Yodan Rofe` | Ben Gurion University of the Negev (original) (raw)
Papers by Yodan Rofe`
Proceedings of the 14th International Space Syntax Symposium, 2024
Neighbourhood parks and boulevards are important parts of the urban environment, but mere quantit... more Neighbourhood parks and boulevards are important parts of the urban environment, but mere quantitative allocation of open space is not, in itself, sufficient to ensure their social success. The manner and extent of Green Public Open Space (GPOS) use depends upon a variety of parameters. This study focuses on one such parameter: how integrated their location is in the street network. Our research seeks to systematically examine- using the space syntax approach- the impact of different combinations of global and local integration on (a) the movement and (b) the activities performed by their various users. We therefore ask: What is the relationship between a GPOS’ neighbourhood/city integration and (a) their co-presence potential? (b) their variety of users and activities?
We divided the GPOS in the Tel-Aviv metropolitan area into four integration categories based on neighbourhood and city-scale levels of angular integration. Next, we conducted observations in a representative sample, collecting data on number of users, diversity of ages, gender, activities, and grouping. We found significant connections between the GPOS’ integration categories and their social function. GPOS with high city-scale integration had higher co-presence potential, but it was the neighbourhood scale that influenced the variety of activities and ages of those present in the GPOS. While high neighbourhood-scale integration positively affects the daily movement of the large adult age group, low neighbourhood-scale integration was associated with leisure activities undertaken by other, smaller age groups.
Proceedings of the 14th International Space Syntax Symposium, 2024
Neighbourhood parks and boulevards are important parts of the urban environment, but mere quantit... more Neighbourhood parks and boulevards are important parts of the urban environment, but mere quantitative allocation of open space is not, in itself, sufficient to ensure their social success. The manner and extent of Green Public Open Space (GPOS) use depends upon a variety of parameters. This study focuses on one such parameter: how integrated their location is in the street network. Our research seeks to systematically examine- using the space syntax approach- the impact of different combinations of global and local integration on (a) the movement and (b) the activities performed by their various users. We therefore ask: What is the relationship between a GPOS’ neighbourhood/city integration and (a) their co-presence potential? (b) their variety of users and activities?
We divided the GPOS in the Tel-Aviv metropolitan area into four integration categories based on neighbourhood and city-scale levels of angular integration. Next, we conducted observations in a representative sample, collecting data on number of users, diversity of ages, gender, activities, and grouping. We found significant connections between the GPOS’ integration categories and their social function. GPOS with high city-scale integration had higher co-presence potential, but it was the neighbourhood scale that influenced the variety of activities and ages of those present in the GPOS. While high neighbourhood-scale integration positively affects the daily movement of the large adult age group, low neighbourhood-scale
integration was associated with leisure activities undertaken by other, smaller age groups.
Ekistics and the New Habitat, 2024
This paper describes the teaching of Alexander’s magnum opus The Nature of Order as the main theo... more This paper describes the teaching of Alexander’s magnum opus The Nature of Order as the main theoretical course of the Building Beauty Program. The course is taught online as a reading seminar for registered students, and a webinar open for all. It introduces the main insights of the four books that make up this work, discusses the format of teaching and how it evolved over the course of the program, and the impact it has on the students. Alexander’s main contribution was in formulating a theory that describes the phenomenon of life, in artefacts as well as in the natural world, in terms of geometrical configurations, and in connecting it to human feeling and sense of self. Furthermore, Alexander describes a unified process underlying both the human processes of building and making, as well as natural phenomena. All of this within a scientific framework which includes and extends modern science and opens the gate to a technology that connects us to the natural world and to ourselves. The course is taught as a reading seminar, interspersed with lectures on central ideas, as well as guest lectures, to allow students to encounter the work on their own terms, rather than imposing it as a doctrine. Our impact surveys show that studying The Nature of Order is indeed transformative and helps students in understanding and learning to work within the complex order of the world.
Proceedings of the 13th Space Syntax Symposium, 2022
This paper demonstrates the methods and results of our analysis of the "global" spatial propertie... more This paper demonstrates the methods and results of our analysis of the "global" spatial properties of green Public Open Spaces (POS) in the Tel-Aviv metropolitan area. Global properties like centrality, integration and connectivity can influence the use and perception of green POS in multiple, complex ways. Identifying and categorizing these properties is a necessary prerequisite
Vernacular Heritage and Earthen Architecture, 2013
ABSTRACT The aim of this paper is to describe and analyze the existing spatial order of an unreco... more ABSTRACT The aim of this paper is to describe and analyze the existing spatial order of an unrecognized Bedouin settlement in Israel's Negev desert, as a basis for its future planning and development. One case study is examined: the village Kasser A-sir, which houses the tribe of El-Huwashlla. The results show that the village is characterized by a clear internal order, based on a series of socio-spatial patterns. These patterns reproduce at a smaller scale the historical patterns of Bedouin settlement in the Negev. They maintain, as far as possible, the traditional Bedouin community‟s cultural framework, and are optimally adapted to the desert morphology and climate conditions. Based on these findings, the authors conclude that any future development must be based on the settlement's existing spatial structure. This is contrary to the currently accepted approach, which perceives the existing structures as worthless, and assumes that they must be destroyed and rebuilt in a manner better adapted to modern norms.
Generative Process, Patterns and the Urban Challenge, 2011
Feeling is a central concept in Christopher Alexander’s evolving theory of architecture and urban... more Feeling is a central concept in Christopher Alexander’s evolving theory of architecture and urban design. It is a central criterion for the fit between context and solution in the theory on which A Pattern Language (APL) is based (Alexander et.al, 1977; Alexander, 1979). In the Nature of Order (NoO) it is the response to a well ordered field of centers (Alexander, 2002-1: 300-312), an indicator of that field's health, or of the wholeness of a site. Alexander contends that this feeling is to a large degree, shared by different people. If this is so, then by mapping the way people feel in the environment we would be able to see this agreement. In this paper, I describe a method for mapping feeling in an urban neighborhood setting, its validation in research, and its use in building a diagnosis of places, and as a basis for urban design.
This paper sets out to respond to the question of whether, and how, can Alexander's system A ... more This paper sets out to respond to the question of whether, and how, can Alexander's system A of generating beauty and life in the world be implemented at the large scale. We show that the generation of beauty in cities is a question of time not scale, and that it is a product of morphological evolution, typified by what we call: informal participation. The mechanistic system codified and developed in the last 70 years for building the environment (system B) is not able to accommodate informal participation, and thus incapable of creating beauty or life. It is not planning per se that is the problem, but knowing what needs and can be planned, and what needs to be allowed to evolve. Thus, planning's role can be redefined as creating the structures, both physical and regulatory that will allow informal participation to occur freely and create life, beauty and wholeness in the built environment.
