Dr.J.Jerome Jeyakumar | Bharathidasan University (original) (raw)

Papers by Dr.J.Jerome Jeyakumar

Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 1992

The plant regeneration ability of zygotic embryo-derived callus cultures was studied for 12 A. ce... more The plant regeneration ability of zygotic embryo-derived callus cultures was studied for 12 A. cepa varieties and accessions, two A. fistulosum varieties, one A. fistulosum x A. cepa interspecific hybrid and two A. porrum varieties. Compact embryogenic callus was induced on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. The embryogenic calluses of all three Allium species were similar in appearance. For all accessions tested plants could be regenerated at a high frequency from this compact callus through somatic embryogenesis, when using kinetin supplemented MS medium (regeneration medium). Addition of abscisic acid to the regeneration medium stimulated the formation of both somatic embryos and shoots for a number of varieties. Concerning shoot regeneration from callus cultures, significant differences existed between genotypes of all accessions except one.

International Journal of Phytopharmacy, Jun 30, 2014

The aim of the study was to investigate phytochemical properties, antimicrobial activity and trac... more The aim of the study was to investigate phytochemical properties, antimicrobial activity and trace metal concentrations of Caesalpinia bonducella . The phytochemical screening of the extracts of leaves of C. bonducella revealed the presence of bioactive compounds such as Steroid, Triterpenoids, Reducing Sugar(A), Reducing Sugar(B), Sugars, Flavonoids, Saponin, Amino acids with absence of Alkaloids, Phenolic Compounds, Catachins, Tannins, Anthroquinones. The ethanol solvent was used for extraction and was used to screen the antimicrobial activity of C. bonducella leaves against certain pathogens by disc diffusion method. In the antimicrobial study, in bacteria, the test sample was most effective against Escherichia coli NCIM 2931 (B2) while smaller effect was noticed from Staphylococcus aureus NCIM 5021 (B3). In fungi, this was effective against Epidermophyton floccosum var. nigricans MTCC 613 (F2) whereas smaller effect was observed in Candida glabrata MTCC 3984 (F1). All the microbial strains depict higher sensitivity to the higher concentration (1.2 mg / disc) for the test sample when compared to the positive control except bacterial strains such as Bacillus subtilis NCIM 2920 (B1) and Staphylococcus aureus NCIM 5021 (B3). The result was supported the view that C. bonducella is a potent antimicrobial agent compared with the conventional antibiotic. The concentrations of trace metals in plants were not cross the standard level. Hence, it is signified that Aloe vera plant extract is safe to be used as an antimicrobial agent.

Scientia Horticulturae, Apr 1, 2014

ABSTRACT Gherkin (Cucumis anguria L.) is an important commercial vegetable crop. An efficient pro... more ABSTRACT Gherkin (Cucumis anguria L.) is an important commercial vegetable crop. An efficient protocol for plantlet regeneration from hypocotyl and leaf explants through direct somatic embryogenesis was developed. High frequency of somatic embryos (21.6 and 34.0) were obtained from hypocotyl and leaf explants when cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) salts plus B5 vitamins (MSB5) supplemented with 5% sucrose, 1.5 mg L−1 2,4-D, 0.5 mg L−1 BAP and 150 μM l-glutamine. Initial culturing of embryos in the dark conditions for two weeks, followed by four weeks under light resulted in a higher frequency of embryo formation when compared to continuous light conditions. Histological observation showed that the somatic embryos originated from single cells of the epidermal layer. Histological evidence on formation of shoot and root poles during conversion of the embryos confirmed that these structures were true somatic embryos. Maturation of somatic embryos occurred on plant growth regulator-free MSB5 semi-solid medium containing 3% sucrose and 0.5% (w/v) activated charcoal (AC). Conversion of embryos into plantlets was achieved on MSB5 medium supplemented with 3% sucrose, 0.3% AC and 0.5 mg L−1 gibberellic acid (GA3). Sucrose was found to be the best carbon source for SE induction, maturation and germination. Ninety percent of embryos were converted into normal plantlets. The plantlets were successfully acclimatized in the greenhouse with 95% survival rate and transferred to ex vitro conditions which developed with normal phenotypes. This regeneration protocol assured successful embryo induction and plantlet conversion. This is the first report for the induction of direct somatic embryogenesis from hypocotyl and leaf explants of C. anguria. The result of this study is beneficial for genetic transformation and mass clonal propagation.

The genus Acorus is a perennial aquatic plant used as a medicinal and aromatic plant. Acorus cala... more The genus Acorus is a perennial aquatic plant used as a medicinal and aromatic plant. Acorus calamus were cultured for in-vitro investigation of growth rate, shoot formation and root formation on the media containing different kinds and concentrations of plant growth regulators. In the first experiment, different concentrations of sucrose (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10% w/v) were examined to find the most effective concentration in induction of rhizome using the dual phase MS medium. The tested concentration of sucrose was able to induce microrhizomes in the works. The 6 % sucrose medium had the largest size (length 3.9 cm, diameter 0.47cm) and maximum fresh weight (0.72 g). The explants were cultured in various concentrations of cytokines like BAP and Kn and auxins like IAA, IBA, NAA, 2, 4-D individually as well as in diverse combinations. Highest numbers of shoots were observed with 3.0 mg/L NAA. Half strength MS medium having 1.0 mg/L IBA was found better with 50 percent of root formation after 15 days of vaccination with a upper limit number of roots (5) in the platelets were transferred to the greenhouse and survival rate was 95% after acclimatization.

