Engin Tilkat - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Engin Tilkat

Iğdır Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi

Bitkilerde, biyotik ve abiyotik streslere karşı direnç istenenilen karakterler olup, mikroçoğaltı... more Bitkilerde, biyotik ve abiyotik streslere karşı direnç istenenilen karakterler olup, mikroçoğaltım teknikleri ile elde edilen klonlarda bu genetik özelliklerin kaybolması istenmez. Mikroçoğaltım teknikleri ile klonlanmış bitkilerin genetik kararlılığını bilmek, ticari üretimde güvenli kullanımları hakkında önemli bir bilgi vermektedir. Bu çalışmada buttum (Pisatacia khinjuk Stoks ) dişi ağaçlarından (Ağaç1 ve Ağaç2) alınan sürgünler 5., 10., 15., 20. ve 24. alt kültürlerde anaç olarak kullanılmıştır. Donör bitkilerde (Ağaç 1 ve Ağaç 2) ve bunlardan alınan örneklerin rejeneresayon yoluyla elde edilen klonlarında somaklonal varyasyonun belirlenmesi için basit dizi tekrarı (ISSR) moleküler markörleri kullanılmıştır. Sürgün çoğalması, 2 mg/L 6-benziladenin (BA) içeren Murashige ve Skoog (MS) ortamında sağlanmıştır. Sürgünler, 2 mg/L 1-Naftalinasetik asit (NAA) içeren MS ortamında köklendirilmiştir. Seçilen 20 adet primer kullanılarak 675'i polimorfik (%72) olmak üzere toplam 925 ban...

Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 2015

Abstract This paper reports the fatty acid composition of the oil extracts from seeds and in vivo... more Abstract This paper reports the fatty acid composition of the oil extracts from seeds and in vivo and in vitro grown organs of Pistacia lentiscus L. were determined by using gas chromatography. The main fatty acids were linoleic (LA), palmitic (PALM), oleic (OLA) and linolenic (ALA) acids in the fruits, resins and in both in vivo and in vitro grown root, leaf and stem sections of male or female tree. The major fatty acids were represented by polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) accounting for 56.94 %, 64.44 % and 55.57 % in root, leaf and stem part of male tree grown in vivo, respectively. The prominent class of fatty acid composition of different male organs of P. lentiscus L. regenerated in vitro was represented by PUFA accounting for 63.24 %. The monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), OLA and PUFA, LA were determined in the oils of the two genotypes studied.

The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 2008

Making Plant Life Easier and Productive Under Salinity - Updates and Prospects [Working Title]

Terpenes are the largest group of plant secondary metabolites with many biological activities, su... more Terpenes are the largest group of plant secondary metabolites with many biological activities, such as anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, and antiviral. They are natural plant products frequently used in many sectors, such as medicine, agriculture, and perfumery. Various biotechnological strategies have been developed to increase terpene production and variety in plants. Among these approaches, using stimulants that induce in vitro accumulation of plant secondary metabolites, such as elicitor, is one of the best alternatives. Successful effects of salt (NaCl), an abiotic elicitor, on terpene production in different plant species have been reported. This technique remains relevant as a promising approach to the yet unknown chemistry of many plant species. Therefore, this review aims to appraise the literature available for using NaCl stress as an elicitor in in vitro cultures to increase terpene compounds in plants.

Gunumuzde antepfistigi anaclari ile ilgili bircok in vitro mikrocogaltim calismasi bulunmaktadir.... more Gunumuzde antepfistigi anaclari ile ilgili bircok in vitro mikrocogaltim calismasi bulunmaktadir. Ancak, anac cogaltiminin halen tohumlar ile yapilma nedeni, istenilen ozeliklere sahip olgun bir anactan in vitro kultur baslatma guclugudur. Olgun anaclardan alinan eksplantlarda gorulen kontaminasyon, fenolik salinimi ve kahverengilesme problemleri kultur baslatmanin onundeki en buyuk engellerdendir. Bu arastirmada disi buttum (Pistacia khinjuk Stocks) agaclarinin surgunlerinden alinan 1-2 cm boyundaki apikal ya da lateral uclardan in vitro kultur baslatilmasi amaclanmistir. Eksplantlarin saldigi fenolik bilesikler her hangi bir adsorbant bilesik kullanilmadan % 92 oraninda uzaklastirilmistir. Calismamizin sonucunda, apikal surgun uclarinin % 10’luk NaOCI’te 30 dakika boyunca bekletilmesiyle, %32.5 oraninda yasayan ve suren eksplant elde edilmistir.