Urban Design and Planning, 2012
Neighbourhood public open spaces (POS) are generally considered to be essential for a good qualit... more Neighbourhood public open spaces (POS) are generally considered to be essential for a good quality of urban life. Few studies attempt to examine the contribution of POS to the life of residents across different climate zones and settlement sizes. This research employed three different methods to evaluate POS in ordinary neighbourhoods in Israel: observation of activity, survey of residents’ attitudes towards them and mapping feelings while walking through them. The research shows that while neighbourhoods in Israel do not lack POS, their quality leaves much to be desired, particularly in desert cities and towns. The various methods of evaluating the quality of POS have resulted in mixed messages: while civic spaces were the most intensively used, people’s feelings were better in green POS; residents ranked neighbourhood POS as least attractive for spending time outdoors, yet perceived them as important for their quality of life. In smaller and low-density neighbourhoods, little use of green POS was in evidence, and yet appreciation and satisfaction with them were highest. The results indicate that it is time to depart from the exclusive
use of quantitative standards in assessing POS provision, and that the quality and success of POS must be measured using diverse methods.
אקולוגיה וסביבה, 2012
שטחים ציבוריים פתוחים (שצ"פ) מוצלחים הם מרכיב חיוני התורם לאיכות חייהם הפיזית והנפשית של תושבי הע... more שטחים ציבוריים פתוחים (שצ"פ) מוצלחים הם מרכיב חיוני התורם לאיכות חייהם הפיזית והנפשית של תושבי העיר. תכנון שצ"פים עירוניים החל במאה ה-19 כתגובה לציפוף האוכלוסין בערים, שהחל בעקבות המהפכה התעשייתית. שצ"פים הוקמו במטרה לתת מענה לבעיות תברואה ולהעלות את איכות חייהם של דיירי הערים, אשר חיו בשכונות צפופות. כיום, כאשר יותר ממחצית אוכלוסיית העולם גרה בערים, התפישה כי שצ"פים הם חלק חיוני באיכות החיים העירונית, הפכה למקובלת. על מנת ששצ"פים אלו יעלו את רמת חיינו עליהם להיות מוצלחים. איכותם של מרבית השצ"פים השכונתיים בישראל לא ידועה. במקומות רבים בארץ ובעיקר בערים המדבריות, מראה של שטחים גדולים ריקים, לא מפותחים ולא מנוצלים, הינו נפוץ. בנוסף, רבים מהשצ"פים מתוכננים על פי דגם קבוע, ללא התייחסות מספקת לייעודם ולשימושים הנדרשים מהם, מיקומם ברצף העירוני, למיקומם הגיאוגרפי ולהשפעות מזג האוויר.
מטרת המחקר שלנו היתה להעריך את איכות השצ"פים בשכונות מאזורי אקלים שונים, באמצעות מיפוי של התחושות של אנשים המבקרים בהם ולנתח את הגורמים השונים אשר משפיעים על התחושות הללו. המחקר נחלק לשני שלבים. בשלב הראשון נערך מיפוי תחושות בסדרה של שצ"פים, בשכונות שונות מערים בנגב ובמישור החוף. השלב השני של המחקר עסק בניתוח הקשר בין תחושות האנשים בשצ"פ והגורמים השונים המשפיעים על איכותו: אקלים, כמות המשתמשים ומאפיינים פיזיים. הממצאים מצביעים על כך שרוב השצ"פים נתפשים כמקומות חיוביים. שצ"פים במישור החוף נתפשים כמוצלחים יותר מאשר מבנגב. קשרים משמעותיים נמצאו בין תחושות האנשים והטמפרטורה, קרינת השמש, צמחיה, ריהוט גן מוצלל, משתמשים נוספים ותחזוקה. למספר גורמים: טמפרטורה, קרינה, צל, רמת תחזוקה והסביבה המיידית יש השפעה שונה על איכות שצ"פים בנגב מאשר במישור החוף. תוצאות המחקר תומכות בהנחה כי יש צורך בהנחיות תכנון שונות לשצ"פים באזורי אקלים שונים.
This is a presentation given at PUARL Conference in Portland Oregon, October 2013. It describes a... more This is a presentation given at PUARL Conference in Portland Oregon, October 2013. It describes a course on Sustainable Form Language for a Neighborhood in a Desert Environment. The case study was elaborated in Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
The beauty of buildings and places is not a luxury, it is a necessity if buildings are to be care... more The beauty of buildings and places is not a luxury, it is a necessity if buildings are to be cared for over generations and therefore sustainable in the long term. Building Beauty is a new one-year postgraduate program teaching an integrated process of design and making. Its ultimate goal is learning to create wholeness, beauty, and life in the world. This program, based on Christopher Alexander’s theoretical and practical work, explores the new convergence of sciences and the arts in the direct practice of making. Its syllabus revolves around three major axes of learning experience: cultivation and construction, theoretical seminars, and the exploration of self. Gaining knowledge is continuously activated across the cognitive-intellectual, the affective, and the embodied—and occurs mostly on the building site. The program, now in its second year, is homed at the Sant’Anna Institute in Sorrento (IT). The curriculum offers direct working with the community, engaging in crafts, and co...
The enduring popularity of “A City is not a Tree” (Alexander, 1965) for scholars in different are... more The enduring popularity of “A City is not a Tree” (Alexander, 1965) for scholars in different areas of knowledge does not seem to give signs of receding. Quite on the contrary, a quick search on Google Scholar reveals that its annual rate of citations in the past five years is about 3.5 times that of the overall period since its first publication in 1965. In this paper Alexander proposes a focus on the complex nature of cities that, along the same line of Jacobs’ chapter 22 of “Death and Life”, entitled “The kind of problem a city is” (Jacobs, 1961), challenges to the hart the conventional approach to urban planning and design; this challenge is all the more relevant today, when the call for a profound renovation of the foundations of the discipline comes not just by planning scholars, but also governmental and educational bodies (Bothwell, 2004; Farrell, 2014; U.N., 2015; U.N.HABITAT, 2009). The urgency of this problem is obvious in an age characterized by both unprecedented urbani...
Society & Natural Resources, 2020
Abstract Conflicting interests amongst different stakeholder groups regarding land use challenge ... more Abstract Conflicting interests amongst different stakeholder groups regarding land use challenge the protection of natural values in socio-ecological systems (SES). In this paper we show, based on a case study of Israel’s Makhteshim Country National Park, how mapping the different interests and analyzing the data with a GIS system allows us to locate significant conflict points between groups. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 60 individuals from three major stakeholder groups in the region: semi-nomadic Bedouins, nature reserve rangers, and tourist operators. The qualitative findings were then mapped by a GIS platform. The mapping indicated that the stakeholder groups’ land-use is distributed in a manner that makes conflict unavoidable, but relatively limited to only certain specific areas. Moreover, in some areas, the three groups share similar or complementary values, reaping mutual benefits from shared use. We conclude that GIS mapping can serve as a powerful tool for conflict management in complex SES.
Berkeley Planning Journal, 2012
Geographical Analysis, 2017
This article presents a method for investigating the spatial distribution of vehicle and pedestri... more This article presents a method for investigating the spatial distribution of vehicle and pedestrian traffic crashes relative to the volume of vehicle and pedestrian movement in urban areas. This method consists of two phases. First, vehicle and pedestrian traffic volumes on the street network are modeled using a space syntax configurational analysis of the network, land use data, and observed traffic data. Second, crash prediction models are fitted to the traffic crash data, using negative binomial regression models and based on traffic volume estimates and street segment lengths. The method was applied in two areas in Tel Aviv, Israel, which differ in their morphological and traffic characteristics. The case-studies illustrated the method's capability in identifying hazardous locations on the network and examining relative crash risks. The analysis shows that an increase in vehicle or pedestrian traffic volume tends to be associated with a decrease in relative crash risk. Moreover, the spatial patterns of relative crash risks are associated with the design characteristics of urban space: areas characterized by dense street networks encourage more walking, and are generally safer for pedestrians, while those with longer street segments encourage more driving, are less safe for pedestrians, but safer for vehicles.