Australian Journal of Crop Science, 2013

Gherkin (Cucumis anguria L.) is an important highly nutrient vegetable and traditional medicinal ... more Gherkin (Cucumis anguria L.) is an important highly nutrient vegetable and traditional medicinal plant. An efficient protocol for plantlet regeneration from cell suspension cultures of gherkin (Cucumis anguria L.) through somatic embryogenesis is reported here. Leaf-derived embryogenic calli were cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium augmented with 4.0 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 1.0 μM kinetin (KIN). The maximum frequency of somatic embryos (33.5%) was observed on MS medium supplemented with 2.0 μM 2,4-D for three weeks of culture. Ontogenic studies of somatic embryos revealed that the cells destined to become somatic embryos divided into spherical proembryos and then progressed to globular, heart and further differentiated properly into torpedo and cotyledonary stages within 5 weeks. Embryo development was asynchronous and strongly influenced by the 2,4-D concentration. The MS liquid medium augmented with 2.0 μM 2,4-D and 0.5 μM L-glutamine was effective to achieve high frequency of somatic embryo induction (44.5%). The cotyledonary-stage somatic embryos were transferred to MS liquid medium with no plant growth regulators to achieve complete maturation within 7 days. Lack of 2,4-D in suspensions increased somatic embryo maturation with decreased abnormalities. Sucrose was found to be the best carbon source for callus induction, embryo maturation and embryo germination. Relatively, only few numbers of embryos developed into root/shoot when transferred to 1/10 MS solid medium containing 0.5 μM abscisic acid (ABA), 2% (w/v) sucrose and 0.2% (w/v) gelrite. About 15% of somatic embryos germinated into morphologically normal fertile plants within 2 weeks. Regenerated plantlets were successfully hardened, with a survival rate of approximately 80%, and established in the field. This regeneration protocol assured successful embryo induction, maturation and plantlet conversion.

International Journal of Phytopharmacy, 2014

The present study focused on the phytochemical constituents, antimicrobial activity and trace met... more The present study focused on the phytochemical constituents, antimicrobial activity and trace metal concentrations of the Cissus vitiginea plant leaves which were collected from the Tiruchirappalli district, southern India. Preliminary phytochemical screening of leaves extracts revealed the presence of the bioactive compounds, such as steroids, triterpenoids, glycosides, sugar, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, amino acid, and coumarin in the leaves. The bacterial and fungal strains were tested for antimicrobial sensitivity against C. vitiginea using the disc diffusion method. The methanol extracts of the plant leaves exhibited the higher zone of inhibition against bacterial strains than fungal strains. The trace metal concentrations were analyzed form the powered plant leaves by 797 VA Computrace voltametry, Metrohm. The average concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn were 0.05, BDL, 018, 0.38, BDL, BDL and 0.48 mg kg -1 , respectively. The bioactive compounds responsible for...

Journal of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2013

An efficient protocol for in vitro organogenesis was achieved from callus-derived immature and ma... more An efficient protocol for in vitro organogenesis was achieved from callus-derived immature and mature petiole explants of West Indian gherkin (Cucumis anguria L.). Calluses were induced from immature petiole explants excised on 7-day-old in vitro seedlings and mature petiole explants of 40-day-old in vivo plants. The maximum frequency of immature petiole explants (98.0 %) and mature petiole (91.5 %) produced green, compact organogenic callus in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with Gamborg (B5) vitamins containing 30 g l −1 sucrose, 8.0 g l −1 agar and 4.0 μM naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) with 2.0 μM benzyl amino purine (BAP) after two successive subculture at 11 days interval. Adventitious shoots were produced from the organogenic callus when it was transferred to MSB 5 medium supplemented with 3.0 μM TDZ, 1.0 μM NAA and 0.05 mM L-glutamine with shoot induction frequency of immature petiole 45 shoots and mature petiole 40 shoots per explant. The shoots were excised from callus and elongated in MSB 5 medium fortified with 3.0 μM gibberellic acid (GA 3). Then elongated shoots were rooted in half strength MSB 5 medium supplemented with 3.0 μM indole 3-butyric acid (IBA). Histological analyses of the regeneration process confirmed the indirect organogenesis pattern. Plantlets with welldeveloped shoot and root systems were successfully acclimatized (95 %) in winter season and exhibited normal morphology and growth characteristics. The survival percentage differed with seasonal variations.

International Journal of Phytopharmacy, 2014

This study was carried out with an objective to investigate the antibacterial and antifungal pote... more This study was carried out with an objective to investigate the antibacterial and antifungal potentials and trace metals concentrations in Aloe vera (Linn) plant leaves. Fresh leaves of Aloe vera were collected from Tiruchirappalli district of Tamil Nadu during the period of February - March 2014. The 100 g of shade dried A. vera leave power was used to collect the methanol extraction of the test plant by the soxhlet apparatus. The extracted solutions were dried by hot air oven at 60 C for 48-72 h for further analysis. The antimicrobial activity of Aloe vera methanol extract was examined with six various pathogenic microorganisms such as gram positive, gram negative and fungal strains using the disk diffusion test. The two tested concentrations such as 0.60 and 1.20 mg/disc produce zone of inhibition on muller hinton agar (MHA) and potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates for bacteria and fungi, respectively. In this study, higher (1.20 mg) concentration got greater sensitivity than lower ...

Frontiers in plant science , 2023

Differential analysis of transcriptomic and metabolomic of free fatty acid rancidity process in o... more Differential analysis of transcriptomic and metabolomic of free fatty acid rancidity process in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) fruits of different husk types.

