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Papers by Beril Eski

Female and LGBTI+ asylum seekers’ experiences are invisible and under-researched within Turkey’s ... more Female and LGBTI+ asylum seekers’ experiences are invisible and under-researched within Turkey’s asylum regime. Based on in-depth interviews with asylum seekers, this chapter shows that although women and LGBTI+s have often escaped from gender-related persecution, they are exposed to serious gendered risks throughout the asylum application and reception process in Turkey. This is especially visible in the cases when applicants are sent, without any social or economic support, to small and conservative cities which are unsafe for single women and LGBTI+s. This chapter shows that there is no gender sensitivity in asylum reception and protection processes in Turkey and the processes may put women and LGBTI+s in more vulnerable positions exposed to sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV).

The Encyclopedia of Corrections

Women, Migration and Asylum in Turkey Developing Gender-Sensitivity in Migration Research, Policy and Practice, 2020

Female and LGBTI+ asylum seekers’ experiences are invisible and under-researched within Turkey’s ... more Female and LGBTI+ asylum seekers’ experiences are invisible and under-researched within Turkey’s asylum regime. Based on in-depth interviews with asylum seekers, this chapter shows that although women and LGBTI+s have often escaped from gender-related persecution, they are exposed to serious gendered risks throughout the asylum application and reception process in Turkey. This is especially visible in the cases when applicants are sent, without any social or economic support, to small and conservative cities which are unsafe for single women and LGBTI+s. This chapter shows that there is no gender sensitivity in asylum reception and protection processes in Turkey and the processes may put women and LGBTI+s in more vulnerable positions exposed to sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV).

Thesis Chapters by Beril Eski

Associating privacy with asylum seekers is a difficult task. Since people are not concerned about... more Associating privacy with asylum seekers is a difficult task. Since people are not concerned about their own personal data, they suspect why an asylum seeker should be concerned while she has other vital issues. The significance of an asylum seeker’s personal data arises from its vulnerability. Asylum seekers are expected to give any information in exchange of food, shelter and protection. However, the collected information should be kept private and in accordance with
the Law to protect the asylum seekers from further persecution. This study aims to conceive privacy as an element of protection responsibility of states by focusing on the privacy right with an emphasis on Syrian asylum seekers in Turkey. Drawing upon the legal documents; general principles and norms of the right to privacy were determined. This research elaborates on the recently adopted Law on Protection of Personal Data and questions Turkey’s compliance with the privacy
standards in the asylum procedure. The privacy concerns and violations of Syrian asylum seekers were clarified through interviews with asylum seekers as well as interviews with representatives of non-governmental organisations and Directorate General Migration Management; and through explaining examples from the Turkish media.

Books by Beril Eski

Erkek şiddetinden kaçarken... Türkiye'de kadın ve LGBTİ+ sığınmacılar, 2019

Bu kitap Türkiye’nin sığınma rejimini toplumsal cinsiyet perspektifinden eleştirel bir bakış açıs... more Bu kitap Türkiye’nin sığınma rejimini toplumsal cinsiyet perspektifinden eleştirel bir bakış açısıyla ele alıyor. Kitapta sunulan bulgular, Türkiye’de uluslararası koruma başvurusu yapmış yirmi üç kadın ve LGBTİ+ sığınmacının yanı sıra sivil toplum örgütleri çalışanları ile yapılan derinlemesine görüşmelere dayanıyor. Hemen hepsi erkek şiddetinden kaçan sığınmacı kadınlar ve LGBTİ+’lar hem Türkiye’ye yolculuklarında hem de Türkiye’de kaldıkları süre boyunca farklı cinsel ve toplumsal cinsiyete dayalı şiddet (CTCDŞ) biçimleri ile karşılaşıyorlar. Bu kitaptaki bulgular Türkiye’nin sığınma rejiminin toplumsal cinsiyete duyarlı olmak bir yana sığınmacı kadın ve LGBTİ+’ları daha fazla toplumsal cinsiyete dayalı şiddete karşı savunmasız duruma düşürebildiğini gösteriyor.