GeoJournal, 2016
Officially at peace since 1994, Israel and Jordan have since established multiple cooperation sch... more Officially at peace since 1994, Israel and Jordan have since established multiple cooperation schemes with the aim of transitioning from a described cold peace to a self-sustaining warm peace. One cooperation scheme that is particularly interesting from the point of view of Border and Urban Studies is the case of Eilat, Israel and Aqaba, Jordan. These tourist cities, located in the Arava Valley, are both physically isolated and strategically placed on the Red Sea coast. Since 2001 they have been considered as a potential bi-national city, and so far remain as the only one studied in a cold peace setting. Yet doubt persists as to whether a bi-national city can actually exist under such conditions. The purpose of this article is to firmly establish the place of Eilat–Aqaba as a bi-national city through the use of a unique analysis of the region that updates and elaborates findings dating from 2001. This concludes in modeling the Bi-national City Process of Eilat–Aqaba.
International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 2016
ABSTRACT Accessibility is an important consideration in sustainable mobility policies, particular... more ABSTRACT Accessibility is an important consideration in sustainable mobility policies, particularly for transit users. Measures suggested in the literature are based on coarse aggregate spatial resolution of traffic analysis zones that is sufficient for managing car travels only. To reflect a human door-to-door travel, transit accessibility demands an explicit view of the location of origin, transit stops and destination, as well as of the temporal fit between transit lines timetable and traveler’s needs. We thus estimate transit accessibility based on mode-specific travel times and corresponding paths, including walking and waiting, at the resolution of individual buildings and stops. Car accessibility is estimated at a high resolution too. A novel representation of transit network as a graph is proposed. This representation includes all modal components of a transit travel – walking, waiting at a stop, transit ride, transfers between lines, thus enabling unified view of a travel, regardless of mode. The use of modern high-performance graph database allows construction of high-resolution accessibility maps for an entire metropolitan area with its 100–200 K buildings. The application is tested and applied in a case study involving the evaluation of the 2011 bus line reform in the city of Tel Aviv. Specifically, we demonstrate that while the reform increased the average accessibility for the entire city the increase was not uniform with different areas of the city experiencing different absolute accessibility by transit and relative accessibility in comparison to car travel. The bus reform did in fact benefit travelers that experienced low relative accessibility, but the benefits are mainly accruing to longer trips. Our approach and computational methods can be employed for directly investigating the impacts of transportation infrastructure investments.
Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 2016
Proceedings of the 14th International Space Syntax Symposium, 2024
Neighbourhood parks and boulevards are important parts of the urban environment, but mere quantit... more Neighbourhood parks and boulevards are important parts of the urban environment, but mere quantitative allocation of open space is not, in itself, sufficient to ensure their social success. The manner and extent of Green Public Open Space (GPOS) use depends upon a variety of parameters. This study focuses on one such parameter: how integrated their location is in the street network. Our research seeks to systematically examine- using the space syntax approach- the impact of different combinations of global and local integration on (a) the movement and (b) the activities performed by their various users. We therefore ask: What is the relationship between a GPOS’ neighbourhood/city integration and (a) their co-presence potential? (b) their variety of users and activities?
We divided the GPOS in the Tel-Aviv metropolitan area into four integration categories based on neighbourhood and city-scale levels of angular integration. Next, we conducted observations in a representative sample, collecting data on number of users, diversity of ages, gender, activities, and grouping. We found significant connections between the GPOS’ integration categories and their social function. GPOS with high city-scale integration had higher co-presence potential, but it was the neighbourhood scale that influenced the variety of activities and ages of those present in the GPOS. While high neighbourhood-scale integration positively affects the daily movement of the large adult age group, low neighbourhood-scale integration was associated with leisure activities undertaken by other, smaller age groups.
Proceedings of the 14th International Space Syntax Symposium, 2024
Neighbourhood parks and boulevards are important parts of the urban environment, but mere quantit... more Neighbourhood parks and boulevards are important parts of the urban environment, but mere quantitative allocation of open space is not, in itself, sufficient to ensure their social success. The manner and extent of Green Public Open Space (GPOS) use depends upon a variety of parameters. This study focuses on one such parameter: how integrated their location is in the street network. Our research seeks to systematically examine- using the space syntax approach- the impact of different combinations of global and local integration on (a) the movement and (b) the activities performed by their various users. We therefore ask: What is the relationship between a GPOS’ neighbourhood/city integration and (a) their co-presence potential? (b) their variety of users and activities?
We divided the GPOS in the Tel-Aviv metropolitan area into four integration categories based on neighbourhood and city-scale levels of angular integration. Next, we conducted observations in a representative sample, collecting data on number of users, diversity of ages, gender, activities, and grouping. We found significant connections between the GPOS’ integration categories and their social function. GPOS with high city-scale integration had higher co-presence potential, but it was the neighbourhood scale that influenced the variety of activities and ages of those present in the GPOS. While high neighbourhood-scale integration positively affects the daily movement of the large adult age group, low neighbourhood-scale
integration was associated with leisure activities undertaken by other, smaller age groups.
Ekistics and the New Habitat, 2024
This paper describes the teaching of Alexander’s magnum opus The Nature of Order as the main theo... more This paper describes the teaching of Alexander’s magnum opus The Nature of Order as the main theoretical course of the Building Beauty Program. The course is taught online as a reading seminar for registered students, and a webinar open for all. It introduces the main insights of the four books that make up this work, discusses the format of teaching and how it evolved over the course of the program, and the impact it has on the students. Alexander’s main contribution was in formulating a theory that describes the phenomenon of life, in artefacts as well as in the natural world, in terms of geometrical configurations, and in connecting it to human feeling and sense of self. Furthermore, Alexander describes a unified process underlying both the human processes of building and making, as well as natural phenomena. All of this within a scientific framework which includes and extends modern science and opens the gate to a technology that connects us to the natural world and to ourselves. The course is taught as a reading seminar, interspersed with lectures on central ideas, as well as guest lectures, to allow students to encounter the work on their own terms, rather than imposing it as a doctrine. Our impact surveys show that studying The Nature of Order is indeed transformative and helps students in understanding and learning to work within the complex order of the world.
Proceedings of the 13th Space Syntax Symposium, 2022
This paper demonstrates the methods and results of our analysis of the "global" spatial propertie... more This paper demonstrates the methods and results of our analysis of the "global" spatial properties of green Public Open Spaces (POS) in the Tel-Aviv metropolitan area. Global properties like centrality, integration and connectivity can influence the use and perception of green POS in multiple, complex ways. Identifying and categorizing these properties is a necessary prerequisite
Vernacular Heritage and Earthen Architecture, 2013
ABSTRACT The aim of this paper is to describe and analyze the existing spatial order of an unreco... more ABSTRACT The aim of this paper is to describe and analyze the existing spatial order of an unrecognized Bedouin settlement in Israel's Negev desert, as a basis for its future planning and development. One case study is examined: the village Kasser A-sir, which houses the tribe of El-Huwashlla. The results show that the village is characterized by a clear internal order, based on a series of socio-spatial patterns. These patterns reproduce at a smaller scale the historical patterns of Bedouin settlement in the Negev. They maintain, as far as possible, the traditional Bedouin community‟s cultural framework, and are optimally adapted to the desert morphology and climate conditions. Based on these findings, the authors conclude that any future development must be based on the settlement's existing spatial structure. This is contrary to the currently accepted approach, which perceives the existing structures as worthless, and assumes that they must be destroyed and rebuilt in a manner better adapted to modern norms.