Asian Journal of Plant Science & Research, 2014

Ethnobotany is a study of plants which are used for various ailments and as edibles of the wild. ... more Ethnobotany is a study of plants which are used for various ailments and as edibles of the wild. The river cauvery has its own basin with a notable plant and animal biodiversity. In our study it was found that almost 20 plants are frequently used for human diseases. It was also noted that leaves, fruits, seeds, roots, barks and latex are used for the cure of various ailments. Though our study it was concluded that a huge range of medicinal plants were found in cauvery river delta and it can be used for various human ailments.

plants, 2022

Oil palm, a cross-pollinated crop with long generation time, poses a lot of challenges in achievi... more Oil palm, a cross-pollinated crop with long generation time, poses a lot of challenges in
achieving sustainable oil palm with high yield and quality. The African oil palm (Elaeis guineensis
Jacq.) is the most productive and versatile oil-yielding crop in the world, producing more than
any other oil-yielding crop. Despite recent challenges, such as stress tolerance, superior oil quality,
disease tolerance, and the need for new market niches, there is a growing need to explore and develop
new varieties with high yield potential and the genetic diversity required to maintain oil palm yield
stability. Breeding is an indispensable part of producing high-quality planting materials to increase oil
palm yield. Biotechnological technologies have transformed conventional plant breeding approaches
by introducing novel genotypes for breeding. Innovative pre-breeding and breeding approaches,
such as identifying candidate genes in wild or land races using genomics tools, can pave the way
for genetic improvement in oil palm. In this review, we highlighted the modern breeding tools,
including genomics, marker-assisted breeding, genetic engineering, and genome editing techniques
in oil palm crops, and we explored certain concerns connected to the techniques and their applications
in practical breeding.

THE JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY, 2022

CTS-N is deacetylation chitosan that can induce the expression of defence genes in plants. PRSV i... more CTS-N is deacetylation chitosan that can induce the expression of defence genes in plants. PRSV is a virus that can infect papaya and cause disease. It is mainly distributed in tropical and subtropical regions all over the world. The epidemic spread of the virus may seriously affect the papaya industry. In this study, we analysed differently expressed genes that are related to disease resistance after applying CTS-N using RNA-seq and subsequent qPCR analysis. Several genes related to plant defence responses, such as PR-1 and WRKY33, were up-regulated. Among the genes, 10 up-regulated and 2 down-regulated genes were involved in the 'plant pathogen interaction pathway', 'phytohormones signal transduction pathway' and 'amino sugars pathway'. The CTS-N treatment(1.0 ml/L) can significantly prevent the damage to papaya plants caused by PRSV. The RNA profiling results indicated that CTS-N can induce the expression of defence related genes to enhances a degree of plant defence. Future research may include comparable methodologies for disease resistance research in other plant species.

Research and development of natural antioxidants are gaining popularity with their wide applicati... more Research and development of natural antioxidants are gaining popularity with their wide application in food and medicine. Papaya (Carica papaya L.), a plant of medicinal and food value, is widely planted in tropical regions. This study was conducted to compare the tissues of different organs of papaya as well as the leaves and flowers of 9 cultivars of papaya. The three methods, namely, the 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, the 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assay and the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, were used to determine the total antioxidant activities. Also, the total phenolic content and the total flavonoid content were investigated to evaluate the antioxidant capacity. Our research shows that leaves and roots of papaya manifested higher antioxidant properties among all tested organs, and leaves and flowers of Daqing cultivar exhibited the strongest antioxidant ability. Overall, our results indicate papaya has the potential to become a natural antioxidant resource.

Background: Oil palm is the most efficient oil-producing crop in the world, and the yield of palm... more Background: Oil palm is the most efficient oil-producing crop in the world, and the yield of palm oil is associated with embryonic development. However, a comprehensive understanding of zygotic embryo development at the molecular level remains elusive. In order to address this issue, we report the transcriptomic analysis of zygotic embryo development in oil palm, specifically focusing on regulatory genes involved in important biological pathways. Results: In this study, three cDNA libraries were prepared from embryos at S1 (early-stage), S2 (middle-stage), and S3 (late-stage). There were 16,367, 16,500, and 18,012 genes characterized at the S1, S2, and S3 stages of embryonic development, respectively. A total of 1522, 2698, and 142 genes were differentially expressed in S1 vs S2, S1 vs S3, and S2 vs S3, respectively. Using Gene Ontology (GO) term enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis to identify key genes and pathways. In the hormone signaling pathway, genes related to auxin antagonize the output of cytokinin which regulates the development of embryo meristem. The genes related to abscisic acid negatively regulating the synthesis of gibberellin were strongly up-regulated in the mid-late stage of embryonic development. The results were reported the early synthesis and mid-late degradation of sucrose, as well as the activation of the continuous degradation pathway of temporary starch, providing the nutrients needed for differentiation of the embryonic cell. Moreover, the transcripts of genes involved in fatty acid synthesis were also abundantly accumulated in the zygotic embryos. Conclusion: Taken together, our research provides a new perspective on the developmental and metabolic regulation of zygotic embryo development at the transcriptional level in oil palm.