An efficient system was developed for direct plant regeneration from in v/Yro-derived leaf expian... more An efficient system was developed for direct plant regeneration from in v/Yro-derived leaf expiants of Pistacia vera L. cv. Siirt. The in vitro procedure involved four steps that included (1) induction of shoot initials from the regenerated mature leaf tissue, (2) regeneration and elongation of shoots from the shoot initials, (3) rooting of the shoots, and (4) acclimatization of the plantlets. The induction of shoot initials was achieved on an agarified Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with Gamborg vitamins supplemented in different concentrations of benzylaminopurine (BA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). The best medium for shoot induction was a MS medium with 1 mgF1 IAA and 2 mgF1 BA. Numerous shoot primordia developed within 2-3 wk on the leaf margin and the midrib region, without any callus phase. In the second step, the shoot clumps were separated from the leaf expiants and transferred to a MS medium supplemented with 1 mgF1 BA, resulting in a differentiation of the shoot initial...

Bitki turlerinin in vitro kosullarda saklanmasinin en yaygin yolu isik siddeti ile birlikte sicak... more Bitki turlerinin in vitro kosullarda saklanmasinin en yaygin yolu isik siddeti ile birlikte sicakliginda azaltildigi yavas buyume saklanmasi tekniginin kullanimidir. Bu nedenle, in vitro cogaltilan olgun erkek “Atli” ve disi “Siirt” mikrosurgunleri optimum saklama suresinin belirlenmesi icin bu calismada 12 ay dusuk sicaklikta saklandi. Saklanan mikro govdelerden alinan govde uclarinin standart in vitro kosullara aktarilmalarini takiben denenen en uzun saklama suresinden sonra bile %97 proliferasyon elde edildi. Buna ek olarak, “Atli” ve “Siirt” cesitlerinde 12 ay saklama sonrasinda eksplant basina sirasiyla 2.3 ve 2.6 mikrosurgun olustu. Gorece yuksek proliferasyon oranlari ile birlikte eksplant basina olusan fazla surgun sayisi, in vitro buyutulen antepfistigi govdelerinin alt kulturlenmeye gereksinimi olmadan dusuk sicaklikta daha da uzun sure saklanabilecegini gostermektedir. Gelistirilen saklama tekniginin diger Pistacia turlerinin orta sureli in vitro saklanmasi icin etkin pro...

Natural Product Research, 2009

The current study was undertaken to determine the effects of different benzylaminopurine (BAP) co... more The current study was undertaken to determine the effects of different benzylaminopurine (BAP) concentrations on the accumulation of bioactive hypericin in Hypericum triquetrifolium Turra. via micropropagation. To achieve this objective, seeds of H. triquetrifolium Turra. were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with a BAP (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0), 3% sucrose and 5.5% agar. Apical tips of axenic germinated seeds were proliferated on a MS medium supplemented with BAP (0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg L(-1)). The highest shoot number was obtained from a MS medium supplemented with a 2.0 mg L(-1) BAP. Hypericin percentages were found to be highest in a 1.0 mg L(-1) BAP supplemented medium. These results provide the indication that cytokinin BAP can change the chemical composition of H. triquetrifolium Turra.; thereby, seriously impacting the quality and the efficacy of natural plant products produced by an in vitro culture system for aseptic production of hypericin.

