Torger Reve | Bi Norwegian Business School (original) (raw)
Papers by Torger Reve
Industrial Marketing Management, Oct 1, 1982
International Journal of Project Management, Feb 1, 1984
Transaction cost analysis provides a viable theoretical perspective for the study of organization... more Transaction cost analysis provides a viable theoretical perspective for the study of organization and governance in construction. The trilateral governance of a client, engineering consultant, and contractors commonly observed in industrial construction projects is detailed. The implications of a professional relationship between the client and the consultant and a clan-type relationship between the consultant and the contractors are discussed within the context of large construction projects.
University Microfilms International eBooks, 1980
European Planning Studies, Oct 26, 2022
International journal of physical distribution & materials management, May 1, 1983
European Planning Studies, Aug 1, 2013
Despite the considerable number of papers that have discussed industrial clusters, it is surprisi... more Despite the considerable number of papers that have discussed industrial clusters, it is surprising that little research evidence on relations among clusters. This paper collects longitudinal data on three low-tech and two high-tech industrial clusters in six cities in the dynamic Pearl River Delta of the People's Republic of China. The findings provide empirical support to both the MAR model, which argues for the importance of homogenous (specialized) clusters and the Jacobs model, which argues for the importance of heterogeneous (diversified) clusters. Both homogenous and heterogeneous clusters in the same region influence one another's cluster size and economic output.
Journal of Strategy and Management, Aug 9, 2011
Purpose-Understanding China's economic success requires insights into its peculiar guanxi-based m... more Purpose-Understanding China's economic success requires insights into its peculiar guanxi-based market. Many scholars are confused how to apply western network theories to the Chinese guanxi-based market. This paper contributes to this comprehensive topic by theoretically exploring the differences among three fundamental network concepts: (1) guanxi, (2) structural hole and (3) closure. Design/methodology/approach-Following Heide (1994), we categorize a network into three dimensions: (1) network initiation, (2) network maintenance and (3) network termination, based on different time phases. We compare the three fundamental network concepts in every dimension, laying out detailed similarities and dissimilarities among them. Findings-All three networks are initiated either naturally or artificially, but guanxi is closely embedded in the Chinese institutions. Unlike structural hole and closure, which can be applied at any level, guanxi is a special relation that only exists at the individual level. Structural hole and closure highlight networks' structures which bring them various benefits and constrains. Such merits are not evident in guanxi in which favor exchange plays a crucial role in connecting entities. In addition, guanxi has a special rule to affect the strength of ties. Originality/value-The purpose of this paper is to articulate the differences among guanxi, structural hole, and closure. With our systematic framework, we offer a platform to scholars who are interested in applying the western network theory to guanxi-based market, and our work also provides non-Chinese who are doing business in China with new insights.
Scandinavian Journal of Management, Mar 1, 1998
This paper focuses on the formation stages of interfirm cooperation and adopts a processual appro... more This paper focuses on the formation stages of interfirm cooperation and adopts a processual approach. A four-step framework is suggested. The first step represents the decision of the focal company to cooperate or to protect its assets. The second step addresses the problem of choosing a development path. In the third step the focal company has to choose a partner or partners. The fourth step represents the decision about how companies should work together. The main idea underlying the four-step framework is to combine strategic, economic and social approaches when forming strategic alliances. More importantly, the study shows that cooperation between companies can comprise the unique assets of both parties and that ways can be found of protecting these assets while also including them in cooperative undertakings.
Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift-norwegian Journal of Geography, 2022
ABSTRACT The purpose of the paper is to uncover how related industrial variety influences firms’ ... more ABSTRACT The purpose of the paper is to uncover how related industrial variety influences firms’ sales growth through firms’ cash slack. The authors applied a causal steps approach and causal mediation analysis to a very large number of observations covering more than three-quarters of Norway’s municipalities. They found that cash slack had a mediation effect in the negative relationship between related variety and sales growth, and that the regression results were robust. They conclude that the results of the study expand both related variety studies by providing a theoretical microlevel foundation, and firm growth theory by showing that cash slack is a concrete mechanism connecting external industrial environment and firm growth.
