Mohamed Nawab | University of California, Berkeley (original) (raw)

Books by Mohamed Nawab

This book offers a timely examination of Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia (HTI), a chapter of the transnat... more This book offers a timely examination of Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia (HTI), a chapter of the transnational movement Hizb ut-Tahrir (HT), whose key aim is the revival of the caliphate.

It cautions against an overly simplistic read of a group like HTI and political Islam in Indonesia. While there is much to laud, particularly with regard to how leaders in Indonesia have attempted to counteract Islamist extremism, insofar as the trajectory of non-violent Islamism in Indonesia is concerned there are clear reasons for apprehension. Groups like the HTI have been adept at using the democratic space in Indonesia to propound their illiberal objectives, including encouraging the curtailment of Indonesian art forms deemed un-Islamic, and more importantly pushing for certain Islamic sects, such as the Ahmadiyahs, to be banned. Yet, despite its extreme posturing, HTI is

accepted as a mainstream Muslim organization. As such, the Indonesian chapter of Hizb ut-Tahrir represents a unique case: unlike other chapters, which are deemed extreme and fringe, HTI, though radical, still exists within the space provided by the Indonesian religio-political landscape.

This book offers new insights into HTI’s history, organizational structure and ideology, adding considerable new details about HTI and correcting errors in existing literature, while directing its primary focus on explaining HTI’s rapid growth in Indonesia. The central argument is that the key to understanding HTI’s growth lies in the role collective identity plays in attracting new members and retaining its existing members within the party. Factors such as institutional and non-institutional opportunities within the Indonesian political system, HTI’s resource mobilization strategies and the anti-systemic ideology of HTI serve as political, organizational and religious incentives for individuals to join the party and launch collective action. This goes on to emphasize and show that collective identity remains the most crucial factor in the party’s growth. Analysing this process of collective identity formation and its impact on recruitment and membership retention is central to this book.

This book will be of much interest to students of Southeast Asian politics, regional security, political Islam, and International Relations in general.

Islam and Peacebuilding in the Asia-Pacific provides a unique backdrop of how native or migrant M... more Islam and Peacebuilding in the Asia-Pacific provides a unique backdrop of how native or migrant Muslims interact with communities of other faiths have led to the contemporary treatment of Islam and the Muslim communities in these nations. This book is based on the theme of Islam's presence and development in the Asia-Pacific region, and the concerns faced by Muslims in the region. Section 1 details the current status of peace or conflict between Muslims and practitioners of other faiths in Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand and the Philippines, and the role of Muslim institutions in promoting peace in each nation. Section 2 features how Muslims living in cosmopolitan areas such as Australia, Indonesia and Japan engage with people of other faiths. Lastly, Section 3 explores the concerns with the interaction of the religion, state and society in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore. A unique collection of the history of Islam in the region, Islam and Peacebuilding in the Asia-Pacific seeks to provide valuable insight for the global policy community by offering a comprehensive treatment of the issues highlighted.

After the watershed 2008 election when the ruling Barisan Nasional (BN) coalition lost its custom... more After the watershed 2008 election when the ruling Barisan Nasional (BN) coalition lost its customary two-thirds control of parliamentary seats, there was the not unreasonable expectation that BN would slip even further in the much-anticipated Thirteenth General Election of 2013, which is the subject of this book. In the event, the BN lost the popular vote to the Pakatan Rakyat (PR) but still retained the reins of government. In this book, prominent Malaysian specialists and experts will provide the reader with fresh insights into the evolving character of electoral politics by delving into its failing model of consociationalism, the extent of malapportionment in the electoral system and its effects on outcomes, how 'new politics' continue to meet the resistance of old modes of political behaviour, the path-dependence analysis of twin-coalition politics, the significance of the FELDA vote bank, the issues animating electoral politics in Sabah, Sarawak, Terengganu and Johor, why the PR continues to command urban support, the role of the biased mainstream media, and details of the campaign strategies of both coalitions. In this new study of Malaysia's electoral politics, it is evident that the ruling coalition has lost its first-mover advantage and is only able to hold on to power due to the first-past-the-post (FPTP) single member plurality electoral system. This sort of system has given rise, in the parlance of electoral studies, to 'manufactured majorities', that is, electoral outcomes that confer a majority of seats (simple or large) to a single party or a coalition of parties without commanding a majority of the popular vote. Malaysia's FPTP system, imbued as it is with a generous proportion of 'rural weightage', continues to favour the BN, oftentimes generating large manufactured parliamentary majorities. While some may argue that electoral politics have reached an impasse, after two general elections, Malaysia's twin-coalition system seems to have gained some traction and, thanks to its federalism, with the PR having considerable control of state governments in the Malay heartland and of the more urbanized states of Selangor and Penang.

