Gizachew T Wassie | Bahir Dar University (original) (raw)

Papers by Gizachew T Wassie

BMC pediatrics, May 22, 2024

Background Neural tube defects (NTDs) account for the largest proportion of congenital anomalies ... more Background Neural tube defects (NTDs) account for the largest proportion of congenital anomalies of the central nervous system and result from failure of the neural tube to close spontaneously between the 3rd and 4th weeks of in utero development. Prognosis and treatment outcome depends on the nature and the pattern of the defect. The nature of treatment outcomes and its pattern associated with grave prognosis is not well known in the study area. Objective The aim of study was to determine the patterns and short term neurosurgical management outcomes of newborns with neural tube defects admitted at Felege Hiwot Specialized Hospital. Methods Institutional based retrospective cross-sectional study among neonates, who were admitted at Felege Hiwot Specialized Hospital with neural tube defects from January 1 st to December, 30 th , 2018 was conducted. All Charts of Neonates with confirmed diagnosis of neural tube defects were included as part of the study. Trained data collectors (medical interns) supervised by trained supervisors (general practitioners) collected the data using a pretested data extraction format. Data were coded, entered and analyzed using SPSS version 23 software. Frequency and cross tabulations were used to summarize descriptive statistics of data, and tables and graphs were used for data presentation. Result About 109 patients had complete documentation and imaging confirmed neural tube defects. Myelomeningocele was the commonest pattern 70 (64.2%). Thoracolumbar spine was the commonest site of presentation 49(45%). The most common associated impairment was hydrocephalus 37(33.9%). Forty-five (41.1%) had multiple complications. The mortality rate was 7.3%, 44% were discharged with sequalae and 36.7% were discharged without impairment. The significant causes of death were infection 66.7% and Chiari crisis 33.3%. Myelomeningocele was the most frequent clinical pattern of neural tube defect and thoracolumbar spine was the commonest site. Isolated neural tube defect was the commonest finding. There were multiple complications after surgery accompanied with meningitis and hydrocephalus. The mortality rate among neonates with neural tube defects was considerably high. The commonest causes of death were infection and Chiari crisis.

PloS one, May 14, 2024

Vaccination is the most cost-effective approach that significantly reduces morbidity and mortalit... more Vaccination is the most cost-effective approach that significantly reduces morbidity and mortality related to Coronavirus disease -19 (COVID-19). Nevertheless, there is a lack of information on the COVID-19 vaccine uptake and related factors in Ethiopia including the research area. To assess COVID-19 vaccine uptake and its associated factors among adult population in Dangila District, Awi Zone, Northwest Ethiopia, 2023. A community-based mixed-type study design was conducted from Oct, 15-Nov 15/2022. The study population was chosen using the multistage stratified random sampling technique for the quantitative study and the purposive sampling method for the qualitative inquiry. The collected data were managed and analyzed using SPSS version 25. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regressions were employed to identify factors associated with vaccine uptakes. In the qualitative part of the study, key informant interview was applied. After the interview was listened, the transcripts were coded and categorized into themes, and analyzed using Atlas.ti 7 software. Finally, the finding was triangulated with the quantitative results.

