May 2019 for both observational and experimental studies concerning relationships between vitamin D and polycystic ovary syndrome. A total of ten studies with randomized, double-blinded, and placebo-controlled trial design from 2008 to 2019 were selected for this review. The inclusion criteria were women 18–45 years of age with polycystic ovary syndrome and comparing the metabolic or endocrine parameters between placebo and vitamin D supplementation groups. A total of ten studies were selected for this review. We found that vitamin D supplementation had a significant effect on insulin metabolism, total serum testosterone, hirsutism, C-reactive protein, and total antioxi...

Research paper thumbnail of Spatial Analysis of Environmental Factors Related to Lyme Disease in Alabama by Means of NASA Earth Observation Systems

This slide presentation reviews the epidemiology of Lyme Disease that accounts for more than 95% ... more This slide presentation reviews the epidemiology of Lyme Disease that accounts for more than 95% or vector borne diseases in the United States. The history, symptoms and the life cycle of the tick, the transmitting agent of Lyme Disease, a map that shows the cases reported to the CDC between1990 and 2006 and the number of cases in Alabama by year from 1986 to 2007. A NASA project is described, the goals of which are to (1) Demonstrate the presence of the chain of infection of Lyme disease in Alabama (2) Identify areas with environmental factors that support tick population using NASA Earth Observation Systems data in selected areas of Alabama and (3) Increase community awareness of Lyme disease and recommend primary and secondary prevention strategies. The remote sensing methods included: Analyzed Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) and DigitalGlobe Quickbird satellite imagery from summer months and Performed image analyses in ER Mapper 7.1. Views ...

Research paper thumbnail of The Mediterranean Diet in the Stroke Belt: A Cross-sectional Study on Adherence and Perceived Knowledge, Barriers, and Benefits (P18-066-19)

Current Developments in Nutrition

Objectives The Mediterranean diet (MD) is recommended by the current Dietary Guidelines for Ameri... more Objectives The Mediterranean diet (MD) is recommended by the current Dietary Guidelines for Americans, yet little is known about the diet in the US, particularly in areas of high chronic disease. Thus, we investigated MD adherence and perceived benefits and barriers to consumption of the MD in the US Stroke Belt. Methods A survey containing 44 validated MD knowledge, barriers, and benefits (KBB) questions, a validated 14-question MD adherence screener, 7 questions based on the Precaution Adoption Model (stages of change), and 7 demographic/anthropometric questions was distributed systematically to US residents using Amazon Mechanical Turk. Responses from the Stroke Belt (SB; n = 304), California (CA; n = 489), and all other US states (OtherUS; n = 439) were obtained. The CA group served as the reference group. A linear model was used to assess KBB question scores in the groups (Model 1), adjusted for sex and age (Model 2), and all other demographic variables (Model 3). Multivariable...

Research paper thumbnail of The Effects of Vitamin D on Metabolic Profiles in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Systematic Review

Hormone and Metabolic Research

This systematic review aims to evaluate all epidemiological evidence in the literature linking th... more This systematic review aims to evaluate all epidemiological evidence in the literature linking the effect of vitamin D supplementation to metabolic and hormonal functions in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. The literature search was performed with two databases, namely Medline/PubMed and Web of Science, until 20 May 2019 for both observational and experimental studies concerning relationships between vitamin D and polycystic ovary syndrome. A total of ten studies with randomized, double-blinded, and placebo-controlled trial design from 2008 to 2019 were selected for this review. The inclusion criteria were women 18–45 years of age with polycystic ovary syndrome and comparing the metabolic or endocrine parameters between placebo and vitamin D supplementation groups. A total of ten studies were selected for this review. We found that vitamin D supplementation had a significant effect on insulin metabolism, total serum testosterone, hirsutism, C-reactive protein, and total antioxi...

Research paper thumbnail of Developing Valid and Reliable Online Survey Instruments Using Commercial Software Programs

Journal of Consumer Health On the Internet, 2009

... DONNA O. BURNETT University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USAOLIVIA W. KENDRICK U... more ... DONNA O. BURNETT University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USAOLIVIA W. KENDRICK University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA DAVID M. MACRINA University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA ...

Research paper thumbnail of Nutrition Knowledge of Collegiate Athletes in the United States and the Impact of Sports Dietitians on Related Outcomes: A Narrative Review

Nutrients

In the last decade, the number of full-time registered dietitians (RDs) serving intercollegiate a... more In the last decade, the number of full-time registered dietitians (RDs) serving intercollegiate athletes in the United States has more than quadrupled. However, many student athletes may be at increased risk of nutrition-related problems that impact physical and academic performance, which include inadequate macronutrients, inadequate micronutrients, and excessive macronutrients. This narrative review reports the current literature to date on nutrition-related knowledge in collegiate athletes and the impact of sports RDs on student athletes’ nutrition knowledge and behaviors. To date, only observational and quasi-experimental studies have been published with regard to changes in nutrition knowledge and behaviors in NCAA athletes. While these studies report benefits of the RD as a member of the interdisciplinary student athlete support team, more well-designed randomized control trials are warranted to determine benefits related to health outcomes and sport-specific performance outco...

Research paper thumbnail of Nutrition Knowledge of Collegiate Athletes in the United States and the Impact of Sports Dietitians on Related Outcomes: A Narrative Review

Nutrients

In the last decade, the number of full-time registered dietitians (RDs) serving intercollegiate a... more In the last decade, the number of full-time registered dietitians (RDs) serving intercollegiate athletes in the United States has more than quadrupled. However, many student athletes may be at increased risk of nutrition-related problems that impact physical and academic performance, which include inadequate macronutrients, inadequate micronutrients, and excessive macronutrients. This narrative review reports the current literature to date on nutrition-related knowledge in collegiate athletes and the impact of sports RDs on student athletes’ nutrition knowledge and behaviors. To date, only observational and quasi-experimental studies have been published with regard to changes in nutrition knowledge and behaviors in NCAA athletes. While these studies report benefits of the RD as a member of the interdisciplinary student athlete support team, more well-designed randomized control trials are warranted to determine benefits related to health outcomes and sport-specific performance outco...

Research paper thumbnail of The Mediterranean Diet in the Stroke Belt: A Cross-Sectional Study on Adherence and Perceived Knowledge, Barriers, and Benefits

Nutrients

The Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) is recommended by the current Dietary Guidelines for Americans, ... more The Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) is recommended by the current Dietary Guidelines for Americans, yet little is known about the perceived barriers and benefits to the diet in the U.S., particularly in the Stroke Belt (SB). Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine MedDiet adherence and perceived knowledge, benefits, and barriers to the MedDiet in the U.S. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 1447 participants in the U.S., and responses were sorted into geographic groups: the SB, California (CA), and all other US states (OtherUS). Linear models and multivariable linear regression analysis was used for data analysis. Convenience, sensory factors, and health were greater barriers to the MedDiet in the SB group, but not the OtherUS group (p < 0.05). Weight loss was considered a benefit of the MedDiet in the SB (p < 0.05), while price and familiarity were found to be less of a benefit (p < 0.05). Respondents with a bachelor’s degree or greater education had greater total...