Julian Newman | Birkbeck College, University of London (original) (raw)
Papers by Julian Newman
Computer supported cooperative work, 1993
This chapter presents a computer supported cooperative work (CSCW) perspective of HICOM, the comm... more This chapter presents a computer supported cooperative work (CSCW) perspective of HICOM, the communications and information service of the Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) community in the UK. It outlines the perceived needs of the professions, industry practitioners and researchers which gave rise to the establishment of HICOM, situates these needs in relation to the processes of knowledge production and distribution and the strategies and institutions of professionalism, describes the current and developing uses of HICOM, and outlines some of the lessons that have been learned over the past three years and some issues that are currently being researched within the HICOM context.
Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1980
... It has been shown that the latency to detect a word-initial phoneme in a sentence is sensitiv... more ... It has been shown that the latency to detect a word-initial phoneme in a sentence is sensitive to a word predictability variable (Morton & Long, Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1976, 15, 4352) and a phonetic similarity variable (Newman & Dell, Journal of Verbal ...
Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1978
Prostaglandins, 1981
To determine the effects of high oxygen (O2) tension on pulmonary vascular reactivity, we exposed... more To determine the effects of high oxygen (O2) tension on pulmonary vascular reactivity, we exposed rats either to 100% O2 for 48 hours or 40% O2 for 3 to 5 weeks. Lungs from all rats were isolated, blood perfused and ventilated, and pressor responses to airway hypoxia and to infused angiotensin II were measured. We found that chronic subtoxic hyperoxia did not augment subsequent hypoxic vasoconstriction, and that 48 hrs of 100% O2 markedly blunted hypoxic vasoconstriction. Meclofenamate restored hypoxic vasoconstriction to control levels in the lungs with blunted responses. Evidence for O2 toxicity in the lungs exposed to 100% O2 included interstitial swelling with alveolar exudates seen by light microscopy, and lung edema by water content calculations. We conclude that 1) chronic subtoxic hyperoxia does not influence subsequent hypoxic vasoconstriction, and 2) a dilator prostaglandin produced in the lung is a potent inhibitor of hypoxic vasoconstriction in O2 toxic lungs.
Respiration Physiology, 1980
The distributions of mast cells and histamine along the canine pulmonary arterial tree were deter... more The distributions of mast cells and histamine along the canine pulmonary arterial tree were determined. Mast cell counts were made on toluidine blue stained histologic sections, and histamine concentration was measured in dissected arterial branches by an enzymatic-isotopic assay. Mast cell density and histamine concentration were greater in small muscular arteries compared to elastic arteries. In elastic arteries there was more histamine than would be expected by the number of mast cells found there, suggesting the presence of non-mast cell histamine in those vessels. In all arteries mast cells were located primarily in the adventitia. The finding of mast cells and histamine in greatest concentration in muscular pulmonary arteries suggests that these vessels are the major site of action of histamine and other mast cell contents within the pulmonary arterial tree.
Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 1988
Personality and Individual Differences, 1983
A Dossier of Concerns about the National Programme for Health Service IT (NPfIT) , 2007
Contact email address: confidential AT nhs.it.info (replace “ AT “ by “@”) Extracted from the onl... more Contact email address: confidential AT nhs.it.info (replace “ AT “ by “@”) Extracted from the online dossier at
Existing software systems designed to support learning do not adequately provide for vicarious le... more Existing software systems designed to support learning do not adequately provide for vicarious learning in a crossinstitutional collaborative environment. We have developed an architecture based on role-based access control, which provides the necessary security, robustness, ...
