Şahin Yıldırım | Bartın University (original) (raw)
Papers by Şahin Yıldırım
Trakya'nın Anıt Mezarları Tümülüsler
Avrupalı seyyahlar tarafından Anadolu’nun Piramitleri olarak tanımlanan tümülüsler, ülkemizin hem... more Avrupalı seyyahlar tarafından Anadolu’nun Piramitleri olarak tanımlanan tümülüsler, ülkemizin hemen hemen bütün coğrafi bölgelerinde karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Kaba bir tahminle on binin üzerinde olduğunu varsaydığımız tümülüs ve kurganlar, Anadolu ve Trakya peyzajında bulunan hakim tepelerin ve sırtların üzerlerinde, bir zamanlar yegane hakimi oldukları topraklarını selamlar şekilde konumlandırılmışlardır. Trakya Tümülüsleri üzerine son yıllarda yürütülen kazı ve araştırmalar, tümülüslerin bölge coğrafyasında Erken Bronz Çağı’ndan itibaren yer aldıklarını gösterdi. MÖ 3000’den MS 3. yy’ın ortalarına kadar geçen sürede önce Yamnaya ve benzeri step kabilelerinin gelmesi ile başlayan, sonrasında Trak kabilelerinin göç hareketleriyle şekillenen bu ilginç fenomen, kısa sürede Trakya topoğrafyasının hemen her yerine yayıldı. Erken Demir Çağı ile bölgeye gelen Traklar da kendi kabile şefleri ile önemli savaşçıları ve onların aile bireylerinin ebedi istirahatgahları olarak tümülüsleri tercih etmişlerdir. Bu gelenek, Hellenistik Dönem ve Roma İmparatorluk Dönemi’nde abidevi ölçülere sahip mezarların ortaya çıkmasıyla boyut değiştirmiştir. Trakya’da bu dönemlere ait oldukça kaliteli taş işçiliğine ve zengin bezeme kompozisyonuna sahip onlarca mezar odası ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Roma İmparatorluğu’nun gerilemeye başladığı MS 3. yy’ın ikinci çeyreğinden itibaren imparatorluğun genelinde görülen siyasi kargaşalar, istilalar ve bunun sonucunda meydana gelen ekonomik çöküş ile birlikte tümülüs benzeri anıtsal mezarların yapımı sona ermiştir.
Tios/Tieion on the Southern Black Sea in the Broader Context of Pontic Archaeology, 2023
Tsetskhladze and Yıldırım (eds) Tios/Tieion on the Southern Black Sea Edited by Gocha R. Tsetskhl... more Tsetskhladze and Yıldırım (eds) Tios/Tieion on the Southern Black Sea Edited by Gocha R. Tsetskhladze(†) and Şahin Yıldırım Tios/Tieion was intended to be a publication of the proceedings of a conference held at Filyos (ancient Tios/ Tieion) in 2020. The conference had to be cancelled in common with other events due to Covid 19, though with the hope that it might take place eventually, a hope undermined by the sudden and premature death of Gocha Tsetskhladze, the co-organiser. Instead, we have a volume of 'Precedings', written when thoughts of the conference had not yet been abandoned. Several of the papers focus on aspects of Tios itself (the Acropolis, the Lower City and Coin Finds, written by scholars involved in the excavation). Its place in ancient geography and cartography is considered before we move on to the indigenous inhabitants of the surrounding area, the immediate and greater region (Paphlagonian Hadrianopolis, Hadrian's visit to the region, the nature of the Phrygian kingdom), then the Turkish Black Sea region (rock-cut tunnels, Roman Heraclea Pontica, St John Chrysostom's Monastery), and outwards to the western, northern and eastern shores of the Black Sea, their inhabitants and hinterlands (monumental architecture in the temenos of Apollonia Pontica; Archaic Greek transport amphorae in the Getic hinterland; early Greek pottery in settlements and burials of the northern Black Sea region; the house of Pythes at Berezan; the Sindoi; religious customs at Tarasova Balka; the Mordvinovskii Barrow; and finally Greeks and locals in Pichvnari in Colchis). Overall, there are 21 chapters and 27 authors, drawn from Turkey, Russia, Georgia, Bulgaria and beyond.
Tios/Tieion on the Southern Black Sea in the Broader Context of Pontic Archaeology, 2023
Excavation of the acropolis of Tios has concentrated around the temple of the Roman Imperial peri... more Excavation of the acropolis of Tios has concentrated around the temple of the Roman Imperial period, one of the most important structures of the city: it is in the Corinthian order, probably with a peripteral or pseudo-peripteral plan. The temple was impacted by the construction of the Byzantine church and the fortification walls, and a significant part of its stonework was used in other buildings. Columns, bases and capitals made of marble and architectural elements were turned into lime to be used in walls and other structures. Recent excavations of the temple terrace provided important information about the Roman and pre-Roman
stages of the building: column capitals and foundation remains of the Archaic and Hellenistic periods were found in and around the temple foundations.