Generative Process, Patterns and the Urban Challenge, 2011
Feeling is a central concept in Christopher Alexander’s evolving theory of architecture and urban... more Feeling is a central concept in Christopher Alexander’s evolving theory of architecture and urban design. It is a central criterion for the fit between context and solution in the theory on which A Pattern Language (APL) is based (Alexander et.al, 1977; Alexander, 1979). In the Nature of Order (NoO) it is the response to a well ordered field of centers (Alexander, 2002-1: 300-312), an indicator of that field's health, or of the wholeness of a site. Alexander contends that this feeling is to a large degree, shared by different people. If this is so, then by mapping the way people feel in the environment we would be able to see this agreement. In this paper, I describe a method for mapping feeling in an urban neighborhood setting, its validation in research, and its use in building a diagnosis of places, and as a basis for urban design.
This paper sets out to respond to the question of whether, and how, can Alexander's system A ... more This paper sets out to respond to the question of whether, and how, can Alexander's system A of generating beauty and life in the world be implemented at the large scale. We show that the generation of beauty in cities is a question of time not scale, and that it is a product of morphological evolution, typified by what we call: informal participation. The mechanistic system codified and developed in the last 70 years for building the environment (system B) is not able to accommodate informal participation, and thus incapable of creating beauty or life. It is not planning per se that is the problem, but knowing what needs and can be planned, and what needs to be allowed to evolve. Thus, planning's role can be redefined as creating the structures, both physical and regulatory that will allow informal participation to occur freely and create life, beauty and wholeness in the built environment.
Urban Design and Planning, 2012
Neighbourhood public open spaces (POS) are generally considered to be essential for a good qualit... more Neighbourhood public open spaces (POS) are generally considered to be essential for a good quality of urban life. Few studies attempt to examine the contribution of POS to the life of residents across different climate zones and settlement sizes. This research employed three different methods to evaluate POS in ordinary neighbourhoods in Israel: observation of activity, survey of residents’ attitudes towards them and mapping feelings while walking through them. The research shows that while neighbourhoods in Israel do not lack POS, their quality leaves much to be desired, particularly in desert cities and towns. The various methods of evaluating the quality of POS have resulted in mixed messages: while civic spaces were the most intensively used, people’s feelings were better in green POS; residents ranked neighbourhood POS as least attractive for spending time outdoors, yet perceived them as important for their quality of life. In smaller and low-density neighbourhoods, little use of green POS was in evidence, and yet appreciation and satisfaction with them were highest. The results indicate that it is time to depart from the exclusive
use of quantitative standards in assessing POS provision, and that the quality and success of POS must be measured using diverse methods.
אקולוגיה וסביבה, 2012
שטחים ציבוריים פתוחים (שצ"פ) מוצלחים הם מרכיב חיוני התורם לאיכות חייהם הפיזית והנפשית של תושבי הע... more שטחים ציבוריים פתוחים (שצ"פ) מוצלחים הם מרכיב חיוני התורם לאיכות חייהם הפיזית והנפשית של תושבי העיר. תכנון שצ"פים עירוניים החל במאה ה-19 כתגובה לציפוף האוכלוסין בערים, שהחל בעקבות המהפכה התעשייתית. שצ"פים הוקמו במטרה לתת מענה לבעיות תברואה ולהעלות את איכות חייהם של דיירי הערים, אשר חיו בשכונות צפופות. כיום, כאשר יותר ממחצית אוכלוסיית העולם גרה בערים, התפישה כי שצ"פים הם חלק חיוני באיכות החיים העירונית, הפכה למקובלת. על מנת ששצ"פים אלו יעלו את רמת חיינו עליהם להיות מוצלחים. איכותם של מרבית השצ"פים השכונתיים בישראל לא ידועה. במקומות רבים בארץ ובעיקר בערים המדבריות, מראה של שטחים גדולים ריקים, לא מפותחים ולא מנוצלים, הינו נפוץ. בנוסף, רבים מהשצ"פים מתוכננים על פי דגם קבוע, ללא התייחסות מספקת לייעודם ולשימושים הנדרשים מהם, מיקומם ברצף העירוני, למיקומם הגיאוגרפי ולהשפעות מזג האוויר.
מטרת המחקר שלנו היתה להעריך את איכות השצ"פים בשכונות מאזורי אקלים שונים, באמצעות מיפוי של התחושות של אנשים המבקרים בהם ולנתח את הגורמים השונים אשר משפיעים על התחושות הללו. המחקר נחלק לשני שלבים. בשלב הראשון נערך מיפוי תחושות בסדרה של שצ"פים, בשכונות שונות מערים בנגב ובמישור החוף. השלב השני של המחקר עסק בניתוח הקשר בין תחושות האנשים בשצ"פ והגורמים השונים המשפיעים על איכותו: אקלים, כמות המשתמשים ומאפיינים פיזיים. הממצאים מצביעים על כך שרוב השצ"פים נתפשים כמקומות חיוביים. שצ"פים במישור החוף נתפשים כמוצלחים יותר מאשר מבנגב. קשרים משמעותיים נמצאו בין תחושות האנשים והטמפרטורה, קרינת השמש, צמחיה, ריהוט גן מוצלל, משתמשים נוספים ותחזוקה. למספר גורמים: טמפרטורה, קרינה, צל, רמת תחזוקה והסביבה המיידית יש השפעה שונה על איכות שצ"פים בנגב מאשר במישור החוף. תוצאות המחקר תומכות בהנחה כי יש צורך בהנחיות תכנון שונות לשצ"פים באזורי אקלים שונים.
This is a presentation given at PUARL Conference in Portland Oregon, October 2013. It describes a... more This is a presentation given at PUARL Conference in Portland Oregon, October 2013. It describes a course on Sustainable Form Language for a Neighborhood in a Desert Environment. The case study was elaborated in Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
The beauty of buildings and places is not a luxury, it is a necessity if buildings are to be care... more The beauty of buildings and places is not a luxury, it is a necessity if buildings are to be cared for over generations and therefore sustainable in the long term. Building Beauty is a new one-year postgraduate program teaching an integrated process of design and making. Its ultimate goal is learning to create wholeness, beauty, and life in the world. This program, based on Christopher Alexander’s theoretical and practical work, explores the new convergence of sciences and the arts in the direct practice of making. Its syllabus revolves around three major axes of learning experience: cultivation and construction, theoretical seminars, and the exploration of self. Gaining knowledge is continuously activated across the cognitive-intellectual, the affective, and the embodied—and occurs mostly on the building site. The program, now in its second year, is homed at the Sant’Anna Institute in Sorrento (IT). The curriculum offers direct working with the community, engaging in crafts, and co...