Phytohormones play an important role in the pollination and fertilization of crops, but the regul... more Phytohormones play an important role in the pollination and fertilization of crops, but the regulatory mechanisms of oil palm pollination and fertilization are unclear. The purpose of this study is to explore the hormonal changes of oil palm pistils during flowering. We used RNA sequencing to evaluate differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in oil palm pistils at the pollination and non-pollination stages. In this study, we found that the hormone contents of oil palm pistil changed drastically after pollination. The transcriptome of the oil palm pistil without pollination and at 2 h, 4 h, 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h after pollination was comprehensively analyzed, and a large number of differential genes and metabolic pathways were explored. Based on the transcriptome data, it could be recognized that the changes of indoleacetic acid (IAA), zeatin riboside (ZR), and abscisic acid (ABA) during pollination were consistent with the changes in the corresponding gene transcripts. Differentially expressed genes during pollination and fertilization of oil palm were mainly related to energy metabolism and hormone signal transduction. It provides new insights to elucidate the interaction and regulation mechanisms of plant hormones before and after oil palm pollination, providing a theoretical basis and reference for the research on sexual reproduction of oil palm.

MATERIALS AND METHODS CULTURE MEDIUM AND GROWTH CONDITIONS Bacillus amyloliquefaciens RO was isol... more MATERIALS AND METHODS CULTURE MEDIUM AND GROWTH CONDITIONS Bacillus amyloliquefaciens RO was isolated directly from the leaf of sugarcane located at the State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-biological Resources (Nanning, China). B.amyloliquefaciens RO strain isolates were cultured in LB (Luria Bertania) broth medium. In 500 mL shake flask containing 100 mL of chemical defined medium containing per litre was inoculated with culture (10g of trypone, 5g of yeast extract, and 10 g of NaCl). The inoculate culture was incubated in an orbital shaker at 200 rpm for 24 hours at 32°C. The active substances from cultured supernatant were added 50 mL ethyl acetate and cultured in shaker at the speed of 10,000 rpm for 5 minutes. After 2 hours, the culture filtrate was mixed with 10% (v/v) of organic solvents such as Acetone, Chloroform and Ethyl Acetate were separated two layers and the antibiotic would be got in the filtered liquid (after the supernatant filtered by RC 0.2 mm filters).The lower phase (organic phase) was separated from the exhausted supernatant (upper phase), All the above procedures were repeated three times.

Phyllanthus niruri, Callus initiation, Biochemical analysis, Amino acid, Protein, Total sugar, St... more Phyllanthus niruri, Callus initiation, Biochemical analysis, Amino acid, Protein, Total sugar, Starch and phenol content.

British Biomedical Bulletin, 2014

Objectives The main objective of the present study is to find out the callus initiation in the pl... more Objectives The main objective of the present study is to find out the callus initiation in the plant Phillanthus niruri and to determine its biochemistry. Method The callus formation was done with MS medium and its biochemical analysis was done with the standard methods 12 - 14. Result Callus growth was more in explants taken from apical bud and nodal segment nearer to the apical bud. But the callus growth was delayed in explants taken from mature leaves and nodal segments away from the apical bud. In the phytochemical analysis Amino acid, protein, total sugar, starch and phenol content was more in aerial part of the P. niruri. Conclusion The callus growth is more from apical bud than compared to matured leaves and nodal segments far from apical bud. The phytochemicals such as Amino acid, protein, total sugar, starch and phenol were more in apical parts than the matured portion.

International journal of pharma and bio sciences, 2013

Among the flowering plants, the members of cucurbitaceae are duly useful for human being that is ... more Among the flowering plants, the members of cucurbitaceae are duly useful for human being that is agood source of vegetables and also a better resource for phytochemical compounds. The present study was aimed to induce the callus from in vitro grown seedling explants. The effect of BAP and NAA have been investigated, the combination of BAP and NAA results in the higher callus induction. The callus was further analyzed for biochemical changes at 15 and 30 days of interval. The steep increase in phenol in 30 days callus compared to 15 days old callus, which could be one of the reason for browning of callus.

International Journal of Pharma Research & Review, 2014

Leaf samples of Wattakaka volubilis were used to examine their antidiabetic effect on Swiss Albin... more Leaf samples of Wattakaka volubilis were used to examine their antidiabetic effect on Swiss Albino rat with different concentrations of this selection. Diabetes was induced in Swiss Albino rats by administration of alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg, i.p). The ethanol extract of W.volubilis at a dosage of 150 mg/kg of body weight was administered in individual dose per day to diabetes induced rats for a period of 14 days. The issue of ethanol extract of W.volubilis leaf extract on blood glucose, serum enzymes (serum glutamate pyruvate transaminases (SGPT), serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminases (SGOT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)) and antioxidant enzymes (catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)) were appraised from the diabetic rats. The ethanol extract of W. volubilis leaf elicited significant reductions of blood glucose (p<0.01), the extracts also caused a significant growth in plasma insulin and antioxidant enzymes in the diabetic rats. The survey confirmed that W.vo...

Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 1992

The plant regeneration ability of zygotic embryo-derived callus cultures was studied for 12 A. ce... more The plant regeneration ability of zygotic embryo-derived callus cultures was studied for 12 A. cepa varieties and accessions, two A. fistulosum varieties, one A. fistulosum x A. cepa interspecific hybrid and two A. porrum varieties. Compact embryogenic callus was induced on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. The embryogenic calluses of all three Allium species were similar in appearance. For all accessions tested plants could be regenerated at a high frequency from this compact callus through somatic embryogenesis, when using kinetin supplemented MS medium (regeneration medium). Addition of abscisic acid to the regeneration medium stimulated the formation of both somatic embryos and shoots for a number of varieties. Concerning shoot regeneration from callus cultures, significant differences existed between genotypes of all accessions except one.