Journal Articles by Mohamed Nawab

Journal of Religious and Political Practice, 2018

The Islamic conservative turn in Southeast Asia has been an important subject of inquiry for many... more The Islamic conservative turn in Southeast Asia has been an important subject of inquiry for many observers of Islam in the region. More recent studies of the conservative turn in the region have noted the differences in the religious orientation, modes of activism, and agendas of the different actors in the country (e.g. work on Front Pembela Islam [FPI], Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia [HTI], Salafis, Traditionalists). This article shows different articulations of Islamisation in Indonesia infiltrating the media after the fall of Soeharto. It seeks to examine new mediums of Islamic propagation promoted by different Islamic actors who use film, radio, and social media, all of which have different social implications in Indonesia’s Muslim society. Discussions of media in this article are intertwined with popular culture studies, a field of important scholarly inquiry often overlooked in political and social studies. The development of Islam-based media—in which Islamic pop culture also thrives—is a form of bottom-up Islamisation in Indonesia, which reflects resistance from the various layers of Indonesia’s Muslim society towards the Western-led process of globalisation. As apparent in this article, the Islamisation trend in the Indonesian media plays a key role both in pluralising the various discourses of Islam and normalising religious conservatism.

Indonesia, 2018

This article seeks to understand and explain the discursive strategies used by far-right Islamist... more This article seeks to understand and explain the discursive strategies used by far-right Islamist groups to popularize sentiment against Ahok (Basuki Tjahaja Purnama, former governor of Jakarta) and ruin his political career. This paper, which analyses the period when anti-Ahok rallies in Jakarta were common, blends three ideas. First, it discusses and reverses the logic of civil Islam, as put forth by Robert Hefner, to define far-right Islamist groups as uncivil. Second, it links uncivility with majoritarian insecurity and the way in which the politics of fear is used to mobilize majorities against minorities. Third, it discusses how and why uncivil groups use symbolic violence to ideologically attack minorities in order to manage the majorities' perceived insecurities. Three themes are discussed in this article. First, through Ahok's ethnic identification, Indonesian Chinese were conflated with China, communist ungodliness, and, thus, a quasi-demonic threat to Islam. Second, Ahok's rise to the governorship was framed as a dangerous symbol of the perceived ascendance of Indonesian Chinese to positions of political power. Third, Ahok was claimed to be leading the charge of a Christian takeover of Indonesia by co-opting abangan Muslims, such as Jokowi. This paper uses primary and secondary research, including interviews with key leaders of far-right Islamist groups. It concludes with implications for Indonesia's religio-political landscape.

The East Malaysian state of Sabah has played an important political role in the ruling B... more The East Malaysian state of Sabah has played an important political role in the ruling Barisan Nasional (BN) government. In the 2013 election, the component parties of BN in the state delivered a substantial number of parliamentary seats and helped the BN hold the government, despite losing the national popular vote.
This paper argues that the changing political dynamics in Sabah will not have a significant impact on the Malaysian political landscape. The paper will examine the socio-political history of Sabah and analyse the impact of this history on contemporary Sabah politics. Further, the paper will study recent political developments, such as the Lahad Datu incursion and the issue of illegal immigrants in Sabah, and how these developments will shape the political landscapes of both Sabah and the larger state. The paper concludes by drawing a trajectory of Sabah's politics. It is concluded that despite Sabah's growing
political importance for the BN, the political developments in Sabah will not significantly alter the landscape of Malaysian
politics and that Sabah as a state will remain marginal in the larger context of Malaysian politics