African Journal of Biotechnology, 2008

An efficient in vitro propagation method was developed for almond (Amygdalus communis L. cv. Nonp... more An efficient in vitro propagation method was developed for almond (Amygdalus communis L. cv. Nonpareil). The effect of BA and kinetin (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 mgl-1) on the culture initiation of zygotic embryos isolated from mature seeds was investigated. A Murashige and Skoog (1962) (MS) medium containing 30 gl-1 sucrose, 0.5 and 1.0 mgl-1 N6-benzylaminopurine (BA) and 7 gl-1 agar resulted in a multiple shoot initiation at the rate of 11.0 ± 1.32 and 14.7 ± 2.12 shoot per explant, respectively, in 28 days of culture. The effects of a low concentration of BA (0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mgl-1) and different combinations of auxin + cytokinin were investigated for shoot proliferation. The best results for new shoot production were obtained from a MS culture medium which was supplemented with 1.0 mgl-1 BA. The rooting was achieved in a ½ MS medium supplemented with 8.0 mgl-1 indole acetic acid (IAA). The in vitro raised plants were acclimatized in a growth room and successfully transplanted ...

Among abiotic stresses salinity is the most detrimental factor in limiting crop productivity. In ... more Among abiotic stresses salinity is the most detrimental factor in limiting crop productivity. In this study, the effect of different sodium chloride (NaCl) concentrations (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 mM) on growth and physiological parameters of Pistacia lentiscus L. seedlings raised in in vitro condition for 4 weeks was investigated. For this purpose the seeds of Lentisk were germinated in Murashige and Skoog, (1962) basal mediums containing different NaCl concentrations. The morphological, physiological and biochemical changes that occurred in the seedlings were measured and recorded after exposure to salt stress. These results show that visible leaf damage of Lentisk seedlings are affected by high salt concentrations. High salinity concentrations significantly reduce root and stem lengths, relative water content (RWC), total chlorophyll, Cl-a, Cl-b and carotenoid values after the culture periods. At 250 mM salt concentration, root and stem growth were found to be completely stopped...

Bu calismada, in vitro kosullarda kulture alinan Buttum ( Pistacia khinjuk Stocks) bitkisine ait ... more Bu calismada, in vitro kosullarda kulture alinan Buttum ( Pistacia khinjuk Stocks) bitkisine ait olgun tohumlar farkli tuz (NaCl) parametrelerine (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 mM) tabi tutulmustur . Farkli NaCl konsantrasyonlarini iceren ve hormonsuz MS (Murashige ve Skoog, 1962) besi ortaminda cimlendirilen tohumlar, 4 hafta boyunca tuz stresine maruz birakilmistir. Kultur sonunda elde edilen fidelerin kok ve yapraklarinda bulunan cozunur karbonhidrat degerleri (Glukoz ve Fruktoz) ile yapraklarinda bulunan peroksidaz enzim (POD) aktiviteleri arastirilmistir. Inceleme sonucunda artan NaCl konsantrasyonuna bagli olarak hem cozunur karbonhidrat degerlerinde, hem de POD aktivitelerinde pozitif bir korelasyon oldugu tespit edilmistir.

Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, 2020

The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 2004

Summary Induction of somatic embryogenesis from the flower buds of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) w... more Summary Induction of somatic embryogenesis from the flower buds of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) was studied with respect to growth regulators. Sixty-five percent of cultures formed embryogenic calli when placed on modified Murashige and Skoog medium containing 1 mg l–1 benzylaminopurine. In contrast, thidiazuron and α-naphthalene acetic acid reduced embryogenesis. Some of the somatic embryos had fused hypocotyls or multiple cotyledons. Abscisic acid was not necessary for maturation. Fewer somatic embryos germinated with 0.5 mg l–1 abscisic acid, but more converted into plantlets. Separate, morphologically normal, somatic embryos germinated on semi-solid germination medium, and developed into plantlets. Cytological analysis revealed a chromosome number of 2n = 2x = 30, similar to seedlings. The protocol described in this paper, for the induction of somatic embryos indirectly from female flowers of pistachio, represents a first step towards the production of clonal stocks.

TURKISH JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY, 2016

Propagation of Ornamental …, 2007

... INDIRECT SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS FROM MATURE EMBRYO CULTURES OF PISTACHIO, PISTACIA VERA L. Ahm... more ... INDIRECT SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS FROM MATURE EMBRYO CULTURES OF PISTACHIO, PISTACIA VERA L. AhmetOnay, Engin Tilkat*, Hakan Yıldırım, and Veysel Suzerer ... II: 44-53 (in Turkish). Onay A., Pirinç V., Tilkat E., Aktürk Z., Yıldırım H. (2004). ...