Arkeoloji ve Sanat Dergisi, 2023
TOPKORU TUMULI: A NEW LATE BRONZE AGE NECROPOLIS IN EASTERN THRACE The tumuli, which we encounte... more TOPKORU TUMULI: A NEW LATE BRONZE AGE NECROPOLIS IN EASTERN THRACE
The tumuli, which we encounter almost everywhere in Eastern Thrace, have a very important archaeological position in this geography with their history exceeding 5000 years. Rescue excavations and research carried out in the Silivri and Beşiktaş districts of Istanbul in recent years in the region showed that the tumuli began to take place in the region’s geography from the Early Bronze Age. From the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC to the 3rd century AD, they were used as the most important burial form of local community leaders living in Thrace and the royal aristocracy in
classical times. Since the end of the Bronze Age, there have been new migration flows to Thrace. The communities that came as a result of these migration waves brought with them tumuli with passaged burial chambers, also called dolmens, which were created using megalithic stones, and
small sized tumuli, also called stony hills, since a significant part of their fillings were made of stones. These new types of tombs were used over a long period of time, from approximately 1400 BC to 700 BC. Three new tumuli dated to the Late Bronze Age in Eastern Thrace were unearthed in 2020, with the rescue excavations carried out in the Topkoru Tumuli near Terzidere Village, Kofçaz District, Kırklareli Province. A total of 13 tumuli were identified in the area where the excavations were carried out in the Topkoru locality. Most of the tumuli are located in dense forest areas. Almost all of them have been subjected to heavy destruction by treasure hunters. A large number of handmade ceramics dated to the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age were found during the surveys around the tumuli. The burial chamber, partly unearthed by treasure hunters, is a unique example for Thrace in the Topkoru A tumulus, which has the largest size among these tumuli. This tomb is in the form of a long and narrow dromos(corridor) made using local schist stones. The end of the corridor has an apsidal form and the burial took place here. As such, this tomb structure is similar to the monuments called long barrows, which are frequently encountered in Western Europe and England since the 5th and 4th millennium BC, in terms of interior building form. During the salvage excavations in the Topkoru tumulus necropolis, a type of grave called a pit grave, whose parallels are seen frequently in the Balkans and the Northern Black Sea, was also found.
Call for Papers (Deadline 30 September 2023) Session n° 3: New Research on the eastern Roman fron... more Call for Papers (Deadline 30 September 2023) Session n° 3: New Research on the eastern Roman frontier – Southern Pontos, Cappadocia, and the Upper Euphrates Valley
In Roman frontier studies the southern Pontos region, Cappdadocia, and the Upper Euphrates Valley are still perceived as terra incognita with few exceptional work on the Euphrates frontier, the Pontic fleet, and both funerary and honorific monuments dedicated to members of the Roman army. In the recent past, however, new archaeological research has substantially enhanced our knowledge of Roman military architecture and the local communities living along the southern Pontic frontier, the Cappadocian and the Upper Euphrates limes.
In this session we invite contributions focusing on Roman military sites along the eastern frontier in modern Turkiye and the impact of the Roman army on local communities dwelling in its hinterland. We also encourage new approaches in visual culture studies drawing on Roman Imperial geopolitics towards establishing and securing the Roman frontiers in northern and eastern Asia Minor and thus presenting fresh insights into the archaeology of the limes within the territory of the Pontic kingdom ruled by Mithradates VI, greatest enemy of Rome, until 63 B.C.
https://limes2024.org/callforpapers/
CONNECTING THE ANCIENT WEST AND EAST STUDIES PRESENTED TO PROF. GOCHA R. TSETSKHLADZE, 2022
The ancient city of Tieion is located in the western region of the southern Black Sea littoral, n... more The ancient city of Tieion is located in the western region of the southern Black Sea littoral, next to the Billaos river (Filyos) which was considered the border between Bithynia and Paphlagonia. It is known as a Milesian colony, which was founded in the second half of the 7th century BC. It is
believed that this colony was established by a priest called Tios. Ionian pottery, excavated on the Acropolis of Tieon, dated to the 7th/6th century BC, confirms the written sources which tell us that Miletus founded the city. An important harbour, Tieion was situated on the Black Sea trading route, with fishing, wine production and grain cultivation to the fore. With its still visible remains of the ancient harbour, its temple on the Acropolis, baths and theatre, it appears as a typical Roman city. One of the most important building projects introduced by the Romans was a sophisticated water supply system. As a result of recent excavations carried out in the vicinity of the Acropolis, the ruins of various buildings from the foundation periods of the city were encountered. These structures are underground pits, round, oval and rectangular in form.
During investigations conducted in and around them, Wild Goat Style pottery of the last quarter of the 7th century BC and locally produced dark grey, black and brown wares, some of which were handmade, were also uncovered. The archaeological strata just below the colonial levels yielded fragments of a Late Geometric terracotta horse figurine and a large amount of local pottery. Thus, concrete evidence of Greek colonisation of the southern Black Sea has been acquired.
THE BLACK SEA REGION IN THE CONTEXT OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE, 2022
Tarih Öncesinden Cumhuriyete Edirne Üzerine Araştırmalar, 2021
Byzas 26, 2021
Although Paphlagonia is not as rich in tumuli as Phrygia, Lydia, or Trakhia, the region is still ... more Although Paphlagonia is not as rich in tumuli as Phrygia, Lydia, or Trakhia, the region is still home to a considerable number of tumuli. Many of the tumuli are located in the the Taşköprü District of Kastamonu Province in Northern Turkey where the ancient city of Pompeiopolis was established. Apart from Taşköprü, the Safranbolu, Eflani, Ovacuma, Daday, Çankırı and Sinop-Boyabat surroundings are among the places where such tumuli can be intensely seen. Paphlagonia differs from other regions in terms of the tombs and the burial chambers under the tumuli. There are many different types of burials and burial chambers in the region. The layout of burial chambers of Paphlagonian tumuli, especially in those dated to the Late Classical and Early Hellenistic periods, are quite similar to the Trakhian
and Bithynian tumuli. There are two dominant architectural plan types that can be seen in the tombs of southern Trakhian tumuli, namely round and rectangular plans. These types of sepulchres were very common in the Paphlagonian region. However, it should be noted that the architecture of burial chambers and tomb types differ depending on the periodic and cultural differences in both regions. In Paphlagonia, especially in the districts of Yenice, Safranbolu, Eflani in Karabük and in the Daday district of Kastamonu Province, a very important part of the tumuli in the villages of these districts are burial chambers that are contemporaneous and
quite similar to the architecture of Trakhian tumuli. The emergence of tumulustype burial monuments in the region is dated between the end of the Bronze Age
and the beginning of the Iron Age. In particular, the findings obtained as a result of rescue excavations carried out in the Daday district of Kastamonu seem to confirm this view. The Paphlagonians, who were one of the tribes that came to Trakhia and Anatolia with migrations during the Early Iron Age period, are thought to have brought the tradition of tumulus-type tomb monuments to the region. However, the tumuli related to the Phrygian culture were also found in the Safranbolu district and its surroundings.