Journal of Current Southeast Asian Studies, 2017

The recent state elections in the Eastern Malaysian state of Sarawak in 2016 saw ... more The recent state elections in the Eastern Malaysian state of
Sarawak in 2016 saw the ruling coalition, the Barisan Nasional, secure a
comfortable victory through its component party, the Parti Pesaka
Bumiputera Bersatu, led by the late Adenan Satem, who passed away
suddenly on 11 January 2017. A key theme of Adenan’s election cam-
paign was greater autonomy for the state of Sarawak, while he also dis-
tanced himself from the troubles of the Najib Razak administration and
the federal government. This paper seeks to examine the Sarawak state
elections within the context of Malaysia’s federalism. We argue that the
state elections highlight how a lack of popularity and weakened federal
government has allowed states to exercise more leverage in order to gain
greater influence and autonomy, strengthening the original federal
agreement of 1963 while inadvertently weakening the centre. We argue
that Malaysia’s claim to be a federation is largely superficial, as much
power constitutionally rests with the federal government at the expense
of state autonomy. This is demonstrated through both an examination of
federalism as a broad concept and a brief history of centre–state relations
in Malaysia. This paper posits that further “bargaining” by states with the
federal government during election campaigns may be possible if the
centre continues to exhibit political weakness.

On a hot day in August 2007, an estimated 90,000 people gathered in the Bung Karno Stadium in Jak... more On a hot day in August 2007, an estimated 90,000 people gathered in the Bung Karno Stadium in Jakarta, Indonesia, to call for the re-establishment of the Caliphate. The event was organised by Hizb-ut-Tahrir Indonesia, a chapter of the transnational movement Hizb-ut-Tahrir (Group of Liberation) whose key aim is the revival of the Caliphate. In a theatrical performance during the event, two groups of Indonesian Muslim boys ran into the stadium. One group carried flags of Islamic countries, while the other carried flags of ‘oppressor states’ (the United States, Britain, France and Israel). The boys carrying the flags of the oppressor states started attacking the boys carrying the flags of Muslim countries. In a dramatic turn of events, a different group of boys carrying black and white flags, bearing the Muslim proclamation ‘There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is his Messenger’, the flag of Hizb-ut-Tahrir (HT), drove the boys carrying the flags of the oppressor states out of the stadium. The performance sought to convey that Muslims are currently being oppressed by villainous Western imperialist powers and that it is only with the re-establishment of the Caliphate that the Muslim world will be free.

In contrast to the allegedly puritan, ‘intolerant’ Islam practiced in the Middle East, Islam in M... more In contrast to the allegedly puritan, ‘intolerant’ Islam practiced in the Middle East, Islam in Malaysia has always been portrayed especially in Western media as rather moderate. Given the fact that Islam in Malaysia has taken a conservative turn since the 1980s, such assertions are increasingly problematic. This paper attempts to explain the Islamic conservative turn in Malaysia and identify its social and political implications. It seeks to highlight how this conservative turn will impact Malaysian society and politics. An important impact that will be discussed in the paper is the emergence of neo-Sufi and neo-Salafi movements. The paper will end by examining the future trajectory of Islam in the country.

This paper explores the regional network of the Indonesian chapter of Hizbut Tahrir (HT), a trans... more This paper explores the regional network of the Indonesian chapter of Hizbut Tahrir (HT), a transnational Islamic group aiming to revive the Islamic Caliphate. Focusing on the chapter of HT in Indonesia, the paper highlights how Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia (HTI) supports the activities of other HT chapters in the region and beyond. The key argument of the paper is that an understanding of HTI's transnational activism brings new insights to the current understanding of HT as a transnational movement. The author seeks to show the linkages between HTI and other HT chapters around the world and to analyse the implications of HTI's transnational activism.

The ulama are important figures within Muslim societies. In the Indian sub-continent, their influ... more The ulama are important figures within Muslim societies. In the Indian sub-continent, their influence has transcended the socio-religious realm to include the political realm as well. This paper is an attempt to examine the role of the ulama in Pakistani politics. It also seeks to build a trajectory of their future influence in Pakistani politics. There are four parts to the paper. The first part will examine the historical role of the ulama in the Indian sub-continent. The second part will examine their politics in the period between 1947 and 1979. The third part will highlight how the rise to power of General Zia-ul-Haq and the Afghanistan War of 1979 emboldened the ulama to start seriously contesting for political power. Lastly, the paper will look at how the ulama were again empowered by the military regime of General Musharraf to play an important role in Pakistani politics.