Iğdır Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi

Bitkilerde, biyotik ve abiyotik streslere karşı direnç istenenilen karakterler olup, mikroçoğaltı... more Bitkilerde, biyotik ve abiyotik streslere karşı direnç istenenilen karakterler olup, mikroçoğaltım teknikleri ile elde edilen klonlarda bu genetik özelliklerin kaybolması istenmez. Mikroçoğaltım teknikleri ile klonlanmış bitkilerin genetik kararlılığını bilmek, ticari üretimde güvenli kullanımları hakkında önemli bir bilgi vermektedir. Bu çalışmada buttum (Pisatacia khinjuk Stoks ) dişi ağaçlarından (Ağaç1 ve Ağaç2) alınan sürgünler 5., 10., 15., 20. ve 24. alt kültürlerde anaç olarak kullanılmıştır. Donör bitkilerde (Ağaç 1 ve Ağaç 2) ve bunlardan alınan örneklerin rejeneresayon yoluyla elde edilen klonlarında somaklonal varyasyonun belirlenmesi için basit dizi tekrarı (ISSR) moleküler markörleri kullanılmıştır. Sürgün çoğalması, 2 mg/L 6-benziladenin (BA) içeren Murashige ve Skoog (MS) ortamında sağlanmıştır. Sürgünler, 2 mg/L 1-Naftalinasetik asit (NAA) içeren MS ortamında köklendirilmiştir. Seçilen 20 adet primer kullanılarak 675'i polimorfik (%72) olmak üzere toplam 925 ban...

Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 2015

Abstract This paper reports the fatty acid composition of the oil extracts from seeds and in vivo... more Abstract This paper reports the fatty acid composition of the oil extracts from seeds and in vivo and in vitro grown organs of Pistacia lentiscus L. were determined by using gas chromatography. The main fatty acids were linoleic (LA), palmitic (PALM), oleic (OLA) and linolenic (ALA) acids in the fruits, resins and in both in vivo and in vitro grown root, leaf and stem sections of male or female tree. The major fatty acids were represented by polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) accounting for 56.94 %, 64.44 % and 55.57 % in root, leaf and stem part of male tree grown in vivo, respectively. The prominent class of fatty acid composition of different male organs of P. lentiscus L. regenerated in vitro was represented by PUFA accounting for 63.24 %. The monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), OLA and PUFA, LA were determined in the oils of the two genotypes studied.

The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 2008

Making Plant Life Easier and Productive Under Salinity - Updates and Prospects [Working Title]

Terpenes are the largest group of plant secondary metabolites with many biological activities, su... more Terpenes are the largest group of plant secondary metabolites with many biological activities, such as anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, and antiviral. They are natural plant products frequently used in many sectors, such as medicine, agriculture, and perfumery. Various biotechnological strategies have been developed to increase terpene production and variety in plants. Among these approaches, using stimulants that induce in vitro accumulation of plant secondary metabolites, such as elicitor, is one of the best alternatives. Successful effects of salt (NaCl), an abiotic elicitor, on terpene production in different plant species have been reported. This technique remains relevant as a promising approach to the yet unknown chemistry of many plant species. Therefore, this review aims to appraise the literature available for using NaCl stress as an elicitor in in vitro cultures to increase terpene compounds in plants.

Gunumuzde antepfistigi anaclari ile ilgili bircok in vitro mikrocogaltim calismasi bulunmaktadir.... more Gunumuzde antepfistigi anaclari ile ilgili bircok in vitro mikrocogaltim calismasi bulunmaktadir. Ancak, anac cogaltiminin halen tohumlar ile yapilma nedeni, istenilen ozeliklere sahip olgun bir anactan in vitro kultur baslatma guclugudur. Olgun anaclardan alinan eksplantlarda gorulen kontaminasyon, fenolik salinimi ve kahverengilesme problemleri kultur baslatmanin onundeki en buyuk engellerdendir. Bu arastirmada disi buttum (Pistacia khinjuk Stocks) agaclarinin surgunlerinden alinan 1-2 cm boyundaki apikal ya da lateral uclardan in vitro kultur baslatilmasi amaclanmistir. Eksplantlarin saldigi fenolik bilesikler her hangi bir adsorbant bilesik kullanilmadan % 92 oraninda uzaklastirilmistir. Calismamizin sonucunda, apikal surgun uclarinin % 10’luk NaOCI’te 30 dakika boyunca bekletilmesiyle, %32.5 oraninda yasayan ve suren eksplant elde edilmistir.