Byzas 26, 2021
The ancient city of Tieion is located in the western region of the South Black Sea littoral, next... more The ancient city of Tieion is located in the western region of the South Black Sea littoral, next to the Billaos river (Filyos) which was considered as the border between Bithynia and Paphlagonia. It is known as a Milesian colony, which was founded in the last quarter of the seventh cent. BCE. According to legend, the colony was founded by a priest called Tios. Ionian pottery, unearthed on and around the Acropolis hill and dated to the 7th / 6th cent. BCE, confirms the written sources that Miletos was the founder of the city.
As a harbour city, Tieion was situated on the sea route of the Black Sea and was known for its trading in fish, wine and grain. Tieon appears as a typical Roman city with its still visible remains of the ancient harbour, its temple on the acropolis, and its baths and theater. One of the most important
building projects introduced to the city by the Romans was the advanced water supply system. The remnants of the Roman harbour with its breakwaters are situated in the western part of the ancient city, adjacent to the rocky outcrop where the acropolis stands. Pseudo-Scylax mentions that this harbour was very busy in its heyday. His account can be proved by the large concentration of shipwrecks found here. Excavations and underwater reseach conducted during the 2013, 2016 and 2018 seasons,
reveal an elliptic-shaped harbour with three breakwaters, one of which is located towards to northwest and the other two are in the southwest part of the harbour.
Belleten, 2021
Tieion antik kenti, Karadeniz kıyısının batı kesiminde, Kimi antik çağ yazarları tarafından Bithy... more Tieion antik kenti, Karadeniz kıyısının batı kesiminde, Kimi antik çağ yazarları tarafından Bithynia ile Paphlagonia arasında sınır olarak kabul edilen Billaos nehrinin (Filyos) hemen yakınında yer almaktadır. Yerleşim, antik ve modern kaynaklar tarafından MÖ 7. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında, Tios adında Miletoslu bir rahibin önderliğinde kurulmuş bir Miletos kolonisi olarak nitelendirilmektedir. Tieion Akropolisinde kazılar sonucunda ortaya çıkarılan MÖ 7. ve 6. yüzyıllara tarihlendirilen İonia seramikleri, yerleşimin Miletos tarafından kurulduğunu doğrulamaktadır. Bununla birlikte önemli bir liman kenti olan Tieion, Karadeniz'in ticaret yolları üzerinde, balıkçılık, şarap üretimi ve tahıl yetiştiriciliğinin ön plana çıktığı bir yerdi. Antik limanın mendirekleri, akropolisteki tapınağı, hamamları, su kemerleri ve tiyatrosuyla Tieion, tipik bir Roma kenti görünümündedir.
41. KAZI SONUÇLARI TOPLANTISI 4. CİLT, 2019
41. KAZI SONUÇLARI TOPLANTISI 4. CİLT, 2019
Öz: Antik çağlarda Doğu Bithynia ve Batı Paphlagonia bölgeleri arasındaki önemli geçiş noktaların... more Öz: Antik çağlarda Doğu Bithynia ve Batı Paphlagonia bölgeleri arasındaki önemli geçiş noktalarından birisi olan Tieion antik kenti, ülkemizin Batı Karadeniz bölgesinde, Zonguldak İli, Çaycuma İlçesi, Filyos beldesi sınırlarında bulunmaktadır. Kent, Filyos (Billaios) Nehri'nin hemen ağzında yer almakta idi. Billaios Nehri, Tieion antik kentinin ekonomisi için çok büyük bir öneme sahipti. Billaios Nehri, vadisi boyunca uzanan bereketli toprakları sayesinde burada yaşayan topluluklara hatırı sayılır miktarda tarımsal fayda sağlamıştır. Nehir ağzından 30 km. kadar ötedeki Gökçebey'e kadarki ulaşım, küçük tekne ve kayıklarla sağlanmakta idi. İç bölgelerden elde edilen ticari eşya, tarım ürünleri ile gemi yapımında kullanılan keresteler, Tieion limanına bu elverişli nehir yolu ile ulaştırılmaktaydı. Billaios Nehri'nin Devrek Çayı (Ladon) ile birleştiği Gökçebey Üçburgu'da 2009 yılında meydana gelen büyük bir sel neticesinde nehir kenarında Roma Dönemi'ne tarihlendirilen yapı kalıntıları ortaya çıkmıştır. Tieion antik kentinin güney sınırında bulunan bu yerde kazı ekibinin gerçekleştirmiş olduğu yüzey araştırmaları sırasında, nehir içinde üzerlerinde Grekçe yazıt bulunan iki kurşun terazi ağırlığı bulunmuştur. Bu bölgede 2012 yılı Eylül ayı başında Karadeniz Ereğli Müzesi'nin başkanlığında, Doçent Dr. Şahin Yıldırım'ın bilimsel danışmanlığında bir kurtarma kazısı başlatılmış ve Roma İmparatorluk Dönemi'ne tarihlendirilen çok sayıda çanak çömlek ve amphora parçaları bulunmuştur. Bölgede bulunan tüm bu yazıtlı kurşun ağırlıklar ve çanak çömlekler bize yapının işlevi hakkında ipucu vermektedir. Ekonomik değere sahip ticari ve tarımsal ürünler ile bölgenin ünlü ormanlarından sağlanan keresteler, burada Üçburgu'daki binalarda vergilenerek tartılıyor ve ödeme işlemleri gibi süreçlerden sonra Tieion şehir merkezine götürülmek üzere bu gümrük depolarına teknelerle veya karayoluyla getiriliyordu. Abstract: The ancient city of Tieion, on one of the transit points
TARİH BOYUNCA ANADOLU - GÜRCİSTAN İLİŞKİLERİ, 2020