Operating in over 43 countries in the world, Hizbut Tahrir (HT) is presently active in Europe, th... more Operating in over 43 countries in the world, Hizbut Tahrir (HT) is presently active in Europe, the Middle East, Africa, and more recently in Asia. Today, HT is becoming increasingly prominent in Southeast Asia, especially in Indonesia and Malaysia. Yet despite its rapid growth in the region, little is known about HT chapters in Southeast Asia, especially in Malaysia. In light of the dearth in scholarship on Hizbut Tahrir Malaysia (HTM), this article aims to shed some light on the HTM and analyze the likelihood of its emergence as a political force in the country.

Contemporary Southeast Asia

The Salafi ulama (religious scholars) in Malaysia have seen their religious and political influe... more The Salafi ulama (religious scholars) in Malaysia have seen their
religious and political influence amplified over the last five years. Operating within a newly formed organization, the Pertubuhan IlmuwanMalaysia (ILMU) and the newly augmented United Malays National
Organization’s (UMNO) young ulama wing, Salafi scholars play a key role in providing Islamic legitimacy to the government and defending it against the opposition Islamist party, the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS). The decision by Salafi scholars to support the Malaysian government is striking given their hardline views on the implementation of Islamic laws and their opposition to democracy. This paper seeks to understand the reasons for the Salafi ulama’s support for UMNO. It argues that the Salafi ulama’s involvement in UMNO is due to a convergence of interest between the two groups and as part of a strategy by the Salafi ulama to expand their influence at both the state and societal levels. The paper examines the religious-political positions of the Salafi ulama on issues such as the Islamic state, the implementation of Islamic laws and democratic political system, and argues that they are opposed to the current state of religious affairs and the political structure of the Malaysian state. Nevertheless, the
ulama are working within UMNO to change the political system. For UMNO leaders, the Salafi ulama form an important group that could defend the party against religious attacks from PAS and provide the party with greater religious credence.

The paper is an attempt to examine the religio-political role of ulama in Singapore. The paper ar... more The paper is an attempt to examine the religio-political role of ulama in Singapore. The paper argues that for most of Singapore’s history, the ulama have been largely apolitical and it was only in the 1990s that they attempted to carve a larger religious space for themselves in a move to assert their authority and influence. This will done through a comparison of their role and contribution they made in the enactment of two acts pertaining to Muslim Personal Law in 1966 and 1998. An analysis of the process that led to the enactment of these laws will show the waning influence of the ulama. The paper will also examine various factors that have led to the waning ulama’s influence. This assessment will itself highlight larger socio-political changes occurring within the Muslim community in Singapore as well as changes in the relationship between the Singaporean government and Muslim community.

Hizbut Tahrir (HT) is a transnational Islamic movement operating in over forty-five countries. Li... more Hizbut Tahrir (HT) is a transnational Islamic movement operating in over forty-five countries. Literature on HT has focused mainly on its activities in Central Asia and Europe. As such, when the HT chapter in Indonesia organized the largest-ever political gathering staged by HT, many observers were caught by surprise. Yet despite the importance of Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia (HTI), little is known about the organization in the English-speaking world. This paper is an attempt to present empirical data on this group. The paper argues that HTI's usage of different mobilization strategies has resulted in its ability to effect policy changes in Indonesia.

This paper traces the religio-political role of ulama in Malaysia. Its key argument is that histo... more This paper traces the religio-political role of ulama in Malaysia. Its key argument is that historically the ulama in Malaysia have maintained a symbiotic relationship with various political authorities. From early Islamic history to the Japanese occupation, ulama have usually worked with any power willing to secure their authority and influence. The paper also shows that even when the ulama oppose the government - exemplified by the opposition of Parti Islam Se-Malaysia ulama to the UMNO-led Malaysian government - this opposition tends to stem from differences in politics rather than religious ideologies

This article argues that the Islamist resurgence of the 1980s and anti-American sentiments follow... more This article argues that the Islamist resurgence of the 1980s and anti-American sentiments following the events of September 11 have led to the strengthening of political Islamism in both Malaysia and Indonesia. It also discusses the impact of Islamist movements and governments outside of Southeast Asia (i.e., the Middle East) in shaping the political thinking of Islamist organizations and political parties in Southeast Asia and how this has affected the politics of both Indonesia and Malaysia.

This book will be of much interest to students of Southeast Asian politics, regional security, political Islam, and International Relations in general.