An efficient system was developed for direct plant regeneration from in v/Yro-derived leaf expian... more An efficient system was developed for direct plant regeneration from in v/Yro-derived leaf expiants of Pistacia vera L. cv. Siirt. The in vitro procedure involved four steps that included (1) induction of shoot initials from the regenerated mature leaf tissue, (2) regeneration and elongation of shoots from the shoot initials, (3) rooting of the shoots, and (4) acclimatization of the plantlets. The induction of shoot initials was achieved on an agarified Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with Gamborg vitamins supplemented in different concentrations of benzylaminopurine (BA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). The best medium for shoot induction was a MS medium with 1 mgF1 IAA and 2 mgF1 BA. Numerous shoot primordia developed within 2-3 wk on the leaf margin and the midrib region, without any callus phase. In the second step, the shoot clumps were separated from the leaf expiants and transferred to a MS medium supplemented with 1 mgF1 BA, resulting in a differentiation of the shoot initial...

Bitki turlerinin in vitro kosullarda saklanmasinin en yaygin yolu isik siddeti ile birlikte sicak... more Bitki turlerinin in vitro kosullarda saklanmasinin en yaygin yolu isik siddeti ile birlikte sicakliginda azaltildigi yavas buyume saklanmasi tekniginin kullanimidir. Bu nedenle, in vitro cogaltilan olgun erkek “Atli” ve disi “Siirt” mikrosurgunleri optimum saklama suresinin belirlenmesi icin bu calismada 12 ay dusuk sicaklikta saklandi. Saklanan mikro govdelerden alinan govde uclarinin standart in vitro kosullara aktarilmalarini takiben denenen en uzun saklama suresinden sonra bile %97 proliferasyon elde edildi. Buna ek olarak, “Atli” ve “Siirt” cesitlerinde 12 ay saklama sonrasinda eksplant basina sirasiyla 2.3 ve 2.6 mikrosurgun olustu. Gorece yuksek proliferasyon oranlari ile birlikte eksplant basina olusan fazla surgun sayisi, in vitro buyutulen antepfistigi govdelerinin alt kulturlenmeye gereksinimi olmadan dusuk sicaklikta daha da uzun sure saklanabilecegini gostermektedir. Gelistirilen saklama tekniginin diger Pistacia turlerinin orta sureli in vitro saklanmasi icin etkin pro...

Natural Product Research, 2009

The current study was undertaken to determine the effects of different benzylaminopurine (BAP) co... more The current study was undertaken to determine the effects of different benzylaminopurine (BAP) concentrations on the accumulation of bioactive hypericin in Hypericum triquetrifolium Turra. via micropropagation. To achieve this objective, seeds of H. triquetrifolium Turra. were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with a BAP (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0), 3% sucrose and 5.5% agar. Apical tips of axenic germinated seeds were proliferated on a MS medium supplemented with BAP (0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg L(-1)). The highest shoot number was obtained from a MS medium supplemented with a 2.0 mg L(-1) BAP. Hypericin percentages were found to be highest in a 1.0 mg L(-1) BAP supplemented medium. These results provide the indication that cytokinin BAP can change the chemical composition of H. triquetrifolium Turra.; thereby, seriously impacting the quality and the efficacy of natural plant products produced by an in vitro culture system for aseptic production of hypericin.