Review of international business and strategy, Mar 24, 2021
Purpose Previous studies primarily focus on how to achieve better performance in the internationa... more Purpose Previous studies primarily focus on how to achieve better performance in the international markets, but few centers on whether internationalization is a promising strategy for new ventures’ growth and development. Based on two pioneering frameworks Conservative, Predictable, and Pacemaker (CPP) model and the 7-P model, this paper fills this gap by analyzing how exporting exert heterogeneous effects on two types of growth, sales growth and employment growth. Accordingly, this paper aims to favor market-oriented new ventures to make a strategy on expanding international markets. Design/methodology/approach This study is based on firm-level data from the Chinese Industrial Enterprises Database. The year 2005 was used as the shock year. By conducting the propensity score matching method, 793 couples of matched new ventures were collected with sales growth and 686 couples with employment growth. The difference-in-differences method was applied to analyze the various influences that exporting has on new ventures’ sales growth and employment growth. Findings The main finding of this paper is that new ventures that exported can achieve better sales growth than their counterparts that only operated domestically, whereas new ventures that remain in the domestic market have no difference in employment growth from those that exported. Research limitations/implications This study shows that exporting is especially beneficial for market-seeking new ventures. Because the study is based on Chinese data, scholars of international business can conduct further research on other countries with different economic structures. Originality/value Theoretically, this paper contributes to both international business theory and entrepreneurship theory by combining the CPP model and the 7-P model. Practically, this paper shows that exports mainly benefit the sales growth of new ventures. This suggests that business practitioners should consider their growth goals before they choose to enter the global market.
Benchmarking: An International Journal, Aug 24, 2021
PurposeThis article analyses the role of cluster facilitators in the Singapore maritime cluster. ... more PurposeThis article analyses the role of cluster facilitators in the Singapore maritime cluster. Singapore has been recognised for its pro-business policies and its ability to attract international shipping companies to set up the ship ownership headquarters and ship management activities in Singapore.Design/methodology/approachThe research is an empirical investigation on the approach for industrial cluster development of the Singapore maritime cluster, using the case study research methodology. The case study approach leverages on multiple sources of evidence from deep interviews (of 24 Singaporean firms and 13 Norwegian firms) related observations, documentation and archival records. As a means of contributing to the cluster renewal process, Singapore as the country embarks on the next stage of maritime cluster development, a benchmarking against the Norwegian Innovation Cluster has been incorporated.FindingsThe research findings reveals that Singapore is lacking in innovation activities that entails multi-firms collaborations and collaboration between multi-firms and research institutions. The existence of cluster organisation to facilitate collaborations between firms in the cluster and between firms in the cluster with research institutions is another contributing factor that are not institutionalised in the Singapore maritime cluster.Research limitations/implicationsThough the research is grounded primarily on the international business theory, particularly from firm- and country-specific advantages of location decisions, the economic geography theory and cluster theory also complement the theoretical grounding.Practical implicationsThe findings derived from this research aim to facilitate policy makers, maritime leaders and practitioners to develop effective courses of action in current and future maritime industry development.Originality/valueThe research provides value to maritime industry stakeholders, maritime leaders and policy makers in their firm positioning strategy. Thus, the research adds values to the maritime industry with similar country perspectives and firm values for developing policies.
Human Relations, Sep 1, 1993
This paper proposes a contract model of employment relations that integrates insights from econom... more This paper proposes a contract model of employment relations that integrates insights from economic and sociological perspectives on labor market transactions. The utility of the contract model is illustrated empirically using a large data set on organizations and their employees in U.S. and Japanese manufacturing industries. The results are consistent with many transaction cost and agency theory predictions, though they also indicate the need to supplement these economic theories with sociological explanations based on political, cultural, and other institutional differences.
