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This paper argues that contrary to the perception of many scholars, Nigeria's religion-state patt... more This paper argues that contrary to the perception of many scholars, Nigeria's religion-state pattern is a hybrid of religious preference models at the vertical and horizontal levels of government. And that this configuration has positive and negative legal implications on freedom of religion in the country. The paper combines the methodologies of Jeroen Temperman and Jonathan Fox to establish the thesis. These approaches evaluate actual state practices, whether or not such practices are backed by law, rather than focusing on what the Constitution provides. 2 W.

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Papers by ahmed salsiu garba

Deleted Journal, Nov 16, 2023

The advent of the Fourth Industrial Revolution made it essential to incorporate artificial intell... more The advent of the Fourth Industrial Revolution made it essential to incorporate artificial intelligence (AI) into a number of areas, including the domain of legal education. This chapter offers a thorough analysis of the potential and difficulties linked to the incorporation of artificial intelligence into Nigeria's legal education system. Using qualitative techniques, the study explores how artificial intelligence (AI) might improve the teaching methods and professional skills of law students in order to prepare them for a future where technology plays a significant role. The paper highlights the disparity between existing curricular frameworks and the changing requirements of legal practice in a global context affected by artificial intelligence. Based on the combination of legal teaching methods and technological progress, the paper recommends a systematic approach to improving the curriculum, developing faculty, and enhancing infrastructure in order to promote AI literacy in legal education. The scope of the study, although centred on Nigeria, provides insights that can be applied globally. However, it recognises the constraints imposed by limited infrastructure and resource availability. The study's

Routledge eBooks, Nov 2, 2023

This chapter has been made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND license.

As it affected the courts of Nigeria’s sharia states, the sharia implementation programmes enacte... more As it affected the courts of Nigeria’s sharia states, the sharia implementation programmes enacted in 1999-2001 had three main aspects: to replace the old Area Courts with Sharia Courts; to bring back Islamic criminal law, abrogated since 1960, for application in the Sharia Courts to Muslims; and to direct all appeals from Sharia Courts, in both civil and criminal matters, to the Sharia Courts of Appeal. In §2 of this report we review the main features of the enactments of the sharia states by which these changes were legislated, discussing changes in the laws regarding administration and supervision of the courts, appointment and qualifications of the judges, jurisdiction and applicable law, and appeals. In §3 we present our findings, based on fieldwork and other research, as to how the legislated changes have developed over almost two decades. Data are presented and many details discussed regarding Sharia Court administration, the judges, civil caseloads and matters being litigate...

Boko Haram and International Law, 2018

Routledge Handbook of Freedom of Religion or Belief, 2020

Religious Freedom and the Law, 2018

Religious Pluralism, Heritage and Social Development in Africa, 2017

The Shi'a group otherwise called the Islamic Movement of Nigeria emerged on the Nigerian scene as... more The Shi'a group otherwise called the Islamic Movement of Nigeria emerged on the Nigerian scene as the insidious effect of a combination of three things. These are the expulsion of Ibrahim Yaqoub al-Zakzaky from Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria; the influx of Islamic books from countries such as Egypt, 2 Iran, Saudi Arabia and Turkey into Nigeria; and their accessibility to Ahmadu Bello University students, particularly after the Iranian revolution of 1979. 3 The Shi'a began as a group in Nigeria in the early 1980s with Ibrahim Yaqoub al-Zakzaky as their leader. Al-Zazaky was a product of Muslim Student Society of Nigeria (MSSN), 4 and his name came into the public domain when the management of Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, expelled him from the university as a result of the key role he played in the popular "Islam Only" demonstration organised by the Muslim Student Society of Nigeria (MSSN) in 1977, in which the group called for the adoption of an Islamic government in Nigeria. 5 His expulsion from school paved the way for him to visit Iran to explore Shi'a doctrines. 6 It should be noted that before his expulsion from Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Zakzaky had already become radicalised and exposed to Shi'a, as a result of contacts with different Islamic writings coming into the country from radical groups in Egypt, Iran and Turkey. 7 It was this scenario that provided the fertile ground for the emergence of Shi'a movement in Nigeria. The main obsession of the group has always been protesting against what they termed the anti-Islamic posture of the Nigerian government, and at various times they called for the establishment of government similar to that of Iran in

Many Constitutions in modern democracies guarantee citizens individual rights to manifest their r... more Many Constitutions in modern democracies guarantee citizens individual rights to manifest their religion and even engage in religious proselytism. The same instruments however allow states to limit these rights through the application of reasonably justifiable laws in democratic societies. The determination of the legal implications and qualifications of such laws in the event of conflicts between the states' regulatory powers and freedoms of religion in democratic societies has increasingly remained a constitutional puzzle. This has given rise to different formulations of standards of judicial review or proportionality tests by courts in their attempts to strike balance between the two competing rights in various legal orders. This work uses argumentative approach to propose a new theoretical framework based on countries' state-religion relations and historical antecedents for the formulation of standard of judicial review for the resolution of conflicts between the two riv...