BMC Psychiatry, Mar 8, 2021

Background: Depression is a common mental disorder that suffers many elderly people who are negle... more Background: Depression is a common mental disorder that suffers many elderly people who are neglected, their problems are overlooked, and no efforts are made to mitigate their suffering. It is a mental health problem which is both underdiagnosed and under treated in primary care settings. This study was aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of depression among elderly people in Womberma District, Ethiopia. Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted from March 10/2020 -April 08/2020. From a 2269 study population, 959 study participants were selected by using computer-generated simple random sampling techniques from selected kebeles. Data were collected using Geriatric depression scale item 15 through face-to-face interviews. Then, entered into EpiData version 3.1 and then exported to SPSS version 23.0 for analyses. Bi-variable and multivariable logistic regression models were fitted to identify associated factors of depression. An adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence interval was reported and statistical significance was declared at P-values < 0.05. Results: The prevalence of depression among elderly people was 45% [95% CI: 41.7-48.5%]. Being female [AOR = 1.60, 95% CI [(1.15-2.23)], (age > =75 years [AOR = 7.95, 95% CI (4.98-12.68)], age 70-74 years [AOR = 5.52, 95% CI (3.52-8.66)], age 65-69 years [AOR = 2.39,95% CI (1.54-3.70)]; divorced [AOR = 2.53, 95% CI (1.59-4.03)], widowed [AOR = 2.65, 95% CI (1.61-4.34)]; poor social support [AOR = 3.32, 95% CI (1.77-6.23)] and presence of known chronic disease [AOR = 1.91, 95% CI (1.30-2.81)] were significantly associated factors with depression. Conclusions: In this study, the prevalence of depression among elderly people was high compared with previous studies done in other parts of Ethiopia. Older age, being female, marital loss, presence of known chronic disease, and poor social support were contributing factors for depression among elders. Early screening and co-morbidity management of depression should be comprised in basic primary health care packages. And also, ensuring adequate social support by establishing the Geriatrics care center could play a crucial role to mitigate the suffering of the elders from marital loss provoked loneness and depression.

International Journal of General Medicine, Apr 1, 2023

Background: Aspiration pneumonia is one of the major complications among hospitalized stroke pati... more Background: Aspiration pneumonia is one of the major complications among hospitalized stroke patients, with global incidence ranging from 5-83% and hospital mortality rate of up to 70%. This study aimed to assess the incidence and identify predictors of aspiration pneumonia among stroke patients in Western Amhara region, North-West Ethiopia. Methods: An institution-based retrospective follow-up study was conducted on a simple random sample of 568 stroke patients in Western Amhara region admitted at Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital. Log binomial regression model, a generalized linear model with log link, was applied to identify significant predictors of aspiration pneumonia. Results: Cumulative incidence of aspiration pneumonia among the 568 sampled patients was 23.06%. Males were 1.71 times more at risk to acquire aspiration pneumonia than females (ARR = 1.71, 95% CI 1.07-2.74). Patients with vomiting and dysphagia were at more risk of acquiring aspiration pneumonia as compared with patients without vomiting and dysphagia (ARR = 1.81, 95% CI 1.04-3.14 and ARR = 1.95, 95% CI 1.10-3.48, respectively). Patients who received antibiotic prophylaxis and patients with Glasgow Coma Scale greater than 12 had less risk of acquiring aspiration pneumonia as compared with those who did not receive antibiotic prophylaxis and patients with Glasgow Coma Scale less than 8 (ARR = 0.10, 95% CI 0.04-0.28 and ARR = 0.45, 95% CI 0.22-0.94, respectively). The cumulative incidence of aspiration pneumonia among sampled patients was 23.06%. Vomiting, dysphagia, antibiotic treatment and Glasgow Coma Scale showed significant correlation with the acquiring of aspiration pneumonia. Therefore, we recommend health-care providers should give special attention for patients with these risk factors to prevent aspiration pneumonia.

PloS one, May 28, 2024

In Trachoma endemic countries, many people who underwent Trichiasis surgery faced a recurrence of... more In Trachoma endemic countries, many people who underwent Trichiasis surgery faced a recurrence of the disease. Postoperative Trichiasis is a significant problem for patients and health care providers because it puts the eye at renewed risk of sight loss. Despite the low utilization of Trachomatous Trichiasis surgery and the high recurrence rate, evidence that elucidate why it recurs after surgery is limited. This study was aimed to assess the magnitude and associated factors of postoperative Trichiasis among 18 years and above individuals who underwent Trachomatous Trichiasis surgery between 2013 and 2019 in Ambassel District, Northeast Ethiopia, 2020. The community-based cross-sectional study design was conducted from March 10 to March 23/2020 in selected kebeles of Ambassel District. The required sample size (506) was calculated using EPI-INFO Version 7. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to employ study participants. Data were collected through the interviewer-administered structured pretested questionnaire and entered into EpiData version 3.1 and then exported to SPSS version 23.0 for analysis. Bi-variable and multivariable logistic regression models were fitted to identify associated factors of Postoperative Trachomatous Trichiasis. Four hundred ninety two individuals participated in this study with a response rate of 97.2%.