Scientific findings based on computer simulation evoke sceptical responses because their output d... more Scientific findings based on computer simulation evoke sceptical responses because their output does not appear to have an objective status comparable to data captured by observation or experiment. However the simulationists have been defended on grounds that their practices, like those of experimenters, carry with them their own credentials. It has been further argued that epistemic opacity is essential to the nature of computational science and that epistemology of science must cease to be anthropocentric. Such philosophical faith in software runs counter to both established practice in software engineering, and the underlying software engineering science. In computational science as elsewhere data quality can only be assured through the exercise of human critical judgment
Information Systems Frontiers, 2001
The term ‘Information’ is widely used in the rhetoric of the Information Society, a rhetoric whic... more The term ‘Information’ is widely used in the rhetoric of the Information Society, a rhetoric which some critics have judged to be empty, at least in part because of the overextension and inconsistent use of this word. We review the emergence of the concept of Information, identify a number of dimensions of similarity and difference in the way that the
Factors determining the sustainability of Hemiclonal Population Systems in which the interspecies... more Factors determining the sustainability of Hemiclonal Population Systems in which the interspecies hybrids Pelophylax esculentus complex coexist with members of parental species were studied using a combination of empirical data and computer simulation modeling. The empirical data demonstrates the existence of different intrapopulation strategies by partitioning a sample of individuals into two groups on the basis of their body size at a given age and comparing selected groups in terms of factors such as growth rate, life span, females’ fecundity and the age at which breeding commences. Then by using simulation modeling, we study the probable importance of intrapopulation ontogenetic strategies for the stability of Pelophylax esculentus complex HPS.
Some related species give rise to interspecies hybrids with hemiclonal inheritance. The gametes o... more Some related species give rise to interspecies hybrids with hemiclonal inheritance. The gametes of such hybrids transfer the set of hereditary information of one of the parental species. The water frog, Pelophylax esculentus, is an example of such hybrids. The hemiclonal hybrids together with their parental species form a biosystem for which the suggested name is Hemiclonal Population System (HPS). The phenomenon of interspecific hemiclonal reproduction of water frogs has been intensively explored for several decades, but insufficient study has been devoted to the mechanisms of the composition constancy and ecological stability of their population systems. In this paper we focus on sustainability and possible results of transformations (in terms of different genetic forms and of population dynamics of each of these forms) of HPSs that consist of diploid representatives. By means of a simulation model we evaluated the long-term consequences of parameters that were derived from empiri...
The concept of the Virtual Software Corporation (VSC) has recently become a practical reality as ... more The concept of the Virtual Software Corporation (VSC) has recently become a practical reality as a result of advances in communication and distributed technologies. However, there are significant difficulties with the management of the software development process within a VSC. The main problem is the significantly increased communicational complexity of the process model for such developments. The more classic managerial hierarchy is generally replaced by a “flatter” network of commitments. Therefore new solution approaches are required to provide the necessary process support. The purpose of the paper is to present a solution approach which models the process based on deontic logic. The approach has been developed and validated against a case study where it was used to model commitments and inter-human communications within the software development process of a VSC. The use of the formalism is exemplified through a prototype system using a layered multi agent architecture
Newman, Julian, Mayes, Terry, Benyon, David, Gray, Peter G and Draper, Steve (1999) Lessons from ... more Newman, Julian, Mayes, Terry, Benyon, David, Gray, Peter G and Draper, Steve (1999) Lessons from a multi-university remote tutoring community - MANTCHI. In: Proceedings International Conference on the Role of Universities in the Future Information Society (RUFIS'99): The Virtual ...
RAED provides a computerised infrastructure to support the development and administration of Vica... more RAED provides a computerised infrastructure to support the development and administration of Vicarious Learning in collaborative learning communities spread across multiple universities and workplaces. The system is based on the OASIS middleware for Role-based Access Control. This paper describes the origins of the model and the approach to implementation and outlines some of its benefits to collaborative teachers and learners.
HICOM is an information and communication service for researchers and practitioners in the field ... more HICOM is an information and communication service for researchers and practitioners in the field of human computer interaction. The paper reviews the use of HICOM to support the exchange of ideas and information, and discusses the future of such cooperative electronic communities in terms of the concept of the 'Collaboratory'. It also looks at the way the sharing and use of information affects scientists and practitioners in different organizational settings, and assesses the experience of the HICOM conferencing system in the light of the emerging concept of an electronic 'collaboratory'. Finally it looks at the application of the lessons that have been learned in building future collaboratories, and at the possible future development of the HICOM system itself. >
Computer supported cooperative work, 1993
This chapter presents a computer supported cooperative work (CSCW) perspective of HICOM, the comm... more This chapter presents a computer supported cooperative work (CSCW) perspective of HICOM, the communications and information service of the Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) community in the UK. It outlines the perceived needs of the professions, industry practitioners and researchers which gave rise to the establishment of HICOM, situates these needs in relation to the processes of knowledge production and distribution and the strategies and institutions of professionalism, describes the current and developing uses of HICOM, and outlines some of the lessons that have been learned over the past three years and some issues that are currently being researched within the HICOM context.
Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1980
... It has been shown that the latency to detect a word-initial phoneme in a sentence is sensitiv... more ... It has been shown that the latency to detect a word-initial phoneme in a sentence is sensitive to a word predictability variable (Morton & Long, Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1976, 15, 4352) and a phonetic similarity variable (Newman & Dell, Journal of Verbal ...
Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1978
Prostaglandins, 1981
To determine the effects of high oxygen (O2) tension on pulmonary vascular reactivity, we exposed... more To determine the effects of high oxygen (O2) tension on pulmonary vascular reactivity, we exposed rats either to 100% O2 for 48 hours or 40% O2 for 3 to 5 weeks. Lungs from all rats were isolated, blood perfused and ventilated, and pressor responses to airway hypoxia and to infused angiotensin II were measured. We found that chronic subtoxic hyperoxia did not augment subsequent hypoxic vasoconstriction, and that 48 hrs of 100% O2 markedly blunted hypoxic vasoconstriction. Meclofenamate restored hypoxic vasoconstriction to control levels in the lungs with blunted responses. Evidence for O2 toxicity in the lungs exposed to 100% O2 included interstitial swelling with alveolar exudates seen by light microscopy, and lung edema by water content calculations. We conclude that 1) chronic subtoxic hyperoxia does not influence subsequent hypoxic vasoconstriction, and 2) a dilator prostaglandin produced in the lung is a potent inhibitor of hypoxic vasoconstriction in O2 toxic lungs.
Respiration Physiology, 1980
The distributions of mast cells and histamine along the canine pulmonary arterial tree were deter... more The distributions of mast cells and histamine along the canine pulmonary arterial tree were determined. Mast cell counts were made on toluidine blue stained histologic sections, and histamine concentration was measured in dissected arterial branches by an enzymatic-isotopic assay. Mast cell density and histamine concentration were greater in small muscular arteries compared to elastic arteries. In elastic arteries there was more histamine than would be expected by the number of mast cells found there, suggesting the presence of non-mast cell histamine in those vessels. In all arteries mast cells were located primarily in the adventitia. The finding of mast cells and histamine in greatest concentration in muscular pulmonary arteries suggests that these vessels are the major site of action of histamine and other mast cell contents within the pulmonary arterial tree.
Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 1988
Personality and Individual Differences, 1983
A Dossier of Concerns about the National Programme for Health Service IT (NPfIT) , 2007
Contact email address: confidential AT nhs.it.info (replace “ AT “ by “@”) Extracted from the onl... more Contact email address: confidential AT nhs.it.info (replace “ AT “ by “@”) Extracted from the online dossier at
Existing software systems designed to support learning do not adequately provide for vicarious le... more Existing software systems designed to support learning do not adequately provide for vicarious learning in a crossinstitutional collaborative environment. We have developed an architecture based on role-based access control, which provides the necessary security, robustness, ...
Scientific findings based on computer simulation evoke sceptical responses because their output d... more Scientific findings based on computer simulation evoke sceptical responses because their output does not appear to have an objective status comparable to data captured by observation or experiment. However the simulationists have been defended on grounds that their practices, like those of experimenters, carry with them their own credentials. It has been further argued that epistemic opacity is essential to the nature of computational science and that epistemology of science must cease to be anthropocentric. Such philosophical faith in software runs counter to both established practice in software engineering, and the underlying software engineering science. In computational science as elsewhere data quality can only be assured through the exercise of human critical judgment
Information Systems Frontiers, 2001
The term ‘Information’ is widely used in the rhetoric of the Information Society, a rhetoric whic... more The term ‘Information’ is widely used in the rhetoric of the Information Society, a rhetoric which some critics have judged to be empty, at least in part because of the overextension and inconsistent use of this word. We review the emergence of the concept of Information, identify a number of dimensions of similarity and difference in the way that the
Factors determining the sustainability of Hemiclonal Population Systems in which the interspecies... more Factors determining the sustainability of Hemiclonal Population Systems in which the interspecies hybrids Pelophylax esculentus complex coexist with members of parental species were studied using a combination of empirical data and computer simulation modeling. The empirical data demonstrates the existence of different intrapopulation strategies by partitioning a sample of individuals into two groups on the basis of their body size at a given age and comparing selected groups in terms of factors such as growth rate, life span, females’ fecundity and the age at which breeding commences. Then by using simulation modeling, we study the probable importance of intrapopulation ontogenetic strategies for the stability of Pelophylax esculentus complex HPS.
