Shesh Koirala | Bechtel - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Shesh Koirala

Resource managers in the future will be required to make decisions regarding complex systems unde... more Resource managers in the future will be required to make decisions regarding complex systems under extreme uncertainty and to evaluate the sustainability of these natural systems. The variability and extremes of precipitation will be one of the major variables impacting natural systems, and decision making. These future decisions will be evaluated based upon economic costs and benefits, and core mission

Better understanding of bacterial fate and transport in watersheds is necessary for improved regu... more Better understanding of bacterial fate and transport in watersheds is necessary for improved regulatory management of impaired streams. Novel statistical time series analyses of coliform data can be a useful tool for evaluating the dynamics of temporal variation and persistence of bacteria within a watershed. For this study, daily total coliform data for the Little

I wish to thank to my committee chair Dr. Randy Gentry for his guidance, support and his countles... more I wish to thank to my committee chair Dr. Randy Gentry for his guidance, support and his countless hours spent to me. From the beginning Dr. Gentry has pushed but never prodded, taught but never instructed. His humanity is endless and his door is always opened to me. I sincerely thank to the committee member Dr. Ed Perfect who always encouraged me to get me closer to my career goal. I wish many thanks to the committee member Dr. John Schwartz for his great support in many stages of my study and research. I wish to thank to my committee member Dr. Patrick Mulholland for his excellent pieces of advice and his important time spent for me. Many thanks to Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Doyle Prince, city of Maryville Tennessee for providing the data for analysis. Special thanks to Center for Environmental Biotechnology and Institute for a Secure and Sustainable Environment at the University of Tennessee for providing me the part of my fund for completing my education and giving me office space respectively. I thank my wife Lata for her sacrifice to postpone her own dreams of higher education for the sake of my PhD. Finally I thank to all the members of our Nepalese community here at Knoxville who helped me to make my stay enjoyable.

I wish to thank to my committee chair Dr. Randy Gentry for his guidance, support and his countles... more I wish to thank to my committee chair Dr. Randy Gentry for his guidance, support and his countless hours spent to me. From the beginning Dr. Gentry has pushed but never prodded, taught but never instructed. His humanity is endless and his door is always opened to me. I sincerely thank to the committee member Dr. Ed Perfect who always encouraged me to get me closer to my career goal. I wish many thanks to the committee member Dr. John Schwartz for his great support in many stages of my study and research. I wish to thank to my committee member Dr. Patrick Mulholland for his excellent pieces of advice and his important time spent for me. Many thanks to Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Doyle Prince, city of Maryville Tennessee for providing the data for analysis. Special thanks to Center for Environmental Biotechnology and Institute for a Secure and Sustainable Environment at the University of Tennessee for providing me the part of my fund for completing my education and giving me office space respectively. I thank my wife Lata for her sacrifice to postpone her own dreams of higher education for the sake of my PhD. Finally I thank to all the members of our Nepalese community here at Knoxville who helped me to make my stay enjoyable.

ABSTRACT In the area of sustainability science, it is becoming increasingly important to understa... more ABSTRACT In the area of sustainability science, it is becoming increasingly important to understand the basal condition of a natural system, and its long-term behavior. Research is needed to better understand the temporal scaling of hydrochemistry in streams and watersheds and its relationship to the hydrologic factors that influence its behavior. Persistence of dissolved chemicals in streams has been demonstrated to be linked to certain hydrologic processes, such as interactions between hydrologic units and storage in surface or sub-surface systems. In this study, wavelet analyses provided a novel theoretical basis for insights into long-term hydrochemistry behavior in an east Tennessee watershed. Temporal analyses were conducted on weekly time series data of hydrochemistry (nitrate, chloride, sulfate and calcium concentrations) collected from November 1995 to December 2005 at the West Fork of Walker Branch in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Hydrochemistry plays an important role in ecosystem services, particularly nitrate, and in general the signal responses can be complex. The signals in this study were modeled using a wavelet approach as a mechanism for evaluating short-and long term temporal effects. The Walker Branch conceptual hydrology model is augmented by these results that show characteristic periodicities or structures for flowpath lengths in the vadose zone ( 50 week period) with implications for hydrochemistry within the watershed. In general, time series signals of watershed hydrochemistry may provide clues as to broad environmental, ecological and economic impacts at the basin scale.

