Umit Akirmak | Istanbul Bilgi University (original) (raw)
Papers by Umit Akirmak
Data pertaining to the adaptation of the ZTPI into Turkish in young adults
Free association norms collected from undergraduate students.
People generally remember events accurately, but, at times, they are prone to small or large scal... more People generally remember events accurately, but, at times, they are prone to small or large scale memory errors (Brainerd & Reyna, 2005). Such inaccuracies in remembering events are called false memory. A popular experimental method that uses common words to investigate false memories is the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm (Roediger, & McDermott, 1995). The primary purpose of the present study was to investigate the DRM paradigm by using Turkish words and utilizing Turkish word association norms. In addition, the influence of experimental manipulations such as word order, context change, and generation effect and how they affect accurate and false remembering was examined in two studies. The results of Study 1 showed a robust false memory effect both in free recall and recognition tests, though there were differences in the rate of false memory depending on critical lures. Our results indicate that the choice of critical lures is important as it has a direct effect on false memor...
Serbest cagrisim yontemi bir kelimenin anlamca yakin iliskili oldugu diger kelimeleri belirlemekt... more Serbest cagrisim yontemi bir kelimenin anlamca yakin iliskili oldugu diger kelimeleri belirlemekte kullanilir. Ozellikle psikoloji alaninda yillardir cesitli amaclar icin kullanilan serbest cagrisim, kelimeleri ve kelimelerin birbirleriyle olan anlam baglantilarini iceren iliskisel yapiyi modellemeye yardimci olarak zihin uzerine bilimsel arastirmalarda onemli bir rol oynar. Bu derlemede, serbest cagrisim yontemi, iliskili teoriler ve kullanildigi arastirma alanlari gorece daha yeni olanlara odaklanarak ele alinmistir. Tarihsel gelisiminden baslayarak deneysel yontemler, cagrisim normlari ve normlarin guvenirlik ve gecerligi ile birlikte anlamsal bellegin organizasyonu ve anlamsal aglarin Grafik Teorisi perspektifinden aciklanmasi gibi konulardan bahsedilmistir. Bununla beraber serbest cagrisimin kullanildigi uluslararasi ve ulusal alanyazindaki cesitli calismalar ve psikolojideki uygulama alanlari da ele alinmistir. Serbest cagrisim bilissel psikoloji, klinik psikoloji ve norobilim...
Human memory is generally accurate, but, at times and under certain conditions, we remember event... more Human memory is generally accurate, but, at times and under certain conditions, we remember events inaccurately. These errors in how an event is remembered are called “false memory” (Roediger & McDermott, 1995). False memory phenomenon has been widely researched through various methods in psychology. Among them, one of the most popular methods that utilize an experimental design is the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm. In this paradigm (Roediger & McDermott, 1995), participants study a list of words that are semantically associated with a word, called the critical lure, which is not presented during the study phase (Gallo, 2010). Typically, participants falsely recall and recognize critical lures in a subsequent memory test comparable to the accurate recall rates of the studied words presented in the middle of the list. Thus, in the DRM paradigm, false memory is revealed by remembering the non-presented critical lures. Critical lures are falsely remembered more often than unr...
Address for Correspondence: Dr. Ümit Akırmak, İstanbul Bilgi University, Faculty of Social Scienc... more Address for Correspondence: Dr. Ümit Akırmak, İstanbul Bilgi University, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Department of Psychology, Eski Silahtarağa Elektrik Santralı Kazım Karabekir Cad. No:2/13 Eyüp / İstanbul E-mail: umit.akirmak@bilgi.edu.tr Free association helps us in mapping the associative structure of words in semantic memory by indexing the strong associations of a given word (Deese, 1965; Nelson, McEvoy, & Schreiber, 2004). Understanding the associative relations among the words is crucial especially for studies that make use of words as stimuli since the characteristics of the words have been shown to directly influence the results of the experiments (Nelson, Fisher, & Akirmak, 2007; Nelson, Schreiber, & Xu, 1999). For this reason, pre-existing associative knowledge about the words is usually utilized to control various word attributes across experimental conditions. In addition to controlling for experimental conditions, associative knowledge is also used to p...