African Journal of Biotechnology, 2008

An efficient in vitro propagation method was developed for almond (Amygdalus communis L. cv. Nonp... more An efficient in vitro propagation method was developed for almond (Amygdalus communis L. cv. Nonpareil). The effect of BA and kinetin (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 mgl-1) on the culture initiation of zygotic embryos isolated from mature seeds was investigated. A Murashige and Skoog (1962) (MS) medium containing 30 gl-1 sucrose, 0.5 and 1.0 mgl-1 N6-benzylaminopurine (BA) and 7 gl-1 agar resulted in a multiple shoot initiation at the rate of 11.0 ± 1.32 and 14.7 ± 2.12 shoot per explant, respectively, in 28 days of culture. The effects of a low concentration of BA (0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mgl-1) and different combinations of auxin + cytokinin were investigated for shoot proliferation. The best results for new shoot production were obtained from a MS culture medium which was supplemented with 1.0 mgl-1 BA. The rooting was achieved in a ½ MS medium supplemented with 8.0 mgl-1 indole acetic acid (IAA). The in vitro raised plants were acclimatized in a growth room and successfully transplanted ...

Among abiotic stresses salinity is the most detrimental factor in limiting crop productivity. In ... more Among abiotic stresses salinity is the most detrimental factor in limiting crop productivity. In this study, the effect of different sodium chloride (NaCl) concentrations (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 mM) on growth and physiological parameters of Pistacia lentiscus L. seedlings raised in in vitro condition for 4 weeks was investigated. For this purpose the seeds of Lentisk were germinated in Murashige and Skoog, (1962) basal mediums containing different NaCl concentrations. The morphological, physiological and biochemical changes that occurred in the seedlings were measured and recorded after exposure to salt stress. These results show that visible leaf damage of Lentisk seedlings are affected by high salt concentrations. High salinity concentrations significantly reduce root and stem lengths, relative water content (RWC), total chlorophyll, Cl-a, Cl-b and carotenoid values after the culture periods. At 250 mM salt concentration, root and stem growth were found to be completely stopped...

Bu calismada, in vitro kosullarda kulture alinan Buttum ( Pistacia khinjuk Stocks) bitkisine ait ... more Bu calismada, in vitro kosullarda kulture alinan Buttum ( Pistacia khinjuk Stocks) bitkisine ait olgun tohumlar farkli tuz (NaCl) parametrelerine (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 mM) tabi tutulmustur . Farkli NaCl konsantrasyonlarini iceren ve hormonsuz MS (Murashige ve Skoog, 1962) besi ortaminda cimlendirilen tohumlar, 4 hafta boyunca tuz stresine maruz birakilmistir. Kultur sonunda elde edilen fidelerin kok ve yapraklarinda bulunan cozunur karbonhidrat degerleri (Glukoz ve Fruktoz) ile yapraklarinda bulunan peroksidaz enzim (POD) aktiviteleri arastirilmistir. Inceleme sonucunda artan NaCl konsantrasyonuna bagli olarak hem cozunur karbonhidrat degerlerinde, hem de POD aktivitelerinde pozitif bir korelasyon oldugu tespit edilmistir.

Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, 2020

The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 2004

Summary Induction of somatic embryogenesis from the flower buds of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) w... more Summary Induction of somatic embryogenesis from the flower buds of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) was studied with respect to growth regulators. Sixty-five percent of cultures formed embryogenic calli when placed on modified Murashige and Skoog medium containing 1 mg l–1 benzylaminopurine. In contrast, thidiazuron and α-naphthalene acetic acid reduced embryogenesis. Some of the somatic embryos had fused hypocotyls or multiple cotyledons. Abscisic acid was not necessary for maturation. Fewer somatic embryos germinated with 0.5 mg l–1 abscisic acid, but more converted into plantlets. Separate, morphologically normal, somatic embryos germinated on semi-solid germination medium, and developed into plantlets. Cytological analysis revealed a chromosome number of 2n = 2x = 30, similar to seedlings. The protocol described in this paper, for the induction of somatic embryos indirectly from female flowers of pistachio, represents a first step towards the production of clonal stocks.

TURKISH JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY, 2016

Propagation of Ornamental …, 2007

... INDIRECT SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS FROM MATURE EMBRYO CULTURES OF PISTACHIO, PISTACIA VERA L. Ahm... more ... INDIRECT SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS FROM MATURE EMBRYO CULTURES OF PISTACHIO, PISTACIA VERA L. AhmetOnay, Engin Tilkat*, Hakan Yıldırım, and Veysel Suzerer ... II: 44-53 (in Turkish). Onay A., Pirinç V., Tilkat E., Aktürk Z., Yıldırım H. (2004). ...