:A new era begins in Anatolia with the Treaty of Apameia which was signed in 188 BC. The Roman Em... more :A new era begins in Anatolia with the Treaty of Apameia which was signed in 188 BC. The Roman Empire, which is one of the greatest imperial powers in history, has firstly entered in Anatolia with this peace. With the legacy of Attalos III, the last King of Pergamon, in 133 BC the whole territory of the Kingdom of Pergamum was under the sovereignty of the Roman Republic. Afterwards, following an expansionist policy Rome captured many kingdoms over time. When the Mithridates Eupator VI of Pontus King committed suicide in 63 BC, the Romans became the only power of Anatolia. However, the powerful Parthian Kingdom and, then the Sassanids in the East prevented Rome from moving further than the Euphrates. With the transformation of the Roman Republic into an empire from 27 BC, significant changes were made not only to its political structure but also to its military structure. In particular, the temporary fortresses and camps in the troubled border lines of the Empire
were replaced bynew, more permanent and bigger in size fortresses built in stone than ever before. In addition, many new legions were formed, and they were deployed at the points of importance for the defense of the empire. In particular, with the military arrangements made by the Emperor Vespasianus, the Eastern border line of the Roman Empire was designated as Euphrates against the Parths and the Sassanids. Rome has created four large legion castles along the Euphrates border line in Anatolia from north to south in the cities of Satala, Melitene,
Samosata and Zeugma. One of these legions is in the ancient city of Satala in Northeastern Anatolia. First, the Legion XVI of Flavia Firma was sent to Satala and later was permanently stationed the Legion XV of Apollinaris by Emperor Traianus or Hadrianus. The Legion XV,
created by the Emperor Augustus, ensured the security of the important roads in the region along with the northeastern border line of the Empire until it was destroyed by the Sassanids. Satala has become an intersection at the junction of the very important roads connecting the
Eastern Anatolia to the Black Sea and the Caucasus with the Roman military route from Satala to Zeugma and even to Mesopotamia. Another important ancient route along the Kelkit Valley, extending to Cappadocia, passes near Satala.The city was visited several times by the Roman
emperors because of its important strategic location.
Settlements and Necropoleis of the Black Sea and its Hinterland in Antiquity Gocha R. Tsetskhladze and Sümer Atasoy with the collaboration of, 2019
Abstract The Great Göztepe Tumulus, which is located in the city of Safranbolu in inland Paphlago... more Abstract
The Great Göztepe Tumulus, which is located in the city of Safranbolu in inland Paphlagonia, has been little studied so far. The
salvage excavations initiated in 2011 revealed an unprecedented tomb structure in the region. At the centre of the tumulus there
is a stone circle with a diameter of 15 m constructed in the dry masonry technique. Inside this circle there is a tholos tomb in
the form of beehive which is filled with soil. This tomb is constructed in the dry masonry technique as well. The tumulus was
exposed to looting many times by tomb raiders, hence there is not a solid finding in the tomb inventory. However a number
of pottery sherds found inside the tomb structure shows that the tumulus dates back to the Middle Phrygian period. Although
the architecture of the tomb does not correspond to traditional Phrygian tomb architecture, it is considered that the owner of
the tomb was a local noble who lived in the Phrygian period. In and around Safranbolu there are very few remains dating to
Phrygian period and these are located in the Soğanlı valley to the south-east. Examples of Phrygian influence in the valley are
some open-air altars dedicated to Cybele and the façade of a Hellenistic-period rock-cut tomb. There are dozens of tumuli over
the hills close to Safranbolu.
Satala 2017 Yılı Kazı ve Araştırma Çalışmaları
TİOS-TİEİON 2017 YILI KAZI ÇALIŞMALARI , 2017
Trakya'nın Anıt Mezarları Tümülüsler
Avrupalı seyyahlar tarafından Anadolu’nun Piramitleri olarak tanımlanan tümülüsler, ülkemizin hem... more Avrupalı seyyahlar tarafından Anadolu’nun Piramitleri olarak tanımlanan tümülüsler, ülkemizin hemen hemen bütün coğrafi bölgelerinde karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Kaba bir tahminle on binin üzerinde olduğunu varsaydığımız tümülüs ve kurganlar, Anadolu ve Trakya peyzajında bulunan hakim tepelerin ve sırtların üzerlerinde, bir zamanlar yegane hakimi oldukları topraklarını selamlar şekilde konumlandırılmışlardır. Trakya Tümülüsleri üzerine son yıllarda yürütülen kazı ve araştırmalar, tümülüslerin bölge coğrafyasında Erken Bronz Çağı’ndan itibaren yer aldıklarını gösterdi. MÖ 3000’den MS 3. yy’ın ortalarına kadar geçen sürede önce Yamnaya ve benzeri step kabilelerinin gelmesi ile başlayan, sonrasında Trak kabilelerinin göç hareketleriyle şekillenen bu ilginç fenomen, kısa sürede Trakya topoğrafyasının hemen her yerine yayıldı. Erken Demir Çağı ile bölgeye gelen Traklar da kendi kabile şefleri ile önemli savaşçıları ve onların aile bireylerinin ebedi istirahatgahları olarak tümülüsleri tercih etmişlerdir. Bu gelenek, Hellenistik Dönem ve Roma İmparatorluk Dönemi’nde abidevi ölçülere sahip mezarların ortaya çıkmasıyla boyut değiştirmiştir. Trakya’da bu dönemlere ait oldukça kaliteli taş işçiliğine ve zengin bezeme kompozisyonuna sahip onlarca mezar odası ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Roma İmparatorluğu’nun gerilemeye başladığı MS 3. yy’ın ikinci çeyreğinden itibaren imparatorluğun genelinde görülen siyasi kargaşalar, istilalar ve bunun sonucunda meydana gelen ekonomik çöküş ile birlikte tümülüs benzeri anıtsal mezarların yapımı sona ermiştir.