Research Square (Research Square), Sep 3, 2020

Background The risk of death from complications relating to pregnancy and childbirth for women's ... more Background The risk of death from complications relating to pregnancy and childbirth for women's lifetime is higher in developing countries. Improving maternal and child health through a wellorganized institutional delivery service is central to achieving reduced maternal and child mortality. Despite the efforts that have been made to improve maternal health outcomes in Ethiopia, institutional delivery is still unacceptably low. Objective This study was conducted to assess institutional delivery service utilization and associated factors in the study area. Methods A Community-based cross-sectional study was conducted. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to employ a total of 546 women. Data were collected using an intervieweradministered questionnaire and entered into EpiData version 3.1 and then exported to SPSS version 23.0. for analysis. Logistic regression models were used to determine factors associated with the outcome variable. Adjusted Odds ratios with 95% CI were computed to measure the strength of association and statistical significance was declared at p-value <0.05. Results The Prevalence of institutional delivery in the study area was 38% (34%-42%). Factors significantly associated with institutional delivery were ANC visit 1.80 (1.12-2.91), knowledge of danger sign during pregnancy 3.60 (2.25-5.76), urban residency 2.09 (1.15-3.81), Parity 0.49 (0.25-0.95) accessibility of health facility 4.

PLOS ONE, Dec 16, 2020

Scientific reports, Feb 20, 2024

Intrapartum care is a platform of comprehensive healthcare for pregnant women that is designed to... more Intrapartum care is a platform of comprehensive healthcare for pregnant women that is designed to improve birth outcomes for mother and child. However, complications during the intrapartum period continued to be the leading cause of death for women of reproductive age and newborns. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of quality of intrapartum care and its associated factors among mothers in Ethiopia. A community based cross sectional study was conducted among 4469 mothers who gave birth in the last 2 years. Quality of intrapartum care was analyzed based on the assessment of health facility delivery, skilled birth attendants and early initiations of breastfeeding. Stata version 14 software was used for data cleaning and analysis. A mixed effect multilevel logistic regression was conducted to determine factors associated with quality of intrapartum care. An adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence interval and a P value of less than or equal to 0.05 was used for the identification of both individual and community level factors. Overall, the prevalence of quality intrapartum care in Ethiopia was 23.8% (95% CI 22.6, 25.13). Primary education (AOR = 1.46, 95% CI = 1.14, 1.88), rich household class (AOR = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.10, 1.98), history of ANC (AOR = 2.91, 95% CI = 2.18, 3.86), perceived distance to the health facility as not a big issue (AOR = 1.63, 95% CI = 1.30, 2.05), urban residence (AOR = 2.97, 95% CI = 1.93, 5.09), Tigray region (AOR = 5.01, 95% CI = 1.25, 20.59), community level poverty (AOR = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.41, 0.97), and having 2-4 children (AOR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.56, 0.97) were significantly associated with quality of intrapartum care. The finding conclude that less than one in four mothers received good quality intrapartum care. In order to optimize the quality of intrapartum care, the government should empower women through extensive education. It is also recommended for the Ministry of Health to evaluate the health facilities and community health workers to increase coverage of ANC and provide financial assistance to rural residents and the poor household class.

BMC Nephrology, May 23, 2022

Background: Despite the high economic and mortality burden of chronic kidney disease, studies on ... more Background: Despite the high economic and mortality burden of chronic kidney disease, studies on survival and predictors of mortality among patients on hemodialysis in Ethiopia especially in the Amhara region are scarce considering their importance to identify some modifiable risk factors for early mortality to improve the patient's prognosis. So, this study was done to fill the identified gaps. The study aimed to assess survival and predictors of mortality among end-stage renal disease patients on hemodialysis in Amhara regional state, Ethiopia, 2020/2021. Method: Institution-based retrospective record review was conducted in Felege Hiwot, Gonder, and Gambi hospitals from March 5 to April 5, 2021. A total of 436 medical records were selected using a simple random sampling technique. A life table was used to estimate probabilities of survival at different time intervals. Multivariable cox regression was used to identify risk factors for mortality. Result: Out of the 436 patients 153 (35.1%) had died. The median survival time was 345 days with a mortality rate of 1.89 per 1000 person-days (95%CI (1.62, 2.22)). Patients live in rural residences (AHR = 1.48, 95%CI (1.04, 2.12)), patients whose cause of CKD was hypertension (AHR = 1.49, 95%CI (1.01, 2.23)) and human immune virus (AHR = 2.22, 95%CI (1.41, 3.51)), and patients who use a central venous catheter (AHR = 3.15, 95%CI (2.08, 4.77)) had increased risk of death while staying 4 h on hemodialysis (AHR = 0.43, 95%CI (0.23, 0.80)) decreases the risk of death among chronic kidney disease patients on hemodialysis. Conclusions: The overall survival rate and median survival time of chronic kidney disease patients on hemodialysis were low in the Amhara region as compared with other developing Sub-Saharan African counties.