Resource managers in the future will be required to make decisions regarding complex systems unde... more Resource managers in the future will be required to make decisions regarding complex systems under extreme uncertainty and to evaluate the sustainability of these natural systems. The variability and extremes of precipitation will be one of the major variables impacting natural systems, and decision making. These future decisions will be evaluated based upon economic costs and benefits, and core mission

Resource managers in the future will be required to make decisions regarding complex systems unde... more Resource managers in the future will be required to make decisions regarding complex systems under extreme uncertainty and to evaluate the sustainability of these natural systems. The variability and extremes of precipitation will be one of the major variables impacting natural systems, and decision making. These future decisions will be evaluated based upon economic costs and benefits, and core mission

ABSTRACT In the area of sustainability science, it is becoming increasingly important to understa... more ABSTRACT In the area of sustainability science, it is becoming increasingly important to understand the basal condition of a natural system, and its long-term behavior. Research is needed to better understand the temporal scaling of hydrochemistry in streams and watersheds and its relationship to the hydrologic factors that influence its behavior. Persistence of dissolved chemicals in streams has been demonstrated to be linked to certain hydrologic processes, such as interactions between hydrologic units and storage in surface or sub-surface systems. In this study, wavelet analyses provided a novel theoretical basis for insights into long-term hydrochemistry behavior in an east Tennessee watershed. Temporal analyses were conducted on weekly time series data of hydrochemistry (nitrate, chloride, sulfate and calcium concentrations) collected from November 1995 to December 2005 at the West Fork of Walker Branch in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Hydrochemistry plays an important role in ecosystem services, particularly nitrate, and in general the signal responses can be complex. The signals in this study were modeled using a wavelet approach as a mechanism for evaluating short-and long term temporal effects. The Walker Branch conceptual hydrology model is augmented by these results that show characteristic periodicities or structures for flowpath lengths in the vadose zone ( 50 week period) with implications for hydrochemistry within the watershed. In general, time series signals of watershed hydrochemistry may provide clues as to broad environmental, ecological and economic impacts at the basin scale.

Resource managers in the future will be required to make decisions regarding complex systems unde... more Resource managers in the future will be required to make decisions regarding complex systems under extreme uncertainty and to evaluate the sustainability of these natural systems. The variability and extremes of precipitation will be one of the major variables impacting natural systems, and decision making. These future decisions will be evaluated based upon economic costs and benefits, and core mission

Watershed studies using a variety of observational parameters are being implemented to assess how... more Watershed studies using a variety of observational parameters are being implemented to assess how pathogen indicators migrate through rural watersheds. The objectives of the research are to examine the presence and persistence of Bacteriodes and E. coli in several east Tennessee watersheds through observations made in the main channel. Evaluation of combined surface water and groundwater inputs should be evaluated when considering possible regulatory actions through establishment of total maximum daily loads. Further, correlations between hydrologic parameters, water quality, Bacteriodes, and E. coli. are being evaluated in order to examine watershed processes in the system and determine their behavioral response to watershed practices and hydrologic stresses. The experimental design includes a preliminary synoptic evaluation of the water chemistry and bacteria during baseflow conditions through repeated measurements. Streams are known to gain and lose flow throughout the watershed, with certain areas being in proximity to karst features. Definitive causation of bacteria at baseflow is speculative at this point. Sinkhole topography is hypothesized to play an important role in the occurrence of bacteria in the channel which may provide rapid hydrologic transport to and from the channel on a seasonal basis, although direct observation from sinkholes and springs have not been made at this point in the study. The study will provide a robust dataset for evaluating landuse input functions for hydrologic inputs to the watershed.

For sustainable water resources planning and management, the impact of climate change on water re... more For sustainable water resources planning and management, the impact of climate change on water resources should be understood in a broad range of scales from global scale to watershed scale. Quantifying the hydrological response to an increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and climate change is important in a watershed scale particularly from the application point of view. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the climate change effects on the future streamflow volume at the outlet of Clinch River Watershed upstream of Norris Lake in Tennessee. The predicted future climate change by two climate change scenarios (A2 and B2) from community climate system model (CCSM) is applied. Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), a physically based distributed hydrologic model was calibrated using daily streamflow data from 1990 to 2000 and validated using daily streamflow data from 2001 to 2009 collected at a USGS gauging station 03528000. The calibration and the validation ...