Pre-existing semantic associations of words influence performance in various episodic tasks (Nels... more Pre-existing semantic associations of words influence performance in various episodic tasks (Nelson, Dyrdal, & Goodmon, 2005). The free association task indexes strong associative relations among words. In turn, this makes it possible to map associative structure of the words in semantic memory. Although Tekcan and Goz (2005) collected free association norms of Turkish words in an earlier study, the reliability and validity of their findings have not been empirically tested with a specific study. The goal of the present study was to determine the reliability and validity of the existing free association norms. In Study 1, 100 words were randomly selected from the existing normative database and were normed again by using the standard free association method as well as an online version of the same task in order to assess the reliability. The obtained findings were compared in regard to associative strength, associative set size, and heterogeneity values. The results indicated that t...
Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 2020
Özet İnsanlar genellikle olayları doğru hatırlarlar, fakat kimi zaman ve belli koşullar altında k... more Özet İnsanlar genellikle olayları doğru hatırlarlar, fakat kimi zaman ve belli koşullar altında küçük veya büyük ölçekli bellek hataları yapabilirler (Brainerd ve Reyna, 2005). Olayları hatırlamadaki yanlışlıklara bellek yanılması denir. Bellek yanılmalarını araştırmak için sıkça kullanılan bir yöntem Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM; Roediger ve McDermott, 1995) yöntemidir. Fakat, Türkçe kelimelerin bellek yanılması oranlarını çağrışım verilerini gözeterek inceleyen bir araştırmanın eksikliği görülmektedir. Mevcut araştırmanın amacı, Türkçe kelimelerin çağrışım bağlantılarından faydalanarak kelimelerin bellek yanılması üretme oranlarını incelemektir. Bunun yanı sıra, iki ayrı çalışmada farklı deneysel manipülasyonlar ile kelimelerin liste içerisindeki dizilişinin, çevresel bağlam değişikliğinin ve kelime üretiminin doğru ve yanlış hatırlamaya etkisi araştırılmıştır. Birinci çalışmanın hatırlama ve tanıma testlerinde bellek yanılması etkisi bulunmuştur. Önemli olarak, bazı tuzak kelimelerde yüksek oranda diğerlerinde ise düşük oranda bellek yanılması gözlemlenmiştir. Kelimelerin tuzak kelime ile anlamsal güç bağlarına göre liste içerisindeki dizilişi ve çevresel bağlam değişikliği bellek yanılması oranına etki etmemiştir. Üretimin bellek yanılması üzerindeki etkisini inceleyen ikinci çalışma kelimeleri üretmenin doğru hatırlama oranını arttırdığını fakat bellek yanılması oranını etkilemediğini bulmuştur. Ayrıca, katılımcıların tepki hızları karşılaştırıldığında, kelimeleri üreten katılımcılar kelimeleri okuyan katılımcılara göre tanıma testinde daha hızlı cevap vermiştir. Tanıma etkisindeki bu hızlanma etkisi literatürde ilk kez elde edilmiştir ve beynin üretim yönergesi ile uyumlu olarak bilgileri farklı işlemesiyle açıklanabilir (Rosner, Elman ve Shimamura, 2012). Elde edilen bulgular önceki çalışmalar ile uyumludur ve bellek yanılmalarını incelemek için DRM paradigmasının Türkçe kelime çağrışım normlarıyla güvenilir bir şekilde kullanılabileceğini göstermektedir.
Current Psychology, 2019
The present study evaluated the validity and reliability of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Invento... more The present study evaluated the validity and reliability of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI; Zimbardo & Boyd,
Personality and Individual Differences, 2019
The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 2014
Previous research has revealed a positive association between balanced time perspective (BTP) and... more Previous research has revealed a positive association between balanced time perspective (BTP) and subjective well-being (Boniwell & Zimbardo, 2004), however mechanisms underlying BTP are yet to be determined. The goal of the present study was to examine the contributions of personality and quality of interpersonal relationships in the development of BTP. Additionally, the correlations between these measures and time perspective dimensions were evaluated as an attempt to provide further psychometric properties of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) in a Turkish sample. 178 undergraduates filled out a survey that included the ZTPI and measures that assessed personality characteristics, and quality of parent, peer, and adult relationships. Results showed that deviation from BTP was positively associated with romantic anxiety (r= .41,p< .001), romantic avoidance (r= .33,p< .001), and neuroticism (r= .49,p< .001) but negatively associated with self-esteem (r= –.50,p&l...