Tios/Tieion on the Southern Black Sea in the Broader Context of Pontic Archaeology, 2023
Tsetskhladze and Yıldırım (eds) Tios/Tieion on the Southern Black Sea Edited by Gocha R. Tsetskhl... more Tsetskhladze and Yıldırım (eds) Tios/Tieion on the Southern Black Sea Edited by Gocha R. Tsetskhladze(†) and Şahin Yıldırım Tios/Tieion was intended to be a publication of the proceedings of a conference held at Filyos (ancient Tios/ Tieion) in 2020. The conference had to be cancelled in common with other events due to Covid 19, though with the hope that it might take place eventually, a hope undermined by the sudden and premature death of Gocha Tsetskhladze, the co-organiser. Instead, we have a volume of 'Precedings', written when thoughts of the conference had not yet been abandoned. Several of the papers focus on aspects of Tios itself (the Acropolis, the Lower City and Coin Finds, written by scholars involved in the excavation). Its place in ancient geography and cartography is considered before we move on to the indigenous inhabitants of the surrounding area, the immediate and greater region (Paphlagonian Hadrianopolis, Hadrian's visit to the region, the nature of the Phrygian kingdom), then the Turkish Black Sea region (rock-cut tunnels, Roman Heraclea Pontica, St John Chrysostom's Monastery), and outwards to the western, northern and eastern shores of the Black Sea, their inhabitants and hinterlands (monumental architecture in the temenos of Apollonia Pontica; Archaic Greek transport amphorae in the Getic hinterland; early Greek pottery in settlements and burials of the northern Black Sea region; the house of Pythes at Berezan; the Sindoi; religious customs at Tarasova Balka; the Mordvinovskii Barrow; and finally Greeks and locals in Pichvnari in Colchis). Overall, there are 21 chapters and 27 authors, drawn from Turkey, Russia, Georgia, Bulgaria and beyond.
Tios/Tieion on the Southern Black Sea in the Broader Context of Pontic Archaeology, 2023
Excavation of the acropolis of Tios has concentrated around the temple of the Roman Imperial peri... more Excavation of the acropolis of Tios has concentrated around the temple of the Roman Imperial period, one of the most important structures of the city: it is in the Corinthian order, probably with a peripteral or pseudo-peripteral plan. The temple was impacted by the construction of the Byzantine church and the fortification walls, and a significant part of its stonework was used in other buildings. Columns, bases and capitals made of marble and architectural elements were turned into lime to be used in walls and other structures. Recent excavations of the temple terrace provided important information about the Roman and pre-Roman
stages of the building: column capitals and foundation remains of the Archaic and Hellenistic periods were found in and around the temple foundations.
Arkeoloji ve Sanat Dergisi, 2023
TOPKORU TUMULI: A NEW LATE BRONZE AGE NECROPOLIS IN EASTERN THRACE The tumuli, which we encounte... more TOPKORU TUMULI: A NEW LATE BRONZE AGE NECROPOLIS IN EASTERN THRACE
The tumuli, which we encounter almost everywhere in Eastern Thrace, have a very important archaeological position in this geography with their history exceeding 5000 years. Rescue excavations and research carried out in the Silivri and Beşiktaş districts of Istanbul in recent years in the region showed that the tumuli began to take place in the region’s geography from the Early Bronze Age. From the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC to the 3rd century AD, they were used as the most important burial form of local community leaders living in Thrace and the royal aristocracy in
classical times. Since the end of the Bronze Age, there have been new migration flows to Thrace. The communities that came as a result of these migration waves brought with them tumuli with passaged burial chambers, also called dolmens, which were created using megalithic stones, and
small sized tumuli, also called stony hills, since a significant part of their fillings were made of stones. These new types of tombs were used over a long period of time, from approximately 1400 BC to 700 BC. Three new tumuli dated to the Late Bronze Age in Eastern Thrace were unearthed in 2020, with the rescue excavations carried out in the Topkoru Tumuli near Terzidere Village, Kofçaz District, Kırklareli Province. A total of 13 tumuli were identified in the area where the excavations were carried out in the Topkoru locality. Most of the tumuli are located in dense forest areas. Almost all of them have been subjected to heavy destruction by treasure hunters. A large number of handmade ceramics dated to the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age were found during the surveys around the tumuli. The burial chamber, partly unearthed by treasure hunters, is a unique example for Thrace in the Topkoru A tumulus, which has the largest size among these tumuli. This tomb is in the form of a long and narrow dromos(corridor) made using local schist stones. The end of the corridor has an apsidal form and the burial took place here. As such, this tomb structure is similar to the monuments called long barrows, which are frequently encountered in Western Europe and England since the 5th and 4th millennium BC, in terms of interior building form. During the salvage excavations in the Topkoru tumulus necropolis, a type of grave called a pit grave, whose parallels are seen frequently in the Balkans and the Northern Black Sea, was also found.
Call for Papers (Deadline 30 September 2023) Session n° 3: New Research on the eastern Roman fron... more Call for Papers (Deadline 30 September 2023) Session n° 3: New Research on the eastern Roman frontier – Southern Pontos, Cappadocia, and the Upper Euphrates Valley
In Roman frontier studies the southern Pontos region, Cappdadocia, and the Upper Euphrates Valley are still perceived as terra incognita with few exceptional work on the Euphrates frontier, the Pontic fleet, and both funerary and honorific monuments dedicated to members of the Roman army. In the recent past, however, new archaeological research has substantially enhanced our knowledge of Roman military architecture and the local communities living along the southern Pontic frontier, the Cappadocian and the Upper Euphrates limes.