Abstract
This book focuses on the different forms of sexual and gender based violence that asylum seeker and refugee women face during their journey, on their arrival to and during their stay in Turkey. It is based on a qualitative research with semi-structured in-depth interviews with 23 refugee women and LGBTI+ asylum seekers from different nationalities including Uganda, Afghanistan, Iraq and Iran as well as interviews with NGO staff including managers, translators and social workers. It shows that Turkey’s asylum system does not accept gender-based persecution as a reason to claim asylum which is partly resulted from the UN Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (1951) in which gender is not recognized explicitly as a reason to claim refugee status. Turkey's asylum application and reception processes are not gender-sensitive and that neither the UNHCR nor the Turkey’s official process provides a gender-sensitive guided support to women and LGBTI+ asylum seekers in reception. Furthermore, asylum seeking women and LGBTI+s are exposed to further sexual and gender based violence during the asylum process, sometimes the violence even comes from officials and civil servants, and/or on their journey to satellite cities in Turkey. Asylum seekers are obliged to live in satellite cities due to security reasons, public order and to prevent accumulation in big cities. Conditions in the satellite cities, where asylum seekers are sent to live, do not meet woman and LGBTI+ asylum seekers’ needs and, again, further expose them to SGBV. The non-existence of social and economic support often leaves woman and LGBTI+ asylum seekers alone and subject to different forms of SGBV and discrimination from third parties when they look for accommodation, work or in their relationships with governmental institutions in these satellite cities.

This book examines the migration of women as gendered subjects to and from Turkey, using feminist... more This book examines the migration of women as gendered subjects to and from Turkey, using feminist research practices to explore a range of diverse experiences of migrant women as refugees, asylum seekers, undocumented or documented migrants. The collection includes contributions from researchers, practitioners, and migrants themselves to present a nuanced analysis that challenges binary divisions between ‘forced’ and ‘voluntary’ migrants and highlights the political and social agency of refugee and migrant women in Turkey. Drawing on a rich body of original empirical and theoretical research the volume explores recent policy change in Turkey, the political and social influences that have shaped migration policy (both internally and globally), and how women migrants have been positioned within its changing refugee and migration regimes.

Analysis of the Turkish experience of redesigning migration policy in a country with weak civil protection against gender discrimination provides important lessons, in particular for countries in the Global South that are under pressure from the Global North to control and manage migrant flows. This interdisciplinary volume offers gender-sensitive recommendations for policymakers and practitioners and will advance global debates on migration management and governance across the fields of sociology, social policy, anthropology, labour economics and political science.

Content
Chapter One Introduction: Women, Migration and Asylum Seeking in Turkey (The Editors)
Part 1 - Gender and Migration in Turkey – Key Themes
Vignette 1: Zakira Hekmat: What We Need is the Empowerment of Refugee Women
Chapter Two: : Exploring “women” and “gender”: Trajectories of migration research in Turkey (Selmin Kaşka)
Chapter Three: Gender, Women and Precarity: Examples from Turkey (Nazlı Şenses)
Chapter Four: The Gendered Impacts of Migration and Welfare Regimes: Migrant Women Workers in Turkey (Gülay Toksöz)

Part 2 - Policy on Gendered Migration in Turkey
Vignettes 2-4: ‘Salma’: Looking for greener pastures in Turkey
Meltem Öztürk: Asking the right questions for a common political struggle and solidarity with migrant women.
Elvira Budaichieva and Eliza Shaeva: Kyrgyz women seek solutions to their problems on social media
Chapter Five: Gender in the Turkey’s Asylum Process (Emel Coşkun and Beril Eski)
Chapter Six: Welfare State Responses and Social Workers’ Attitudes towards Syrians in Turkey (Reyhan Atasü-Topçuoğlu)
Chapter Seven: ‘Institutional Blind Spots’ in Turkey’s Policy Against the Trafficking of Women (Emel Coşkun)

Part 3 – Gender Roles and Strategies in Syrian Migration
Vignette 5: ‘Rasha Najy’ – an Arabic interpreter.
Chapter Eight: Bitter Lives on Fertile Lands: Syrian Women’s Work and Labor in Turkish Agricultural Production (Saniye Dedeoğlu)
Chapter Nine: The Most Invisible of the Invisibles: Skilled Syrian Women in the Turkish Labor Market (Çağla Ünlütürk Ulutaş, Sezgi Akbaş)
Chapter Ten: Child Marriage: A Survival Strategy for Syrian Refugee Families in Turkey? (Melda Yaman)
Chapter Eleven: A Future Agenda: Policy and practice in gender, migration and research in Turkey
(Editors)