Current Therapeutic Research-clinical and Experimental, Oct 11, 2020

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has currently become a major global public health... more Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has currently become a major global public health problem. The prevalence of COVID-19 has increased rapidly worldwide. Because there is no effective COVID-19 vaccine available yet, it is increasingly important to understand the average incubation period of severe acute respiratory syndrome novel coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes COVID-19, to design appropriate preventive and control strategies. Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis was designed to estimate the pooled average incubation period of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Methods: We conducted a systematic electronic web-based search of online databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, Embase, and the World Health Organization Hinari portal. We included peer-reviewed research studies written in the English language on the incubation period of SARS-CoV-2 using pre-defined quality and inclusion criteria. STATA version 15 statistical software was used to analyze the data. Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal quality assessment tool for observational studies was utilized to evaluate the included studies. We extracted relevant data and presented in a tabular form. The I 2 test was used to assess heterogeneity across studies. Funnel plot asymmetry and Egger tests were used to check for publication bias. The final effect size was determined by applying a random-effects model. Results: Our search identified 206 studies, amongst which 18 studies, representing 22,595 participants were included in the final analysis. The pooled average incubation period of SARS-CoV-2 was 5.7 days (95% CI, 5.1-6.4). Subgroup analyses by geographic location showed that the pooled average incubation period of SARS-CoV-2 was 6.1 days (95% CI, 5.34-6.94) in China and 4.54 (95% CI, 3.9-5.2) in other countries (Singapore, South Korea, and globally). Conclusions: The pooled average incubation period of SARS-CoV-2 was about 6 days. The longest incubation period was observed in China. Global health initiatives as well as local health planners should consider this average incubation period when designing optimal prevention and control strategies for SARS-CoV-2.

BMJ Open, Sep 1, 2022

Objective To develop and validate a risk prediction model for the prediction of preterm birth usi... more Objective To develop and validate a risk prediction model for the prediction of preterm birth using maternal characteristics. Design This was a retrospective follow-up study. Data were coded and entered into EpiData, V.3.02, and were analysed using R statistical programming language V.4.0.4 for further processing and analysis. Bivariable logistic regression was used to identify the relationship between each predictor and preterm birth. Variables with p≤0.25 from the bivariable analysis were entered into a backward stepwise multivariable logistic regression model, and significant variables (p<0.05) were retained in the multivariable model. Model accuracy and goodness of fit were assessed by computing the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (discrimination) and calibration plot (calibration), respectively. Setting and participants This retrospective study was conducted among 1260 pregnant women who did prenatal care and finally delivered at Felege Hiwot Comprehensive Specialised Hospital, Bahir Dar city, northwest Ethiopia, from 30 January 2019 to 30 January 2021. Results Residence, gravidity, haemoglobin <11 mg/dL, early rupture of membranes, antepartum haemorrhage and pregnancy-induced hypertension remained in the final multivariable prediction model. The area under the curve of the model was 0.816 (95% CI 0.779 to 0.856). Conclusion This study showed the possibility of predicting preterm birth using maternal characteristics during pregnancy. Thus, use of this model could help identify pregnant women at a higher risk of having a preterm birth to be linked to a centre.