Volume 3B: Design and Analysis, 2017

Operation of fast closing valves in piping systems can create an overpressure condition, resultin... more Operation of fast closing valves in piping systems can create an overpressure condition, resulting in permanent deformation, joint damage, leakage, or rupture. Fast closing valves are used in many piping systems to protect personnel, equipment and the environment from the danger of overpressure. When there is a sudden closure of a piping system valve, the change in the flow velocity produces a transient increase in pipe pressure. This increased pressure is commonly known as transient, fluid hammer waterhammer, or surge pressure. In a very simplistic system, the excess pressure created by this sudden closure of valves can be computed using a simple hand calculation using Joukowsky method. The method is applicable only for the initial pressure wave generated. In complex systems, where there are dead legs (e.g. closed by-pass valves) or branches, there is more chance of the pressure waves being reflected, transmitted and superimposed. The overpressure problem is even more severe if a l...

Journal of Environment Quality, 2008

Journal of Hydrology, 2010

... d Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 3799... more ... d Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA. Received 21 September 2009; revised 2 March 2010; accepted 8 April 2010. ... Available online 18 April 2010. Summary. ...

Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 2011

A continued important area of research in hydrologic modeling is the issue of spatial and tempora... more A continued important area of research in hydrologic modeling is the issue of spatial and temporal scaling of biogeochemical properties and processes. Hurst analysis, which is a fractal-based scale invariant approach for analyzing long-term time series data, can provide insight into this issue as a quantitative approach for evaluating temporal scale in time series. The objectives of this paper were to compute the Hurst coefficient (H) for hydrologic and water quality variables, to study the effects of seasonality on H, and to determine how the H for the water quality indicators are related to that of the hydrologic parameters (e.g., discharge and rainfall). Two sites were investigated, Little River and Walker Branch, both located in east Tennessee. The water quality indicators include total coliform for Little River data and nitrate, chloride, sulfate, and calcium concentrations for Walker Branch data. H was estimated using spectral analysis. It was found that H for water quality indicators were significantly different from hydrologic parameters in an untransformed series, whereas it is not different in deseasonalized series (except total coliform). The comparison of untransformed and deseasonalized data series showed that there is no statistically significant value to deseasonalize the data, although the data series appears to shift toward random scaling after deseasonalization.

Journal of Hydrology, 2011

Time and frequency domain analyses were conducted on weekly time series of water chemistry (nitra... more Time and frequency domain analyses were conducted on weekly time series of water chemistry (nitrate, sulfate and calcium concentrations) collected from November 1995 to December 2005 at the West Fork of Walker Branch in Oak Ridge, Tennessee to evaluate the extent of their persistence and the relationship of this persistence to discharge and rainfall. In this study, spectral and wavelet analyses provided a theoretical basis for insights into long-term water chemistry behavior. All water chemistry parameters showed some level of persistence that was influenced by rainfall and/or discharge. Short-term persistence (less than a year) was related to the persistence of rainfall and discharge, whereas long-term persistence (more than a year) was related to the persistence of discharge. The Walker Branch conceptual hydrology model is augmented by these results that relate characteristic periodicities with flowpaths through different zones: the vadose zone (<20 week period), saturated zone (20-50 week period) and bedrock zone (>50 week period) with implications for reactive chemistries within the watershed.

Recent studies indicate that measured saturated hydraulic conductivities, K, within an aquifer ca... more Recent studies indicate that measured saturated hydraulic conductivities, K, within an aquifer can exhibit multifractal scaling. Therefore, computation of the effective saturated hydraulic conductivity, , for theoretical multifractal fields may provide insights for the prediction of for heterogeneous aquifers in the field. Random 2-dimensional geometrical multifractal fields (multifractal Sierpinski carpets with b = 3 and i = 5) were constructed

Global-scale land surface models (LSMs) often parameterize the exchange of energy at land surface... more Global-scale land surface models (LSMs) often parameterize the exchange of energy at land surface on a physical basis. On the other hand, ad hoc assumptions are made to conceptualize the runoff generation mechanism and other relevant hydrological processes. One of them is the groundwater process, which has traditionally been completely neglected or treated implicitly at best. Groundwater is the source