Female and LGBTI+ asylum seekers’ experiences are invisible and under-researched within Turkey’s ... more Female and LGBTI+ asylum seekers’ experiences are invisible and under-researched within Turkey’s asylum regime. Based on in-depth interviews with asylum seekers, this chapter shows that although women and LGBTI+s have often escaped from gender-related persecution, they are exposed to serious gendered risks throughout the asylum application and reception process in Turkey. This is especially visible in the cases when applicants are sent, without any social or economic support, to small and conservative cities which are unsafe for single women and LGBTI+s. This chapter shows that there is no gender sensitivity in asylum reception and protection processes in Turkey and the processes may put women and LGBTI+s in more vulnerable positions exposed to sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV).

The Encyclopedia of Corrections

Women, Migration and Asylum in Turkey Developing Gender-Sensitivity in Migration Research, Policy and Practice, 2020

Female and LGBTI+ asylum seekers’ experiences are invisible and under-researched within Turkey’s ... more Female and LGBTI+ asylum seekers’ experiences are invisible and under-researched within Turkey’s asylum regime. Based on in-depth interviews with asylum seekers, this chapter shows that although women and LGBTI+s have often escaped from gender-related persecution, they are exposed to serious gendered risks throughout the asylum application and reception process in Turkey. This is especially visible in the cases when applicants are sent, without any social or economic support, to small and conservative cities which are unsafe for single women and LGBTI+s. This chapter shows that there is no gender sensitivity in asylum reception and protection processes in Turkey and the processes may put women and LGBTI+s in more vulnerable positions exposed to sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV).

Associating privacy with asylum seekers is a difficult task. Since people are not concerned about... more Associating privacy with asylum seekers is a difficult task. Since people are not concerned about their own personal data, they suspect why an asylum seeker should be concerned while she has other vital issues. The significance of an asylum seeker’s personal data arises from its vulnerability. Asylum seekers are expected to give any information in exchange of food, shelter and protection. However, the collected information should be kept private and in accordance with
the Law to protect the asylum seekers from further persecution. This study aims to conceive privacy as an element of protection responsibility of states by focusing on the privacy right with an emphasis on Syrian asylum seekers in Turkey. Drawing upon the legal documents; general principles and norms of the right to privacy were determined. This research elaborates on the recently adopted Law on Protection of Personal Data and questions Turkey’s compliance with the privacy
standards in the asylum procedure. The privacy concerns and violations of Syrian asylum seekers were clarified through interviews with asylum seekers as well as interviews with representatives of non-governmental organisations and Directorate General Migration Management; and through explaining examples from the Turkish media.

Erkek şiddetinden kaçarken... Türkiye'de kadın ve LGBTİ+ sığınmacılar, 2019

Bu kitap Türkiye’nin sığınma rejimini toplumsal cinsiyet perspektifinden eleştirel bir bakış açıs... more Bu kitap Türkiye’nin sığınma rejimini toplumsal cinsiyet perspektifinden eleştirel bir bakış açısıyla ele alıyor. Kitapta sunulan bulgular, Türkiye’de uluslararası koruma başvurusu yapmış yirmi üç kadın ve LGBTİ+ sığınmacının yanı sıra sivil toplum örgütleri çalışanları ile yapılan derinlemesine görüşmelere dayanıyor. Hemen hepsi erkek şiddetinden kaçan sığınmacı kadınlar ve LGBTİ+’lar hem Türkiye’ye yolculuklarında hem de Türkiye’de kaldıkları süre boyunca farklı cinsel ve toplumsal cinsiyete dayalı şiddet (CTCDŞ) biçimleri ile karşılaşıyorlar. Bu kitaptaki bulgular Türkiye’nin sığınma rejiminin toplumsal cinsiyete duyarlı olmak bir yana sığınmacı kadın ve LGBTİ+’ları daha fazla toplumsal cinsiyete dayalı şiddete karşı savunmasız duruma düşürebildiğini gösteriyor.