Child Psychiatry & Human Development
Utilizing multiple informants to assess children’s depressive symptoms increases diagnostic accur... more Utilizing multiple informants to assess children’s depressive symptoms increases diagnostic accuracy, reliability, and validity of inferences. However, previous studies have found low to moderate agreement among informants. We applied network statistics to gain insight into children and their mothers’ differential perceptions of depressive symptoms. The sample included children and mother dyads (n = 185) who applied to psychotherapy services at an outpatient university clinic. Mothers filled out the Child Behavior Checklist, which includes a depression subscale, and children filled out the Children’s Depression Inventory. We computed association networks for thirteen depressive symptoms separately for children and mothers using the graphical LASSO. Sadness had the highest strength centrality in the networks of both children and mothers, but the pattern of connectivity and centrality of other symptoms differed. We discussed our findings within the framework of network theory.
Personality and Individual Differences
Current Psychology
Intuitive eating is the ability to eat in response to physiological hunger and satiety cues rathe... more Intuitive eating is the ability to eat in response to physiological hunger and satiety cues rather than to external or emotional cues. The purpose of this research was to adapt the Intuitive Eating Scale-2 (IES-2; Tylka & Kroon van Diest, 2013) to Turkish in an adult sample. The factor structure of the IES-2 was evaluated in Study 1 (n = 264) with exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and in Study 2 (n = 271) with confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Additionally, the correlations of the IES-2 scores with measures of self-esteem, disordered eating, obsessive thoughts, and body anxiety in social situations were assessed in Study 1 to evaluate the scale’s convergent validity. EFA results supported the four-factor structure of the original scale with the following factors: eating for physical rather than emotional reasons (EPR), unconditional permission to eat (UPE), reliance on hunger and satiety cues (RHSC), and body-food choice congruence (BFCC). Intercorrelations between the IES-2 total scores and other study constructs were in the expected direction, and ranged from medium to large. CFA results yielded acceptable fit values and supported the 4-factor model of the original scale. A second-order CFA showed that UPE had no association with the second-order latent variable, Intuitive Eating. The results suggest that the IES-2 is a valid and reliable measure of intuitive eating for the adult population in Turkey. Furthermore, it is recommended that Turkish IES-2 total scores be computed without the UPE items. The findings and clinical implications are discussed, and suggestions for future research in other cultural contexts are provided.
The present study has two major goals. First, we examined the reliability and validity of a Turki... more The present study has two major goals. First, we examined the reliability and validity of a Turkish version of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) (Zimbardo and Boyd, 1999). The characteristics of Future Negative dimension (Carelli, Wiberg, & Wiberg, 2011) were also measured and extended by developing items reflecting the Turkish context. Second, individuals’ perceptions of self and of interpersonal relationships in relation to their time perspectives were examined. 177 undergraduates filled out a survey that included the ZTPI, an inventory of parent and peer attachment, the Experiences in Close Relationships Inventory, the Eysenck personality inventory, and Rosenberg’s self-esteem scale. Confirmatory factor analyses were performed to compare the ZTPI’s original five-factor solution to a six-factor solution. The intercorrelations between ZTPI subscales and other constructs indicated that Past Negative (PN) and Present Fatalistic (PF) time orientations were related to disruptions to perceptions of both self and of interpersonal relationships, whereas a reverse pattern was evident for Past Positive and Present Hedonistic orientations. Future was not predictably related to these constructs whereas Future Negative showed a pattern similar to that of PN and PF. Overall, results indicate moderate validity and reliability for the Turkish version and they are further discussed with regard to attachment and time perspective theories. Keywords: time perspective, personality, interpersonal relationships
Current Psychology, 2019
The present study evaluated the validity and reliability of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Invento... more The present study evaluated the validity and reliability of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI; Zimbardo & Boyd, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(6), 1271–1288, 1999) in a Turkish sample. A Turkish version of the ZTPI was administered to participants in Study 1 (n = 554) while another group of participants filled out the ZTPI as well as measures of personality, locus of control, self-esteem, and self-efficacy in Study 2 (n = 234). Test-retest reliability of the ZTPI scores was assessed on the Study 2’s sample (n = 88) over a 2-week period. The Turkish ZTPI demonstrated adequate internal consistency and test-retest reliability with minor exceptions. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) supported the five-factor structure of the original scale suggesting that the ZTPI has cross-cultural validity. However, similar to prior adaptation studies, the model fit values ranged from poor to good, suggesting a need for additional research on the psychometric properties of the ZTPI. Finally, the applicability of the deviation from balanced perspective scores was examined and unique relationships were demonstrated: balanced time perspective was associated with high conscientiousness and internal locus of control. Findings are discussed in relation to the time perspective theory, and the recommendations to improve the ZTPI’s structural validity are provided.