International Journal of Phytopharmacy, Jun 30, 2014

The aim of the study was to investigate phytochemical properties, antimicrobial activity and trac... more The aim of the study was to investigate phytochemical properties, antimicrobial activity and trace metal concentrations of Caesalpinia bonducella . The phytochemical screening of the extracts of leaves of C. bonducella revealed the presence of bioactive compounds such as Steroid, Triterpenoids, Reducing Sugar(A), Reducing Sugar(B), Sugars, Flavonoids, Saponin, Amino acids with absence of Alkaloids, Phenolic Compounds, Catachins, Tannins, Anthroquinones. The ethanol solvent was used for extraction and was used to screen the antimicrobial activity of C. bonducella leaves against certain pathogens by disc diffusion method. In the antimicrobial study, in bacteria, the test sample was most effective against Escherichia coli NCIM 2931 (B2) while smaller effect was noticed from Staphylococcus aureus NCIM 5021 (B3). In fungi, this was effective against Epidermophyton floccosum var. nigricans MTCC 613 (F2) whereas smaller effect was observed in Candida glabrata MTCC 3984 (F1). All the microbial strains depict higher sensitivity to the higher concentration (1.2 mg / disc) for the test sample when compared to the positive control except bacterial strains such as Bacillus subtilis NCIM 2920 (B1) and Staphylococcus aureus NCIM 5021 (B3). The result was supported the view that C. bonducella is a potent antimicrobial agent compared with the conventional antibiotic. The concentrations of trace metals in plants were not cross the standard level. Hence, it is signified that Aloe vera plant extract is safe to be used as an antimicrobial agent.

Scientia Horticulturae, Apr 1, 2014

ABSTRACT Gherkin (Cucumis anguria L.) is an important commercial vegetable crop. An efficient pro... more ABSTRACT Gherkin (Cucumis anguria L.) is an important commercial vegetable crop. An efficient protocol for plantlet regeneration from hypocotyl and leaf explants through direct somatic embryogenesis was developed. High frequency of somatic embryos (21.6 and 34.0) were obtained from hypocotyl and leaf explants when cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) salts plus B5 vitamins (MSB5) supplemented with 5% sucrose, 1.5 mg L−1 2,4-D, 0.5 mg L−1 BAP and 150 μM l-glutamine. Initial culturing of embryos in the dark conditions for two weeks, followed by four weeks under light resulted in a higher frequency of embryo formation when compared to continuous light conditions. Histological observation showed that the somatic embryos originated from single cells of the epidermal layer. Histological evidence on formation of shoot and root poles during conversion of the embryos confirmed that these structures were true somatic embryos. Maturation of somatic embryos occurred on plant growth regulator-free MSB5 semi-solid medium containing 3% sucrose and 0.5% (w/v) activated charcoal (AC). Conversion of embryos into plantlets was achieved on MSB5 medium supplemented with 3% sucrose, 0.3% AC and 0.5 mg L−1 gibberellic acid (GA3). Sucrose was found to be the best carbon source for SE induction, maturation and germination. Ninety percent of embryos were converted into normal plantlets. The plantlets were successfully acclimatized in the greenhouse with 95% survival rate and transferred to ex vitro conditions which developed with normal phenotypes. This regeneration protocol assured successful embryo induction and plantlet conversion. This is the first report for the induction of direct somatic embryogenesis from hypocotyl and leaf explants of C. anguria. The result of this study is beneficial for genetic transformation and mass clonal propagation.

The genus Acorus is a perennial aquatic plant used as a medicinal and aromatic plant. Acorus cala... more The genus Acorus is a perennial aquatic plant used as a medicinal and aromatic plant. Acorus calamus were cultured for in-vitro investigation of growth rate, shoot formation and root formation on the media containing different kinds and concentrations of plant growth regulators. In the first experiment, different concentrations of sucrose (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10% w/v) were examined to find the most effective concentration in induction of rhizome using the dual phase MS medium. The tested concentration of sucrose was able to induce microrhizomes in the works. The 6 % sucrose medium had the largest size (length 3.9 cm, diameter 0.47cm) and maximum fresh weight (0.72 g). The explants were cultured in various concentrations of cytokines like BAP and Kn and auxins like IAA, IBA, NAA, 2, 4-D individually as well as in diverse combinations. Highest numbers of shoots were observed with 3.0 mg/L NAA. Half strength MS medium having 1.0 mg/L IBA was found better with 50 percent of root formation after 15 days of vaccination with a upper limit number of roots (5) in the platelets were transferred to the greenhouse and survival rate was 95% after acclimatization.

Australian Journal of Crop Science, 2013

Gherkin (Cucumis anguria L.) is an important highly nutrient vegetable and traditional medicinal ... more Gherkin (Cucumis anguria L.) is an important highly nutrient vegetable and traditional medicinal plant. An efficient protocol for plantlet regeneration from cell suspension cultures of gherkin (Cucumis anguria L.) through somatic embryogenesis is reported here. Leaf-derived embryogenic calli were cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium augmented with 4.0 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 1.0 μM kinetin (KIN). The maximum frequency of somatic embryos (33.5%) was observed on MS medium supplemented with 2.0 μM 2,4-D for three weeks of culture. Ontogenic studies of somatic embryos revealed that the cells destined to become somatic embryos divided into spherical proembryos and then progressed to globular, heart and further differentiated properly into torpedo and cotyledonary stages within 5 weeks. Embryo development was asynchronous and strongly influenced by the 2,4-D concentration. The MS liquid medium augmented with 2.0 μM 2,4-D and 0.5 μM L-glutamine was effective to achieve high frequency of somatic embryo induction (44.5%). The cotyledonary-stage somatic embryos were transferred to MS liquid medium with no plant growth regulators to achieve complete maturation within 7 days. Lack of 2,4-D in suspensions increased somatic embryo maturation with decreased abnormalities. Sucrose was found to be the best carbon source for callus induction, embryo maturation and embryo germination. Relatively, only few numbers of embryos developed into root/shoot when transferred to 1/10 MS solid medium containing 0.5 μM abscisic acid (ABA), 2% (w/v) sucrose and 0.2% (w/v) gelrite. About 15% of somatic embryos germinated into morphologically normal fertile plants within 2 weeks. Regenerated plantlets were successfully hardened, with a survival rate of approximately 80%, and established in the field. This regeneration protocol assured successful embryo induction, maturation and plantlet conversion.

