sara zafari | Islamic Azad University Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch (original) (raw)
Papers by sara zafari
The Journal of English Language Pedagogy and Practice, 2020
English is taught all over the world either as a foreign or second language. It is taught as a fo... more English is taught all over the world either as a foreign or second language. It is taught as a foreign language in the Iranian educational system as well. However, it has always been the issue that EFL programs have been developed without conducting a systematic needs analysis from the learners' perspective. The present study examined the effect of employing critical needs analysis on the learners' speaking skills improvement. To this end, 128 Iranian intermediate learners from three language institutes were selected and assigned to two experimental and control groups. The learners' Necessities, Wants and Lacks through a questionnaire and semi-structured interview were investigated. The experimental group received treatment based on the results of the interview and questionnaire. The results of the inferential statistics showed that the students' highest mean score was in the Necessities subdimension, followed by the Lacks, and Wants sub-dimensions which revealed that the students' needs were mostly the items which were necessary for the learners' use of language. In contrast, the control group received treatment based on the predetermined syllabus of the course. The results of an independent sample t-test indicated that in the post-test, the speaking scores of the participants in the experimental group were significantly higher than the scores in the control group.
Applied Linguistics, 2020
English is taught all over the world either as a foreign or second language. It is taught as a fo... more English is taught all over the world either as a foreign or second language. It is taught as a foreign language in the Iranian educational system as well. However, it has always been the issue that EFL programs have been developed without conducting a systematic needs analysis from the learners’ perspective. The present study examined the effect of employing critical needs analysis on the learners' speaking skills improvement. To this end, 128 Iranian intermediate learners from three language institutes were selected and assigned to two experimental and control groups. The learners' Necessities, Wants and Lacks through a questionnaire and semi-structured interview were investigated. The experimental group received treatment based on the results of the interview and questionnaire. The results of the inferential statistics showed that the students' highest mean score was in the Necessities sub-dimension, followed by the Lacks, and Wants sub-dimensions which revealed that t...
Modern Journal of Language Teaching Methods, 2016
IntroductionPeople read to get something from text whether it is facts, ideas, enjoyment, or feel... more IntroductionPeople read to get something from text whether it is facts, ideas, enjoyment, or feeling (Nuttall, 2005). For whatever purpose they read, they search for meaning in what they read (Graesser, Singer, & Trabasso, 1994; Nuttall, 2005), and meaning is constructed through readers' active cognitive interaction with the text ( Nuttall, 2005; Tenma, Araki, Fukaya, Horiba, Isahara, Konishi, Miyaura, Narita, Ozaki,& Tajika,2002).Meaning is constructed in the active interaction of readers with the text, the readers' contribution to the construction of meaning is a key aspect of reading comprehension. Therefore, reading comprehension is, in a sense, a process in which readers project their life onto what they read (Tenma, 1992). However, because experiences vary from person to person, the understanding of the same text can differ from reader to reader.Reading questions have several functions. One of the functions is to encourage students to encourage students to engage in re...
Modern Journal of Language Teaching Methods, 2016
IntroductionPeople read to get something from text whether it is facts, ideas, enjoyment, or feel... more IntroductionPeople read to get something from text whether it is facts, ideas, enjoyment, or feeling (Nuttall, 2005). For whatever purpose they read, they search for meaning in what they read (Graesser, Singer, & Trabasso, 1994; Nuttall, 2005), and meaning is constructed through readers' active cognitive interaction with the text ( Nuttall, 2005; Tenma, Araki, Fukaya, Horiba, Isahara, Konishi, Miyaura, Narita, Ozaki,& Tajika,2002).Meaning is constructed in the active interaction of readers with the text, the readers' contribution to the construction of meaning is a key aspect of reading comprehension. Therefore, reading comprehension is, in a sense, a process in which readers project their life onto what they read (Tenma, 1992). However, because experiences vary from person to person, the understanding of the same text can differ from reader to reader.Reading questions have several functions. One of the functions is to encourage students to encourage students to engage in re...
Applied Linguistics, 2020
English is taught all over the world either as a foreign or second language. It is taught as a fo... more English is taught all over the world either as a foreign or second language. It is taught as a foreign language in the Iranian educational system as well. However, it has always been the issue that EFL programs have been developed without conducting a systematic needs analysis from the learners’ perspective. The present study examined the effect of employing critical needs analysis on the learners' speaking skills improvement. To this end, 128 Iranian intermediate learners from three language institutes were selected and assigned to two experimental and control groups. The learners' Necessities, Wants and Lacks through a questionnaire and semi-structured interview were investigated. The experimental group received treatment based on the results of the interview and questionnaire. The results of the inferential statistics showed that the students' highest mean score was in the Necessities sub-dimension, followed by the Lacks, and Wants sub-dimensions which revealed that t...