Data pertaining to the adaptation of the ZTPI into Turkish in young adults
Free association norms collected from undergraduate students.
People generally remember events accurately, but, at times, they are prone to small or large scal... more People generally remember events accurately, but, at times, they are prone to small or large scale memory errors (Brainerd & Reyna, 2005). Such inaccuracies in remembering events are called false memory. A popular experimental method that uses common words to investigate false memories is the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm (Roediger, & McDermott, 1995). The primary purpose of the present study was to investigate the DRM paradigm by using Turkish words and utilizing Turkish word association norms. In addition, the influence of experimental manipulations such as word order, context change, and generation effect and how they affect accurate and false remembering was examined in two studies. The results of Study 1 showed a robust false memory effect both in free recall and recognition tests, though there were differences in the rate of false memory depending on critical lures. Our results indicate that the choice of critical lures is important as it has a direct effect on false memor...
Serbest cagrisim yontemi bir kelimenin anlamca yakin iliskili oldugu diger kelimeleri belirlemekt... more Serbest cagrisim yontemi bir kelimenin anlamca yakin iliskili oldugu diger kelimeleri belirlemekte kullanilir. Ozellikle psikoloji alaninda yillardir cesitli amaclar icin kullanilan serbest cagrisim, kelimeleri ve kelimelerin birbirleriyle olan anlam baglantilarini iceren iliskisel yapiyi modellemeye yardimci olarak zihin uzerine bilimsel arastirmalarda onemli bir rol oynar. Bu derlemede, serbest cagrisim yontemi, iliskili teoriler ve kullanildigi arastirma alanlari gorece daha yeni olanlara odaklanarak ele alinmistir. Tarihsel gelisiminden baslayarak deneysel yontemler, cagrisim normlari ve normlarin guvenirlik ve gecerligi ile birlikte anlamsal bellegin organizasyonu ve anlamsal aglarin Grafik Teorisi perspektifinden aciklanmasi gibi konulardan bahsedilmistir. Bununla beraber serbest cagrisimin kullanildigi uluslararasi ve ulusal alanyazindaki cesitli calismalar ve psikolojideki uygulama alanlari da ele alinmistir. Serbest cagrisim bilissel psikoloji, klinik psikoloji ve norobilim...
Human memory is generally accurate, but, at times and under certain conditions, we remember event... more Human memory is generally accurate, but, at times and under certain conditions, we remember events inaccurately. These errors in how an event is remembered are called “false memory” (Roediger & McDermott, 1995). False memory phenomenon has been widely researched through various methods in psychology. Among them, one of the most popular methods that utilize an experimental design is the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm. In this paradigm (Roediger & McDermott, 1995), participants study a list of words that are semantically associated with a word, called the critical lure, which is not presented during the study phase (Gallo, 2010). Typically, participants falsely recall and recognize critical lures in a subsequent memory test comparable to the accurate recall rates of the studied words presented in the middle of the list. Thus, in the DRM paradigm, false memory is revealed by remembering the non-presented critical lures. Critical lures are falsely remembered more often than unr...
Address for Correspondence: Dr. Ümit Akırmak, İstanbul Bilgi University, Faculty of Social Scienc... more Address for Correspondence: Dr. Ümit Akırmak, İstanbul Bilgi University, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Department of Psychology, Eski Silahtarağa Elektrik Santralı Kazım Karabekir Cad. No:2/13 Eyüp / İstanbul E-mail: umit.akirmak@bilgi.edu.tr Free association helps us in mapping the associative structure of words in semantic memory by indexing the strong associations of a given word (Deese, 1965; Nelson, McEvoy, & Schreiber, 2004). Understanding the associative relations among the words is crucial especially for studies that make use of words as stimuli since the characteristics of the words have been shown to directly influence the results of the experiments (Nelson, Fisher, & Akirmak, 2007; Nelson, Schreiber, & Xu, 1999). For this reason, pre-existing associative knowledge about the words is usually utilized to control various word attributes across experimental conditions. In addition to controlling for experimental conditions, associative knowledge is also used to p...