Business Horizons, Jul 1, 1990
Baltic Journal of Management, May 1, 2006
Industrial Marketing Management, Oct 1, 1982
International Journal of Project Management, Feb 1, 1984
Transaction cost analysis provides a viable theoretical perspective for the study of organization... more Transaction cost analysis provides a viable theoretical perspective for the study of organization and governance in construction. The trilateral governance of a client, engineering consultant, and contractors commonly observed in industrial construction projects is detailed. The implications of a professional relationship between the client and the consultant and a clan-type relationship between the consultant and the contractors are discussed within the context of large construction projects.
University Microfilms International eBooks, 1980
European Planning Studies, Oct 26, 2022
International journal of physical distribution & materials management, May 1, 1983
European Planning Studies, Aug 1, 2013
Despite the considerable number of papers that have discussed industrial clusters, it is surprisi... more Despite the considerable number of papers that have discussed industrial clusters, it is surprising that little research evidence on relations among clusters. This paper collects longitudinal data on three low-tech and two high-tech industrial clusters in six cities in the dynamic Pearl River Delta of the People's Republic of China. The findings provide empirical support to both the MAR model, which argues for the importance of homogenous (specialized) clusters and the Jacobs model, which argues for the importance of heterogeneous (diversified) clusters. Both homogenous and heterogeneous clusters in the same region influence one another's cluster size and economic output.
Journal of Strategy and Management, Aug 9, 2011
Purpose-Understanding China's economic success requires insights into its peculiar guanxi-based m... more Purpose-Understanding China's economic success requires insights into its peculiar guanxi-based market. Many scholars are confused how to apply western network theories to the Chinese guanxi-based market. This paper contributes to this comprehensive topic by theoretically exploring the differences among three fundamental network concepts: (1) guanxi, (2) structural hole and (3) closure. Design/methodology/approach-Following Heide (1994), we categorize a network into three dimensions: (1) network initiation, (2) network maintenance and (3) network termination, based on different time phases. We compare the three fundamental network concepts in every dimension, laying out detailed similarities and dissimilarities among them. Findings-All three networks are initiated either naturally or artificially, but guanxi is closely embedded in the Chinese institutions. Unlike structural hole and closure, which can be applied at any level, guanxi is a special relation that only exists at the individual level. Structural hole and closure highlight networks' structures which bring them various benefits and constrains. Such merits are not evident in guanxi in which favor exchange plays a crucial role in connecting entities. In addition, guanxi has a special rule to affect the strength of ties. Originality/value-The purpose of this paper is to articulate the differences among guanxi, structural hole, and closure. With our systematic framework, we offer a platform to scholars who are interested in applying the western network theory to guanxi-based market, and our work also provides non-Chinese who are doing business in China with new insights.
Scandinavian Journal of Management, Mar 1, 1998
This paper focuses on the formation stages of interfirm cooperation and adopts a processual appro... more This paper focuses on the formation stages of interfirm cooperation and adopts a processual approach. A four-step framework is suggested. The first step represents the decision of the focal company to cooperate or to protect its assets. The second step addresses the problem of choosing a development path. In the third step the focal company has to choose a partner or partners. The fourth step represents the decision about how companies should work together. The main idea underlying the four-step framework is to combine strategic, economic and social approaches when forming strategic alliances. More importantly, the study shows that cooperation between companies can comprise the unique assets of both parties and that ways can be found of protecting these assets while also including them in cooperative undertakings.
Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift-norwegian Journal of Geography, 2022
ABSTRACT The purpose of the paper is to uncover how related industrial variety influences firms’ ... more ABSTRACT The purpose of the paper is to uncover how related industrial variety influences firms’ sales growth through firms’ cash slack. The authors applied a causal steps approach and causal mediation analysis to a very large number of observations covering more than three-quarters of Norway’s municipalities. They found that cash slack had a mediation effect in the negative relationship between related variety and sales growth, and that the regression results were robust. They conclude that the results of the study expand both related variety studies by providing a theoretical microlevel foundation, and firm growth theory by showing that cash slack is a concrete mechanism connecting external industrial environment and firm growth.