Resource managers in the future will be required to make decisions regarding complex systems unde... more Resource managers in the future will be required to make decisions regarding complex systems under extreme uncertainty and to evaluate the sustainability of these natural systems. The variability and extremes of precipitation will be one of the major variables impacting natural systems, and decision making. These future decisions will be evaluated based upon economic costs and benefits, and core mission

Better understanding of bacterial fate and transport in watersheds is necessary for improved regu... more Better understanding of bacterial fate and transport in watersheds is necessary for improved regulatory management of impaired streams. Novel statistical time series analyses of coliform data can be a useful tool for evaluating the dynamics of temporal variation and persistence of bacteria within a watershed. For this study, daily total coliform data for the Little

I wish to thank to my committee chair Dr. Randy Gentry for his guidance, support and his countles... more I wish to thank to my committee chair Dr. Randy Gentry for his guidance, support and his countless hours spent to me. From the beginning Dr. Gentry has pushed but never prodded, taught but never instructed. His humanity is endless and his door is always opened to me. I sincerely thank to the committee member Dr. Ed Perfect who always encouraged me to get me closer to my career goal. I wish many thanks to the committee member Dr. John Schwartz for his great support in many stages of my study and research. I wish to thank to my committee member Dr. Patrick Mulholland for his excellent pieces of advice and his important time spent for me. Many thanks to Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Doyle Prince, city of Maryville Tennessee for providing the data for analysis. Special thanks to Center for Environmental Biotechnology and Institute for a Secure and Sustainable Environment at the University of Tennessee for providing me the part of my fund for completing my education and giving me office space respectively. I thank my wife Lata for her sacrifice to postpone her own dreams of higher education for the sake of my PhD. Finally I thank to all the members of our Nepalese community here at Knoxville who helped me to make my stay enjoyable.

I wish to thank to my committee chair Dr. Randy Gentry for his guidance, support and his countles... more I wish to thank to my committee chair Dr. Randy Gentry for his guidance, support and his countless hours spent to me. From the beginning Dr. Gentry has pushed but never prodded, taught but never instructed. His humanity is endless and his door is always opened to me. I sincerely thank to the committee member Dr. Ed Perfect who always encouraged me to get me closer to my career goal. I wish many thanks to the committee member Dr. John Schwartz for his great support in many stages of my study and research. I wish to thank to my committee member Dr. Patrick Mulholland for his excellent pieces of advice and his important time spent for me. Many thanks to Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Doyle Prince, city of Maryville Tennessee for providing the data for analysis. Special thanks to Center for Environmental Biotechnology and Institute for a Secure and Sustainable Environment at the University of Tennessee for providing me the part of my fund for completing my education and giving me office space respectively. I thank my wife Lata for her sacrifice to postpone her own dreams of higher education for the sake of my PhD. Finally I thank to all the members of our Nepalese community here at Knoxville who helped me to make my stay enjoyable.

ABSTRACT In the area of sustainability science, it is becoming increasingly important to understa... more ABSTRACT In the area of sustainability science, it is becoming increasingly important to understand the basal condition of a natural system, and its long-term behavior. Research is needed to better understand the temporal scaling of hydrochemistry in streams and watersheds and its relationship to the hydrologic factors that influence its behavior. Persistence of dissolved chemicals in streams has been demonstrated to be linked to certain hydrologic processes, such as interactions between hydrologic units and storage in surface or sub-surface systems. In this study, wavelet analyses provided a novel theoretical basis for insights into long-term hydrochemistry behavior in an east Tennessee watershed. Temporal analyses were conducted on weekly time series data of hydrochemistry (nitrate, chloride, sulfate and calcium concentrations) collected from November 1995 to December 2005 at the West Fork of Walker Branch in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Hydrochemistry plays an important role in ecosystem services, particularly nitrate, and in general the signal responses can be complex. The signals in this study were modeled using a wavelet approach as a mechanism for evaluating short-and long term temporal effects. The Walker Branch conceptual hydrology model is augmented by these results that show characteristic periodicities or structures for flowpath lengths in the vadose zone ( 50 week period) with implications for hydrochemistry within the watershed. In general, time series signals of watershed hydrochemistry may provide clues as to broad environmental, ecological and economic impacts at the basin scale.