Pre-existing semantic associations of words influence performance in various episodic tasks (Nels... more Pre-existing semantic associations of words influence performance in various episodic tasks (Nelson, Dyrdal, & Goodmon, 2005). The free association task indexes strong associative relations among words. In turn, this makes it possible to map associative structure of the words in semantic memory. Although Tekcan and Goz (2005) collected free association norms of Turkish words in an earlier study, the reliability and validity of their findings have not been empirically tested with a specific study. The goal of the present study was to determine the reliability and validity of the existing free association norms. In Study 1, 100 words were randomly selected from the existing normative database and were normed again by using the standard free association method as well as an online version of the same task in order to assess the reliability. The obtained findings were compared in regard to associative strength, associative set size, and heterogeneity values. The results indicated that t...
Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 2020
Özet İnsanlar genellikle olayları doğru hatırlarlar, fakat kimi zaman ve belli koşullar altında k... more Özet İnsanlar genellikle olayları doğru hatırlarlar, fakat kimi zaman ve belli koşullar altında küçük veya büyük ölçekli bellek hataları yapabilirler (Brainerd ve Reyna, 2005). Olayları hatırlamadaki yanlışlıklara bellek yanılması denir. Bellek yanılmalarını araştırmak için sıkça kullanılan bir yöntem Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM; Roediger ve McDermott, 1995) yöntemidir. Fakat, Türkçe kelimelerin bellek yanılması oranlarını çağrışım verilerini gözeterek inceleyen bir araştırmanın eksikliği görülmektedir. Mevcut araştırmanın amacı, Türkçe kelimelerin çağrışım bağlantılarından faydalanarak kelimelerin bellek yanılması üretme oranlarını incelemektir. Bunun yanı sıra, iki ayrı çalışmada farklı deneysel manipülasyonlar ile kelimelerin liste içerisindeki dizilişinin, çevresel bağlam değişikliğinin ve kelime üretiminin doğru ve yanlış hatırlamaya etkisi araştırılmıştır. Birinci çalışmanın hatırlama ve tanıma testlerinde bellek yanılması etkisi bulunmuştur. Önemli olarak, bazı tuzak kelimelerde yüksek oranda diğerlerinde ise düşük oranda bellek yanılması gözlemlenmiştir. Kelimelerin tuzak kelime ile anlamsal güç bağlarına göre liste içerisindeki dizilişi ve çevresel bağlam değişikliği bellek yanılması oranına etki etmemiştir. Üretimin bellek yanılması üzerindeki etkisini inceleyen ikinci çalışma kelimeleri üretmenin doğru hatırlama oranını arttırdığını fakat bellek yanılması oranını etkilemediğini bulmuştur. Ayrıca, katılımcıların tepki hızları karşılaştırıldığında, kelimeleri üreten katılımcılar kelimeleri okuyan katılımcılara göre tanıma testinde daha hızlı cevap vermiştir. Tanıma etkisindeki bu hızlanma etkisi literatürde ilk kez elde edilmiştir ve beynin üretim yönergesi ile uyumlu olarak bilgileri farklı işlemesiyle açıklanabilir (Rosner, Elman ve Shimamura, 2012). Elde edilen bulgular önceki çalışmalar ile uyumludur ve bellek yanılmalarını incelemek için DRM paradigmasının Türkçe kelime çağrışım normlarıyla güvenilir bir şekilde kullanılabileceğini göstermektedir.
Current Psychology, 2019
The present study evaluated the validity and reliability of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Invento... more The present study evaluated the validity and reliability of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI; Zimbardo & Boyd,
Personality and Individual Differences, 2019
The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 2014
Previous research has revealed a positive association between balanced time perspective (BTP) and... more Previous research has revealed a positive association between balanced time perspective (BTP) and subjective well-being (Boniwell & Zimbardo, 2004), however mechanisms underlying BTP are yet to be determined. The goal of the present study was to examine the contributions of personality and quality of interpersonal relationships in the development of BTP. Additionally, the correlations between these measures and time perspective dimensions were evaluated as an attempt to provide further psychometric properties of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) in a Turkish sample. 178 undergraduates filled out a survey that included the ZTPI and measures that assessed personality characteristics, and quality of parent, peer, and adult relationships. Results showed that deviation from BTP was positively associated with romantic anxiety (r= .41,p< .001), romantic avoidance (r= .33,p< .001), and neuroticism (r= .49,p< .001) but negatively associated with self-esteem (r= –.50,p&l...