In this session we invite contributions focusing on Roman military sites along the eastern frontier in modern Turkiye and the impact of the Roman army on local communities dwelling in its hinterland. We also encourage new approaches in visual culture studies drawing on Roman Imperial geopolitics towards establishing and securing the Roman frontiers in northern and eastern Asia Minor and thus presenting fresh insights into the archaeology of the limes within the territory of the Pontic kingdom ruled by Mithradates VI, greatest enemy of Rome, until 63 B.C.
https://limes2024.org/callforpapers/
CONNECTING THE ANCIENT WEST AND EAST STUDIES PRESENTED TO PROF. GOCHA R. TSETSKHLADZE, 2022
The ancient city of Tieion is located in the western region of the southern Black Sea littoral, n... more The ancient city of Tieion is located in the western region of the southern Black Sea littoral, next to the Billaos river (Filyos) which was considered the border between Bithynia and Paphlagonia. It is known as a Milesian colony, which was founded in the second half of the 7th century BC. It is
believed that this colony was established by a priest called Tios. Ionian pottery, excavated on the Acropolis of Tieon, dated to the 7th/6th century BC, confirms the written sources which tell us that Miletus founded the city. An important harbour, Tieion was situated on the Black Sea trading route, with fishing, wine production and grain cultivation to the fore. With its still visible remains of the ancient harbour, its temple on the Acropolis, baths and theatre, it appears as a typical Roman city. One of the most important building projects introduced by the Romans was a sophisticated water supply system. As a result of recent excavations carried out in the vicinity of the Acropolis, the ruins of various buildings from the foundation periods of the city were encountered. These structures are underground pits, round, oval and rectangular in form.
During investigations conducted in and around them, Wild Goat Style pottery of the last quarter of the 7th century BC and locally produced dark grey, black and brown wares, some of which were handmade, were also uncovered. The archaeological strata just below the colonial levels yielded fragments of a Late Geometric terracotta horse figurine and a large amount of local pottery. Thus, concrete evidence of Greek colonisation of the southern Black Sea has been acquired.
THE BLACK SEA REGION IN THE CONTEXT OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE, 2022
Tarih Öncesinden Cumhuriyete Edirne Üzerine Araştırmalar, 2021
Byzas 26, 2021
Although Paphlagonia is not as rich in tumuli as Phrygia, Lydia, or Trakhia, the region is still ... more Although Paphlagonia is not as rich in tumuli as Phrygia, Lydia, or Trakhia, the region is still home to a considerable number of tumuli. Many of the tumuli are located in the the Taşköprü District of Kastamonu Province in Northern Turkey where the ancient city of Pompeiopolis was established. Apart from Taşköprü, the Safranbolu, Eflani, Ovacuma, Daday, Çankırı and Sinop-Boyabat surroundings are among the places where such tumuli can be intensely seen. Paphlagonia differs from other regions in terms of the tombs and the burial chambers under the tumuli. There are many different types of burials and burial chambers in the region. The layout of burial chambers of Paphlagonian tumuli, especially in those dated to the Late Classical and Early Hellenistic periods, are quite similar to the Trakhian
and Bithynian tumuli. There are two dominant architectural plan types that can be seen in the tombs of southern Trakhian tumuli, namely round and rectangular plans. These types of sepulchres were very common in the Paphlagonian region. However, it should be noted that the architecture of burial chambers and tomb types differ depending on the periodic and cultural differences in both regions. In Paphlagonia, especially in the districts of Yenice, Safranbolu, Eflani in Karabük and in the Daday district of Kastamonu Province, a very important part of the tumuli in the villages of these districts are burial chambers that are contemporaneous and
quite similar to the architecture of Trakhian tumuli. The emergence of tumulustype burial monuments in the region is dated between the end of the Bronze Age
and the beginning of the Iron Age. In particular, the findings obtained as a result of rescue excavations carried out in the Daday district of Kastamonu seem to confirm this view. The Paphlagonians, who were one of the tribes that came to Trakhia and Anatolia with migrations during the Early Iron Age period, are thought to have brought the tradition of tumulus-type tomb monuments to the region. However, the tumuli related to the Phrygian culture were also found in the Safranbolu district and its surroundings.
Byzas 26, 2021
The ancient city of Tieion is located in the western region of the South Black Sea littoral, next... more The ancient city of Tieion is located in the western region of the South Black Sea littoral, next to the Billaos river (Filyos) which was considered as the border between Bithynia and Paphlagonia. It is known as a Milesian colony, which was founded in the last quarter of the seventh cent. BCE. According to legend, the colony was founded by a priest called Tios. Ionian pottery, unearthed on and around the Acropolis hill and dated to the 7th / 6th cent. BCE, confirms the written sources that Miletos was the founder of the city.
As a harbour city, Tieion was situated on the sea route of the Black Sea and was known for its trading in fish, wine and grain. Tieon appears as a typical Roman city with its still visible remains of the ancient harbour, its temple on the acropolis, and its baths and theater. One of the most important
building projects introduced to the city by the Romans was the advanced water supply system. The remnants of the Roman harbour with its breakwaters are situated in the western part of the ancient city, adjacent to the rocky outcrop where the acropolis stands. Pseudo-Scylax mentions that this harbour was very busy in its heyday. His account can be proved by the large concentration of shipwrecks found here. Excavations and underwater reseach conducted during the 2013, 2016 and 2018 seasons,
reveal an elliptic-shaped harbour with three breakwaters, one of which is located towards to northwest and the other two are in the southwest part of the harbour.