Journal of Religious and Political Practice, 2018

Indonesia, 2018

Journal of Current Southeast Asian Studies, 2017

Contemporary Southeast Asia

S. Rajaratnam School of …

… Youth: Perspectives On Muslim Youth And …, Jan 1, 2009

The Future of Muslim Youths in Singapore by Mohamed Nawab and Farhan Ali In this concluding paper... more The Future of Muslim Youths in Singapore by Mohamed Nawab and Farhan Ali In this concluding paper, we reflect on what the future holds for Muslim youths in Singapore. We first highlight some of the national, community, and international factors that will shape the progress of Malay/ ...

… Youth: Perspectives On Muslim Youth And …, Jan 1, 2009

Countering Extremism Amongst Muslim Youth in Singapore by Mohamed Nawab Mohamed Osman In light of... more Countering Extremism Amongst Muslim Youth in Singapore by Mohamed Nawab Mohamed Osman In light of the events of September 11 and the 7/7 London bombings, the question of Muslim extremism has received consi-derable attention at a global level. For many, the ...

2016 will prove to be an important year for Malaysia’s Prime Minister Najib Razak both in the eco... more 2016 will prove to be an important year for Malaysia’s Prime Minister Najib Razak both in the economic and political realms. While his critics had dismissed the PM’s chance for surviving the challenges that he faced in 2015, Najib has shown his resilience through the adept employment of a carrot and stick approach. It will not be surprising if he emerges at the end of the year with a more consolidated position

Islam is an important aspect in the state governance of Malaysia. The religious identity of the m... more Islam is an important aspect in the state governance of Malaysia. The religious identity of the majority Malay ethnic group, who are predominantly Muslims, is highly relevant in how the principle of ketuanan Melayu (Malay dominance) is expressed in contemporary Malaysian politics. Not only does ketuanan Melayu establish Malay political dominance, it also elevates the position of Islam in society. Constitutionally, the Malay rulers are recognized as heads of the religion of Islam, Islam is the official religion of the country, and Islamic courts and institutions can be formed to regulate Muslims (Salleh, 2000).

Beyond Bicentennial, 2020

Indonesia, 2018

Abstract:This article seeks to understand and explain the discursive strategies used by far-right... more Abstract:This article seeks to understand and explain the discursive strategies used by far-right Islamist groups to popularize sentiment against Ahok (Basuki Tjahaja Purnama, former governor of Jakarta) and ruin his political career. This paper, which analyses the period when anti-Ahok rallies in Jakarta were common, blends three ideas. First, it discusses and reverses the logic of civil Islam, as put forth by Robert Hefner, to define far-right Islamist groups as uncivil. Second, it links uncivility with majoritarian insecurity and the way in which the politics of fear is used to mobilize majorities against minorities. Third, it discusses how and why uncivil groups use symbolic violence to ideologically attack minorities in order to manage the majorities' perceived insecurities. Three themes are discussed in this article. First, through Ahok's ethnic identification, Indonesian Chinese were conflated with China, communist ungodliness, and, thus, a quasi-demonic threat to Islam. Second, Ahok's rise to the governorship was framed as a dangerous symbol of the perceived ascendance of Indonesian Chinese to positions of political power. Third, Ahok was claimed to be leading the charge of a Christian takeover of Indonesia by co-opting abangan Muslims, such as Jokowi. This paper uses primary and secondary research, including interviews with key leaders of far-right Islamist groups. It concludes with implications for Indonesia's religio-political landscape.

Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 2017

The recent state elections in the Eastern Malaysian state of Sarawak in 2016 saw the ruling coali... more The recent state elections in the Eastern Malaysian state of Sarawak in 2016 saw the ruling coalition, the Barisan Nasional, secure a comfortable victory through its component party, the Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu, led by the late Adenan Satem, who passed away suddenly on 11 January 2017. A key theme of Adenan's election campaign was greater autonomy for the state of Sarawak, while he also distanced himself from the troubles of the Najib Razak administration and the federal government. This paper seeks to examine the Sarawak state elections within the context of Malaysia's federalism. We argue that the state elections highlight how a lack of popularity and weakened federal government has allowed states to exercise more leverage in order to gain greater influence and autonomy, strengthening the original federal agreement of 1963 while inadvertently weakening the centre. We argue that Malaysia's claim to be a federation is largely superficial, as much power constituti...

Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia and Political Islam, 2018

Journal of Religious and Political Practice, 2018

ABSTRACT The Islamic conservative turn in Southeast Asia has been an important subject of inquiry... more ABSTRACT The Islamic conservative turn in Southeast Asia has been an important subject of inquiry for many observers of Islam in the region. More recent studies of the conservative turn in the region have noted the differences in the religious orientation, modes of activism, and agendas of the different actors in the country (e.g. work on Front Pembela Islam [FPI], Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia [HTI], Salafis, Traditionalists). This article shows different articulations of Islamisation in Indonesia infiltrating the media after the fall of Soeharto. It seeks to examine new mediums of Islamic propagation promoted by different Islamic actors who use film, radio, and social media, all of which have different social implications in Indonesia’s Muslim society. Discussions of media in this article are intertwined with popular culture studies, a field of important scholarly inquiry often overlooked in political and social studies. The development of Islam-based media—in which Islamic pop culture also thrives—is a form of bottom-up Islamisation in Indonesia, which reflects resistance from the various layers of Indonesia’s Muslim society towards the Western-led process of globalisation. As apparent in this article, the Islamisation trend in the Indonesian media plays a key role both in pluralising the various discourses of Islam and normalising religious conservatism.

Kajian Malaysia, 2017

The East Malaysian state of Sabah has played an important political role in the ruling Barisan Na... more The East Malaysian state of Sabah has played an important political role in the ruling Barisan Nasional (BN) government. In the 2013 election, the component parties of BN in the state delivered a substantial number of parliamentary seats and helped the BN hold the government, despite losing the national popular vote. This paper argues that the changing political dynamics in Sabah will not have a significant impact on the Malaysian political landscape. The paper will examine the socio-political history of Sabah and analyse the impact of this history on contemporary Sabah politics. Further, the paper will study recent political developments, such as the Lahad Datu incursion and the issue of illegal immigrants in Sabah, and how these developments will shape the political landscapes of both Sabah and the larger state. The paper concludes by drawing a trajectory of Sabah's politics. It is concluded that despite Sabah's growing political importance for the BN, the political developments in Sabah will not significantly alter the landscape of Malaysian politics and that Sabah as a state will remain marginal in the larger context of Malaysian politics.

Contemporary Islam, 2016

Contemporary Southeast Asia, 2014

The Salafi ulama (religious scholars) in Malaysia have seen their religious and political influen... more The Salafi ulama (religious scholars) in Malaysia have seen their religious and political influence amplified over the last five years. Operating within a newly formed organization, the Pertubuhan Ilmuwan Malaysia (ILMU) and the newly augmented United Malays National Organization’s (UMNO) young ulama wing, Salafi scholars play a key role in providing Islamic legitimacy to the government and defending it against the opposition Islamist party, the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS). The decision by Salafi scholars to support the Malaysian government is striking given their hardline views on the implementation of Islamic laws and their opposition to democracy. This paper seeks to understand the reasons for the Salafi ulama’s support for UMNO. It argues that the Salafi ulama’s involvement in UMNO is due to a convergence of interest between the two groups and as part of a strategy by the Salafi ulama to expand their influence at both the state and societal levels. The paper examines the religious-political positions of the Salafi ulama on issues such as the Islamic state, the implementation of Islamic laws and democratic political system, and argues that they are opposed to the current state of religious affairs and the political structure of the Malaysian state. Nevertheless, the ulama are working within UMNO to change the political system. For UMNO leaders, the Salafi ulama form an important group that could defend the party against religious attacks from PAS and provide the party with greater religious credence.

South East Asia Research, 2010

... Mustafa had encountered HT during his studies in Jordan, which once again points to the trans... more ... Mustafa had encountered HT during his studies in Jordan, which once again points to the transnational nature of HT.14 Due to his charismatic personality, al ... He also utilized the Al-Ghifari Mosque in Bogor as a base to spread the ideas of HT to other parts of the country. ...

Routledge Handbook of Political Islam, 2012

Terrorism: Patterns of Internationalization

South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies, 2009

This Working Paper series presents papers in a preliminary form and serves to stimulate comment a... more This Working Paper series presents papers in a preliminary form and serves to stimulate comment and discussion. The views expressed are entirely the author's own and not that of the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies ... ATTENTION: The Singapore Copyright Act applies to ...