The enduring popularity of “A City is not a Tree” (Alexander, 1965) for scholars in different are... more The enduring popularity of “A City is not a Tree” (Alexander, 1965) for scholars in different areas of knowledge does not seem to give signs of receding. Quite on the contrary, a quick search on Google Scholar reveals that its annual rate of citations in the past five years is about 3.5 times that of the overall period since its first publication in 1965. In this paper Alexander proposes a focus on the complex nature of cities that, along the same line of Jacobs’ chapter 22 of “Death and Life”, entitled “The kind of problem a city is” (Jacobs, 1961), challenges to the hart the conventional approach to urban planning and design; this challenge is all the more relevant today, when the call for a profound renovation of the foundations of the discipline comes not just by planning scholars, but also governmental and educational bodies (Bothwell, 2004; Farrell, 2014; U.N., 2015; U.N.HABITAT, 2009). The urgency of this problem is obvious in an age characterized by both unprecedented urbani...
Society & Natural Resources, 2020
Abstract Conflicting interests amongst different stakeholder groups regarding land use challenge ... more Abstract Conflicting interests amongst different stakeholder groups regarding land use challenge the protection of natural values in socio-ecological systems (SES). In this paper we show, based on a case study of Israel’s Makhteshim Country National Park, how mapping the different interests and analyzing the data with a GIS system allows us to locate significant conflict points between groups. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 60 individuals from three major stakeholder groups in the region: semi-nomadic Bedouins, nature reserve rangers, and tourist operators. The qualitative findings were then mapped by a GIS platform. The mapping indicated that the stakeholder groups’ land-use is distributed in a manner that makes conflict unavoidable, but relatively limited to only certain specific areas. Moreover, in some areas, the three groups share similar or complementary values, reaping mutual benefits from shared use. We conclude that GIS mapping can serve as a powerful tool for conflict management in complex SES.
Berkeley Planning Journal, 2012
Geographical Analysis, 2017
This article presents a method for investigating the spatial distribution of vehicle and pedestri... more This article presents a method for investigating the spatial distribution of vehicle and pedestrian traffic crashes relative to the volume of vehicle and pedestrian movement in urban areas. This method consists of two phases. First, vehicle and pedestrian traffic volumes on the street network are modeled using a space syntax configurational analysis of the network, land use data, and observed traffic data. Second, crash prediction models are fitted to the traffic crash data, using negative binomial regression models and based on traffic volume estimates and street segment lengths. The method was applied in two areas in Tel Aviv, Israel, which differ in their morphological and traffic characteristics. The case-studies illustrated the method's capability in identifying hazardous locations on the network and examining relative crash risks. The analysis shows that an increase in vehicle or pedestrian traffic volume tends to be associated with a decrease in relative crash risk. Moreover, the spatial patterns of relative crash risks are associated with the design characteristics of urban space: areas characterized by dense street networks encourage more walking, and are generally safer for pedestrians, while those with longer street segments encourage more driving, are less safe for pedestrians, but safer for vehicles.
GeoJournal, 2016
Officially at peace since 1994, Israel and Jordan have since established multiple cooperation sch... more Officially at peace since 1994, Israel and Jordan have since established multiple cooperation schemes with the aim of transitioning from a described cold peace to a self-sustaining warm peace. One cooperation scheme that is particularly interesting from the point of view of Border and Urban Studies is the case of Eilat, Israel and Aqaba, Jordan. These tourist cities, located in the Arava Valley, are both physically isolated and strategically placed on the Red Sea coast. Since 2001 they have been considered as a potential bi-national city, and so far remain as the only one studied in a cold peace setting. Yet doubt persists as to whether a bi-national city can actually exist under such conditions. The purpose of this article is to firmly establish the place of Eilat–Aqaba as a bi-national city through the use of a unique analysis of the region that updates and elaborates findings dating from 2001. This concludes in modeling the Bi-national City Process of Eilat–Aqaba.
International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 2016
ABSTRACT Accessibility is an important consideration in sustainable mobility policies, particular... more ABSTRACT Accessibility is an important consideration in sustainable mobility policies, particularly for transit users. Measures suggested in the literature are based on coarse aggregate spatial resolution of traffic analysis zones that is sufficient for managing car travels only. To reflect a human door-to-door travel, transit accessibility demands an explicit view of the location of origin, transit stops and destination, as well as of the temporal fit between transit lines timetable and traveler’s needs. We thus estimate transit accessibility based on mode-specific travel times and corresponding paths, including walking and waiting, at the resolution of individual buildings and stops. Car accessibility is estimated at a high resolution too. A novel representation of transit network as a graph is proposed. This representation includes all modal components of a transit travel – walking, waiting at a stop, transit ride, transfers between lines, thus enabling unified view of a travel, regardless of mode. The use of modern high-performance graph database allows construction of high-resolution accessibility maps for an entire metropolitan area with its 100–200 K buildings. The application is tested and applied in a case study involving the evaluation of the 2011 bus line reform in the city of Tel Aviv. Specifically, we demonstrate that while the reform increased the average accessibility for the entire city the increase was not uniform with different areas of the city experiencing different absolute accessibility by transit and relative accessibility in comparison to car travel. The bus reform did in fact benefit travelers that experienced low relative accessibility, but the benefits are mainly accruing to longer trips. Our approach and computational methods can be employed for directly investigating the impacts of transportation infrastructure investments.
Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 2016
שינוי הפירמידה התחבורתית שחל בעת האחרונה במשרד התחבורה ובקרב מספר רב של רשויות מקומיות מציב את הו... more שינוי הפירמידה התחבורתית שחל בעת האחרונה במשרד התחבורה ובקרב מספר רב של רשויות מקומיות מציב את הולכי הרגל בראש סדר העדיפויו ת. כדי
ליישם זאת נדרשי ם כלי תכנון ויישום קונקרטיים כדי לקדם את ההליכה הרגלית ואת הולכי והולכות הרגל מכלל הגילאים במגוון המרחבים הבנויים בישראל.
חברת נתיבי איילון הפועלת מזה זמן רב במרחבים אורבניים מורכבי ם עם שלל פרוייקטים תחבורתיים המקדמים תחבורה ב ת-קיימא )כגון פרוייקט קישוריות
לתחנות מתע"ן, פרוייקט מהיר לעיר, פרוייקט האופנידן ועוד( נענתה לאתגר זה ויצרה מסמך עקרונות בנושא ערים מוטו ת-הליכה, וכיצד ניתן להפוך את
הערים הקיימות בישראל לכאלה. מסמך זה נכתב במטרה לשמש ככלי מפתח לקידום וביצוע פרוייקטים מוטי הליכה הן ברמה אזורית והן ברמה המקומי ת
במרקמים עירוניים קיימים.
מסמך זה כולל סקר ספרות בעברית המפרט את השינוי בגישה לנוכחות הרכב הפרטי במרחב העירוני לאורך השני ם, לא רק בישראל. שינוי זה בא לידי ביטוי
הן בדגשים התכנוניים והתחבורתיים והן במחוייבות הציבורית לטובת עידוד ההליכה והשהייה במרחבים העירונים באופן מכיל ונעים למגוון אוכלוסיות. לצד
סקר הספרות מפורט המצב הקיים בישראל בתחום ההזדמנויות והצורך בקידום הנושא. בהמשך מוצגות תועלות ישירות ועקיפות והצדקים לפרויקטים
עירוניים מוטי הולכי רגל לצד הפניות למסמכים בינ"ל בנושא.