The Journal of English Language Pedagogy and Practice, 2020
English is taught all over the world either as a foreign or second language. It is taught as a fo... more English is taught all over the world either as a foreign or second language. It is taught as a foreign language in the Iranian educational system as well. However, it has always been the issue that EFL programs have been developed without conducting a systematic needs analysis from the learners' perspective. The present study examined the effect of employing critical needs analysis on the learners' speaking skills improvement. To this end, 128 Iranian intermediate learners from three language institutes were selected and assigned to two experimental and control groups. The learners' Necessities, Wants and Lacks through a questionnaire and semi-structured interview were investigated. The experimental group received treatment based on the results of the interview and questionnaire. The results of the inferential statistics showed that the students' highest mean score was in the Necessities subdimension, followed by the Lacks, and Wants sub-dimensions which revealed that the students' needs were mostly the items which were necessary for the learners' use of language. In contrast, the control group received treatment based on the predetermined syllabus of the course. The results of an independent sample t-test indicated that in the post-test, the speaking scores of the participants in the experimental group were significantly higher than the scores in the control group.
Applied Linguistics, 2020
English is taught all over the world either as a foreign or second language. It is taught as a fo... more English is taught all over the world either as a foreign or second language. It is taught as a foreign language in the Iranian educational system as well. However, it has always been the issue that EFL programs have been developed without conducting a systematic needs analysis from the learners’ perspective. The present study examined the effect of employing critical needs analysis on the learners' speaking skills improvement. To this end, 128 Iranian intermediate learners from three language institutes were selected and assigned to two experimental and control groups. The learners' Necessities, Wants and Lacks through a questionnaire and semi-structured interview were investigated. The experimental group received treatment based on the results of the interview and questionnaire. The results of the inferential statistics showed that the students' highest mean score was in the Necessities sub-dimension, followed by the Lacks, and Wants sub-dimensions which revealed that t...
Modern Journal of Language Teaching Methods, 2016
IntroductionPeople read to get something from text whether it is facts, ideas, enjoyment, or feel... more IntroductionPeople read to get something from text whether it is facts, ideas, enjoyment, or feeling (Nuttall, 2005). For whatever purpose they read, they search for meaning in what they read (Graesser, Singer, & Trabasso, 1994; Nuttall, 2005), and meaning is constructed through readers' active cognitive interaction with the text ( Nuttall, 2005; Tenma, Araki, Fukaya, Horiba, Isahara, Konishi, Miyaura, Narita, Ozaki,& Tajika,2002).Meaning is constructed in the active interaction of readers with the text, the readers' contribution to the construction of meaning is a key aspect of reading comprehension. Therefore, reading comprehension is, in a sense, a process in which readers project their life onto what they read (Tenma, 1992). However, because experiences vary from person to person, the understanding of the same text can differ from reader to reader.Reading questions have several functions. One of the functions is to encourage students to encourage students to engage in re...
Modern Journal of Language Teaching Methods, 2016
IntroductionPeople read to get something from text whether it is facts, ideas, enjoyment, or feel... more IntroductionPeople read to get something from text whether it is facts, ideas, enjoyment, or feeling (Nuttall, 2005). For whatever purpose they read, they search for meaning in what they read (Graesser, Singer, & Trabasso, 1994; Nuttall, 2005), and meaning is constructed through readers' active cognitive interaction with the text ( Nuttall, 2005; Tenma, Araki, Fukaya, Horiba, Isahara, Konishi, Miyaura, Narita, Ozaki,& Tajika,2002).Meaning is constructed in the active interaction of readers with the text, the readers' contribution to the construction of meaning is a key aspect of reading comprehension. Therefore, reading comprehension is, in a sense, a process in which readers project their life onto what they read (Tenma, 1992). However, because experiences vary from person to person, the understanding of the same text can differ from reader to reader.Reading questions have several functions. One of the functions is to encourage students to encourage students to engage in re...
Applied Linguistics, 2020
English is taught all over the world either as a foreign or second language. It is taught as a fo... more English is taught all over the world either as a foreign or second language. It is taught as a foreign language in the Iranian educational system as well. However, it has always been the issue that EFL programs have been developed without conducting a systematic needs analysis from the learners’ perspective. The present study examined the effect of employing critical needs analysis on the learners' speaking skills improvement. To this end, 128 Iranian intermediate learners from three language institutes were selected and assigned to two experimental and control groups. The learners' Necessities, Wants and Lacks through a questionnaire and semi-structured interview were investigated. The experimental group received treatment based on the results of the interview and questionnaire. The results of the inferential statistics showed that the students' highest mean score was in the Necessities sub-dimension, followed by the Lacks, and Wants sub-dimensions which revealed that t...