Belleten, 2021
Tieion antik kenti, Karadeniz kıyısının batı kesiminde, Kimi antik çağ yazarları tarafından Bithy... more Tieion antik kenti, Karadeniz kıyısının batı kesiminde, Kimi antik çağ yazarları tarafından Bithynia ile Paphlagonia arasında sınır olarak kabul edilen Billaos nehrinin (Filyos) hemen yakınında yer almaktadır. Yerleşim, antik ve modern kaynaklar tarafından MÖ 7. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında, Tios adında Miletoslu bir rahibin önderliğinde kurulmuş bir Miletos kolonisi olarak nitelendirilmektedir. Tieion Akropolisinde kazılar sonucunda ortaya çıkarılan MÖ 7. ve 6. yüzyıllara tarihlendirilen İonia seramikleri, yerleşimin Miletos tarafından kurulduğunu doğrulamaktadır. Bununla birlikte önemli bir liman kenti olan Tieion, Karadeniz'in ticaret yolları üzerinde, balıkçılık, şarap üretimi ve tahıl yetiştiriciliğinin ön plana çıktığı bir yerdi. Antik limanın mendirekleri, akropolisteki tapınağı, hamamları, su kemerleri ve tiyatrosuyla Tieion, tipik bir Roma kenti görünümündedir.
41. KAZI SONUÇLARI TOPLANTISI 4. CİLT, 2019
41. KAZI SONUÇLARI TOPLANTISI 4. CİLT, 2019
Öz: Antik çağlarda Doğu Bithynia ve Batı Paphlagonia bölgeleri arasındaki önemli geçiş noktaların... more Öz: Antik çağlarda Doğu Bithynia ve Batı Paphlagonia bölgeleri arasındaki önemli geçiş noktalarından birisi olan Tieion antik kenti, ülkemizin Batı Karadeniz bölgesinde, Zonguldak İli, Çaycuma İlçesi, Filyos beldesi sınırlarında bulunmaktadır. Kent, Filyos (Billaios) Nehri'nin hemen ağzında yer almakta idi. Billaios Nehri, Tieion antik kentinin ekonomisi için çok büyük bir öneme sahipti. Billaios Nehri, vadisi boyunca uzanan bereketli toprakları sayesinde burada yaşayan topluluklara hatırı sayılır miktarda tarımsal fayda sağlamıştır. Nehir ağzından 30 km. kadar ötedeki Gökçebey'e kadarki ulaşım, küçük tekne ve kayıklarla sağlanmakta idi. İç bölgelerden elde edilen ticari eşya, tarım ürünleri ile gemi yapımında kullanılan keresteler, Tieion limanına bu elverişli nehir yolu ile ulaştırılmaktaydı. Billaios Nehri'nin Devrek Çayı (Ladon) ile birleştiği Gökçebey Üçburgu'da 2009 yılında meydana gelen büyük bir sel neticesinde nehir kenarında Roma Dönemi'ne tarihlendirilen yapı kalıntıları ortaya çıkmıştır. Tieion antik kentinin güney sınırında bulunan bu yerde kazı ekibinin gerçekleştirmiş olduğu yüzey araştırmaları sırasında, nehir içinde üzerlerinde Grekçe yazıt bulunan iki kurşun terazi ağırlığı bulunmuştur. Bu bölgede 2012 yılı Eylül ayı başında Karadeniz Ereğli Müzesi'nin başkanlığında, Doçent Dr. Şahin Yıldırım'ın bilimsel danışmanlığında bir kurtarma kazısı başlatılmış ve Roma İmparatorluk Dönemi'ne tarihlendirilen çok sayıda çanak çömlek ve amphora parçaları bulunmuştur. Bölgede bulunan tüm bu yazıtlı kurşun ağırlıklar ve çanak çömlekler bize yapının işlevi hakkında ipucu vermektedir. Ekonomik değere sahip ticari ve tarımsal ürünler ile bölgenin ünlü ormanlarından sağlanan keresteler, burada Üçburgu'daki binalarda vergilenerek tartılıyor ve ödeme işlemleri gibi süreçlerden sonra Tieion şehir merkezine götürülmek üzere bu gümrük depolarına teknelerle veya karayoluyla getiriliyordu. Abstract: The ancient city of Tieion, on one of the transit points
TARİH BOYUNCA ANADOLU - GÜRCİSTAN İLİŞKİLERİ, 2020
:A new era begins in Anatolia with the Treaty of Apameia which was signed in 188 BC. The Roman Em... more :A new era begins in Anatolia with the Treaty of Apameia which was signed in 188 BC. The Roman Empire, which is one of the greatest imperial powers in history, has firstly entered in Anatolia with this peace. With the legacy of Attalos III, the last King of Pergamon, in 133 BC the whole territory of the Kingdom of Pergamum was under the sovereignty of the Roman Republic. Afterwards, following an expansionist policy Rome captured many kingdoms over time. When the Mithridates Eupator VI of Pontus King committed suicide in 63 BC, the Romans became the only power of Anatolia. However, the powerful Parthian Kingdom and, then the Sassanids in the East prevented Rome from moving further than the Euphrates. With the transformation of the Roman Republic into an empire from 27 BC, significant changes were made not only to its political structure but also to its military structure. In particular, the temporary fortresses and camps in the troubled border lines of the Empire
were replaced bynew, more permanent and bigger in size fortresses built in stone than ever before. In addition, many new legions were formed, and they were deployed at the points of importance for the defense of the empire. In particular, with the military arrangements made by the Emperor Vespasianus, the Eastern border line of the Roman Empire was designated as Euphrates against the Parths and the Sassanids. Rome has created four large legion castles along the Euphrates border line in Anatolia from north to south in the cities of Satala, Melitene,
Samosata and Zeugma. One of these legions is in the ancient city of Satala in Northeastern Anatolia. First, the Legion XVI of Flavia Firma was sent to Satala and later was permanently stationed the Legion XV of Apollinaris by Emperor Traianus or Hadrianus. The Legion XV,
created by the Emperor Augustus, ensured the security of the important roads in the region along with the northeastern border line of the Empire until it was destroyed by the Sassanids. Satala has become an intersection at the junction of the very important roads connecting the
Eastern Anatolia to the Black Sea and the Caucasus with the Roman military route from Satala to Zeugma and even to Mesopotamia. Another important ancient route along the Kelkit Valley, extending to Cappadocia, passes near Satala.The city was visited several times by the Roman
emperors because of its important strategic location.