Child Psychiatry & Human Development
Utilizing multiple informants to assess children’s depressive symptoms increases diagnostic accur... more Utilizing multiple informants to assess children’s depressive symptoms increases diagnostic accuracy, reliability, and validity of inferences. However, previous studies have found low to moderate agreement among informants. We applied network statistics to gain insight into children and their mothers’ differential perceptions of depressive symptoms. The sample included children and mother dyads (n = 185) who applied to psychotherapy services at an outpatient university clinic. Mothers filled out the Child Behavior Checklist, which includes a depression subscale, and children filled out the Children’s Depression Inventory. We computed association networks for thirteen depressive symptoms separately for children and mothers using the graphical LASSO. Sadness had the highest strength centrality in the networks of both children and mothers, but the pattern of connectivity and centrality of other symptoms differed. We discussed our findings within the framework of network theory.
Personality and Individual Differences
Current Psychology
Intuitive eating is the ability to eat in response to physiological hunger and satiety cues rathe... more Intuitive eating is the ability to eat in response to physiological hunger and satiety cues rather than to external or emotional cues. The purpose of this research was to adapt the Intuitive Eating Scale-2 (IES-2; Tylka & Kroon van Diest, 2013) to Turkish in an adult sample. The factor structure of the IES-2 was evaluated in Study 1 (n = 264) with exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and in Study 2 (n = 271) with confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Additionally, the correlations of the IES-2 scores with measures of self-esteem, disordered eating, obsessive thoughts, and body anxiety in social situations were assessed in Study 1 to evaluate the scale’s convergent validity. EFA results supported the four-factor structure of the original scale with the following factors: eating for physical rather than emotional reasons (EPR), unconditional permission to eat (UPE), reliance on hunger and satiety cues (RHSC), and body-food choice congruence (BFCC). Intercorrelations between the IES-2 total scores and other study constructs were in the expected direction, and ranged from medium to large. CFA results yielded acceptable fit values and supported the 4-factor model of the original scale. A second-order CFA showed that UPE had no association with the second-order latent variable, Intuitive Eating. The results suggest that the IES-2 is a valid and reliable measure of intuitive eating for the adult population in Turkey. Furthermore, it is recommended that Turkish IES-2 total scores be computed without the UPE items. The findings and clinical implications are discussed, and suggestions for future research in other cultural contexts are provided.
The present study has two major goals. First, we examined the reliability and validity of a Turki... more The present study has two major goals. First, we examined the reliability and validity of a Turkish version of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) (Zimbardo and Boyd, 1999). The characteristics of Future Negative dimension (Carelli, Wiberg, & Wiberg, 2011) were also measured and extended by developing items reflecting the Turkish context. Second, individuals’ perceptions of self and of interpersonal relationships in relation to their time perspectives were examined. 177 undergraduates filled out a survey that included the ZTPI, an inventory of parent and peer attachment, the Experiences in Close Relationships Inventory, the Eysenck personality inventory, and Rosenberg’s self-esteem scale. Confirmatory factor analyses were performed to compare the ZTPI’s original five-factor solution to a six-factor solution. The intercorrelations between ZTPI subscales and other constructs indicated that Past Negative (PN) and Present Fatalistic (PF) time orientations were related to disruptions to perceptions of both self and of interpersonal relationships, whereas a reverse pattern was evident for Past Positive and Present Hedonistic orientations. Future was not predictably related to these constructs whereas Future Negative showed a pattern similar to that of PN and PF. Overall, results indicate moderate validity and reliability for the Turkish version and they are further discussed with regard to attachment and time perspective theories. Keywords: time perspective, personality, interpersonal relationships
Current Psychology, 2019
The present study evaluated the validity and reliability of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Invento... more The present study evaluated the validity and reliability of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI; Zimbardo & Boyd, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(6), 1271–1288, 1999) in a Turkish sample. A Turkish version of the ZTPI was administered to participants in Study 1 (n = 554) while another group of participants filled out the ZTPI as well as measures of personality, locus of control, self-esteem, and self-efficacy in Study 2 (n = 234). Test-retest reliability of the ZTPI scores was assessed on the Study 2’s sample (n = 88) over a 2-week period. The Turkish ZTPI demonstrated adequate internal consistency and test-retest reliability with minor exceptions. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) supported the five-factor structure of the original scale suggesting that the ZTPI has cross-cultural validity. However, similar to prior adaptation studies, the model fit values ranged from poor to good, suggesting a need for additional research on the psychometric properties of the ZTPI. Finally, the applicability of the deviation from balanced perspective scores was examined and unique relationships were demonstrated: balanced time perspective was associated with high conscientiousness and internal locus of control. Findings are discussed in relation to the time perspective theory, and the recommendations to improve the ZTPI’s structural validity are provided.