Research Square (Research Square), Jul 14, 2022

Background: Aspiration pneumonia is one of the major complications among hospitalized stroke pati... more Background: Aspiration pneumonia is one of the major complications among hospitalized stroke patients with global incidence ranging from ve to 83 percent and hospital mortality rate of up to 70 percent. This study aimed to assess the incidence and identify predictors of aspiration pneumonia among stroke patients in Western Amhara region, North West Ethiopia. Methods: An institution-based retrospective follow-up study was conducted on a simple random sample of 568 stroke patients in Western Amhara region admitted at Felege Hiwot referral hospital. Log binomial regression model, a generalized linear model with log link, was applied to identify signi cant predictors of aspiration pneumonia. Results: Cumulative incidence of aspiration pneumonia among the 568 sampled patients was 23.06%. Males were 1.71 times more at risk to acquire aspiration pneumonia than females (ARR=1.71, 95 percent CI 1.07-2.74). Patients with vomiting and dysphagia were more risky to acquire aspiration pneumonia as compared to patients without vomiting and dysphagia (ARR=1.81, 95 percent CI 1.04-3.14) and (ARR=1.95, 95 percent CI 1.10-3.48) respectively. Patients who received antibiotic prophylaxis and patients with Glasgow Comma Scale greater than twelve were less risky to acquire aspiration pneumonia as compared to who not received antibiotic prophylaxis and Glasgow Comma Scale less than eight (ARR=0.10, 95 percent CI 0.04-0.28), (ARR=0.45, 95 percent CI 0.22-0.94) respectively. Conclusion: The cumulative incidence of aspiration pneumonia among sampled patients was 23.06%. Vomiting, dysphagia, antibiotic treatment and Glasgow Comma Scale showed signi cant correlation with the acquiring of aspiration pneumonia. Therefore, we recommend health care providers to give special attention for patients with these risk factors to prevent aspiration pneumonia.

Research Square (Research Square), Sep 18, 2020

Background In Trachoma endemic countries, many people who underwent Trichiasis surgery faced a re... more Background In Trachoma endemic countries, many people who underwent Trichiasis surgery faced a recurrence of the disease. Postoperative Trichiasis is a signi cant problem for patients and health care providers because it puts the eye at renewed risk of sight loss. Despite the low utilization of Trachomatous Trichiasis (TT) surgery and high recurrence rate, evidences that elucidate why TT recurs after surgery are limited. This study was aimed to assess the magnitude and associated factors of postoperative Trichiasis among 18 years and above individuals who underwent Trachomatous Trichiasis surgery between 2006 and 2011 Ethiopian Fiscal year in Ambassel District, NorthEast Ethiopia, 2020. Methods The community-based cross-sectional study design was conducted from March 10 to March 23/2020 in selected kebeles of Ambassel District. The required sample size was calculated using EPI-INFO Version 7. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to employ a total of 506 individuals. Data were collected through the intervieweradministered structured pre-tested questionnaire and entered into EpiData version 3.1 and then exported to SPSS version 23.0. Bi-variable and multivariable logistic regression models were tted to identify associated factors of Trachomatous Trichiasis recurrence. Results Four hundred ninety two individuals participated in this study with response rate of 97.2%. In Ambassel district the prevalence of postoperative Trichiasis was 23.8% (95%CI = 19.9-27.8). Among associated factors of postoperative

BMC Psychiatry, Apr 16, 2021

Following publication of the original article [1], the authors identified an error in Table 3. Th... more Following publication of the original article [1], the authors identified an error in Table 3. The correct table is given below. The author group has been updated above and the original article [1] has been corrected.

PLOS ONE, Jun 10, 2021

Backgrounds Pregnancy related complications are major causes of maternal morbidity and mortality ... more Backgrounds Pregnancy related complications are major causes of maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Diversified food consumption is essential to produce hormones during pregnancy and it reduced complications. In Ethiopia, many researchers were investigated about the proportion of pregnant women with dietary diversity and its determinant factors. However, those studies are inconsistent and fragmented. Therefore, the aim of this study was to estimate the pooled proportion of pregnant women with dietary diversity practice and its associated factors in Ethiopia. Methods We conducted a systematic electronic web-based search of PubMed/ /MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, Google Scholar and Google online databases for identifying studies on proportion of pregnant women with dietary diversity practice and its associated factors in Ethiopia using pre-defined quality and inclusion criteria. STATA version 14 statistical software was used to analyze the data. We extracted relevant data and presented in tabular form. The I 2 test was used to assess heterogeneity across studies. Funnel plot asymmetry and Begg's test were used to check for publication bias. The final effect size was determined by applying a random-effects model. Results Our search identified 170 studies. Of which, 23 were included in the final analysis stage. The pooled proportion of dietary diversity among pregnant women in Ethiopia was 41% (95% CI: 33, 49). Mothers can read and write (OR = 1.82 (95% CI: 1.25, 2.64)), maternal