International Journal of Phytopharmacy, 2014

The present study focused on the phytochemical constituents, antimicrobial activity and trace met... more The present study focused on the phytochemical constituents, antimicrobial activity and trace metal concentrations of the Cissus vitiginea plant leaves which were collected from the Tiruchirappalli district, southern India. Preliminary phytochemical screening of leaves extracts revealed the presence of the bioactive compounds, such as steroids, triterpenoids, glycosides, sugar, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, amino acid, and coumarin in the leaves. The bacterial and fungal strains were tested for antimicrobial sensitivity against C. vitiginea using the disc diffusion method. The methanol extracts of the plant leaves exhibited the higher zone of inhibition against bacterial strains than fungal strains. The trace metal concentrations were analyzed form the powered plant leaves by 797 VA Computrace voltametry, Metrohm. The average concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn were 0.05, BDL, 018, 0.38, BDL, BDL and 0.48 mg kg -1 , respectively. The bioactive compounds responsible for...

Journal of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2013

An efficient protocol for in vitro organogenesis was achieved from callus-derived immature and ma... more An efficient protocol for in vitro organogenesis was achieved from callus-derived immature and mature petiole explants of West Indian gherkin (Cucumis anguria L.). Calluses were induced from immature petiole explants excised on 7-day-old in vitro seedlings and mature petiole explants of 40-day-old in vivo plants. The maximum frequency of immature petiole explants (98.0 %) and mature petiole (91.5 %) produced green, compact organogenic callus in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with Gamborg (B5) vitamins containing 30 g l −1 sucrose, 8.0 g l −1 agar and 4.0 μM naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) with 2.0 μM benzyl amino purine (BAP) after two successive subculture at 11 days interval. Adventitious shoots were produced from the organogenic callus when it was transferred to MSB 5 medium supplemented with 3.0 μM TDZ, 1.0 μM NAA and 0.05 mM L-glutamine with shoot induction frequency of immature petiole 45 shoots and mature petiole 40 shoots per explant. The shoots were excised from callus and elongated in MSB 5 medium fortified with 3.0 μM gibberellic acid (GA 3). Then elongated shoots were rooted in half strength MSB 5 medium supplemented with 3.0 μM indole 3-butyric acid (IBA). Histological analyses of the regeneration process confirmed the indirect organogenesis pattern. Plantlets with welldeveloped shoot and root systems were successfully acclimatized (95 %) in winter season and exhibited normal morphology and growth characteristics. The survival percentage differed with seasonal variations.

International Journal of Phytopharmacy, 2014

This study was carried out with an objective to investigate the antibacterial and antifungal pote... more This study was carried out with an objective to investigate the antibacterial and antifungal potentials and trace metals concentrations in Aloe vera (Linn) plant leaves. Fresh leaves of Aloe vera were collected from Tiruchirappalli district of Tamil Nadu during the period of February - March 2014. The 100 g of shade dried A. vera leave power was used to collect the methanol extraction of the test plant by the soxhlet apparatus. The extracted solutions were dried by hot air oven at 60 C for 48-72 h for further analysis. The antimicrobial activity of Aloe vera methanol extract was examined with six various pathogenic microorganisms such as gram positive, gram negative and fungal strains using the disk diffusion test. The two tested concentrations such as 0.60 and 1.20 mg/disc produce zone of inhibition on muller hinton agar (MHA) and potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates for bacteria and fungi, respectively. In this study, higher (1.20 mg) concentration got greater sensitivity than lower ...

Frontiers in plant science , 2023

Differential analysis of transcriptomic and metabolomic of free fatty acid rancidity process in o... more Differential analysis of transcriptomic and metabolomic of free fatty acid rancidity process in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) fruits of different husk types.

Asian Journal of Plant Science & Research, 2014

Ethnobotany is a study of plants which are used for various ailments and as edibles of the wild. ... more Ethnobotany is a study of plants which are used for various ailments and as edibles of the wild. The river cauvery has its own basin with a notable plant and animal biodiversity. In our study it was found that almost 20 plants are frequently used for human diseases. It was also noted that leaves, fruits, seeds, roots, barks and latex are used for the cure of various ailments. Though our study it was concluded that a huge range of medicinal plants were found in cauvery river delta and it can be used for various human ailments.

plants, 2022

Oil palm, a cross-pollinated crop with long generation time, poses a lot of challenges in achievi... more Oil palm, a cross-pollinated crop with long generation time, poses a lot of challenges in
achieving sustainable oil palm with high yield and quality. The African oil palm (Elaeis guineensis
Jacq.) is the most productive and versatile oil-yielding crop in the world, producing more than
any other oil-yielding crop. Despite recent challenges, such as stress tolerance, superior oil quality,
disease tolerance, and the need for new market niches, there is a growing need to explore and develop
new varieties with high yield potential and the genetic diversity required to maintain oil palm yield
stability. Breeding is an indispensable part of producing high-quality planting materials to increase oil
palm yield. Biotechnological technologies have transformed conventional plant breeding approaches
by introducing novel genotypes for breeding. Innovative pre-breeding and breeding approaches,
such as identifying candidate genes in wild or land races using genomics tools, can pave the way
for genetic improvement in oil palm. In this review, we highlighted the modern breeding tools,
including genomics, marker-assisted breeding, genetic engineering, and genome editing techniques
in oil palm crops, and we explored certain concerns connected to the techniques and their applications
in practical breeding.