Resource managers in the future will be required to make decisions regarding complex systems unde... more Resource managers in the future will be required to make decisions regarding complex systems under extreme uncertainty and to evaluate the sustainability of these natural systems. The variability and extremes of precipitation will be one of the major variables impacting natural systems, and decision making. These future decisions will be evaluated based upon economic costs and benefits, and core mission

Resource managers in the future will be required to make decisions regarding complex systems unde... more Resource managers in the future will be required to make decisions regarding complex systems under extreme uncertainty and to evaluate the sustainability of these natural systems. The variability and extremes of precipitation will be one of the major variables impacting natural systems, and decision making. These future decisions will be evaluated based upon economic costs and benefits, and core mission

ABSTRACT In the area of sustainability science, it is becoming increasingly important to understa... more ABSTRACT In the area of sustainability science, it is becoming increasingly important to understand the basal condition of a natural system, and its long-term behavior. Research is needed to better understand the temporal scaling of hydrochemistry in streams and watersheds and its relationship to the hydrologic factors that influence its behavior. Persistence of dissolved chemicals in streams has been demonstrated to be linked to certain hydrologic processes, such as interactions between hydrologic units and storage in surface or sub-surface systems. In this study, wavelet analyses provided a novel theoretical basis for insights into long-term hydrochemistry behavior in an east Tennessee watershed. Temporal analyses were conducted on weekly time series data of hydrochemistry (nitrate, chloride, sulfate and calcium concentrations) collected from November 1995 to December 2005 at the West Fork of Walker Branch in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Hydrochemistry plays an important role in ecosystem services, particularly nitrate, and in general the signal responses can be complex. The signals in this study were modeled using a wavelet approach as a mechanism for evaluating short-and long term temporal effects. The Walker Branch conceptual hydrology model is augmented by these results that show characteristic periodicities or structures for flowpath lengths in the vadose zone ( 50 week period) with implications for hydrochemistry within the watershed. In general, time series signals of watershed hydrochemistry may provide clues as to broad environmental, ecological and economic impacts at the basin scale.

Resource managers in the future will be required to make decisions regarding complex systems unde... more Resource managers in the future will be required to make decisions regarding complex systems under extreme uncertainty and to evaluate the sustainability of these natural systems. The variability and extremes of precipitation will be one of the major variables impacting natural systems, and decision making. These future decisions will be evaluated based upon economic costs and benefits, and core mission

Watershed studies using a variety of observational parameters are being implemented to assess how... more Watershed studies using a variety of observational parameters are being implemented to assess how pathogen indicators migrate through rural watersheds. The objectives of the research are to examine the presence and persistence of Bacteriodes and E. coli in several east Tennessee watersheds through observations made in the main channel. Evaluation of combined surface water and groundwater inputs should be evaluated when considering possible regulatory actions through establishment of total maximum daily loads. Further, correlations between hydrologic parameters, water quality, Bacteriodes, and E. coli. are being evaluated in order to examine watershed processes in the system and determine their behavioral response to watershed practices and hydrologic stresses. The experimental design includes a preliminary synoptic evaluation of the water chemistry and bacteria during baseflow conditions through repeated measurements. Streams are known to gain and lose flow throughout the watershed, with certain areas being in proximity to karst features. Definitive causation of bacteria at baseflow is speculative at this point. Sinkhole topography is hypothesized to play an important role in the occurrence of bacteria in the channel which may provide rapid hydrologic transport to and from the channel on a seasonal basis, although direct observation from sinkholes and springs have not been made at this point in the study. The study will provide a robust dataset for evaluating landuse input functions for hydrologic inputs to the watershed.

For sustainable water resources planning and management, the impact of climate change on water re... more For sustainable water resources planning and management, the impact of climate change on water resources should be understood in a broad range of scales from global scale to watershed scale. Quantifying the hydrological response to an increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and climate change is important in a watershed scale particularly from the application point of view. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the climate change effects on the future streamflow volume at the outlet of Clinch River Watershed upstream of Norris Lake in Tennessee. The predicted future climate change by two climate change scenarios (A2 and B2) from community climate system model (CCSM) is applied. Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), a physically based distributed hydrologic model was calibrated using daily streamflow data from 1990 to 2000 and validated using daily streamflow data from 2001 to 2009 collected at a USGS gauging station 03528000. The calibration and the validation ...