Review of international business and strategy, Mar 24, 2021
Purpose Previous studies primarily focus on how to achieve better performance in the internationa... more Purpose Previous studies primarily focus on how to achieve better performance in the international markets, but few centers on whether internationalization is a promising strategy for new ventures’ growth and development. Based on two pioneering frameworks Conservative, Predictable, and Pacemaker (CPP) model and the 7-P model, this paper fills this gap by analyzing how exporting exert heterogeneous effects on two types of growth, sales growth and employment growth. Accordingly, this paper aims to favor market-oriented new ventures to make a strategy on expanding international markets. Design/methodology/approach This study is based on firm-level data from the Chinese Industrial Enterprises Database. The year 2005 was used as the shock year. By conducting the propensity score matching method, 793 couples of matched new ventures were collected with sales growth and 686 couples with employment growth. The difference-in-differences method was applied to analyze the various influences that exporting has on new ventures’ sales growth and employment growth. Findings The main finding of this paper is that new ventures that exported can achieve better sales growth than their counterparts that only operated domestically, whereas new ventures that remain in the domestic market have no difference in employment growth from those that exported. Research limitations/implications This study shows that exporting is especially beneficial for market-seeking new ventures. Because the study is based on Chinese data, scholars of international business can conduct further research on other countries with different economic structures. Originality/value Theoretically, this paper contributes to both international business theory and entrepreneurship theory by combining the CPP model and the 7-P model. Practically, this paper shows that exports mainly benefit the sales growth of new ventures. This suggests that business practitioners should consider their growth goals before they choose to enter the global market.
Benchmarking: An International Journal, Aug 24, 2021
PurposeThis article analyses the role of cluster facilitators in the Singapore maritime cluster. ... more PurposeThis article analyses the role of cluster facilitators in the Singapore maritime cluster. Singapore has been recognised for its pro-business policies and its ability to attract international shipping companies to set up the ship ownership headquarters and ship management activities in Singapore.Design/methodology/approachThe research is an empirical investigation on the approach for industrial cluster development of the Singapore maritime cluster, using the case study research methodology. The case study approach leverages on multiple sources of evidence from deep interviews (of 24 Singaporean firms and 13 Norwegian firms) related observations, documentation and archival records. As a means of contributing to the cluster renewal process, Singapore as the country embarks on the next stage of maritime cluster development, a benchmarking against the Norwegian Innovation Cluster has been incorporated.FindingsThe research findings reveals that Singapore is lacking in innovation activities that entails multi-firms collaborations and collaboration between multi-firms and research institutions. The existence of cluster organisation to facilitate collaborations between firms in the cluster and between firms in the cluster with research institutions is another contributing factor that are not institutionalised in the Singapore maritime cluster.Research limitations/implicationsThough the research is grounded primarily on the international business theory, particularly from firm- and country-specific advantages of location decisions, the economic geography theory and cluster theory also complement the theoretical grounding.Practical implicationsThe findings derived from this research aim to facilitate policy makers, maritime leaders and practitioners to develop effective courses of action in current and future maritime industry development.Originality/valueThe research provides value to maritime industry stakeholders, maritime leaders and policy makers in their firm positioning strategy. Thus, the research adds values to the maritime industry with similar country perspectives and firm values for developing policies.
Human Relations, Sep 1, 1993
This paper proposes a contract model of employment relations that integrates insights from econom... more This paper proposes a contract model of employment relations that integrates insights from economic and sociological perspectives on labor market transactions. The utility of the contract model is illustrated empirically using a large data set on organizations and their employees in U.S. and Japanese manufacturing industries. The results are consistent with many transaction cost and agency theory predictions, though they also indicate the need to supplement these economic theories with sociological explanations based on political, cultural, and other institutional differences.
Business Horizons, Jul 1, 1990
Baltic Journal of Management, May 1, 2006