THE JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY, 2022

CTS-N is deacetylation chitosan that can induce the expression of defence genes in plants. PRSV i... more CTS-N is deacetylation chitosan that can induce the expression of defence genes in plants. PRSV is a virus that can infect papaya and cause disease. It is mainly distributed in tropical and subtropical regions all over the world. The epidemic spread of the virus may seriously affect the papaya industry. In this study, we analysed differently expressed genes that are related to disease resistance after applying CTS-N using RNA-seq and subsequent qPCR analysis. Several genes related to plant defence responses, such as PR-1 and WRKY33, were up-regulated. Among the genes, 10 up-regulated and 2 down-regulated genes were involved in the 'plant pathogen interaction pathway', 'phytohormones signal transduction pathway' and 'amino sugars pathway'. The CTS-N treatment(1.0 ml/L) can significantly prevent the damage to papaya plants caused by PRSV. The RNA profiling results indicated that CTS-N can induce the expression of defence related genes to enhances a degree of plant defence. Future research may include comparable methodologies for disease resistance research in other plant species.

Research and development of natural antioxidants are gaining popularity with their wide applicati... more Research and development of natural antioxidants are gaining popularity with their wide application in food and medicine. Papaya (Carica papaya L.), a plant of medicinal and food value, is widely planted in tropical regions. This study was conducted to compare the tissues of different organs of papaya as well as the leaves and flowers of 9 cultivars of papaya. The three methods, namely, the 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, the 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assay and the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, were used to determine the total antioxidant activities. Also, the total phenolic content and the total flavonoid content were investigated to evaluate the antioxidant capacity. Our research shows that leaves and roots of papaya manifested higher antioxidant properties among all tested organs, and leaves and flowers of Daqing cultivar exhibited the strongest antioxidant ability. Overall, our results indicate papaya has the potential to become a natural antioxidant resource.

Background: Oil palm is the most efficient oil-producing crop in the world, and the yield of palm... more Background: Oil palm is the most efficient oil-producing crop in the world, and the yield of palm oil is associated with embryonic development. However, a comprehensive understanding of zygotic embryo development at the molecular level remains elusive. In order to address this issue, we report the transcriptomic analysis of zygotic embryo development in oil palm, specifically focusing on regulatory genes involved in important biological pathways. Results: In this study, three cDNA libraries were prepared from embryos at S1 (early-stage), S2 (middle-stage), and S3 (late-stage). There were 16,367, 16,500, and 18,012 genes characterized at the S1, S2, and S3 stages of embryonic development, respectively. A total of 1522, 2698, and 142 genes were differentially expressed in S1 vs S2, S1 vs S3, and S2 vs S3, respectively. Using Gene Ontology (GO) term enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis to identify key genes and pathways. In the hormone signaling pathway, genes related to auxin antagonize the output of cytokinin which regulates the development of embryo meristem. The genes related to abscisic acid negatively regulating the synthesis of gibberellin were strongly up-regulated in the mid-late stage of embryonic development. The results were reported the early synthesis and mid-late degradation of sucrose, as well as the activation of the continuous degradation pathway of temporary starch, providing the nutrients needed for differentiation of the embryonic cell. Moreover, the transcripts of genes involved in fatty acid synthesis were also abundantly accumulated in the zygotic embryos. Conclusion: Taken together, our research provides a new perspective on the developmental and metabolic regulation of zygotic embryo development at the transcriptional level in oil palm.

Phytohormones play an important role in the pollination and fertilization of crops, but the regul... more Phytohormones play an important role in the pollination and fertilization of crops, but the regulatory mechanisms of oil palm pollination and fertilization are unclear. The purpose of this study is to explore the hormonal changes of oil palm pistils during flowering. We used RNA sequencing to evaluate differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in oil palm pistils at the pollination and non-pollination stages. In this study, we found that the hormone contents of oil palm pistil changed drastically after pollination. The transcriptome of the oil palm pistil without pollination and at 2 h, 4 h, 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h after pollination was comprehensively analyzed, and a large number of differential genes and metabolic pathways were explored. Based on the transcriptome data, it could be recognized that the changes of indoleacetic acid (IAA), zeatin riboside (ZR), and abscisic acid (ABA) during pollination were consistent with the changes in the corresponding gene transcripts. Differentially expressed genes during pollination and fertilization of oil palm were mainly related to energy metabolism and hormone signal transduction. It provides new insights to elucidate the interaction and regulation mechanisms of plant hormones before and after oil palm pollination, providing a theoretical basis and reference for the research on sexual reproduction of oil palm.