Volume 3B: Design and Analysis, 2017

Operation of fast closing valves in piping systems can create an overpressure condition, resultin... more Operation of fast closing valves in piping systems can create an overpressure condition, resulting in permanent deformation, joint damage, leakage, or rupture. Fast closing valves are used in many piping systems to protect personnel, equipment and the environment from the danger of overpressure. When there is a sudden closure of a piping system valve, the change in the flow velocity produces a transient increase in pipe pressure. This increased pressure is commonly known as transient, fluid hammer waterhammer, or surge pressure. In a very simplistic system, the excess pressure created by this sudden closure of valves can be computed using a simple hand calculation using Joukowsky method. The method is applicable only for the initial pressure wave generated. In complex systems, where there are dead legs (e.g. closed by-pass valves) or branches, there is more chance of the pressure waves being reflected, transmitted and superimposed. The overpressure problem is even more severe if a l...

Journal of Environment Quality, 2008

Journal of Hydrology, 2010

... d Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 3799... more ... d Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA. Received 21 September 2009; revised 2 March 2010; accepted 8 April 2010. ... Available online 18 April 2010. Summary. ...

Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 2011

A continued important area of research in hydrologic modeling is the issue of spatial and tempora... more A continued important area of research in hydrologic modeling is the issue of spatial and temporal scaling of biogeochemical properties and processes. Hurst analysis, which is a fractal-based scale invariant approach for analyzing long-term time series data, can provide insight into this issue as a quantitative approach for evaluating temporal scale in time series. The objectives of this paper were to compute the Hurst coefficient (H) for hydrologic and water quality variables, to study the effects of seasonality on H, and to determine how the H for the water quality indicators are related to that of the hydrologic parameters (e.g., discharge and rainfall). Two sites were investigated, Little River and Walker Branch, both located in east Tennessee. The water quality indicators include total coliform for Little River data and nitrate, chloride, sulfate, and calcium concentrations for Walker Branch data. H was estimated using spectral analysis. It was found that H for water quality indicators were significantly different from hydrologic parameters in an untransformed series, whereas it is not different in deseasonalized series (except total coliform). The comparison of untransformed and deseasonalized data series showed that there is no statistically significant value to deseasonalize the data, although the data series appears to shift toward random scaling after deseasonalization.

Journal of Hydrology, 2011

Time and frequency domain analyses were conducted on weekly time series of water chemistry (nitra... more Time and frequency domain analyses were conducted on weekly time series of water chemistry (nitrate, sulfate and calcium concentrations) collected from November 1995 to December 2005 at the West Fork of Walker Branch in Oak Ridge, Tennessee to evaluate the extent of their persistence and the relationship of this persistence to discharge and rainfall. In this study, spectral and wavelet analyses provided a theoretical basis for insights into long-term water chemistry behavior. All water chemistry parameters showed some level of persistence that was influenced by rainfall and/or discharge. Short-term persistence (less than a year) was related to the persistence of rainfall and discharge, whereas long-term persistence (more than a year) was related to the persistence of discharge. The Walker Branch conceptual hydrology model is augmented by these results that relate characteristic periodicities with flowpaths through different zones: the vadose zone (<20 week period), saturated zone (20-50 week period) and bedrock zone (>50 week period) with implications for reactive chemistries within the watershed.

Recent studies indicate that measured saturated hydraulic conductivities, K, within an aquifer ca... more Recent studies indicate that measured saturated hydraulic conductivities, K, within an aquifer can exhibit multifractal scaling. Therefore, computation of the effective saturated hydraulic conductivity, , for theoretical multifractal fields may provide insights for the prediction of for heterogeneous aquifers in the field. Random 2-dimensional geometrical multifractal fields (multifractal Sierpinski carpets with b = 3 and i = 5) were constructed

Global-scale land surface models (LSMs) often parameterize the exchange of energy at land surface... more Global-scale land surface models (LSMs) often parameterize the exchange of energy at land surface on a physical basis. On the other hand, ad hoc assumptions are made to conceptualize the runoff generation mechanism and other relevant hydrological processes. One of them is the groundwater process, which has traditionally been completely neglected or treated implicitly at best. Groundwater is the source