International Journal of Public Health

Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence and the associated factors o... more Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence and the associated factors of family contact screening practice.Methods: An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 403 randomly selected pulmonary tuberculosis index cases from 1st May to 30th June 2020. Data were collected through a face-to-face interviewer-administered questionnaire. Multivariable logistic regression was performed.Results: The prevalence of family contact screening was 55.3%, (CI: 60–50). Having family support for care and treatment (AOR = 2.21, 95% CI: 1.16–4.21), waiting time of less than 60 min (AOR = 2.03, 95% CI: 1.28–3.21), receiving health education on TB prevention and treatment (AOR = 1.86), 95% CI: 1.05–3.29), and having good knowledge about TB prevention (AOR = 2.76, 95% CI: 1.77–4.294) were factors associated with family TB contact screening practice.Conclusion: This study revealed that the prevalence of family contact screening was low as compared to national and...

BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies

World Health Organization stated that traditional medicine is an important part of health care an... more World Health Organization stated that traditional medicine is an important part of health care and countries need to consider integrating it into their primary health care system. Traditional bone setting has a long history in Ethiopia and it enjoys enormous acceptance in the community. However, these methods are raw, there is no standardized training and at the same time, complications are common. Therefore, this research aimed to assess the prevalence of traditional bone setting service utilization and associated factors among people with trauma in Mecha district.Methods A Community- based cross-sectional study design was employed from January 15 to February 15, 2021. A total of 836 participants were selected using a simple random sampling technique. Binary and multiple logistic regressions were employed to assess the association between the independent variables with traditional bone setting service utilization.Results The prevalence of traditional bone setting service utilizatio...

PLOS ONE

Background Cancer is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally. In Ethiopia, 5.8% of ... more Background Cancer is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally. In Ethiopia, 5.8% of deaths are attributed to cancer. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the cancers preventive practice and associated factors in North West Ethiopia, 2019. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among Bahir Dar city residents. A multistage sampling technique was used to select 845 study participants. Data were collected through a validated interviewer administered questionnaire. The questionnaire was adapted from the American cancer association cancer prevention toolkit. Descriptive statistics were computed and presented in charts and texts. The model fitness was checked using Hosmer and Lemeshow goodness of fit (P > 0.05). Bivariable and multivariable logistic regressions were used to identify factors associated with cancer preventive practice. A p-value < 0.2 at bivariate analysis was candidate variables for multivariable logistic regression analysis. Fina...