הדו"ח כולל מבוא העוסק במורכבות האינהרנטית של ההליכה במרחב העירוני, סקירת ספרו ת, תועלות מפרויקטים לשיפור רחובות העיר להליכה ושהיי ה
והשיטות למדוד אותן, ארגז כלים למרקמים שוני ם ורמות התערבות שונו ת והדגמה של מספר מקרי בוחן. הפרק האחרון, מציג אפשרויות ליישום פעולות
בהתאמה לקונטקסט הישראלי לצד הרחב ת הצורך בהכשרת צוותי תכנון בתכנון תחבורה במגזר הציבורי ובמגזר הפרטי.
קרן רן נאור מחקרים, 2010
דרכים אזוריות ומקומיות, בערים רבות ברחבי הארץ, התפתחו לרחובות מסחריים ראשיים המשמשים בו זמנית תנו... more דרכים אזוריות ומקומיות, בערים רבות ברחבי הארץ, התפתחו לרחובות מסחריים ראשיים המשמשים בו זמנית תנועות ממונעות , אזוריות ומקומיות וכמרחבים להולכי
רגל.
לשינויים של העשור האחרון ואלו המתוכננים במערך הדרכים הארציות והאזוריות , השפעה על תפקודם של מרכזים עירוניים . שנויים אלו מחייבים דיון מחודש במאפייני
וחלוקת המרחבים המשותפים להולכי הרגל ולתנועות הממונעות.
מטרת מחקר זה לבחון מודלים שונים בהם ניתן בכפיפה, לשרת את צרכי התנועה הממונעת , ולשפר ולטפח את מרחבי זכות הולכי הרגל , שני תנאים בסיסיים לקיום
העירוניות.
ייחוד המחקר בבחינת המידה והחשיפה להיפגעות הולכי הרגל במודלים שונים של חלוקת המרחב בין התנועות, בהתייחס למאפייני הדרכים / רחובות, תנועות רכב ורגל,
דפוסי הבינוי והשימושים, סוגי הפעילויות , ויחס והערכת הולכי הרגל למרחבים אלו.
מתודולוגית המחקר מבוססת על לימוד ברבדים שונים, סקר ספרות, ניתוח מקרים ( Case studies ), מיפוי וסקרים בשני תחומים, הפיסי והחברתי והקשר שביניהם.
למקרי הבוחן נבחרו שלושה רחובות ראשיים רב שימושיים בערי השרון המייצגים מודלים אופייניים שונים: רחוב סוקולוב ברמת השרון ,רחוב אחוזה ברעננה ורחוב וייצמן
בכפר סבא. לשלושת הרחובות מאפיינים דומים כרחובות מסחריים ראשיים, אך עם התייחסות שונה למערך התנועה האזורי והמקומי ולרקמת הבנוי העירוני .
ממצאי המחקר העיקריים מראים, שבשלושת הרחובות החשיפה ומידת היפגעות הולכי הרגל אינה קשורה לשימוש האינטנסיבי המשותף של הולכי רגל ותנועות
ממונעות במרחב הדרך . השימוש באמצעים פיזיים שונים כמו מדרכות רחבות וקולונדות , רמת קישוריות גבוהה , וריהוט רחוב תומך ומעודד את פעילות הולכי הרגל
ברחוב, ותורם לתחושתם ורצונם לשהות בו. שלושת הרחובות משמשים למגוון רב של פעילויות, אך בראש ובראשונה הם משמשים לבילוי ולמפגש חברתי, הרחובות הם
חדר האירוח של העיר. בכולם ההרגשה הכללית ורמת שביעות הרצון של רוב המשתמשים שנסקר ו היתה טובה מאוד, וכן גם תחושת הבטיחות מפני פגיעה על ידי כלי
רכב.
Sites, the Magazine, 2020
הנוסע בכבישי הנגב, ובעיקר לאורך כביש 31 וכביש 25 , נחשף בהכרח לתופעת הכפרים הבדואיים הלא מוכרים. ... more הנוסע בכבישי הנגב, ובעיקר לאורך כביש 31 וכביש 25 , נחשף בהכרח לתופעת הכפרים הבדואיים הלא מוכרים. פחונים, שקי יוטה, יריעות
פלסטיק, דירים מאולתרים, ערמות עצים, כל אלה נראים כערבוביה כאוטית. התחושות המתעוררות במביט מהצד נעות כנראה על הציר שבין
בושה לאיום. מאמר זה מבקש להציג את הכפרים הבדואיים בנגב מנקודת מבט שונה, כזו המסיטה לרגע את המבט מהמראה הלא נוח של
הכפרים ומבקשת להתבונן במהות, לבחון את הפוטנציאל. בבואנו לעשות זאת אנו עדים למערך ורנקולרי המתבסס על סדרה מצומצמת
כללים אלה מהווים קוד משותף ומוסכם, .)Common Knowledge( של כללי יסוד בלתי כתובים, המוכרים לתושבי הכפרים כידע מוטמע
והוא בא לידי ביטוי כסדרה שיטתית של דפוסים מרחביים החוזרים על עצמם בכל רחבי הנגב. דפוסים מרחביים אלה מניחים תשתית פיזית
לתפקודה של המערכת החברתית המסורתית, והם בעלי ערך רב לקהילה שיצרה אותם. המערך המרחבי בכפרים מציג מכלול הנוגע ליחסי
אדם וסביבה, למבנה הקהילתי, למסגרת הכלכלית ולכל היבטי החיים. הוא מהווה תשתית וביטוי פיזי לתרבות חיים שלמה. בימים אלה מנסה
מדינת ישראל להתמודד עם הסדרה ופיתוח של מערך ההתיישבות הבדואי בנגב. לתפיסתנו, הבנת הסדר הפנימי שעל פיו בנויים הכפרים
הכרחית להתמודדות עם אתגר גדול זה.
Anyone driving through the Negev, particularly along Routes 31 and 25, will inevitably be exposed to the
phenomenon of the unrecognized Bedouin villages. Tin shacks, jute sacks, sheets of plastic, makeshift pens,
piles of wood – to the casual observer, it looks like a chaotic disarray that arouses emotions ranging from shame
to feeling threatened. This article presents the Bedouin villages in the Negev from a different perspective, one that
momentarily deflects the gaze from their discomfiting appearance and seeks to discover their essence and unveil
their potential. When we do this, we witness a vernacular ensemble based on a limited series of unwritten rules
that are common knowledge to village residents. These rules constitute a shared consensual code, expressed
by a series of spatial patterns that are repeated throughout the Negev. These spatial patterns lay the physical
foundation for the functioning of the traditional social system and are of great value to the community that created
them. The spatial ensemble of the villages presents a whole that relates to human relations and the environment,
the communal structure, the economic framework, and all aspects of life. It provides the infrastructure and gives
physical expression to an entire way of life. The State of Israel is currently trying to deal with the regulation and
development of the Bedouin settlement system in the Negev. We believe that understanding the internal order of
the villages is necessary in order to successfully meet this great challenge.