Settlements and Necropoleis of the Black Sea and its Hinterland in Antiquity Gocha R. Tsetskhladze and Sümer Atasoy with the collaboration of, 2019
Abstract The Great Göztepe Tumulus, which is located in the city of Safranbolu in inland Paphlago... more Abstract
The Great Göztepe Tumulus, which is located in the city of Safranbolu in inland Paphlagonia, has been little studied so far. The
salvage excavations initiated in 2011 revealed an unprecedented tomb structure in the region. At the centre of the tumulus there
is a stone circle with a diameter of 15 m constructed in the dry masonry technique. Inside this circle there is a tholos tomb in
the form of beehive which is filled with soil. This tomb is constructed in the dry masonry technique as well. The tumulus was
exposed to looting many times by tomb raiders, hence there is not a solid finding in the tomb inventory. However a number
of pottery sherds found inside the tomb structure shows that the tumulus dates back to the Middle Phrygian period. Although
the architecture of the tomb does not correspond to traditional Phrygian tomb architecture, it is considered that the owner of
the tomb was a local noble who lived in the Phrygian period. In and around Safranbolu there are very few remains dating to
Phrygian period and these are located in the Soğanlı valley to the south-east. Examples of Phrygian influence in the valley are
some open-air altars dedicated to Cybele and the façade of a Hellenistic-period rock-cut tomb. There are dozens of tumuli over
the hills close to Safranbolu.
Satala 2017 Yılı Kazı ve Araştırma Çalışmaları
TİOS-TİEİON 2017 YILI KAZI ÇALIŞMALARI , 2017
Archaeological Institute of America 121St. ANNUAL MEETING ABSTRACTS VOLUME 43, 2019
The ancient city of Tieion is located on the western part of the south Black Sea littoral, next t... more The ancient city of Tieion is located on the western part of the south Black Sea littoral, next to the outlet of the Billaios river (Filyos) which was considered as the border between Bithynia and Paphlagonia. It is known as a Milesian colony, which was founded in the second half of the seventh century B.C.E. Ionian pottery dating
to the seventh/sixth century B.C.E. has been excavated on the acropolis of Tieion, confirming the dates established in the written sources fort the foundation of the city. Recent archaeological excavations in the vicinity of the acropolis have documented the ruins of several buildings belonging to the foundation periods of the city. Dug-out pit huts with stone masonry linings were found in round, oval, and rectangular forms. Within and around these structures, wild goat style ceramics dating to the last quarter of the seventh century B.C.E. and local ceramics in dark
gray, black, and brown hand-made wares have been found. Strata just beneath the colonial levels have yielded the terracotta horse figurine fragments dating to the Late Geometric Period together with local wares. Thus, the concrete evidences of Greek colonization of the southern Black Sea have been acquired.
Under Roman administration, Tieion was transformed into a typical Roman city with a well-preserved ancient harbor, a temple on the acropolis, aqueduct, baths, and theater.
Trakya'nın Anıt Mezarları Tümülüsler, 2023
Avrupalı seyyahlar tarafından Anadolu’nun Piramitleri olarak tanımlanan tümülüsler, ülkemizin hem... more Avrupalı seyyahlar tarafından Anadolu’nun Piramitleri olarak tanımlanan tümülüsler, ülkemizin hemen hemen bütün coğrafi bölgelerinde karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Kaba bir tahminle on binin üzerinde olduğunu varsaydığımız tümülüs ve kurganlar, Anadolu ve Trakya peyzajında bulunan hakim tepelerin ve sırtların üzerlerinde, bir zamanlar yegane hakimi oldukları topraklarını selamlar şekilde konumlandırılmışlardır. Trakya Tümülüsleri üzerine son yıllarda yürütülen kazı ve araştırmalar, tümülüslerin bölge coğrafyasında Erken Bronz Çağı’ndan itibaren yer aldıklarını gösterdi. MÖ 3000’den MS 3. yy’ın ortalarına kadar geçen sürede önce Yamnaya ve benzeri step kabilelerinin gelmesi ile başlayan, sonrasında Trak kabilelerinin göç hareketleriyle şekillenen bu ilginç fenomen, kısa sürede Trakya topoğrafyasının hemen her yerine yayıldı. Erken Demir Çağı ile bölgeye gelen Traklar da kendi kabile şefleri ile önemli savaşçıları ve onların aile bireylerinin ebedi istirahatgahları olarak tümülüsleri tercih etmişlerdir. Bu gelenek, Hellenistik Dönem ve Roma İmparatorluk Dönemi’nde abidevi ölçülere sahip mezarların ortaya çıkmasıyla boyut değiştirmiştir. Trakya’da bu dönemlere ait oldukça kaliteli taş işçiliğine ve zengin bezeme kompozisyonuna sahip onlarca mezar odası ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Roma İmparatorluğu’nun gerilemeye başladığı MS 3. yy’ın ikinci çeyreğinden itibaren imparatorluğun genelinde görülen siyasi kargaşalar, istilalar ve bunun sonucunda meydana gelen ekonomik çöküş ile birlikte tümülüs benzeri anıtsal mezarların yapımı sona ermiştir.