The Lancet Global Health

Background The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted gaps in health surveillance systems, disease prevent... more Background The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted gaps in health surveillance systems, disease prevention, and treatment globally. Among the many factors that might have led to these gaps is the issue of the financing of national health systems, especially in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), as well as a robust global system for pandemic preparedness. We aimed to provide a comparative assessment of global health spending at the onset of the pandemic; characterise the amount of development assistance for pandemic preparedness and response disbursed in the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic; and examine expectations for future health spending and put into context the expected need for investment in pandemic preparedness. Methods In this analysis of global health spending between 1990 and 2021, and prediction from 2021 to 2026, we estimated four sources of health spending: development assistance for health (DAH), government spending, out-ofpocket spending, and prepaid private spending across 204 countries and territories. We used the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)&amp;#39;s Creditor Reporting System (CRS) and the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database (GHED) to estimate spending. We estimated development assistance for general health, COVID-19 response, and pandemic preparedness and response using a keyword search. Health spending estimates were combined with estimates of resources needed for pandemic prevention and preparedness to analyse future health spending patterns, relative to need. Findings In 2019, at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, US$9•2 trillion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 9•1-9•3) was spent on health worldwide. We found great disparities in the amount of resources devoted to health, with high-income countries spending 7•3trillion(957•3 trillion (95% UI 7•2-7•4) in 2019; 293•7 times the 7•3trillion(9524•8 billion (95% UI 24•3-25•3) spent by low-income countries in 2019. That same year, 43•1billionindevelopmentassistancewasprovidedtomaintainorimprovehealth.Thepandemicledtoanunprecedentedincreaseindevelopmentassistancetargetedtowardshealth;in2020and2021,43•1 billion in development assistance was provided to maintain or improve health. The pandemic led to an unprecedented increase in development assistance targeted towards health; in 2020 and 2021, 43•1billionindevelopmentassistancewasprovidedtomaintainorimprovehealth.Thepandemicledtoanunprecedentedincreaseindevelopmentassistancetargetedtowardshealth;in2020and2021,1•8 billion in DAH contributions was provided towards pandemic preparedness in LMICs, and $37•8 billion was provided for the health-related COVID-19 response. Although the support for pandemic preparedness is 12•2% of the recommended target by the High-Level Independent Panel (HLIP), the support provided for the healthrelated COVID-19 response is 252•2% of the recommended target. Additionally, projected spending estimates suggest that between 2022 and 2026, governments in 17 (95% UI 11-21) of the 137 LMICs will observe an increase in national government health spending equivalent to an addition of 1% of GDP, as recommended by the HLIP. Interpretation There was an unprecedented scale-up in DAH in 2020 and 2021. We have a unique opportunity at this time to sustain funding for crucial global health functions, including pandemic preparedness. However, historical patterns of underfunding of pandemic preparedness suggest that deliberate effort must be made to ensure funding is maintained.

BMC pediatrics, May 22, 2024

PloS one, May 14, 2024

BMC Psychiatry, Mar 8, 2021

International Journal of General Medicine, Apr 1, 2023

PloS one, May 28, 2024

Research Square (Research Square), Sep 3, 2020

PLOS ONE, Dec 16, 2020

Scientific reports, Feb 20, 2024

BMC Nephrology, May 23, 2022

Current Therapeutic Research-clinical and Experimental, Oct 11, 2020

BMJ Open, Sep 1, 2022

Research Square (Research Square), Jul 14, 2022

Background: Aspiration pneumonia is one of the major complications among hospitalized stroke pati... more Background: Aspiration pneumonia is one of the major complications among hospitalized stroke patients with global incidence ranging from ve to 83 percent and hospital mortality rate of up to 70 percent. This study aimed to assess the incidence and identify predictors of aspiration pneumonia among stroke patients in Western Amhara region, North West Ethiopia. Methods: An institution-based retrospective follow-up study was conducted on a simple random sample of 568 stroke patients in Western Amhara region admitted at Felege Hiwot referral hospital. Log binomial regression model, a generalized linear model with log link, was applied to identify signi cant predictors of aspiration pneumonia. Results: Cumulative incidence of aspiration pneumonia among the 568 sampled patients was 23.06%. Males were 1.71 times more at risk to acquire aspiration pneumonia than females (ARR=1.71, 95 percent CI 1.07-2.74). Patients with vomiting and dysphagia were more risky to acquire aspiration pneumonia as compared to patients without vomiting and dysphagia (ARR=1.81, 95 percent CI 1.04-3.14) and (ARR=1.95, 95 percent CI 1.10-3.48) respectively. Patients who received antibiotic prophylaxis and patients with Glasgow Comma Scale greater than twelve were less risky to acquire aspiration pneumonia as compared to who not received antibiotic prophylaxis and Glasgow Comma Scale less than eight (ARR=0.10, 95 percent CI 0.04-0.28), (ARR=0.45, 95 percent CI 0.22-0.94) respectively. Conclusion: The cumulative incidence of aspiration pneumonia among sampled patients was 23.06%. Vomiting, dysphagia, antibiotic treatment and Glasgow Comma Scale showed signi cant correlation with the acquiring of aspiration pneumonia. Therefore, we recommend health care providers to give special attention for patients with these risk factors to prevent aspiration pneumonia.

Research Square (Research Square), Sep 18, 2020

BMC Psychiatry, Apr 16, 2021

PLOS ONE, Jun 10, 2021

International Journal of Public Health

BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies

PLOS ONE

The Lancet Global Health