מחקר זה בוחן את קשרי הגומלין בין מיקום מסחר, מבנה רשת הדרכים ותנועת הולכי הרגל וכלי הרכב בשתי שכו... more מחקר זה בוחן את קשרי הגומלין בין מיקום מסחר, מבנה רשת הדרכים ותנועת הולכי
הרגל וכלי הרכב בשתי שכונות - האחת בבת ים והשנייה באשדוד, במטרה לבדוק את
ההשלכות של הגישות השונות לתכנון ופיתוח עירוני. המחקר משתמש בשיטת 'תחביר
המרחב' לניתוח מבנה רשת הרחובות, ובודק את ההתאמה בין מבנה זה לספירות כלי
רכב והולכי רגל ולמיקום וכמות חזיתות מסחריות.
תוצאות המחקר מראות שמיקום המסחר המקומי בלב השכונה באשדוד, והפרדת
תנועות כלי הרכב והולכי הרגל גרמו לירידה יחסית בכמות הולכי הרגל, בכלל זה
באזורי המסחר, ולעלייה יחסית של תנועת כלי הרכב. בהיבט של עירוניות משגשגת
ומקיימת המתעדפת הליכה ברגל, קיום מפגשים בין אנשים והקטנת התנועה
והפליטות של כלי הרכב, דווקא בבת ים נצפתה יותר הליכה ברגל, ותנועת מכוניות
מופחתת יחסית לאשדוד.
המחקר תורם ידע אמפירי להבנת הקשרים בין מבנה רשת הדרכים, תנועת הולכי רגל
וכלי רכב, ומיקום המסחר, ומדגיש את חשיבות הבנת קשרים אלו לתכנון עירוני טוב
יותר.
המאמר מציג מחקר שמטרתו היתה לפתח מודל לחיזוי התפלגות תנועת הולכי הרגל ברשת הרחובות בערים ושכונות ... more המאמר מציג מחקר שמטרתו היתה לפתח מודל לחיזוי התפלגות תנועת הולכי הרגל ברשת הרחובות בערים ושכונות מגורים בישראל, תוך מתן דגש מיוחד על אוכלוסיית הילדים והקשישים. המודל נבנה על פי הגישה המבנית של תחביר המרחב ) space syntax (,שלפיה מבנה רשת הרחובות הוא המשתנה העיקרי המסביר את התפלגות התנועה בעיר. למחקר נבחרו 14 שכונות מגורים הממוקמות בארבע ערים: אשדוד,
באר שבע, כפר סבא ובת ים. השכונות נבדלות זו מזו במבנה רשת הדרכים, בפיזור שימושי קרקע, בצפיפות
המגורים ובמיקום השכונה בעיר. המודל מתבסס על משתנים המתארים מרכזיות של קטעי רחובות,
שימושי קרקע והרכב דמוגרפי ועל נפח תנועת הולכי רגל שנמדדה בקטעי רחוב נבחרים.
הממצאים מלמדים על רמת חיזוי מספקת ברמת העיר והשכונה ) R2 גבוה מ 0.6- (. אולם, הניסיון לבנות
מודל גנרי לטיפוסי שכונות שונים )יישום שאינו כרוך באיסוף נתוני אמת על תנועת הולכי רגל(, שזכה
לתיקוף באמצעות 4 שכונות נוספות, מלמד על רמת חיזוי סבירה בשכונות ותיקות אך לא בשכונות חדשות
שהוקמו על פי גישת תכנון מודרנית המשלבת התבססות על יחידת שכנות יחד עם רשת רחובות הייררכית.
ההבדל בין טיפוסי השכונות ניכר במיוחד כאשר החיזוי נערך לגבי אוכלוסיית הילדים והקשישים.
ההנחיות לאזורי מיתון תנועה (אמ"ת) פותחו בשנים 2000-02 על ידי משרד התחבורה בליווי ועדת היגוי רחבה ... more ההנחיות לאזורי מיתון תנועה (אמ"ת) פותחו בשנים 2000-02 על ידי משרד התחבורה
בליווי ועדת היגוי רחבה שכללה גורמים ממשרדים ממשלתיים אחרים, מהרשויות המקומיות,
מעמותות ואנשי מקצוע עצמאיים. ההנחיות פורסמו בשנת 2002 . עם פרסומם, התחייב
מנכ"ל משרד התחבורה דאז לממן פרוייקטי חלוץ להדגמת היישום של אזורים אלה. בשנת
2007 , עם תחילת המחקר עדיין כמעט ולא בוצעו אזורים כאלה בערים בישראל. מטרת
המחקר היתה לברר מדוע, למרות קיום ההנחיות, למרות שיש צורך בשיפור בטיחות הולכי
הרגל ברחובות הערים בישראל, ולמרות הידיעה בקרב הגורמים המקצועיים שאזורי מיתון
תנועה משפרים באופן משמעותי את בטיחות הולכי הרגל באזורי מגורים – לא תורגם הידע
הזה ליישום בפועל.
השערת המחקר היא כי מספר גורמים במשולב גרמו לחוסר היישום של אמ"ת בישראל:
מורכבות ועלות אמ"ת כפי שהוגדרו על ידי ההנחיות, העדר מודעות בציבור ובקרב מקבלי
ההחלטות העירוניים, והתמדתה של תפיסה הרואה בניידות כלי רכב פרטיים את עיקר
תפקידו של תכנון תנועה ושל רחובות עירוניים והעיקר העדרה של מדיניות יישום של משרד
התחבורה.
שיטת המחקר המרכזית היתה ראיונות עם השחקנים המרכזיים בתהליך תכנון מימון וביצוע
פרוייקטים תחבורתיים ברשויות המקומיות. מטרת הראיונות היתה לעמוד על עמדותיהם
ביחס לאמ"ת. כמו כן, ניתחנו את תהליך האישור של פרוייקטים תחבורתיים ברשויות
המקומיות, ואת הפרוייקטים שמומנו על ידי משרד התחבורה. במקביל, ביצענו סקר ספרות
באירופה ובארה"ב של כלי מדיניות לעידוד היישום של אמ"ת. בשלב השני של המחקר, ניסינו
באמצעות חקרי אירוע במספר רשויות מקומיות לעמוד על הבעיות הספציפיות בתכנון אמ"ת
על פי ההנחיות, והתגובות להם על ידי הגורמים המקצועיים ברשויות.
ניתוח המידע שנאסף בראיונות, הפרוייקטים שמומנו על ידי משרד התחבורה ובוצעו על ידי
הרשויות וחקרי האירוע אישש את השערות המחקר לגבי החסמים והוסיף עליהם מספר
חסמים נוספים. מתברר כי אין זה מספיק לפתח הנחיות, במיוחד כאשר מעוניינים להכניס
חידוש משמעותי במדיניות תכנון תחבורה מקומית. יש צורך לפתח כלי יישום, ולהפנות
משאבים למימונם – במיוחד באותן ערים התלויות בממשלה למימון השקעות בתשתית.
הדו"ח מסתיים בהמלצות לפעולה לקידום אזורי מיתון תנועה לקרן רן נאור ולעמותת אור
ירוק, לרשות לבטיחות בדרכים, ולמשרד התחבורה.