MATERIALS AND METHODS CULTURE MEDIUM AND GROWTH CONDITIONS Bacillus amyloliquefaciens RO was isol... more MATERIALS AND METHODS CULTURE MEDIUM AND GROWTH CONDITIONS Bacillus amyloliquefaciens RO was isolated directly from the leaf of sugarcane located at the State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-biological Resources (Nanning, China). B.amyloliquefaciens RO strain isolates were cultured in LB (Luria Bertania) broth medium. In 500 mL shake flask containing 100 mL of chemical defined medium containing per litre was inoculated with culture (10g of trypone, 5g of yeast extract, and 10 g of NaCl). The inoculate culture was incubated in an orbital shaker at 200 rpm for 24 hours at 32°C. The active substances from cultured supernatant were added 50 mL ethyl acetate and cultured in shaker at the speed of 10,000 rpm for 5 minutes. After 2 hours, the culture filtrate was mixed with 10% (v/v) of organic solvents such as Acetone, Chloroform and Ethyl Acetate were separated two layers and the antibiotic would be got in the filtered liquid (after the supernatant filtered by RC 0.2 mm filters).The lower phase (organic phase) was separated from the exhausted supernatant (upper phase), All the above procedures were repeated three times.

Phyllanthus niruri, Callus initiation, Biochemical analysis, Amino acid, Protein, Total sugar, St... more Phyllanthus niruri, Callus initiation, Biochemical analysis, Amino acid, Protein, Total sugar, Starch and phenol content.

British Biomedical Bulletin, 2014

Objectives The main objective of the present study is to find out the callus initiation in the pl... more Objectives The main objective of the present study is to find out the callus initiation in the plant Phillanthus niruri and to determine its biochemistry. Method The callus formation was done with MS medium and its biochemical analysis was done with the standard methods 12 - 14. Result Callus growth was more in explants taken from apical bud and nodal segment nearer to the apical bud. But the callus growth was delayed in explants taken from mature leaves and nodal segments away from the apical bud. In the phytochemical analysis Amino acid, protein, total sugar, starch and phenol content was more in aerial part of the P. niruri. Conclusion The callus growth is more from apical bud than compared to matured leaves and nodal segments far from apical bud. The phytochemicals such as Amino acid, protein, total sugar, starch and phenol were more in apical parts than the matured portion.

International journal of pharma and bio sciences, 2013

Among the flowering plants, the members of cucurbitaceae are duly useful for human being that is ... more Among the flowering plants, the members of cucurbitaceae are duly useful for human being that is agood source of vegetables and also a better resource for phytochemical compounds. The present study was aimed to induce the callus from in vitro grown seedling explants. The effect of BAP and NAA have been investigated, the combination of BAP and NAA results in the higher callus induction. The callus was further analyzed for biochemical changes at 15 and 30 days of interval. The steep increase in phenol in 30 days callus compared to 15 days old callus, which could be one of the reason for browning of callus.

International Journal of Pharma Research & Review, 2014

Leaf samples of Wattakaka volubilis were used to examine their antidiabetic effect on Swiss Albin... more Leaf samples of Wattakaka volubilis were used to examine their antidiabetic effect on Swiss Albino rat with different concentrations of this selection. Diabetes was induced in Swiss Albino rats by administration of alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg, i.p). The ethanol extract of W.volubilis at a dosage of 150 mg/kg of body weight was administered in individual dose per day to diabetes induced rats for a period of 14 days. The issue of ethanol extract of W.volubilis leaf extract on blood glucose, serum enzymes (serum glutamate pyruvate transaminases (SGPT), serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminases (SGOT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)) and antioxidant enzymes (catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)) were appraised from the diabetic rats. The ethanol extract of W. volubilis leaf elicited significant reductions of blood glucose (p<0.01), the extracts also caused a significant growth in plasma insulin and antioxidant enzymes in the diabetic rats. The survey confirmed that W.vo...

In the present study Mentha arvensis of the family Labiateae has been selected to determine callu... more In the present study Mentha arvensis of the family Labiateae has been selected to determine callus induction. The plant is used to treat liver and spleen disease, asthma and jaundice. The oil yield is 5% by distillation of leaves, which contain 40-50% menthol. The oil is antiseptic, carminative, refrigerant, stimulant and diuretic. Menthol is used in medicine for stomach disorder and in ointments for headache. The infusion of leaves is used in indigestion and thematic pains. Nodal segments of Mentha arvensis were cultured on murashige and skoog medium containing different concentration of different growth hormones. Axillary bud node form the terminal but, were cultured on MS medium containing 0.2 mg/c BAP Plus 0.1 mg/C IBA which showed direct regeneration of shoot on 15 days after involution. Axillary bud node form terminal buds when cultured on MS Medium containing 0.2 mg/l BAP plus 0.1 mg/l IBA showed stunted growth of multiple shoots. Subsequently, it did not produce any callus. ABSTRACT A study was ethanolic extracts from leaf, flower of Catharanthus roseus, was taken and used to study the antimicrobial activity against nine selected bacterial pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus ,Eschericia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacilius subtilis, Micrococcus butens, Klebsiella pneumonia, Salmonella typhi,Pseudomonas putida,Proteus vulgaris and Aspergillus flavus. All the best organisms were found to be highly susceptible for the ethanolic leaf extracts except Bacillus subtilis and in methanolic flower extract Proteus vulgaris. So the ethanolic extracts of the leaf show significant inhibition and methanolic flower extract show moderate inhibition. Soxhelt method was followed for taking pure form of active present in the crude extract using ethanol as solvent. The ethanolic extract obtained in soxhlet distillation was used to identify the phytoconstituents of the plant such as flavonoids,tannins,alkaloids,sterols,etc.,