Some related species give rise to interspecies hybrids with hemiclonal inheritance. The gametes o... more Some related species give rise to interspecies hybrids with hemiclonal inheritance. The gametes of such hybrids transfer the set of hereditary information of one of the parental species. The water frog, Pelophylax esculentus, is an example of such hybrids. The hemiclonal hybrids together with their parental species form a biosystem for which the suggested name is Hemiclonal Population System (HPS). The phenomenon of interspecific hemiclonal reproduction of water frogs has been intensively explored for several decades, but insufficient study has been devoted to the mechanisms of the composition constancy and ecological stability of their population systems. In this paper we focus on sustainability and possible results of transformations (in terms of different genetic forms and of population dynamics of each of these forms) of HPSs that consist of diploid representatives. By means of a simulation model we evaluated the long-term consequences of parameters that were derived from empiri...
The concept of the Virtual Software Corporation (VSC) has recently become a practical reality as ... more The concept of the Virtual Software Corporation (VSC) has recently become a practical reality as a result of advances in communication and distributed technologies. However, there are significant difficulties with the management of the software development process within a VSC. The main problem is the significantly increased communicational complexity of the process model for such developments. The more classic managerial hierarchy is generally replaced by a “flatter” network of commitments. Therefore new solution approaches are required to provide the necessary process support. The purpose of the paper is to present a solution approach which models the process based on deontic logic. The approach has been developed and validated against a case study where it was used to model commitments and inter-human communications within the software development process of a VSC. The use of the formalism is exemplified through a prototype system using a layered multi agent architecture
Newman, Julian, Mayes, Terry, Benyon, David, Gray, Peter G and Draper, Steve (1999) Lessons from ... more Newman, Julian, Mayes, Terry, Benyon, David, Gray, Peter G and Draper, Steve (1999) Lessons from a multi-university remote tutoring community - MANTCHI. In: Proceedings International Conference on the Role of Universities in the Future Information Society (RUFIS'99): The Virtual ...
RAED provides a computerised infrastructure to support the development and administration of Vica... more RAED provides a computerised infrastructure to support the development and administration of Vicarious Learning in collaborative learning communities spread across multiple universities and workplaces. The system is based on the OASIS middleware for Role-based Access Control. This paper describes the origins of the model and the approach to implementation and outlines some of its benefits to collaborative teachers and learners.
HICOM is an information and communication service for researchers and practitioners in the field ... more HICOM is an information and communication service for researchers and practitioners in the field of human computer interaction. The paper reviews the use of HICOM to support the exchange of ideas and information, and discusses the future of such cooperative electronic communities in terms of the concept of the 'Collaboratory'. It also looks at the way the sharing and use of information affects scientists and practitioners in different organizational settings, and assesses the experience of the HICOM conferencing system in the light of the emerging concept of an electronic 'collaboratory'. Finally it looks at the application of the lessons that have been learned in building future collaboratories, and at the possible future development of the HICOM system itself. >
Keynote talk at SAS Conference on Epistemic Opacity HLRS Stuttgart, 2018
This paper argues for seven main points:- 1. Our knowledge of computer simulation models, as of a... more This paper argues for seven main points:-
1. Our knowledge of computer simulation models, as of all software artefacts, is empirical and not a priori. Hence I reject the arguments for their essential epistemic opacity.
2. Epistemic opacity is widespread in computer simulation models, arising not from their essential nature, but contingently from the neglect of good software engineering practice in model design and development.
3. Such contingent epistemic opacity is a serious problem that can undermine the adequacy of computer simulation for many practical and epistemic purposes.
4. The rise of “Post-Normal Science” has blunted the internal critical practice of scientific communities while enhancing scepticism in citizen communities.
5. Developers of computer simulations who intend them to be adequate for policy-related purposes need to recognise that the audience for Post-Normal Science has particularly demanding requirements for surveyability (what outside the field of computing would be called “transparency”).
6. Provision of adequate support for the exercise of epistemic judgement on the part of multiple audiences should be recognised as a central responsibility of developers and users of computer simulation models.
7. In this context it would be irresponsible, as well as methodologically flawed, to accept that nothing can be done to avoid epistemic opacity in computer models.