Research report, Sep 2008
שיקולי קיימות בעיצוב גנים בערים בישראל, 2014
A HISTORY, EVOLUTION, DESIGN OF MULTIWAY BOULEVARDS LLAN B. JACOBS, ELIZABETH MACDONALD, AND YODA... more A HISTORY, EVOLUTION, DESIGN OF MULTIWAY BOULEVARDS LLAN B. JACOBS, ELIZABETH MACDONALD, AND YODAN ROFE ... THE HISTORY, EVOLUTION, DESIGN OF MULTIWAY BOULEVARDS LLAN B. JACOBS, ELIZABETH MACDONALD, AND YODAN ROFE ...
Since his very first published work in 1961, Christopher Alexander pursued an architecture of end... more Since his very first published work in 1961, Christopher Alexander pursued an architecture of enduring comfort and beauty, inventing the idea of " pattern " and pattern languages, describing order in nature and the built environment, and insisting on the importance of process for the formation of wholeness. In the chapters of this book, former students and collaborators of Alexander continue to explore the central concepts of his approach, connecting them explicitly to the urgent need for a more sustainable energy-and resource-conscious building culture. The book's three parts address this challenge at three levels. The first part is devoted to conceptual perspectives, addressing craftsmanship and intelligence in design, placing Alexander's work in the context of current philosophical thought and examining its potential contribution to the Green Building Movement. The second part addresses the methodological development of the " pattern language " approach over the last twenty years, with particular attention to aspects of sustainability in urban design, building, teaching, and research. The essays in the third part reflect on built projects, ranging from small neighborhoods to buildings and interiors, showing how these illustrate the concepts and themes recurrent throughout the book. This book represents the greater movement of which it is a part, one dedicated to pursuing a practice of architecture that has at its core a concern for human well-being and the continued care of our shared environment. Through their manifold and diverse contributions, its authors show that a truly sustainable architecture must also be humane, and that a truly humane architecture is fundamentally sustainable.
PUARL Conference, 2013
This is a presentation given at PUARL Conference in Portland Oregon, October 2013. It describes a... more This is a presentation given at PUARL Conference in Portland Oregon, October 2013. It describes a course on Sustainable Form Language for a Neighborhood in a Desert Environment. The case study was elaborated in Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
“Orthodox” modern city planning culture has favoured parks as places for social gathering and act... more “Orthodox” modern city planning culture has favoured parks as places for social gathering and activities, partly because it has given up on streets as social spaces and relegated them to movement and access functions only. In recent years, parks are also increasingly seen as important for public health, and ecological functioning of the city. Researchers and advocates call for increased allocations of green spaces in the city, not always distinguishing between the metropolitan scale – where the mean amount of POS per capita is often measured, and the standards based on these means that operate at the level of urban neighbourhood or project.
We suggest that time has come to reconsider streets as an essential part of the public space needed to satisfy the policy standard for POS. This move allows moderating the need of public land in new development, while providing for a diversity of allocations and density as well as dynamic change. Even more important, it requires designing streets as real social space, and adapting them to new urban and metropolitan contexts.
The paper describes the experience of teaching Alexander’s The Nature of Order (NoO) first in and... more The paper describes the experience of teaching Alexander’s The Nature of Order (NoO) first in and Environmental Studies program at Ben Gurion University, and then as the main theoretical course of Building Beauty, and the lessons learned from it. At BGU, the course included only the first book The Phenomenon of Life, and included students from other programs in a school for Desert Studies. In contrast, at Building Beauty, the course is taught, much in the same way it was taught at UC Berkeley in the 1990’s, as the main theoretical course accompanying students’ work in the studio, and in real construction experience.
Different teaching methods are used in the course. The first and second books are taught as a reading seminar, with students taking turns presenting the chapters, and exercises and/or a discussion following the presentations. This ensures that at each student reads in depth at least some of the chapters, and all of them get at least the main points of each chapter. Exercises in class help to clarify through use the main concepts of books I+II: what centers are? How they reinforce each other, the fifteen properties, the mirror of the self, structure preserving transformations, the fundamental building process and more.
The third book, which is a discussion of recurring problems of architecture and urban design illustrated by examples from Alexander’s work, provides an opportunity to invite former students and collaborators of Alexander, or other practicing professionals who are sympathetic to his work and ideas, to present their work in the context of the chapters under discussion. This exposes the students to the wider community of practitioners that exists around the ideas of the NoO. It also widens the student’s horizons about the possible ways in which the ideas and processes proposed by Alexander may be applied in the real world. The discussion of the fourth book: The Luminous Ground proceeds with a series of invited lectures by speakers who are addressing, from their own life and experience, the metaphysical and theological implications of Alexander’s theory.
The course, which started its life as a small reading seminar, has, in the last four years, been taught online, attracting a wider audience. This has made the discussion richer in some ways, but made it more difficult for students to connect intimately with the text. The paper will conclude with some of the testimonies from students and participants on the way that learning the NoO has been transformative for them, and my own conclusions on how teaching it has increased and deepened my understanding of the breadth of Alexander’s thinking, and the limits of understanding it on the basis of theory alone.
Paper for WREC-WREN Forum, 2019
The beauty of buildings and places is not a luxury, it is a necessity if buildings are to be care... more The beauty of buildings and places is not a luxury, it is a necessity if buildings are to be cared for over generations and therefore sustainable in the long term. Building Beauty is a new one year postgraduate program teaching an integrated process of design and making. Its ultimate goal is learning to create wholeness, beauty and life in the world. This program, based on Christopher Alexander's theoretical and practical work, explores the new convergence of sciences and the arts in the direct practice of making. Its syllabus revolves around three major axes of learning experience: Cultivation and Construction, Theoretical Seminars, and the Exploration of Self. Gaining knowledge is continuously activated across the cognitive-intellectual, the affective, and the embodied-and occurs mostly on the building site. The program, now in its second year, is homed at the Sant'Anna Institute in Sorrento (IT). The curriculum offers direct working with the community, engaging in crafts, and construction on site. It terminates with a "Summer School" set up every year in a different location in Italy, for 10 days of intensive direct practice of different building traditions. This presentation will describe the theoretical foundations of the course, combining Alexander's theories with recent advances in systems thinking, network analysis, ecological awareness, and body-mind experience. It will describe the curriculum, combining seminars, design, and physical making at various scales: from an ornament to small building projects. It will conclude with assessing the achievements and challenges of the program, its relevance to a deeply sustainable building future for the 21 st Century, and our vision for creating a worldwide network of universities that will together develop its themes.
The New Companion to Urban Design, 2019
Urban settlements are characterized by an organization of space around a street network, which en... more Urban settlements are characterized by an organization of space around a street network, which enables mobility and accessibility, and increases the probability of fruitful human contact among strangers. In the 19th century, cities around the world expanded drastically. However during the 20th and 21st centuries, many cities became increasingly dependent on the automobile for mobility and accessibility, to the detriment of the urban environment and the residents’ health. Over the last 50 years, a new paradigm of urban design has evolved to answer current challenges of urbanization. This paradigm looks back to the historic elements of urbanism and reinterprets them at a larger regional scale.
This is the final draft of a chapter soon to be published in The New Companion to Urban Design, Edited by: Tridib Banerjee and Anastasia Loudikou-Sideris, soon to be published by Routledge.