Religion & Human Rights, 2020

The application of permissible limitations to restrict freedom of religion and belief in Nigeria ... more The application of permissible limitations to restrict freedom of religion and belief in Nigeria continues to generate debate among scholars. This article applies a socio-legal methodology to analyse the legal rationale that Nigerian courts have used in cases concerning limitations to freedom of religion or belief. First, the article explores the history of the legal frameworks for the protection of freedom of religion and belief including its limitation in Nigeria. Second, the article analyses Nigerian courts’ interpretation of the concept with specific reference to the legal rational used. Third, the article investigates the application of the proportionality test to balance the regulatory power of the state and citizens’ right to practice their religion. The article engages with case-law on freedom of religion, mostly from High courts and Court of Appeal in Nigeria. The article contains contributions from several scholars, religious groups, public officials, Non-Governmental Orga...

Brill Research Perspectives in Law and Religion, 2018

The re-enactment of religious preaching board laws to regulate religious preaching in some states... more The re-enactment of religious preaching board laws to regulate religious preaching in some states of Northern Nigeria generated debates between Government on the one hand and religious/human rights groups on the other. This research examines the Preaching Board Laws of Kano, Borno and Kaduna States in Northern Nigeria through the prism of the Nigerian Constitution and other democratic norms that relate to the right to freedom of religion in all democratic orders. It applies argumentative methodology to raise and analyse the following questions: how reasonable and justifiable are these religious preaching board laws in a democratic Nigeria?; what gave rise to the enactment of these laws in the states under study?; what judicial review mechanism would be employed to determine their reasonableness and justifiability in a democracy?; how do they accord with the freedom of religion clause in the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria? The research establishes that some of the pr...

The Review of Faith & International Affairs, 2018

uslim majority countries, particularly in the Middle East, are grappling with the problem of intr... more uslim majority countries, particularly in the Middle East, are grappling with the problem of intra-Muslim religious conflicts that have claimed thousands of innocent lives, traumatized millions, caused massive destruction of property and strained the trust and peaceful coexistence of people in the countries (Wehrey et al. 2010; Terrill 2011). For example, in Syria and Iraq in particular, the notorious Sunniinclined Islamist group by the name of Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) unleashed terror on Muslims and non-Muslims alike because of differences in religious beliefs (UN Commission of Inquiry 2014). 1 They killed Shi'a Muslims because of variances in Islamic religious ideology and the Shi'a have retaliated for the same reason (Counter Extremism Project 2016). 2 They killed non-Shi'a Muslims, including Sunnis, who differ from them in the interpretation of Islamic injunctions. They also killed non-Muslims, such as Yazidis and Christian Arabs, who are citizens of the two countries on the basis of their different religious beliefs. The current fight in Yemen between Shi'a and Sunni groups, with the sides getting support from the governments of Iran and

International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health, 2015

To determine the presence of rabies virus neutralizing antibodies (rVNA) as well the potency of t... more To determine the presence of rabies virus neutralizing antibodies (rVNA) as well the potency of the rVNA in rabies occupational risk humans in Niger State of Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A total of 185 human volunteers were recruited from rabies risk occupational groups who filled a structured questionnaire on their previous bite history and vaccination status, between May and July, 2012. A 2 ml each of blood from volunteers was collected and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes and sera separated into pre-labeled vacutainers. Standard Rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT) was used to detect the presence of rVNA in the sera. Further end point titration of the rVNA positive human sera was conducted to determine the potency. Results: The results indicated that, detectable titre of rVNA was recorded in 16.4% (23 of 140) viable human sera screened. Although from the questionnaire survey, 21.7% (5 out of the 23 positives) responded to have been vaccinated over ten years prior. At least 3 of the respondents (1 dog butcher and 2 dog meat consumers) who responded not previously vaccinated had some neutralizing antibody titre range of 0.65 -0.7 IU/ml which is above the minimum protective titre (0.5IU/ml) recommended by WHO. Similarly, 3 respondents (2 veterinarians and 1 animal health personnel) who responded to have been previously vaccinated (> 10 years earlier) yet had a high titre range of 0.5 -5.4IU/ml. The highest specific rate for rVNA of 25% each was seen amongst the dog butchers and pet owners followed by hunters (20%) and dog meat consumers (14.8%). Up to 125 (67.6%) of the volunteers do consume dog meat with only 12 (9.6%) of them being dog butchers who source dogs for slaughter from households within and outside their territories. Conclusion: Although the WHO minimum protective titre of rVNA is 0.5 IU/ml, the presence of relatively high titres amongst these risk groups in this report is an indication of a serious public health threat. This study recommends the vaccination of rabies high risk groups and further screening of rabies occupational risk and non risk groups in the study area and Nigeria at large.