Abstract
This book focuses on the different forms of sexual and gender based violence that asylum seeker and refugee women face during their journey, on their arrival to and during their stay in Turkey. It is based on a qualitative research with semi-structured in-depth interviews with 23 refugee women and LGBTI+ asylum seekers from different nationalities including Uganda, Afghanistan, Iraq and Iran as well as interviews with NGO staff including managers, translators and social workers. It shows that Turkey’s asylum system does not accept gender-based persecution as a reason to claim asylum which is partly resulted from the UN Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (1951) in which gender is not recognized explicitly as a reason to claim refugee status. Turkey's asylum application and reception processes are not gender-sensitive and that neither the UNHCR nor the Turkey’s official process provides a gender-sensitive guided support to women and LGBTI+ asylum seekers in reception. Furthermore, asylum seeking women and LGBTI+s are exposed to further sexual and gender based violence during the asylum process, sometimes the violence even comes from officials and civil servants, and/or on their journey to satellite cities in Turkey. Asylum seekers are obliged to live in satellite cities due to security reasons, public order and to prevent accumulation in big cities. Conditions in the satellite cities, where asylum seekers are sent to live, do not meet woman and LGBTI+ asylum seekers’ needs and, again, further expose them to SGBV. The non-existence of social and economic support often leaves woman and LGBTI+ asylum seekers alone and subject to different forms of SGBV and discrimination from third parties when they look for accommodation, work or in their relationships with governmental institutions in these satellite cities.

This book examines the migration of women as gendered subjects to and from Turkey, using feminist... more This book examines the migration of women as gendered subjects to and from Turkey, using feminist research practices to explore a range of diverse experiences of migrant women as refugees, asylum seekers, undocumented or documented migrants. The collection includes contributions from researchers, practitioners, and migrants themselves to present a nuanced analysis that challenges binary divisions between ‘forced’ and ‘voluntary’ migrants and highlights the political and social agency of refugee and migrant women in Turkey. Drawing on a rich body of original empirical and theoretical research the volume explores recent policy change in Turkey, the political and social influences that have shaped migration policy (both internally and globally), and how women migrants have been positioned within its changing refugee and migration regimes.

Analysis of the Turkish experience of redesigning migration policy in a country with weak civil protection against gender discrimination provides important lessons, in particular for countries in the Global South that are under pressure from the Global North to control and manage migrant flows. This interdisciplinary volume offers gender-sensitive recommendations for policymakers and practitioners and will advance global debates on migration management and governance across the fields of sociology, social policy, anthropology, labour economics and political science.

Content
Chapter One Introduction: Women, Migration and Asylum Seeking in Turkey (The Editors)
Part 1 - Gender and Migration in Turkey – Key Themes
Vignette 1: Zakira Hekmat: What We Need is the Empowerment of Refugee Women
Chapter Two: : Exploring “women” and “gender”: Trajectories of migration research in Turkey (Selmin Kaşka)
Chapter Three: Gender, Women and Precarity: Examples from Turkey (Nazlı Şenses)
Chapter Four: The Gendered Impacts of Migration and Welfare Regimes: Migrant Women Workers in Turkey (Gülay Toksöz)

Part 2 - Policy on Gendered Migration in Turkey
Vignettes 2-4: ‘Salma’: Looking for greener pastures in Turkey
Meltem Öztürk: Asking the right questions for a common political struggle and solidarity with migrant women.
Elvira Budaichieva and Eliza Shaeva: Kyrgyz women seek solutions to their problems on social media
Chapter Five: Gender in the Turkey’s Asylum Process (Emel Coşkun and Beril Eski)
Chapter Six: Welfare State Responses and Social Workers’ Attitudes towards Syrians in Turkey (Reyhan Atasü-Topçuoğlu)
Chapter Seven: ‘Institutional Blind Spots’ in Turkey’s Policy Against the Trafficking of Women (Emel Coşkun)

Part 3 – Gender Roles and Strategies in Syrian Migration
Vignette 5: ‘Rasha Najy’ – an Arabic interpreter.
Chapter Eight: Bitter Lives on Fertile Lands: Syrian Women’s Work and Labor in Turkish Agricultural Production (Saniye Dedeoğlu)
Chapter Nine: The Most Invisible of the Invisibles: Skilled Syrian Women in the Turkish Labor Market (Çağla Ünlütürk Ulutaş, Sezgi Akbaş)
Chapter Ten: Child Marriage: A Survival Strategy for Syrian Refugee Families in Turkey? (Melda Yaman)
Chapter Eleven: A Future Agenda: Policy and practice in gender, migration and research in Turkey
(Editors)